Major anion of ECF Found more in interstitial and lymph fluid compartments in the blood Also contain in gastric

and pancreatic juices, sweat, bile and saliva Normal level of 96 to 106 mEq/L

CHLORIDE

Assist in maintaining acid-base balance Works as a buffer in exchange of O2 and CO2 in transmitting nerve impulses regulating fluid in and out of cells

FUNCTIONS

 is a deficiency of chloride in extracellular fluid it occurs when serum chloride levels fall below 96 mEq/L.

gastrointestinal abnormalities: - prolonged vomiting - diarrhea - nasogastric suctioning diaphoresis chloride intake acid-base imbalances Drugs such as: bicarbonate, corticosteroids, diuretics, and laxatives.

ETIOLOGY

Predisposing factors: age

Precipitating factors: prolonged vomiting diarrhea nasogastric suctioning diaphoresis chloride intake Medications taken

Chloride intake/absorption decreases Sodium and bicarbonate retain in the kidneys

Bicarbonate accumulated in the ECF

HYPOCHLOREMIA

An excess of chloride in extracellular fluid It occurs when serum chloride level exceed 106 mEq/L

Loss of body fluids from prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, sweating Kidney failure, or kidney disorders Diabetes insipidus or diabetic coma Drugs such as: ammonium chloride, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

ETIOLOGY

Predisposing factors: age

Precipitating Factors:
Loss of body fluids from prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, sweating Kidney failure, or kidney disorders Diabetes insipidus or diabetic coma Medications taken

Increase chloride intake/absorption Loss of bicarbonate in kidneys or GI tract Accumulation of chloride in the form of acidifying salts Decrease in bicarbonate ions

HYPERCHLOREMIA