INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFCIVILANDSTRUCTURALENGINEERING Volume2,No 2,2011

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Researcharticle

ISSN0976 4399

1 2 3 GreeshmaS , JayaKP ,AnniletSheejaL 1AssistantProfssor(SeniorGrade) 2AssociateProfessor, 3FormerP.G.Student, DivisionofStructuralEngineering,DepartmentofCivilEngineering,Collegeof Engineering,Guindy,AnnaUniversity,Chennai 600025. greeshmas@annauniv.edu

AnalysisofFlangedShearWallUsingAnsysConcreteModel

ABSTRACT The frequent occurrence of the major earthquakes in the Indian subcontinent, and construction of tall buildings, especially over the last two decades demands for the construction of earthquake resistant buildings. Many of the tall buildings had collapsed in recent earthquakes and the reasons attributed were poor design and construction practices. Theobjectiveofthisworkistodiscussthepossibilitiesofmodelingreinforcementdetailing ofreinforcedconcretemodelsinpracticaluse.Tocarryouttheanalyticalinvestigations,the structure is modeled in a Finite Element software ANSYS. The specimens are modeled as (i)discretemodeland(ii)smearedmodel.Itreportstheresultsoftheanalysisoftheflanged shear wall with two differenttypes of modeling under cyclic loading. The consequences of smallchangesinmodelingarediscussedanditisshownthatsatisfactoryresultsareobtained fromthetwomodels. Keywords: ShearWall,Modeling,Cyclicloading,Smeared,Discrete. 1.Introduction Earthquakes demonstrate vulnerability of various inadequate structures, every time they occur. The lessons taught from the aftermath of earthquakes and the research works being carried out in laboratories give better understanding about the performance of the structure andtheircomponents.Damageinreinforcedconcretestructureswasmainlyattributedtothe inadequatedetailingofreinforcement,lackoftransversesteelandconfinementofconcretein structuralelements.Typicalfailureswerebrittleinnature,demonstratinginadequatecapacity todissipateandabsorbinelasticenergy.Thisnecessitatesabetterunderstandingofthedesign anddetailingofthereinforcedconcretestructuresundervarioustypesofloading. Anextensivedescriptionofpreviousstudiesontheunderlyingtheoryandtheapplicationof the finite element method to the linear and nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete structures is presented in excellent stateoftheart reports by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1982 [ASCE 1982]. The results from the FEA are significantly relied on the stressstrain relationship of the materials, failure criteria chosen, simulation of the crack of concreteandtheinteractionofthereinforcementandconcrete.Becauseofthesecomplexity in short and longterm behavior of the constituent materials, the ANSYS finite element program introduces a threedimensional element Solid65 which is capable of cracking and crushing and is then combined along with models of the interaction between the two constituentstodescribethebehaviorofthecompositereinforcedconcretematerial.Although theSolid65candescribethereinforcingbars,thisstudyusesanadditionalelement,Link8,to

ReceivedonOctober2011Publishedon November 2011

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AnalysisofFlangedShearWallUsingAnsysConcreteModel GreeshmaS,JayaKP,AnniletSheejaL

investigatethestressalongthereinforcementbecause itis inconvenienttocollectthesmear rebardatafromSolid65. 2.ResearchSignificance Antonio F. Barbosa et al (2000) presented a paper considering the practical application of nonlinear models in the analysis of reinforced concrete structures. The results of some analysesperformedusingthereinforcedconcretemodelofthegeneralpurposefiniteelement code ANSYS are presented and discussed. The differences observed in the response of the same reinforced concrete beam as some variations are made in a material model that is always basicallythesameareemphasized.Theconsequencesofsmallchanges in modeling arediscussedanditisshownthatsatisfactoryresultsmaybeobtainedfromrelativelysimple and limited models. He took a simply supported reinforced concrete beam subjected to uniformly distributed loading has been analyzed. P. Fanning (2001) did research on non linear models of reinforced concrete beams. The requirement to include the nonlinear response of reinforced concrete in capturing the ultimate response of ordinarily reinforced beams demands the use of the dedicated Solid65 element in ANSYS. The internal reinforcements were modeled using three dimensional spar elements with plasticity, Link8, embedded within the solid mesh. Finite element models of ordinarily reinforced concrete beamsandposttensionedconcretebeams,developedinANSYSusingtheconcreteelement (Solid 65) have accurately captured the nonlinear flexural response of these systems up to failure.AnthonyJ.Wolanski,B.S(2004)didresearchontheflexuralbehaviorofreinforced and prestressed concrete beams using finite element analysis. The two beams that were selected for modeling were simply supported and loaded with two symmetrically placed concentrated transverse loads. Qi Zhang (2004) presented the application of finite element method for the numerical modeling of punching shear failure mode using ANSYS. The author investigated the behaviour of slabcolumn connections reinforced with Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymers (GFRPs). SOLID65 and LINK8 elements represented concrete and reinforcing steel bars respectively. A quarter of the fullsize slabcolumn connections, with properboundaryconditions,wereusedinANSYSformodeling.Theauthorreportedthatthe general behaviour of the finite element models represented by the loaddeflection plots at centreshowgoodagreementwiththetestdata.However,thefiniteelement modelsshowed slightlyhigherstiffnessthanthetestdatainboththelinearandnonlinearranges. 3.DesignandDetailingofFlangedShearWall 3.1Structureandanalyticalmodel A six storey RC building in zone III on medium soil is analyzed using the software STAAD PRO. The analytical model is shown in Figure 1. It is assumed that no parking floor for the building. Seismic analysis is performed using Equivalent lateral force method giveninIS1893:2002andalsobydynamicanalysis. DescriptionofStructure NoofbaysinXdirection NoofbaysinYdirection Storyheight Columnsize = = = = 3m 3m 3.5m 0.45mx0.3m 455
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AnalysisofFlangedShearWallUsingAnsysConcreteModel GreeshmaS,JayaKP,AnniletSheejaL

Beamsize Densityofconcrete Liveloadonroof Liveloadonfloors Floorfinish Brickwallonperipheralbeams Brickwalloninternalbeams Densityofbrickwall

= = = = = = = =

0.3mx0.45m 3 25kN/m 2 1.5kN/m 3kN/m2 2 1kN/m 230mm 150mm 3 20kN/m

Figure1:Analyticalmodel 3.2Computationofdesignforces The shear forces, bending moments and axial forces atthe bottom of the shear wall for the 13 load combinations (IS 1893(Part 1): 2002) are obtained. Seismic analysis is performed usingEquivalentlateralforcemethodandalsobydynamicanalysis. 3.3DesignofFlangedShearWall Thedesignmoment,shearandaxialforceatthebaseoftheflangedshearwallforalengthof 2.5mobtainedfromtheanalysisare4532.97kNm,285.28kNand2038.74kNrespectively. TheflangedshearwallisdesignedforthesecriticalforcesasperIS13920:1993AnnexureI. Reinforcementdetailsofshearwallareshownin Table1andFigure2.

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AnalysisofFlangedShearWallUsingAnsysConcreteModel GreeshmaS,JayaKP,AnniletSheejaL

Table1:Reinforcementdetailsofflangedshearwall
Verticalbars Shearwall (Web) Horizontalbars Lateralties 16mmbars@200mmc/c. 10mmbars@200mmc/c. 8mmbars@300mmc/c.

Figure2:Reinforcementdetailsofshearwall 4.FiniteElementModeling TheflangedshearwallisanalysedusingthefiniteelementsoftwareANSYS.Themodeling has been carried out in two ways, (i) discrete modeling and (ii) smeared modeling. For discretemodel,thesmearedreinforcementcapabilityoftheSolid65elementisturnedofffor thecorrespondingrealconstant.Here,Solid65elementisusedtomodeltheconcretewhile Link8elementisusedtorepresentthereinforcement. ANSYSprovidesathreedimensionaleightnodedsolidisoparametricelement,SOLID65,to modeltheconcrete.Thiselementhaseightnodeswiththreedegreesoffreedomateachnode translations in the nodal x, y and z directions. This element is capable of plastic deformation,crackinginthreeorthogonaldirectionsandcrushing.Link8,threedimensional sparelementisauniaxialtensioncompressionelementwiththreedegreesoffreedomateach node translations in the nodal x, y and z directions. Plasticity, creep, swelling, stress stiffeningandlargedeflectioncapabilitiesareincluded. 4.1SectionalProperties(RealConstants) For discrete model, since there is no rebar data, the real constants (volume ratio and orientationangle)aresettozeroandtheparameterstobeconsideredforLink8elementare crosssectionalareaandinitialstrain.Thesectionalpropertiesadoptedfordiscretemodelare showninTable2. Table2:Realconstantsforsteelreinforcement(Link8element)
RealConstantSet 2 3 ElementType Link8 (Verticalreinforcement) Link8 Particulars 2 CrosssectionalArea(m ) InitialStrain 2 CrosssectionalArea(m ) Quantity 6 201x10 0 6 113x10

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AnalysisofFlangedShearWallUsingAnsysConcreteModel GreeshmaS,JayaKP,AnniletSheejaL

(Horizontalreinforcement) Link8 (Shearreinforcement)

InitialStrain 2 CrosssectionalArea(m ) InitialStrain

0 6 50x10 0

For smeared model, parameters to be considered are material number, volume ratio, and orientation angles ( and ) in X and Y directions respectively. The rebars mentioned in Table3,rebar1,2and3refertovertical, horizontalandshearreinforcements.Volumeratio referstotheratioofsteeltoconcreteintheelement. Table3: Realconstantsforconcrete(Solid65element)
Real Constant Set Constants Real Real Real Constantfor constantfor Constant Rebar1 Rebar2 forRebar3 2 0.009 90 0 2 0.00785 0 90 2 0.00349 0 90

Element Type

Particulars

MaterialNumber VolumeRatio Solid65 OrientationAngleTHETA1 OrientationAnglePHI1

4.2MaterialProperties The materialpropertiesdefined inthe modelare given inTable4.Forthereinforcing bars, the yield stress was obtained from the experimental test as fy = 432 MPa and the tangent modulus as 847 MPa. The concrete cube compressive strength fck determined from the experimentalresultis44.22MPa,80%ofwhichisusedasthecylinderstrength. ThemultilinearisotropicmaterialusestheVonMisesfailurecriterionalongwiththeWillam andWarnke(1974)modeltodefinethefailureoftheconcrete.Ecisthemodulusofelasticity of the concrete, and is the Poissons ratio. The characteristic strength of the concrete consideredwas25N/mm2andthePoissonsratiowas0.3.
10 2 Ec =5000 fck =2.5x10 N/m

The multilinear isotropic stressstrain curve for the concrete under compressive uniaxial loadingwasobtainedusing(1a)and(1b)(Macgregor1992). E Ce f = 2 1 + (e e 0)

(1a) (1b)

e0 =
where,

2fck E C

f=stressatanystrain,=strainatstressf,0 =strainattheultimatecompressivestrength.

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AnalysisofFlangedShearWallUsingAnsysConcreteModel GreeshmaS,JayaKP,AnniletSheejaL

Table4:Materialproperties(AnthonyJ.Wolanski,B.S,2004)

Materia Element lModel Type No

MaterialProperties

MultiLinearIsotropic ReferencePoint Point1 Point2 Point3 Point4 Point5 Concrete Sheartransfercoefficientsforanopencrack 1 Solid65 Sheartransfercoefficientsforaclosedcrack Uniaxialtensilecrackingstress Uniaxialcrushingstress. Biaxialcrushingstress Biaxialcrushingstress AmbientHydrostaticstressstate. 0.2 0.9
2 3.78e6N/m 2 40e6N/m

Strain 0.00036 0.00060 0.00130 0.00190 0.00243

Stress 2 9.802e6N/m 2 15.396e6N/m

2 27.517e6N/m 2 32.103e6N/m 2 33.096e6N/m

0 0 0

Link8

Biaxialcrushingstressunderambient 0 hydrostaticstressstate. Uniaxialcrushingstressunderambient 0 hydrostaticstressstate. Stiffnessmultiplierforcrackedtensile 0 condition. Steel LinearIsotropic 11 2 Ex 2.1x10 N/m PRXY 0.3 BilinearIsotropic YieldStress TangModulus
6 2 415x10 N/m 6 2 20x10 N/m

5FiniteElementAnalysis 459
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InANSYS,thefiniteelementmodelscanbecreatedeitherusingcommandpromptlineinput or the Graphical User Interface (GUI). For the present study, the shear wall was modeled usingGraphicalUserInterface. Forcarryingoutthe seismicanalysis,thecommandprompt line input data was adopted. For carrying out the analysis, the command prompt line input data is adopted. The convergence criteria used for the analysis are displacement with the toleranceof0.001. The analysis has been carried out for the shear wall subjected to reversible cyclic loading.Theaxialloadof0.5Tisappliedontopnodesoftheshearwall.Lateralcyclicload isappliedatthetopnodesinplanewiththeshearwall.Thedisplacementcycleadoptedfor theanalysisisshowninFigure3.

Figure3:Displacementcycle 6.NumericalResultsandDiscussions The modeling and analysis of flanged shear wall has been carried out with two different conditions, such as (i) shear wall with smeared reinforcement (ii) shear wall with discrete reinforcement subjected to in plane reversible cyclic loading. The observations from the analyticalstudiesarebrieflydescribed. 6.1UltimateloadandMomentcarryingcapacity The ultimate load and moment carrying capacity for the twotypes of models are shown in Table5.Itcanbeobservedthattheultimate loadand momentarecomparatively higher for the models with smeared reinforcement, howeverthe variation is within agreeable limits of lessthan10%. Table5: Ultimateloadcarryingcapacityofmodels
UltimateLoad(kN) Description Positive Negative Average

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direction Shearwallwithsmearedreinforcement Shearwallwithdiscretereinforcement 233.347 214.080

direction 235.875 214.432

(Pu) 234.611 214.256

6.2DisplacementAnalysis TheloadVsdisplacementhystereticloopsforthemodelsareshowninFigure4andFigure5. For the smeared model, spindleshaped hysteretic loops were observed with large energy dissipation capacity when compared to the discrete model. Here the ductility is increased withoutcompromisingthestiffness.Thedisplacementenvelopecurveforboththemodelsis shownin Figure6.

Figure4:LoadVsdisplacementcurvefordiscretemodel

Figure5:LoadVsdisplacementcurveforsmearedmodel 461
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Figure6:Load displacementenvelopecurveformodels 6.3EnergyDissipationCapacity Theareaenclosedbyahystereticloopatagivencyclerepresentstheenergydissipatedbythe specimen during that cycle (ElAmoury and Ghobarah 2002). Figure 7 shows the energy dissipated for each cycle of both the types of specimens. Smeared model exhibited higher energydissipationthanthatofdiscretemodel.Butthevariationiswithin12.5%.

Figure7:Comparisonofcumulativeenergydissipated 6.4DisplacementDuctility Ductility is the capacity of the structureor a member to undergo deformation beyond yield withoutloosingmuchoftheloadcarryingcapacity.Thedisplacementductilityforthemodel 462
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iscalculatedasperASCEguidelinesandispresentedinTable6.Itcanbeobservedthatthe displacement ductility is enhanced for smeared model than that of discrete model. But the variationiswithin2.5%. Table6: Displacementductilityofmodels
Descriptionofthe YieldDisplacement specimen (mm) DiscreteModel SmearedModel 4.6 4.5 Ultimate Displacement(mm) 40 40 Displacementductility 8.69 8.88

7.ValidationofResults TheequationsforsheargiveninACI318code(2002)wereusedtoidentifytheshearfailure of the RC shear wall. In ACI 318 code, for members subjected to additional axial compressionforce,theshearcapacityofconcreteis
1 fc N MPa u + V c =1 6 14 A g

where, Nu istheaxialcompressionforceand Ag istheareaofthecrosssection. Theultimatevalueofhorizontalshearstressinducedattheshearwallisalmostequalorlittle higherthantheACIrecommendedvalues.ItcanbeseenfromTable7thattheshearresisting capacity is more for the specimens detailed with smeared reinforcement than the discrete model. Table7:Comparisonofultimateshearstress
Analytical Designationofspecimen UltimateLoad Pu kN DiscreteModel SmearedModel 214.432 235.875 Analytical 1.04 1.08

tu t ACI
Theoretical (Equation5.1) 1.0 1.0

7.Conclusions Inseismiczones,astructurecanbesubjectedtostronggroundmotions,and,foreconomical design,astructureisconsideredtoundergodeformationsintheinelasticrangetherefore,in addition to strength requirement, the structure should undergo these inelastic deformations 463
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without failure. From the literaturereviewed it is clearthat paucity of information exists in the area of modeling of reinforced concrete structures. In the present study two types of models are analysed, (i) smeared model and (ii) discrete model. Both the models were analysed forcyclic loading.Theanalyticalresultsarecomparedwiththeempiricalrelations inACI318(2002).Fromtheanalyticalresults,followingconclusionsaredrawn. 1. Itisnoticedthatthesmeared modelexhibitedhigherultimatestrengthcomparedto thatofdiscretemodel.Thereis10%increaseinultimatestrengthforsmearedmodel thanthatofdiscretemodel. 2. Itisalsoobservedthatsmearedmodelhashigheraverageductilitythantheircounter parts(discretemodel).Theenhancementindeformationcapacityforsmearedmodel is2.5%thanthatofdiscretemodel. 3. Spindleshapedhysteretic loopsareobservedwithlargeenergydissipationcapacity for smeared model compared to discrete model. The enhancement in energy dissipation for smeared model is observed to be 7.5 % higher than that of discrete model. 4. Further, the ultimate shear capacities of both the models were observed to be matchingwiththeempiricalrelationasperACI318. 8. References 1. ACICommittee318(2002),BuildingCodeRequirementsforStructuralConcrete (ACI31802),AmericanConcreteInstitute,Detroit. 2. ACIASCE Committee 352 (1976), Recommendations for Design of Beam ColumnJointsinMonolithicRCStructures,ACIJournal,73(7), pp375393. 3. ANSYS.(2006), ANSYSUsersManualRevision10,ANSYS,Inc. 4. ASCE (1982), StateoftheArt Reporton Finite Element Analysis of Reinforced Concrete,ASCESpecialPublication,NewYork,N.Y.,U.S.A. 5. ASCEStandard(2002),Seismicevaluationofexistingbuildings,ASCE3103. 6. Barbosa,A.F.andRibeiro,G.O(1998),Analysisofreinforcedconcretestructures using ANSYSnonlinearconcretemodel,Computational Mechanics,NewTrends andApplications,Barcelona,Spain,pp17. 7. ElAmoury, T. and Ghobarah, A (2002), Seismic rehabilitation of beamcolumn jointusingGFRPsheets,EngineeringStructures,24(11),pp13971407. 8. Fanning,P(2001),NonlinearModelsofReinforcedandPosttensionedConcrete Beams,ElectronicJournalofStructuralEngineering,2,pp 111119. 9. IS 1893Part 1(2002),Indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design ofStructures,BureauofIndianStandards,NewDelhi,India.

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10. MacGregor, J.G (1992), Reinforced Concrete Mechanics and Design, Prentice Hall Inc. 11. QiZhang(2004),Finiteelementapplicationofslabcolumnconnectionwithglass fibre reinforced polymers, Research report, Memorial University of Newfoundland,St.Johns,Canada,pp152. 12. STAADPRO(2007), UsersManualRevision. 13. William, K.J. and Warnke, E.P (1975), Constitutive Model for the Triaxial Behavior of Concrete, Proceedings, International Association for Bridge and StructuralEngineering,Vol.19,ISMES,Bergamo,Italy,pp174. 14. Wolanski, A.J (2004), Flexural behavior of reinforced and prestressed concrete beams using finite element analysis, A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the GraduateSchool,MarquetteUniversity,Milwaukee,Wisconsin,pp167.

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