2 'Science 11E: Lesson 2 Assignment Part I.

Outline
Textbook Section 2.1 1. An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical or physical means. 2. All elements are made of atoms. The central part of an atom is the nucleus; it contains protons and neutrons. The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is called the atomic number. 3. List the eight most abundant elements on Earth s surface and their chemical symbols. These elements are important for understanding the study of minerals. a. !"ygen #!$ b. %ilicon #%i$ c. Aluminum #Al$ d. &ron #'e$ e. (alcium #(a$ f. %odium #)a$ g. *otassium #+$ h. ,agnesium #,g$ -. The part of the atom with the negati.e charge is the electron. The part of the atom with the positi.e charge is the proton. /. Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are isotopes of an element. 0. (arbon has 1/ different isotopes. 1. Atoms usually combine to form compounds. This can happen in three different ways. There are therefore three types of chemical bonds2 ionic3 co.alent3 and metallic. 4. The smallest particle of a co.alent compound that shows the properties of that compound is a molecule.

Textbook Section 2.2 5. 6hat is the definition of a mineral7 A naturally occurring3 inorganic solid with an orderly crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition. 18. 6hich fi.e characteristics are necessary for a substance to be considered a mineral7 a. )aturally !ccurring b. %olid %ubstance c. !rderly (rystalline %tructure d. 9efinite (hemical (omposition e. :enerally (onsidered &norganic 11. ,inerals are classified according to groups based on their composition. 12. List the si" common mineral groups. a. %ilicates b. (arbonates c. !"ides d. %ulfates and %ulfides e. ;alides f. )ati.e Elements 13. The biggest of the mineral groups is the silicates.

Textbook Section 2.3 1-. *roperties of minerals allow us to identify them. )ame the eight physical properties of minerals. a. (olor b. %treak c. Luster d. (rystal 'orm e. ;ardness f. (lea.age g. 'racture h. 9ensity 1/. 6hat gi.es minerals different colors7 %mall amounts of different elements. 10. 6hy do some minerals show clea.age #they break along flat3 e.en surfaces$ and other minerals fracture #they break une.enly$7 <ecause minerals that clea.e in ha.e weak bonds in one direction3 while those minerals that don=t clea.e ha.e strong bonds throughout. 11. 9efine density. 6hat is the density of a mineral that has a mass of -8g and a .olume of 28 cm37 9ensity is the property of all matter that is the ratio of an ob>ect=s mass to its .olume. The density is 2g?cm@3 14. 6hat determines the properties of a mineral7 The composition and the structure of the mineral. 15. 6hat is the mineral name for ruby7 (orundum 28. 6hat is the mineral name for emerald7 <eryl

Part II. Questions

1. )ame the three types of particles found in an atom. a. *roton b. )eutron c. Electron d. E"plain how these types of particles differ. *rotons and neutrons are found in the nucleus3 while the electron orbits it. *rotons ha.e a positi.e charge3 neutrons don=t ha.e a charge3 and electrons ha.e a negati.e charge. 2. 6hich two elements comprise appro"imately 1/ percent of the earth s crust7 %ilicon and o"ygen 3. 9efine the following terms. a. atomic number The number of protons in an element b. mass number The mass of the protons and neutrons in an element. -. 6hat part of an isotope s nucleus .aries7 %tudy figure 3 on page 35. The nucleus. /. 6hich isotope is used to determine the age of onceAli.ing things7 (arbonA10. Bse the periodic table on te"tbook pages 30C31 to answer the following Duestions2 a. Are most of the elements metals3 nonmetals3 or metalloids7 ,etals b. 6hich metal e"ists as a liDuid7 -

,ercury c. 6hat do the Ewhite letteredF elements represent7 Elements that are not found in nature d. 6hat is a metalloid7 An element with properties similar to both metals and metalloids e. 6hich nonmetal occurs as a liDuid7 <romine f. 6hy are the elements in group 4A #14$ stable7 <ecause they ha.e complete octets of electrons 1. 6hat is an ionic bond7 List some of the properties of ionic compounds. An ionic bond is a bond between elements that share an electrons. &f one elements needs one electron to become stable and another needs to lose 1 to become stable3 it=s likely they will form an ionic bond. 4. 6hat is a metallic bond7 List some of the properties of metals. A metallic bond is formed when electrons are shared by metal ions. These bonds allow for electric current to easily pass through the element. 5. 6hat is a co.alent bond7 List some of the properties of co.alent compounds. (o.alent bonds form when elements share electrons. 9ifferent from ionic bonds though3 as co.alent bonds generally ha.e low melting and boiling points.

18. 'or each ma>or mineral group below3 list its characteristics and pro.ide some e"amples. a. silicates2 Each ha.e a tetrahedron structure. ,ost contain one or more elements. Guarts and 'eldspar are e"amples. b. carbonates2 (arbonates contain carbon3 o"ygen3 and at least 1 other metallic element. (alcite and magnesium are e"amples. c. o"ides ,inerals that contain o"ygen and one or more other elements which are usually metals. E"amples are rutile and corundum are e"amples. d. sulfates?sulfides2 ,inerals that contain sulfur. Anhydrite and pyrite are e"amples. e. halides2 (ontain a halogen ion and at least one other element. E"amples are halite and fluorite. f. nati.e elements2 ,inerals that only contain one element. :old and sil.er are e"amples. 11. Hou ha.e already learned that minerals must ha.e fi.e characteristics. 6hat does the characteristic EinorganicF mean7 9id not grow biologically #not in the same way plants and humans do$. 12. List the four ways in which minerals form. a. (rystalliIation from magma b. *recipitation c. *ressure from nature d. ;ydrothermal solutions

13. E"plain hydrothermal solutions. The hot3 watery solution that escapes from a mass of magma during the later stages of crystalliIation; such solutions may alter the surrounding rock. 1-. 6hat is the basic silicate structure7 A tetrahedron; essentially3 the silicon will branch off of the other element in the compound. 1/. 6hat factor determines whether a mineral will show its crystal form7

10. E"plain how geologists use the ,ohs hardness scale. 11. Jefer to table 2 on te"tbook pages /-C// to answer the following Duestions. a. 6hat mineral s density is closest to DuartI7 b. 6hat mineral s density is closest to musco.ite mica7 c. 6hat mineral has the highest density7 14. &dentify the distincti.e properties of the following minerals2 a. talc b. graphite c. calcite d. magnetite and hematite 15. 6hat are the most priIed gemstones7