STARTERS FOR A.C.

MOTORS
THE BASICS: WHEN THE WINDINGS OF THE INDUCTION MOTOR ARE SWITCHED DIRECTLY ON TO A 3 SUPPLY, A SURGE CURRENT IS TAKEN BY THE MOTOR, WHICH DIES AWAY AS THE MOTOR ACCELERATES UP TO ITS RATED SPEED. THIS STARTING SURGE CURRENT CAN BE BETWEEN 5 to 8 TIMES THE MOTOR S RATED CURRENT AND IT OCCURS BECAUSE THERE IS NO GENERATED E.M.F. !".#. BACK #.$.%. E&' IN THE WINDINGS TO CONTROL THE CURRENT WHEN IT IS AT STANDSTILL. THIS ALSO RELATES TO A FORMULA ( ) E & * I+ . R+. NOW, WE KNOW THAT E& ) , AT STANDSTILL AND ALSO THAT THE ARMATURE RESISTANCE R+ IS (ERY LOW IN ORDER OF - to ./ AT TIMES OR MAY BE E(EN LESS0 HENCE I+ 1 ( WHILE STARTING. THIS IS THE REASON WHY THE STARTING CURRENT IS ALWAYS HIGH AND HAS TO BE LIMITED. STARTING A MOTOR BY SIMPLY CONNECTING IT TO THE SUPPLY IS CALLED 2DIRECT3ON3LINE4 STARTING AND IS THE SIMPLEST, MOST ECONOMICAL METHOD OF STARTING. MOST MARINE MOTORS ARE 2DIRECT3ON3LINE4 STARTED. SPECIAL REDUCED (OLTAGE STARTERS !2STAR5DELTA4 +67 2AUTO3TRANSFORMER4 TYPES' ARE USED WHEN E8CESSI(ELY LARGE STARTING CURRENTS MAY CAUSE A SE(ERE (OLTAGE 2DIP4 ON THE SUPPLY WHICH COULD AFFECT THE OPERATION OF OTHER LOADS. LARGE MOTORS AND SMALLER MOTORS INTENDED FOR CONNECTION TO THE EMERGENCY GENERATOR, USE REDUCED (OLTAGE STARTERS. THE STARTING CURRENT DOES NOT SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASE FROM STANDSTILL TO HALF ITS SPEED AND ONLY REDUCES TO A REASONABLE LE(EL AT 8,9 OF ITS SPEED. FIG. SHOWS HOW A MOTORS CURRENT (ARIES DURING THE RUN3UP PERIOD FOR A 3 K: $oto; +67 + <, K: $oto;. IT IS IMPORTANT THAT MOTORS ACCELERATE =UICKLY UP TO THE PREDETERMINED SPEED TO PRE(ENT E8CESSI(ELY

LONG RUN3UP TIMES CAUSING O(ER3TEMPERATURE IN THE STATOR WINDING INSULATION AND LONG DURATION (OLTAGE DIPS ON THE SUPPLY. THE RUN3UP TIME DEPENDS ON THE STARTING TOR=UE DE(ELOPED BY THE MOTOR. THIS TIME IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO THE S=UARE OF THE SUPPLY (OLTAGE ! T 1 (> '. OB(IOUSLY, THE LOAD ON THE MOTOR WILL ALSO HA(E AN EFFECT ON THE RUN3UP TIME. IT IS WORTH NOTING HERE THAT THE MAGNITUDE OF THE STARTING CURRENT IS NOT INCREASED WHEN THE MOTOR IS STARTED AGAINST LOAD. THE (ALUE OF THE SUPPLY (OLTAGE AND THE STANDSTILL IMPEDANCE OF THE STATOR WINDINGS ONLY DETERMINE THE STARTING CURRENT. SOME DRI(ES, SUCH AS CENTRIFUGES AND LARGE FANS, MAY RE=UIRE SPECIAL HIGH TOR=UE MOTORS IF ACCEPTABLE RUN3UP TIMES ARE TO BE ACHIE(ED. MODERN STANDARD MOTORS ARE DESIGNED FOR HIGH EFFICIENCY AND MINIMAL MANUFACTURING COSTS. THEY USUALLY HA(E LARGE STARTING CURRENTS AND POOR THERMAL CAPACITY. WHEN RUN3UP TIMES ARE E8PECTED TO BE O(ER -, ?#@?., A LARGER STANDARD MOTOR OR SPECIAL HIGH3TOR=UE MOTOR IS USED.

THE DIRECT3ON3LINE STARTER

THE INDUCTION MOTOR IS ADIRECTLY SWITCHED ONTO THE THREE3PHASE A.C. POWER SUPPLY LINES. THIS IS A (ERY SIMPLE STARTING ARRANGEMENT WHICH IS USED FOR THE MABORITY OF INDUCTION MOTOR DRI(ES. FURTHER CIRCUIT ADDITIONS CAN BE MADE FOR REMOTE CONTROL !#.C. BY LI=UID LE(EL SWITCH' AND MOTOR RE(ERSING !WITH AN E8TRA CONTACTOR'. LOCAL CONTROL:

ASTARTING IS ACHIE(ED WITH THE HELP OF A MANUAL PUSH BUTTON. ASTOPPING IS ACHIE(ED WITH THE HELP OF A MANUAL PUSH BUTTON o; AUTOMATICALLY WHEN THE THERMAL O(ERCURRENT RELAY OPERATES o; A SUPPLY (OLTAGE SURGE OCCURS. ARE3SETTING IS MANUALLY DONE AFTER THE OPERATION OF THE THERMAL O(ER3CURRENT RELAY. PROTECTION: PROTECTION AGAINST SMALL PROLONGED O(ERLOADS, PHASE UNBALANCE AND PHASE FAILURE IS BY A 33PHASE THERMAL O(ERCURRENT RELAY. OPENING OF THE ENCLOSURE DOOR IS ONLY POSSIBLE WHEN THE ISOLATOR IS IN THE AOFF POSITION. SHORT3 CIRCUIT PROTECTION MUST BE PRO(IDED BY FUSES o; A CIRCUIT BREAKER ON THE SUPPLY SIDE OF THE STARTER.

OPERATION: PUSH THE ASTART BUTTON AI CONTACTOR COIL A KM- IS ENERGISED0 MAIN CONTACTS OF AKM- CLOSE AND THE MOTOR STARTS0 AU8. CONTACT OF AKM- CLOSES SO THAT THE START BUTTON AI CAN NOW BE RELEASED !THIS CONTACT IS ALSO CALLED THE RETAINING CONTACT'0 THE MOTOR IS NOW E8PECTED TO RUN NORMALLY. NOW, SHOULD THE SUPPLY (OLTAGE FAIL, AKM- DE3 ENERGISES AND OPENS ITS CONTACTS0 THE MOTOR STOPS. WHEN THE POWER SUPPLY IS RESTORED, THE MOTOR CAN ONLY RE3START WHEN THE START BUTTON IS PRESSED. TO ASTOP THE MOTOR, PUSH BUTTON AO . WHEN AN O(ERLOAD, PHASE UNBALANCE, OR PHASE FAILURE OCCURS, THE O(ER3CURRENT RELAY WILL OPEN ITS CONTACTS THAT ARE IN SERIES WITH THE MAIN CONTACT OF AKM- , WHICH RESULTS IN STOPPING OF THE MOTOR.

REMOTE CONTROL: THE ADDITION OF A REMOTE CONTROL UNIT !WITHIN DOTTED LINES' PRO(IDED WITH !PARALLEL' START AND !SERIES' STOP BUTTONS, FACILITATES DUPLICATION OF CONTROL.S

REDUCED (OLTAGE STARTING

ADOL SWITCHING DEMENDS A SHORT DURATION ! + %#: ?#@o67? ' BUT LARGE STARTING CURRENT, TYPICALLY A5 D FLC FI8ED BY THE MOTOR IMPEDANCE. THIS IS GENERALLY ACCEPTABLE TO THE SUPPLY GENERATOR AS LONG AS THE CORRESPONDING A(OLTAGE DIP IS NOT GREATER THAN -, E -59 WITH IN THE RUN3UP PERIOD. FOR LARGE MOTOR DRI(ES THIS STARTING SURGE WILL CAUSE AN UN3ACCEPTABLE A(OLTAGE DIP AT THE SUPPLY BUS3BARS WITH LIKELY MALFUNCTIONS OF OTHER CONSUMERS #.C. LIGHTING FLICKER AND POSSIBLE DROP3 OUT OF SUPPLY CONTACTORS. THE (OTAGE DIP IS FURTHER COMPOUNDED AS ALL THE OTHER CONNECTED MOTORS COMPENSATE BY DEMANDING AN INCREASED CURRENT TO MAINTAIN THEIR ORIGINAL POWER OUTPUT. IF PROLONGED, THIS SUDDEN CURRENT LOADING MAY CAUSE SUPPLY LINE AND GENERATOR PROTECTION TO TRIP. HENCE LARGE MOTORS !#.C. BOW AND STERN THRUSTERS' RE=UIRE A MORE COMPLICATED STARTING METHOD TO LIMIT THE SIFE OF STARTING CURRENT AND SO PROTECT THE GENERATOR SUPPLY AND OTHER CONSUMERS. THIS MEANS APPLYING A REDUCED (OLTAGE AT START3UP. DURING THE RUN3UP PERIOD THE SIFE OF MOTOR STARTING CURRENT CAN BE LIMITED BY APPLYING A REDUCED SUPPLY (OLTAGE OR INSERTING SOME ADDITIONAL CIRCUIT IMPEDANCE. THE MOST COMMON ARRANGEMENT IS TO APPLY REDUCED (OLTAGE WHICH IS SUB3DI(IDED INTO THE METHODS OF -. 2STAR 5 DELTA4 SWITCHING .. 2AUTO3TRANSFORMER4 STARTING 3. 2SOFT4 STARTING

STAR 5 DELTA STARTER

THIS STARTER IS USED TO REDUCE THE STARTING CURRENT IN G3TERMINAL MOTORS DESIGNED FOR DELTA OPERATION. IT IS THE MOST COMMON AND COST3 EFFECTI(E METHOD OF REDUCED (OLTAGE STARTING. THE MOTOR IS DIRECT3ON3LINE STARTED WITH THE STATOR WINDINGS STAR CONNECTED. THE STARTING CURRENT AND TOR=UE ARE ABOUT 3,9 OF THE (ALUES OBTAINED BY DIRECT3ON3LINE DELTA STARTING. SINCE THE EFFECTI(E (OLTAGE IS ONLY 589, STARTING HIGH INERTIA LOADS MAY BE A PROBLEM, IN WHICH CASE A MOTOR WITH A HIGH STARTING TOR=UE MUST BE USED AT E8TRA COST. IF A MOTOR IS DIRECT3ON3LINE STARTED WITH THE STATOR WINDING ASTAR CONNECTED, IT WILL ONLY TAKE ONE3THIRD OF THE STARTING CURRENT THAT IT WOULD TAKE IF THE WINDINGS WERE ADELTA CONNECTED. THE STARTING CURRENT OF A MOTOR WHICH IS DESIGNED TO RUN ADELTA CONNECTED CAN BE REDUCED IN THIS WAY. STAR3DELTA STARTERS FOR SMALL MOTORS MAY BE OPERATED BY A MANUAL CHANGE3O(ER SWITCH. FOR LARGE POWER MOTORS, THE PHASE WINDINGS ARE AUTOMATICALLY SWITCHED USING CONTACTORS CONTROLLED BY A TIMING RELAY. A CHOICE OF TIME DELAY RELAYS ARE A(AILABLE WHOSE ACTION IS GO(ERNED BY THERMAL, PNEUMATIC, MECHANICAL OR ELECTRONIC CONTROL DE(ICES. AT THE INSTANT OF STARTING WHEN THE SUPPLY HAS BUST BEEN SWITCHED ON AND THE MOTOR HAS NOT YET STARTED TO ROTATE, THERE IS NO MECHANICAL OUTPUT FROM THE MOTOR. THE ONLY FACTORS WHICH DETERMINE THE CURRENT TAKEN BY THE MOTOR ARE THE SUPPLY (OLTAGE !(' AND THE IMPEDANCE OF THE MOTOR PHASE WINDINGS ! F PH '. THIS SHOWS THAT THE STARTING CURRENT OF A ADELTA CONNECTED MOTOR CAN BE REDUCED TO ONE THIRD IF THE MOTOR IS ASTAR CONNECTED FOR STARTING. THE

SHAFT TOR=UE IS ALSO REDUCED TO ONE3THIRD WHICH REDUCES THE SHAFT ACCELERATION AND INCREASES THE RUN3UP TIME FOR THE DRI(E BUT THIS IS NOT USUALLY A PROBLEM. WHEN AN INDUCTION MOTOR IS RUNNING ON LOAD IT IS CON(ERTING ELECTRICAL ENERGY INPUT TO MECHANICAL ENERGY OUTPUT. THE INPUT CURRENT IS NOW DETERMINED BY THE LOAD ON THE MOTOR SHAFT. AN INDUCTION MOTOR WILL RUN AT THE SAME SPEED WHEN IT IS ASTAR CONNECTED AS WHEN IT IS ADELTA CONNECTED BECAUSE THE FLU8 SPEED IS THE SAME IN BOTH CASES BEING SET BY THE SUPPLY FRE=UENCY. THIS MEANS THAT THE POWER OUTPUT FROM THE MOTOR IS THE SAME WHEN THE MOTOR IS ASTAR CONNECTED AS WHEN THE MOTOR IS ADELTA CONNECTED, SO THE POWER INPUTS AND LINE CURRENTS MUST BE THE SAME WHEN RUNNING IN EITHER CONNECTION. IF THE MOTOR IS DESIGNED TO RUN IN ADELTA BUT IS RUN AS ASTAR CONNECTED, AND ON FULL LOAD, THEN EACH STATOR PHASE WINDING WILL BE CARRYING AN AO(ER CURRENT OF H3 D RATED PHASE CURRENT. THIS IS BECAUSE PHASE AND LINE CURRENTS ARE E=UAL IN A ASTAR CONNECTION. THIS WILL CAUSE O(ERHEATING AND E(ENTUAL BURNOUT UNLESS TRIPPED BY THE O(ERCURRENT RELAY. REMEMBER THAT THE MOTOR COPPER LOSSES ARE PRODUCED BY THE I>R HEATING EFFECT SO THE MOTOR WILL RUN ! H3 '> ) 3 TIMES HOTTER IF LEFT TO RUN IN THE ASTAR CONNECTION WHEN DESIGNED FOR ADELTA RUNNING. THIS MALFUNCTION MAY OCCUR IF THE CONTROL TIMING SE=UENCE IS NOT COMPLETED OR THE ASTAR CONTACTOR REMAINS CLOSED WHILE A MECHANICAL INTERLOCK PRE(ENTS THE ADELTA CONTACTOR FROM CLOSING. FOR CORRECT O(ERCURRENT PROTECTION, THE O(ERCURRENT RELAYS MUST BE FITTED IN THE APHASE CONNECTIONS AND NOT IN THE LINE CONNECTIONS.

CHECK THE POSITION OF THE O(ERCURRENT DE(ICES IN THE SCHEMATIC

FIG. DEPICTS A BASIC STAR5DELTA STARTER. WHEN THE ASTART BUTTON IS PRESSED, KM - AND KM. CLOSE TOGETHER, WHICH CONNECT THE MOTOR WINDINGS IN A STAR CONFIGURATION TO THE SUPPLY BY SHORTING TERMINALS 8, Y AND F AND CONNECTING TERMINALS U,( AND W TO THE SUPPLY LINES R,S AND T RESPECTI(ELY. A TIME DELAY !+II;oD"$+t#JK 8 E -, ?#@?.' IS SET TO ALLOW THE MOTOR TO RUN UPTO ABOUT 8,9 OF ITS SPEED AT WHICH POINT THE RELAY OPENS KM - AND CLOSES KM3 SO THAT THE MOTOR S WINDING CONFIGURATION IS CON(ERTED FROM A STAR CONNECTION TO A DELTA CONNECTION. THE SWITCH3O(ER BETWEEN STAR AND DELTA IS USUALLY AUTOMATIC, USING A TIME DELAY RELAY OR DELAYED AU8. CONTACTS ON THE CONTACTORS. IN ADDITION, A TIME DELAY MUST BE INSERTED BETWEEN SWITCHING OFF THE STAR CONTACTOR AND SWITCHING ON THE DELTA CONTACTOR TO ENSURE THAT THE SWITCHING ARC IN THE STAR CONTACTOR HAS BEEN =UENCHED BEFORE THE DELTA CONTACTOR IS CLOSED. IF THE SWITCH O(ER IS TOO FAST, A SHORT CIRCUIT OCCURS. CON(ERSELY, IF THE SWITCH3O(ER TIME DELAY IS TOO LONG, THE MOTOR SPEED WILL FALL SO THAT THE DELTA CLOSING CURRENT BECOMES E8CESSI(ELY HIGH. ONCE TIME DELAYS HA(E BEEN SET IN THE STARTER, IT IS IMPORTANT THAT THEY ARE NOT ALTERED IF AOPEN TRANSITION SURGE PROBLEMS ARE TO BE A(OIDED. A FURTHER PROBLEM CAN OCCUR DUE TO SWITCH3O(ER IF THE MOTOR S DELTA CONNECTION IS NOT AS SHOWN IN FIG. WHEN SWITCHING FROM STAR TO DELTA, THE STATOR CURRENT STOPS FLOWING WHEN STAR CONTACTOR OPENS, BUT THE ROTOR CURRENT FLOWS IN A CLOSED CIRCUIT AND THEY DECAY GRADUALLY FROM THEIR INSTANTANEOUS (ALUES AT THE MOMENT OF SWITCHING3 OFF. THESE DECAYING ROTOR CURRENTS ARE DIRECT IN NATURE AND PRODUCE A FLU8, WHICH IS STATIONARY WITH RESPECT TO THE ROTOR CONDUCTORS. THIS FLU8 ROTATES WITH THE ROTOR, CUTS THE STATOR WINDINGS

AND INDUCES AN EMF BUST LIKE AN ALTERNATOR. THE FRE=UENCY OF THE EMF IN THE STATOR FALLS AS THE ROTOR DECELERATES. IF THE SUPPLY IS RECONNECTED WHEN THIS EMF IS OUT OF PHASE WITH THE SUPPLY (OLTAGE !AS WITH FAULTY SYNCHRONISING OF AN ALTERNATOR', THEN HEA(Y SURGE CURRENTS CAN LEAD TO SE(ERE MOMENTARY TOR=UES UPTO -, o; -5 TIMES THE FULL3LOAD TOR=UE. THIS CAN CAUSE MECHANICAL DAMAGE TO SHAFTS AND KEYWAYS AND E(EN TO THE DRI(EN MACHINE. INSULATION FAILURE DUE TO MO(EMENT OF THE END WINDINGS CAN OCCUR. THIS SYNCHRONISING EFFECT WILL BE AGGRA(ATED IF THE MOTOR IS INCORRECTLY CONNECTED IN A ADELTA CONFIGURATION, ALTHOUGH THE ADELTA CONNECTION IN FIG. WILL STILL GI(E A CLOCKWISE ROTATION AND IT COULD RESULT IN DAMAGING SURGE CURRENTS AND TOR=UES. ALWAYS ENSURE THAT STAR5DELTA CONNECTIONS ARE AS SHOWN IN FIG. -..-. FOR CLOCKWISE ROTATION AND FIG.-..-L FOR COUNTER3 CLOCKWISE ROTATION. THESE CONNECTIONS ARE SHOWN IN THE STARTER SYSTEM IN FIG. -..-5. POWER CIRCUIT OPERATION: =- IS CLOSED MANUALLY0 THE CLOSING OF KM - RESULTS IN A ASTAR CONNECTION0 THE CLOSING OF KM . COMPLETES THE MOTOR SUPPLY0 AFTER A PRE3SET TIME DELAY, THE CLOSING OF KM3 RESULTS IN A ADELTA CONNECTION AND THE OPENING OF KM- OPENS THE ASTAR CONNECTION0 THE MOTOR NOW RUNS AT ITS NOMINAL SPEED AND DRAWS NOMINAL CURRENT. CONTROL CIRCUIT OPERATION: PRESS THE ASTART PUSH BUTTON S.0 THE ASTAR CONTACTOR KM- ENERGISES: FROM THE CONTROL SUPPLY M FUSE F- M MANUALLY CLOSED BREAKER =- M F. ! FN?"&J# I?oJ+to; ' M STOP PUSH BUTTO S- M ASTART PUSH BUTTON S. M TIMER CONTACT !N5C @o6t+@t' M KM3 !N5C @o6t+@t' M THE COIL OF CONTACTOR KM- ITSELF M FUSE F3 AND BACK TO THE CONTROL SUPPLY CIRCUIT !"6 $o?t @+?#? "t "? tO# ?#@o67+;K o% + ?t#I37o:6 T;+6?%o;$#;'.

KM- !+' !N5O @o6t+@t' CLOSES TO ENERGISE THE AMAIN CONTACTOR KM.: CONTROL SUPPLY M FUSE F- M MANUALLY CLOSED BREAKER =- M F. !FUSIBLE ISOLATOR' M ASTOP PUSH BUTTON S- M ASTART PUSH BUTTON S. M KM- !+' !N5O @o6t+@t' M THE COIL OF CONTACTOR KM. ITSELF M FUSE F3 AND BACK TO THE CONTROL SUPPLY CIRCUIT. CONTACTORS KM- +67 KM. ARE NOW RETAINED BY KM. !+'!N5O @o6t+@t' +67 HENCE THE ASTART PUSH BUTTON S. CAN BE RELEASED. AFTER THE PRE3SET TIME ! P -, ?#@?', THE TIMER IS ACTI(ATED TO CHANGEO(ER ITS CONTACTS IN THE CIRCUITS OF CONTACTORS KM - +67 KM3. THIS CAUSES THE ASTAR CONTACTOR KM - TO DE3 ENERGISE ! &K oI#6"6C "t? N5C @o6t+@t "6 tO# @";@N"t' WHILE THE CIRCUIT OF THE ADELTA CONTACTOR KM3 IS PREPARED ! &K @Jo?"6C "t? N5O @o6t+@t "6 tO# @";@N"t'. ADELTA CONTACTOR KM3 WILL ENERGISE WHEN THE ASTAR CONTACTOR KM- DE3ENERGISES TO CAUSE ITS N5C CONTACT KM!&' TO CLOSE THEREBY FACILITATING A SMOOTH CHANGEO(ER FROM ASTAR TO ADELTA . THE MOTOR IS NOW CAPABLE OF RUNNING AT ITS PRE3 DETERMINED OPTIMUM SPEED TO DRI(E HE LOAD. THE MOTOR STOPS BY OPERATING ASTOP PUSH S-. IN THIS CASE, ADELTA CONTACTORS KM3 +67 KM. ARE DE3 ENERGISED SIMULTANEOUSLY THUS ISOLATING THE MOTOR S WINDINGS. THE N5C CONTACT KM3 !+' IN THE CIRCUIT OF CONTACTOR KM- CLOSES ONCE AGAIN TO PREPARE THE CIRCUIT FOR THE NE8T START.

ELECTRICAL INTERLOCK BETWEEN KM- +67 KM3: THE TIME DELAY CONTACT BLOCK HAS A SWITCHING TIME OF L, $? BETWEEN THE OPENING OF THE NORMALLY CLOSED !N5C' CONTACT AND THE CLOSING OF THE NORMALLY OPEN !N5O' CONTACT. THIS ELIMINATES THE RISK OF SHORT3CIRCUIT ON CHANGE3 O(ER FROM STAR TO DELTA. MANY STAR3DELTA STARTERS ARE FITTED WITH MECHANICAL INTERLOCKS BETWEEN CONTACTORS KM +67 KM3, WHICH PRE(ENT THEM BOTH FROM BEING CLOSED AT THE SAME TIME. IF THEY ARE CLOSED SIMULTANEOUSLY THE SUPPLY WILL BE SHORT3 CIRCUITED. THE TIME DELAYS IN THE SYSTEM WILL PRE(ENT THIS UNDER NORMAL OPERATING CONDITIONS BUT AN ENGINEER MAY ATTEMPT TO PRESS BOTH CONTACTORS SHUT WHEN FAULTFINDING TO CHECK A CIRCUIT S OPERATION. NE(ER TRY TO MANUALLY MAKE CONTACTS ON A LI(E CIRCUIT. IF THERE IS NO MECHANICAL INTERLOCK, USE E8TREME CAUTION AND NE(ER

REMO(E ELECTRICAL SAFETY INTERLOCKS FROM ANY E=UIPMENT. SUMMARISING THE ABO(E, STAR3DELTA STARTERS CAN ONLY OPERATE EFFECTI(ELY WHEN THE TIME DELAY BETWEEN ASTAR OPENING AND ADELTA CLOSING HAS BEEN CORRECTLY SET. IF THE SWICH O(ER IS TOO FAST, TWO PROBLEMS MAY ARISE: -. SHORT3CIRCUIT CURRENT WILL FLOW IF THE ASTAR CONTACTOR HAS NOT =UENCHED THE ARC. .. IF THE ARC IS =UENCHED BUT THE ROTOR FLU8 HAS NOT HAD ENOUGH TIME TO DECAY THEN ASYNCHRONISING CURRENTS AND TOR=UES CAN CAUSE MECHANICAL DAMAGE WHEN THE ADELTA CONTACTOR CLOSES. IF THE CHANGEO(ER TIME IS TOO LONG, THEN THE ROTOR DECELERATES AND DELTA STARTING CURRENT IS DRAWN WHEN IT IS RE3CONNECTED. THIS TYPE OF STARTER IS USED FOR A MOTOR DESIGNED FOR DELTA OPERATION AND WHEN THE LOAD TOR=UE IS LOW ENOUGH TO A(OID UNACCEPTABLE RUN3UP TIMINGS.

AUTOTRANSFORMER STARTER
TECHNICALLY, THIS IS THE BEST WAY TO OPTIMIFE THE START3UP OF AN INDUCTION MOTOR. IT BEST RESOL(ES A CONFLICT IN(OL(ED IN REDUCED (OLTAGE STARTING. THE CONFLICT IS BETWEEN REDUCING THE SURGE CURRENT TAKEN WHILE STARTING AND CAUSING THE RUN3UP TIME TO BE E8CESSI(E. THE TRANSFORMER PRO(IDES A NUMBER OF SECONDARY TAPPINGS, TYPICALLY 5,9, G59 o; 8,9 TAPPING ! AND CAN BE L,9, G,9 +67 Q59 too '. THE STARTING T5OR=UES ON THESE DIFFERENT TAPPINGS

CAN BE ESTIMATED AS THEY ARE PROPORTIONAL TO THE S=UARE OF THE (OLTAGE. STARTING A LARGE MOTOR WITH A LONG RUN3UP PERIOD WILL DEMAND A (ERY HIGH CURRENT SURGE FROM THE SUPPLY GENERATOR FOR A FEW SECONDS. THIS CAUSES A SE(ERE (OLTAGE DIP WHICH AFFECTS E(ERY LOAD ON THE SYSTEM. REDUCED (OLTAGE STARTING WILL LIMIT THE STARTING SURGE CURRENT. ONE WAY TO REDUCE THE INITIAL (OLTAGE SUPPLIED TO THE MOTOR IS TO STEP IT DOWN USING A TRANSFORMER. THEN, WHEN THE MOTOR HAS ACCELERATED UP TO ALMOST FULL SPEED, THE REDUCED (OLTAGE IS REPLACED BY THE FULL MAINS (OLTAGE. THE TRANSFORMER USED IN THIS STARTER IS NOT THE USUAL TYPE WITH SEPARATE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY WINDINGS. IT IS AN AAUTOTRANSFORMER WHICH USES ONLY ONE WINDING FOR BOTH INPUT AND OUTPUT. THIS ARRANGEMENT IS CHEAPER, SMALLER AND LIGHTER THAN AN E=UI(ALENT DOUBLE3WOUND TRANSFORMER AND IT IS ONLY IN OPERATION DURING THE SHORT STARTING PERIOD. FOR INDUCTION MOTOR STARTING, THE AUTOTRANSFORMER IS A 33PHASE UNIT, AND, BECAUSE OF E8PENSE, THIS METHOD IS ONLY USED WITH LARGE MOTOR DRI(ES, #.C. BOW THRUSTER, ELECTRIC CARGO PUMPS. FIG. SHOWS THE SUPPLY (OLTAGE IS CONNECTED ACROSS THE COMPLETE WINDING AND THE MOTOR IS CONNECTED TO THE REDUCED (OLTAGE TAPPING. A NUMBER OF TAPPINGS ARE USUALLY A(AILABLE ON THE TRANSFORMER WINDING, GI(ING (OLTAGE OUTPUTS RANGING FROM ABOUT 5,9 TO 8,9 OF THE MAINS SUPPLY (OLTAGE. E.C. A G,9 TAP ON AN AUTOTRANSFORMER SUPPLIED AT LL, ( WOULD PRO(IDE A (OLTAGE OUTPUT OF G,9 OF LL, ) .GL (OLTS. THE AUTOTRANSFORMER USUALLY HAS A FEW TAPPING POINTS TO GI(E A SET OF REDUCED (OLTAGES ! #.C. L,9, 5,9 AND G59 ' WHICH HELP TO MATCH THE MOTOR CURRENT DEMAND TO THE SUPPLY CAPABILITY. AS WITH THE ASTAR3DELTA STARTER, THE AAUTOTRANSFORMER MAY USE WHAT IS CALLED AN

AOPEN3TRANSITION SWITCHING SE=UENCE OR A ACLOSED3 TRANSITION SWITCHING SE=UENCE BETWEEN THE START AND RUN CONDITIONS. IN THE FORMER, THE REDUCED (OLTAGE IS SUPPLIED TO THE MOTOR AT START THEN DISCONNECTED AND THE FULL SUPPLY (OLTAGE RAPIDLY RE3CONNECTED TO THE MOTOR. THE PROBLEM WITH AOPEN3TRANSITION IS THAT A (ERY LARGE SURGE CURRENT CAN FLOW AFTER THE TRANSITION FROM REDUCED TO FULL (OLTAGE. THE STARTER CAN BE WIRED TO THE APPROPRIATE TAPPING POINT, WHICH GI(ES AN ACCEPTABLE REDUCTION OF SURGE CURRENT WITHOUT UNDUE INCREASE IN RUN3UP TIME. A MABOR AD(ANTAGE OF THIS TYPE OF STARTER O(ER THE STAR3DELTA TYPE IS THAT THE SIMPLE 2KORNDORFER CONNECTION4 AND SE=UENCE ALLOWS THE MOTOR TO BE RUN3UP TO ITS RATED SPEED WITHOUT DISCONNECTING IT FROM A DRI(ING (OLTAGE HENCE HELPING IT TO O(ERCOME THE TRANSITION SWITCHING PERIOD. THUS, THE OPEN TRANSITION CURRENT SURGE PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE STAR3 DELTA STARTER IS A(OIDED. GENERALLY, THIS STARTER TENDS TO BE USED FOR LARGER DRI(ES !ABO(E G, K:' BUT MAY BE SEEN IN SMALLER DRI(ES WHERE STAR CONNECTED MOTORS HA(E BEEN ADOPTED FOR EASE OF PROTECTION. DELTA CONNECTED MOTORS ARE MORE DIFFICULT WHEN IT COMES TO COMPLETELY PROTECTING THEM AGAINST SINGLE3PHASING CONDITIONS THAN STAR3 CONNECTED MOTORS.

OPERATING PRINCIPLE:
THE OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF THIS STARTER IS THAT A STEP3DOWN TRANSFORMER IS USED TO PRO(IDE REDUCED (OLTAGE TO THE MOTOR WHILE STARTING. THE MOTOR IS ALLOWED TO ACCELERATE AND THEN THE WHOLE (OLTAGE IS APPLIED. THE TRANSFORMER WILL RE=UIRE PROTECTION AGAINST O(ER3TEMPERATURE DUE TO TOO FRE=UENT STARTING, SINCE THE MOTOR O(ER3 CURRENT RELAY IS NOT DESIGNED FOR THIS FUNCTION.

FIG. SHOWS THE ARRANGEMENT OF AN AUTOTRANSFORMER STARTER IN A AKORNDORFER CONNCTION . WHEN THE START BUTTON IS PRESSED, CONTACTORS KM- AND KM. ENERGISE TOGETHER. THIS APPLIES A REDUCED (OLTAGE TO THE MOTOR WINDINGS, U, (, +67 W R"+ THE AUTOTRANSFORMER. AFTER A PRE3 SET TIME DELAY, WHICH ALLOWS THE MOTOR TO RUN UPTO ITS RATED SPEED, CONTACTOR KM- OPENS. THIS

ENDS THE AUTOTRANSFORMER ACTION AND THE MOTOR IS CONNECTED TO THE MAIN SUPPLY THROUGH PART OF THE AUTOTRANSFORMER WINDINGS, WHICH MERELY ACT AS SERIES CHOKED COILS. NOW, KM 3 CLOSES AND THE WHOLE (OLTAGE IS APPLIED TO THE MOTOR. KM. OPENS AND DISCONNECTS THE TRANSFORMER FROM THE SUPPLY. SO THE SE=UENCE IS: KM- +67 KM. CLOSE0 TIME DELAYSS.KM- OPENS0 KM3 CLOSES0 KM. OPENS. THE MOTOR IS NE(ER DISCONNECTED FROM THE DRI(ING (OLTAGE AND THIS E(ENTS CURRENT SURGES.

SOFT4 STARTING
THIS METHOD OF SUPPLYING A GRADUALLY INCREASING A.C. (OLTAGE DURING START3UP GENERALLY REFERS TO AN EFFICIENT AELECTRONIC SWITCHING TECHNI=UE. A BASIC METHOD SHOWN IN FIG. IS TO USE BACK3TO3BACK CONNECTED ATHYRISTORS o; ATRIACS IN THE SUPPLY LINES WHICH ARE AGATED TO DELAY ATURN3ON WITHIN EACH +.@ HALF3CYCLE. THIS DELAYED SWITCHING APPLIES A REDUCED A(ERAGE A.C. (OLTAGE TO THE MOTOR. THE APPLIED MOTOR (OLTAGE IS GRADUALLY RAMPED UP BY THE STARTER SOFTWARE PROGRAM UNTIL THE FULL (OLTAGE LE(EL IS REACHED. TO ACHIE(E MA8IMUM EFFICIENCY, THE ELECTRONIC SWITCHING CIRCUIT CAN NOW BE BYPASSED FOR NORMAL RUNNING. A ASOFT STARTER MAY BE FURTHER ADAPTED TO BECOME A (OLTAGE CONTROLLER O(ER THE MOTOR OPERATING LOAD RANGE. IN THIS TYPE OF EFFICIENT AENERGY MANAGER APPLICATION, THE CONTROLLER MONITORS THE MOTOR POWER FACTOR WHICH IS A MEASURE OF THE MOTOR LOADING. ON LIGHT LOAD AND FULL (OLTAGE, THE POWER FACTOR IS LOW SO THE CONTROLLER REDUCES THE MOTOR (OLTAGE WHICH REDUCES CURRENT WHILE IMPRO(ING POWER FACTOR AND EFFICIENCY. NOTE, THIS TYPE OF 2SOFT3START5ENERGY MANAGER4 IS NOT A SPEED CONTROLLER. TO ELECTRICALLY CHANGE THE SPEED OF AN INDUCTION MOTOR IT IS NECESSARY TO (ARY THE APPLIED AFRE=UENCY .