BI 1: TRUYN DN S

I. L thuyt
1. ngha ca truyn dn s
Khi ni n iu ch s l ta ang cp n vic truyn dn tn hiu s ni chung.
Tn hiu in c nh ngha di dng s khi cc mc in p c bit v mang
mt gi tr xc nh.
iu ch s c c trng bi cc thong s sng mang. Cc trng thi khc nhau ca
sng mang s tng ng vi nhng k t khc nhau c truyn i.
Do , b gii iu ch khng nht thit phi ti to mt cch chnh xc tn hiu truyn
i pha pht m ch cn phn bit cc trng thi khc nhau ca sng mang.
Trong thc t, cc trng thi ny ti mt thi im khng d xc nh mt cch
chnh xc do c s hin din ca nhiu v mo dng. Trong bt k trng hp no, b
quyt nh ng vai tr rt quan trng v nh hng n xc sut li b ti to.
Cht lng ca cc phng php iu ch v gii iu ch khc nhau c nh gi
da trn s tc li (th hin s bit khc nhau gia pha thu v pha pht).
Mt yu t khc nh hng n vic ti to tn hiu b gii iu ch l s sai bit
v thi gian khi so snh vi mt thi im tham chiu. nh hng ca yu t ny l s
sai bit v pha tm gi l Timing Jitter.
Trong truyn dn d liu cc bit lien tip nhau, Jitter gy ra cng nhiu li khi tc
truyn tng ln (do cc bit tr nn ngy cng hp khi tc tng v vic cc bit ny
dch chuyn hi sai khc so vi v tr l tng c th gy ra li pha thu).
2. Phn loi phng php iu ch
V c bn, iu ch s c th c chia lm ba loi: iu ch bin , iu ch tn s
v iu ch pha.
Cht lng ca phng php iu ch ph thuc vo cch gii iu ch v tiu chun
quyt nh (decision criterion)
Ta thng phn bit iu ch s lm 2 loi: iu ch tuyn tnh v khng tuyn tnh:
s(t) = A.cos(w
0
t) + B.sin(w
0
t)









H iu ch tuyn tnh:
- ASK: Amplitude modulation
- M-ASK: Multiplelevel amplitude
modulation
- PSK: Phase modulation
- M-PSK: Multilevel phase modulation
- QAM: Amplitude and phase
modulation
- QPR: Partial respone amplitude and
phase modulation

H iu ch phi tuyn:
- FSK: Frequency modulation
- M-FSK: Multiplelevel frequency
modulation
- PM: Phase modulation
- CPM: Phase modulation with
coherent demodulator






II. Cu hi chun b
1. V s iu ch ASK
2. Vit cng thc tn hiu iu ch ASK s(t) theo tn hiu vo m(t)
3. Gii thch v minh ha m ng truyn NRZ (u, khuyt, v hnh minh ha tn hiu
c m ha tng ng vi tn hiu vo)
4. V s iu ch FSK
5. Vit cng thc tn hiu iu ch FSK s(t) theo tn hiu vo m(t)
6. Gii thch v minh ha m ng truyn Duo-binary (u, khuyt, v hnh minh ha tn
hiu c m ha tng ng vi tn hiu vo)
7. V s iu ch PSK
8. Vit cng thc tn hiu iu ch PSK s(t) theo tn hiu vo m(t)
9. Gii thch v minh ha m ng truyn DPSK (u, khuyt, v hnh minh ha tn hiu
c m ha tng ng vi tn hiu vo)
III. Gii thiu cc KIT s dng
1. KIT b tr DL 2560B

- B to xung clock v sng mang:
Cc tn hiu ny thu c bng cch chia tn s thch anh ngun l 2.4576 Mhz.
Xung clock c dng ng b tn hiu c pht, tn hiu m ho v tn hiu
gii m. Tn s xung clock c th c chn gia cc gi tr 2400, 4800, 9600,
19200, 38400 Hz.
Cc kit DL 2561, 2562, 2563 c thit k hot ng vi xung clock c tn s
2400 Hz.Tc cao hn c dng tm hiu s gim i ca cht lng truyn
dn khi tc bit tng.
Sng mang thu c bng cch chia t b dao ng ban u. Tn s sng mang l
307.2 Khz.

- B to tn hiu gi ngu nhin
Vi chui d liu c to ra, cn ch :
+ C hai chui d liu l nhng bit 1 v 0 lin tip nhau mt cch ngu nhin.
Chui ny c gi l gi ngu nhin v chng c lp i lp li v r rng hon
ton khng phi ngu nhin.
+ Chiu di l 15 hay 255 bit l mt s tiu chun c dng trnh tn s lp li
ca chui l hi con ca xung clock truyn i.
- My o tc bit li BER v Digital Delay Equalizer
My o BER so snh chui nhn v chui thu c m s li.
C th m s bit li trong 10
4
, 10
5
, 10
6
hoc 10
7
bit. S bit li s hin th cui
chu k o.
My o BER hot ng sau khi nhn nt START/STOP. n Led GO sng cho bit
my vn cn ang m. Nhn nt START/STOP ln na m li.
My o BER c dng cung vi b digital delay equalizer. Tn hiu thu c chn
chn s b tr do c th so snh hai chui bit pht v thu, tn hiu thu c
em i so snh vi tn hiu pht c lm tr.
tr c chnh bng nt DELAY. Khi tn hiu nhn v tn hiu lm tr ging
nhau th LED (EQUAL) sng.
- B to nhiu
B to nhiu vi mc nhiu c th iu chnh c to ra tn hiu c ph gn nh
nhiu trng. Vi tn hiu nhiu cho php theo di h thng truyn dn vi s hin
din ca nhiu.
- My o tr
Tn hiu t b to v ti to xung clock c o c bng 2 thng s JITTER v
WANDER. Jitter l thng s cho thy s khc nhau ca tn hiu chu k v pha nh
ca 2 xung clock trong khi Wander l thng s c dng cho tn hiu c chu k
ln hn (ngy, thng ,nm)
Trong kit ny, ta ch kho st Jitter. Mch ny bao gm mt ton t OR-
EXCLUSIVE theo sau l mt b lc thng thp. Gi tr trung bnh in p ng l l
hng s khi jitter = 0.
2. KIT DL 2561


- NRZ, Duo-binary encoder: m ha mc in p TTL ca tn hiu t b to tn hiu
DL 2560B theo dng bipolar NRZ, Duo-binary.
- AM modulator: dung iu ch tin hiu s. su iu ch c iu chnh bng
nm MODULATION
- Receiver: bao gm b khuch i trung tn (IF), b to tn hiu cho b iu khin
li hi tip v khi suy hao ng vo lm chc nng AGC.
- AM detector: l mt mch tch song ng bao n gin gm diode v mch lc
thong thp.
- NRZ decoder: nhn tn hiu ng vo t b gii iu ch. Hot ng da trn s nh
thi c tao ra b nhn (b ti to xung clock). B gii m NRZ c th iu
chnh c ngng quyt nh phn bit cc mc logic ca tn hiu bn nhn.
- Duo-binary decoder: mch ny dung xung clock to ra t mch ti to ca pha thu.
Mch ny cn cho php ta chnh c cc mc ngng quyt nh.
- Reception clock regenerator: module ny ng vai tr nh mch ti to tn hiu
nh thi pha thu trong h thng truyn dn s. Mch cha mt PLL (Phase
Locked Loop) c ng b vi s dch chuyn ca tn hiu thu. s dng d
dng, mch c trang b them mt nt chnh tay f ADJ .
Khi mch kha ( xung clock ti to ging vi xung clock pha pht), LED LOCK
s sng.
Module cn c them mt mch dch pha cho php lm lch pha ca xung clock ln
n 180.
3. KIT DL 2562


- NRZ, Duo-binary encoder: m ha mc in p TTL ca tn hiu t b to tn hiu
DL 2560B theo dng bipolar NRZ, Duo-binary.
- FM generator/modulator: dung iu ch tin hiu s. su iu ch c iu
chnh bng nm MODULATION
- Receiver: bao gm b khuch i trung tn (IF) .
- FM demodulator: l mt dng ca PLL vi mt b lc thong thp theo sau.
- NRZ decoder: nhn tn hiu ng vo t b gii iu ch. Hot ng da trn s nh
thi c tao ra b nhn (b ti to xung clock). B gii m NRZ c th iu
chnh c ngng quyt nh phn bit cc mc logic ca tn hiu bn nhn.
- Duo-binary decoder: mch ny dung xung clock to ra t mch ti to ca pha thu.
Mch ny cn cho php ta chnh c cc mc ngng quyt nh.
- Reception clock regenerator: module ny ng vai tr nh mch ti to tn hiu
nh thi pha thu trong h thng truyn dn s. Mch cha mt PLL (Phase
Locked Loop) c ng b vi s dch chuyn ca tn hiu thu. s dng d
dng, mch c trang b them mt nt chnh tay f ADJ .
Khi mch kha ( xung clock ti to ging vi xung clock pha pht), LED LOCK
s sng.
Module cn c them mt mch dch pha cho php lm lch pha ca xung clock ln
n 180.
4. KIT DL 2563


- NRZ, DPSK (Different PSK), Duo-binary encoder: m ha mc in p TTL ca
tn hiu t b to tn hiu DL 2560B theo dng bipolar NRZ, DPSK, Duo-binary.
- PSK modulation: trc khi ny l b iu chn pha canh chnh pha ca song
mang vi tn hiu s ang iu ch.
B iu ch hot ng vi tn hiu s v do khng c cung cp chc nng
iu chnh su iu ch. Sng mang s c pha l 180
0
cho ng vo dng, 270
0

cho mc 0 v 0
0
cho ng vo m.
Ba mc ny cn thit khi m ha tn hiu vi kiu m ha duo-binary.
- Receiver: bao gm b khuch i trung tn (IF) v mch ti to song mang.
- Demodulator of coherent type: dng tn hiu song mang sau khi ti to trong mch
IF. Pha ca sng mang ny c iu chnh c c iu kin gii iu ch tt.
- Reception carrier regenerator: mch ny da trn PLL (PLL c tn s dao ng rt
gn vi tn s dao ng ca song mang bn pha pht). vic s dng d dng,
LED s sng khi song mang ti to ging vi sng mang c pht i.
- NRZ decoder: nhn tn hiu ng vo t b gii iu ch. Hot ng da trn s nh
thi c tao ra b nhn (b ti to xung clock). B gii m NRZ c th iu
chnh c ngng quyt nh phn bit cc mc logic ca tn hiu bn nhn.
- Duo-binary decoder: mch ny dung xung clock to ra t mch ti to ca pha thu.
Mch ny cn cho php ta chnh c cc mc ngng quyt nh.
- DPSK decoder: mch ny c chc nng b sung cho b m ha pha pht. c
ni vi ng ra ca NRZ decoder v b to xung clock nh thi.
- Reception clock regenerator: module ny ng vai tr nh mch ti to tn hiu
nh thi pha thu trong h thng truyn dn s. Mch cha mt PLL (Phase
Locked Loop) c ng b vi s dch chuyn ca tn hiu thu. s dng d
dng, mch c trang b them mt nt chnh tay f ADJ .
Khi mch kha ( xung clock ti to ging vi xung clock pha pht), LED LOCK
s sng.
Module cn c them mt mch dch pha cho php lm lch pha ca xung clock ln
n 180.

IV. Th nghim
1. iu ch ASK
Thit b:
- B ngun
- Dao ng k
- KIT DL 2560B, 2561
Thc hin: Phn A
- Kt ni nh hnh v:

Xung clock v d liu truyn i c tao ra bi DL 2560B c a v ng vo
ca pha pht DL 2561. Tn hiu c m ha sau c a vo b iu ch.
Ng ra TX c ni vi ng vo RX ca b thu v tng khuch i IF ni vo b
tch song ng bao. Ng ra sau a vo b gii m NRZ.
- Chnh CK RATE = 2400 Hz v WORD LENGTH = 2
4
1.
Dao ng k ch ng b ngoi ni vi (1). Tng IF WIDE BAND.
- Quan st dao ng k v ghi li cc c tnh ca tn hiu:
Sng mang:

Data:
Clock:
- Ni CH1 vo DATA IN ng vo ca b iu ch (5) v CH2 vo ng ra ca b iu
ch (6). Quan st s thay i ca tn hiu c iu ch khi iu chnh su iu
ch v xc nh gii hn tuyn tnh ca b iu ch.

- a CH2 n ng ra ca IF (7), quan st dng song trong trng hp b khuch i
t cho narrow band v wide band.
- Chc nng ca b AGC:

- Quan st tn hiu ca ng ra b gii iu ch (9) khi thay i su iu ch
- mch hot ng mt cch d dng, mt n ch th s sang khi m b ti to
xung kha theo mt cch ng vi chui d liu nhn c.
a CH2 n ng ra ca PHASE SHIFTER (10). iu chnh ADI cho chu k
lm vic t 50%.
- a CH1 n ng vo ca b gii m (9) v CH2 n REF o in p tham
chiu cho ngng quyt nh ca b gii m. Chnh mc in p ny nm gia
mc cao nht v mc thp nht ca tn hiu ng vo ti (9). Chuyn CH1 n (3) v
CH2 n (11). So snh hai tn hiu ny v tr pha gia chng.

Thc hin: Phn A
- Kt ni nh hnh v:
- Chnh CK RATE = 2400 Hz v WORD LENGTH = 2
4
1
- Chnh mc nhiu mc nh nht, OUTPUT LEVEL = 100%. Chnh b kha pha
tn hiu gi m (8) ging vi tn hiu gc (2).

- Chnh DELAY ca DIGITAL DELAY EQUALIZER ca DL 2560B cho led
EQUAL sng. Kim tra li tn hiu ca (8) v (9) ging nhau.
- Chnh MEASUREMENT BASE = 10
4
. Nhn START, ch cho n khi LED GO
tt (bo hiu kt thc qu trnh o). nh gi s bit sai trn tng cng 10
4
bit.
2. iu ch FSK
Thit b:
- B ngun
- Dao ng k
- KIT DL 2560B, 2562
Thc hin: Phn A
- Kt ni nh hnh v:

- Chnh CK RATE = 2400 Hz v WORD LENGTH = 2
4
1.
- Kt ni EXTERNAL TRIGGER n (1), CH1 n DATA IN (2) v CH2 n ng
ra ca b duo-binary pre-coder (3).
Kim tra dng sng v gii thch:

- Kha b to xung clock bng cch iu chnh ADJ cho n khi led LOCK sng.
- Chuyn CH1 n (4) v CH2 n (3).
Chnh DECISION POINT c in p ngng H c gi tr nm gia 0 v mc
cao ca tn hiu nhn.
Chuyn CH1 n (5), kim tra in o ngng L nm gia 0 v mc thp ca tn
hiu nhn c.
- Chuyn CH1 n ng ra ca b gii m (6) v CH2 n (3)
- iu chnh pha ca b ti to xung clock bng nm PHASE v iu chnh tn s,
mc ngng H v L (nu cn) lm cho tn hiu gii m xut hin.
- a CH1 n (2) v so snh vi tn hiu c gii m.

Thc hin: Phn B
(Lm tng t phn A nhng c them s xut hin ca nhiu. Quan st nh hng
ca nhiu ln tn hiu sau khi c gii m)

3. iu ch PSK
Thit b:
- B ngun
- Dao ng k
- KIT DL 2560B, 2563
Thc hin:
- Kt ni nh hnh v:


- Lm tng t nh phn 2.


BI 2: GHP KNH

I. L thuyt
1. Multiplied transmission
tng hiu qu ca h thng truyn dn, cng nhiu ngun thong tin c truyn i
cng mt thi im cng tt vi mt ngun thong tin c gn cho mt a ch.
C 3 loi ghp knh thng c dng:
- Ghp knh chia theo thi gian
- Ghp knh chia theo tn s
- Ghp knh chia theo tn s v thi gian
2. Thuyt ly mu
Bc u tin trc khi chuyn mt tn hiu thc v lien tc trong min thi gian thnh
tn hiu PAM l ly mu.

Hnh 1: Tn hiu ly mu trong min thi gian

S lng mu ly trong mt n v thi gian phi xc nh v ph thuc vo tn s ln
nht ca tn hiu c ly mu. Do tn hiu ny cn nm trong mt bng thong gii
hn. y l l do cn c mt b lc dung lc tn hiu lien tc trc khi ly mu


Hnh 2: Qu trnh ly mu v ti to tn hiu tng t

Tn hiu ly mu c th c xem nh l kt qu ca php nhn gia tn hiu gi i
V(t) v mt chui xung Dirac C(t).
Hnh 4 biu din V(t), C(t) v U(t) min thi gian vi xung Dirac c coi l l
tng. Chui xung Dirac tun hon vi tn s fc = 1/Tc

Hnh 3: Ly mu tc thi

Ph ca tn hiu PAM sau khi c ly mu s tun hon vi chu k fc

Hnh 4: Ph ca tn hiu c ly mu ng


Trong thc t, xung ly mu khng h l tng m n s c rng xung xc nh
(0)

Hnh 5: Ly mu thc

3. TDM - PAM Multiplexing
Trong iu ch bin xung (PAM), mt tn hiu lin tc (VD: ging ni) s c biu
din bng mt chui xung gi l mu.
Bin ca tng mu t l vi bin tc thi ca tn hiu lien tc ti thi im ly
mu.


Hnh 6: biu din theo thi gian ca tn hiu c ly mu

Theo l thuyt ly mu, tc ly mu l xc nh do ta c th dung kiu ghp knh
theo thi gian TDM. Khong thi gian (1/fc ) gi l khong thi gian cht.
Nu nh ta mun truyn cng lc 3 thng tin khc nhau trn cng mt ng truyn, ta
c th p dng TDM vi cc tn hiu c ly mu ti cc thi im khc nhau


Hnh 7: Ghp TDM-PAM

Ghp knh theo thi gian c th c biu din nh mt b chuyn xoay trng c tc
fc ln chuyn trong mt giy. B chuyn ny c chc nng ly mu. pha thu c
th khi phc c tn hiu th gia pha pht v pha nhn cn c s ng b (2 b
chuyn cn c cng mt tc v lch mt pha thch hp).


Hnh 8: Biu din ghp knh TDM-PAM vi rotor

4. Demultiplexing and b lc pha nhn
Tn hiu PAM thu pha Rx trc ht s c khuch i t c mc cng sut
cn thit mi knh. Tn hiu ny sau c a n cc knh khc nhau, ti y s
c cc switch tng t nh switch ly mu pha pht.

Hnh 9: Chia knh tn hiu PAM

Tn hiu PAM mi knh cn c a qua mt b lc loi b thnh phn tn s
ln hn f
max
( thc t y l mt mch gi)

Hnh 10


Hnh 11: Ph ca tn hiu sau khi ly mu

II. Cu hi chun b
1. Gii thch cc loi ghp knh. ng dng ca chng
2. Nu l thuyt ly mu. ngha ca n
III. Gii thiu cc KIT s dng
1. KIT DL 2540 Multiplexed PAM TRANSMITTER-RECEIVER
a. Gii thiu
Kit DL 2540 gm 2 phn ring bit dng phc v cho vic ghp knh/truyn dn
v phn knh/nhn tn hiu.
S khi ca kit DL 2540 c miu t hnh 1. Chc nng c bn ca tng khi
s c gii thiu trong phn ny.

Hnh 12

Thit b bao gm 4 b to sng sine khc nhau v bin v tn s 2720, 1360, 680,
340 Hz.

Pha ca 4 tn hiu ny c th khc nhau v sng sine ny c to ra bng cch lc b
cc hi t sng vung.
Kit DL 2540 cn c thm mt mch dng m phng mi trng truyn gia ng
ra ca ni pht v ng vo ni thu. Vi mch ny, ta c th thay i mc suy hao
cng nh thm nhiu vo tn hiu.
Ph ca nhiu c th c xem nh l phn b u trong min tn s hot ng ca
kit.
b. nh thi pha pht
Hnh 13a l s c n gin ho ca b nh thi.
TRANMITTER tng trng cho b to xung clock. Khi nt gt v tr FCK1 th tn
s ca xung clock l 40KHz v tn hiu ny cu to thnh b nh thi cho pha ghp
knh.
hnh 13b, vic nh thi c iu khin nh vo cc xung clock c duty-cycle i
xng nhau. Trong thc t, tn hiu ny c duty-cycle l bt i xng. Xung clock
c dng to s ng b.
Xung clock c ni vi ng vo ca IC HCF 4017. y l IC m 10 nhng dng
trong kit DL 2540 vi vai tr l m 4. B m s tng thm 1 c mi khi c 1 tn
hiu cnh ln ca xung clock vo. Ng ra bnh thng s mc logic thp.
MR l ng vo ca chn reset, c gi mc thp trong qu trnh m. Khi MR
c kch cho mt mc in p dng , n s khi ng li tt c ng ra tr Q
0
s
mc cao.
Cc ng ra Q
1,
Q
2,
Q
3,
Q
4
c dng kch hot vic ly mu 4 knh tn hiu. Ng
ra Q
0
ng vai tr kch hot tn hiu ng b khung ( hot ng nh knh truyn th
5).
Mt chu k qut cc knh bt u vi Q
0
. B m s tng dn mi khi c xung clock
vo n cho n khi Q
4
tch cc. B m khng m tip na m khi s quay v
Q
0
. Chu k qut bt u li t u.
Ng ra Q
5
c ni vi MR reset IC. Mt khi Q
4
kt thc khong thi gian dnh
cho n, Q
5
s kch hot MR reset tr li Q
0.
Thi gian cho Q
5
rt nh (khong
100ns) cho nn ta c th b qua trong thc t.


Hnh 13a

Hnh 13b

c. Analog switches
Ta thng hay dng cc b chuyn cho tn hiu analog trong cc ng dng nh: mch
ly mu, chuyn i A/D v D/A, ghp knh
Hnh 14 l s n gin ca mt b chuyn tng t.


Hnh 14: m hnh n gin ca switch tng t

Tn hiu iu khin, tn hiu s, cho php switch m theo mt trong hai mc logic v
switch ng mc logic cn li.
in tr ca ng vo khi mc thp vo khong 10
9
Ohm v vi trm Ohm khi
mc cao. Do b chuyn tng t c th ng vai tr nh mt b ng, m tu
thuc vo trong thi logic ng vo.
Dng ln nht m switch c th chu c vo khong vi chc mA. in p ng vo
khng c xung di mc 0 hay vt qua mc in p cp cho IC.
Trong trng hp ny, mc in p ngun +15V l c nh v in p ng ca cc
knh thoi khi khng c tn hiu l 7.5V. Mt Diode Zener c dng kp
tn hiu khng cho n vt qu gii hn c cp.
d. Khuch i ng vo
Tn hiu thoi ng vo s qua cc knh khuch i, hnh 18. B khuch i hot
ng vi chc nng cch ly vi cc b to tn hiu bn ngoi, gii hn bng thng
cng nh bin tn hiu ng vo.
Gii hn tng trn c xc nh bng hng s thi gian C2*R3 trong khi gii hn
di lin quan n gi tr ca C1 v tng tr ca R1 cng vi in tr ng ra ca b
to sng.
C1 cn c chc nng cch ly s xut hin ca in p DC vi tn hiu ng vo
im hot ng ca b khuch a c nh gi tr 7.5V.
Diode Zener V1 v V2 dng kp cc nh ca tn hiu khng cho vt qu gi tr
ngng. Tn hiu ng ra c gii hn trong khong +-5V so vi im hot ng
7.5V. Bng cch ny, cc nh ca tn hiu s khng nh hng n cc xung ng
b.

Hnh 15: khuch i ng vo


e. Canh chnh v ng b ni pht
Tn hiu sau khi ghp bao gm cc mu c c t 4 knh v knh ng b c
minh ho hnh 16a. Mt khung nh th bao gm 5 khe thi gian.

Hnh 16a: Tn hiu sau khi ghp

Xung clock c tn s l 40 KHz, tn s khung v tn s ly mu cng l 8 KHz. Theo
l thuyt ly mu, tn s ti a ca tn hiu tng t c th pht i l 8/2=4KHz.
Trong trng hp ang xt, cc b khuch i gii hn bng thng t 360 n 3600
Hz theo tiu chun bng thng thoi.
Vic t chc khung, pha pht phi gi cho pha nhn kho m bo pha thu thu
tn hiu v a ra cc knh mt cch chnh xc.
gii quyt vn ny, trc khi pht i tn hiu c ghp, mt s thng tin
c a thm vo tn hiu cho php pha nhn sp xp chnh xc tn hiu m n
nhn c. Khe thi gian T
0
phc v cho mc ch ny. in p ca khe thi gian
ny lun mc 0, khc bit vi cc khe thi gian khc b gii hn gia 2.5 v 7.5 V.
Do , khe thi gian 0 c th phn bit c. Tn hiu khe thi gian 0 c gi l
tn hiu ng b khung.
Vic ng b cc khe thi gian c th hin trong hnh 16b v 17. Cc xung ny
gip pha nhn xc nh c cc mu trong mi khung. trnh nhm ln, bin
ca xung ng b c chn l 15V.


Hnh 16b: tn hiu ghp sau khi them xung ng b


Hnh 17: to v them xung ng b

f. ng b v gii iu ch pha thu
Hnh 18 l s khi ca phia thu.


Hnh 18: S khi b thu

Tn hiu nhn t b khuch i c gi n mch tch tn hiu ng b. Mch ny
bao gm hai b so snh hai ngng dng kch hot ng ra tng ng khi tn hiu
xung thp hn b so snh A hay cao hn b so snh B.
Hai b khi so snh A v B dng pht hin cc xung ng b xung v cc xung
nh du khe thi gian.
Ng ra t b so snh B l tn hiu 40 Khz ging nh xung clock pha pht v c
dng nh xung clock pha nhn. Tn hiu ny cho php tng b m HCF 4017.
Tn hiu ra t b so snh A l xung mc cao theo khe thi gian 0. N c dng
reset b m ng b khung.
Trc khi a cc mu qua switch n cc mch gi v lc, cn phi kh cc xung
ng b.
g. Khuch i ng ra
Mch khuch i ng ra c v hnh 19.


Hnh 19

Tr khng ng vo ln m bo mch hot ng tt.
T mc song song vi in tr hi tip gii hn bng thng vo khong 3400Hz v
gim gn ca tn hiu c iu ch.
IV. Th nghim
1. Th nghim 1: c tnh ca cc b to tn hiu v khuch i ng vo
Thit bi:
- Double trace oscilloscope
- Audiofrequency generator
- Kit DL 2450
kit DL 2450 c th hot ng, cung cp cho kit in p +15V.

Th nghim
1.1 Cc b to tn hiu
Mc ch ca bi tp ny l quan st hot ng ca b to sng.
- Ni kit vi ngun in p +15V.
- Chnh oscilloscope 0.5msec/div v 2 V/div. Ni probe ca oscilloscope n ng
ra ca b to sng G1
- Quan st dng sng ng ra ca G1 bng cch iu chnh A1
f1 = Hz ; Vppmax = V
- Ln lt a probe ca oscilloscope n cc ng ra ca G2, G3, G4. Quan st
dng sng v ghi li cc gi tr:
f2 = Hz ; Vppmax = V
f3 = Hz ; Vppmax = V
f4 = Hz ; Vppmax = V
Cc tn hiu sin ny c cc tn s l 340, 680, 1360 v 2720 Hz. Ch l cc
tn s ny gp i nhau. y l cc tn s trong bng thng thoi (300-3400
Hz) dng nh tn hiu kim tra trong bi tp ny.
- Quan st trn oscilloscope s thay i bin ca cc tn hiu bng cch thay
i A1, A2, A3, A4. Bin c th chnh trong khong 0-9V nh-nh.
Ch : G1 v G4 c trang b thm ng ra sng vung c tn s c nh vi
mc in p TTL. Hai tn hiu ny c th dng nh tn hiu ng b ngoi cho
oscilloscope.
1.2 Phn tch ng ra b khuch i ng vo
Cc khi c nhn l CH1-CH4 l cc ng vo ca cc b khuch i ca 4 knh
c chc nng cch ly vi b to sng, gii hn bng thng v gii hn bin tn
hiu vo.

- Ni ng vo ca CH1 vi sng vung tn s f1 ca G1
- Ni probe ca oscilloscope n ng ra ca b khuch i CH1.
- Quan st v phn tch ng ra ca CH1
- Lp li cc bc trn i vi cc b khuch i CH2, CH3, CH4.
V tn hiu ng ra vi tn hiu ng vo tng ng l sng vung v sng sin.
Nhn xt v gii thch.
2. Th nghim 2: nh thi pha pht
Thit b:
- Double trace oscilloscope
- Audiofrequency generator
- Kit DL 2450

Th nghim
Mc ch ca th nghim ny l tm hiu v nh thi c dng to nn tn
hiu ghp knh.
- Ni kit vi ngun
- Ni probe ca oscilloscope (chnh 10us/div) vi ng ra ca khi to xung clock
pha trn ca kit.
- Chnh nt v tr FCK1
- Kim tra tn hiu xung clock pht
V li tn hiu ny. Nhim v ca n?
- Chnh nt sang v tr FCK2. Tn s xung clock lc ny l bao nhiu?
- Chnh nt tr li v tr FCK1
- a knh A ca oscilloscope n ng ra 0 ca mch li switch (RING
COUNTER) v knh B tun t n cc ng ra 1, 2, 3, 4
V li tn hiu Q0, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4. Nhn xt. Gii thch hot ng ca RING
COUNTER.
- Ni cc ng ra ca cc b to sng sine n ng vo ca cc b khuch i tng
ng.
- Chnh oscilloscope ch ng b ngoi v chn tn hiu ng b l Q0
- Ni knh B n TX
- Quan st v v li 1 khung tn hiu. Gii thch chi tit ngha ca hnh va v.
3. Th nghim 3: Ghp knh PAM

Thit b:
- Double trace oscilloscope
- Audiofrequency generator
- Kit DL 2450

Thc hin:
- Ni kit vi ngun
- Ni ng ra ca cc b to sng vi cc ng vo tng ng ca cc b khuch i
- Chnh A1, A2, A3, A4 v v tr 0
- Chnh oscilloscope ch ng b ngoi vi tn hiu ng b ly t Q0
- Ni knh A ca oscilloscope n TX
- Chnh oscilloscope: 20usec/div v 2V/div c th thy trn vn mt khung
- Tng dn bin ca G1 v ch thy khe thi gian T1 c mt vng ph mu th
hin cc gi tr ly mu ca knh tn hiu 1. Thay i bin v quan st s
thay i ca vng ny. V li.
- Thay tn hiu ng b Q0 bng ng ra xung vung ca G1. Chnh oscilloscope
0.5msec/div. Bng cch ny, thit b c ng b vi tn hiu knh 1 v vng
ph mu s xut hin nh cc mc ring bit c th phn bit c.
- Tng dn bin tn hiu ca 3 knh cn li v phn tch dng sng xut hin trn
oscilloscope
4. Th nghim 4: nh thi pha nhn
Thit b:
- Double trace oscilloscope
- Audiofrequency generator
- Kit DL 2450


Thc hin:
- Ni kit vi ngun
- Ni ng ra ca pha pht TX vi ng vo ca pha nhn RX
- Chnh oscilloscope ch ng b ngoi, tn hiu ng b ly t ng ra 0 ca
mch li switch pha nhn
- Ni knh A ca oscilloscope vi ng ra ca mch pht hin xung ng b (
Sample Synchronism Detector)
- Chnh oscilloscope 20usec/div v 5V/div. Quan st v v li.
- Ni knh A n ng ra 1 ca RING COUNTER pha nhn v knh B n ng ra
ca Frame Synchronism Detector. S dng RESET lm tn hiu ng b. Quan
st v v li tn hiu nhn c 2 knh.
- Ni cc ng ra ca b to sng G1-G4 n ng vo tng ng ca cc b khuch
i.
- a knh A n RX v knh B ln lt n cc ng ra ca RING COUNTER:
RESET, 1, 2, 3, 4. Nhn xt.
- a probe ca oscilloscope n ng ra ca Synchronism Pulse Suppressor. Quan
st v nhn xt
5. Th nghim 5: phn knh PAM v khuch i ng ra
Thit b:
- Double trace oscilloscope
- Audiofrequency generator
- Kit DL 2450


Thc hin:
- Ni kit vi ngun
- Ni ng ra ca G1-G4 n cc ng vo tng ng ca cc b khuch i v ni
TX vi RX
- Chnh oscilloscope ch ng b ngoi vi tn hiu ng b ly t ng ra
sng vung ca G4. Chnh oscilloscope 0.5msec/div
- Ni knh A ca oscilloscope n ng vo u tin ca b khuch i ng ra.
Quan st v v li tn hiu ny
- a knh A tun t n ng vo ca cc b khuch i khc. Quan st. Gii
thch.
6. Th nghim 6: Kho st c tnh ca h thng truyn PAM c s hin din ca
nhiu v suy hao
Thit b:
- Double trace oscilloscope
- Audiofrequency generator
- Kit DL 2450


Thc hin:
- Ni kit vi ngun
- Ni cc ng ra ca G1-G4 n cc ng vo tng ng ca cc b khuch i.
- Ni Line Simulator vi TX v RX
- Tt b to nhiu bng cch chnh nt vn hon ton sang hng ngc chiu kim
ng h
- Vn nt chnh suy hao hon ton sang hng cng chiu kim ng h.
- a knh A ca oscilloscope n ng ra ca Line Simulator.
- Ly ng ra 0 ca RING COUNTER lm knh ng b ngoi cho oscilloscope
- Ch tn hiu hin trn oscilloscope lc ny cha b nh hng ca nhiu v suy
hao.
- Tng dn mc suy hao v quan st nh hng ca n.
Tn hiu ng ra s c bin gim i. Khi tng dn suy hao, s n mt lc tn
hiu ng b khng cn kh nng c pht hin pha nhn.
- Chnh suy hao tr v mc thp v tng dn nhiu.
- Quan st nhiu bng cch b lin kt ca Line Simulator vi TX.
- Khi kt ni c khi phc tr li, quan st tn hiu RX b nh hng ca nhiu
- a probe ca oscilloscope n ng ra ca b khuch i pha nhn CH1. Quan
st.
Ch : nhiu v suy hao khng nhng nh hng n tn hiu nhn c m cn
gy kh khn trong qu trnh ng b.


BI 3: IU CH XUNG

I. L thuyt
1. iu ch
a. Tng quan
iu ch l k thut dung truyn tn hiu i xa vi mc ch thch nghi tn hiu vi
c tnh ca knh truyn v khng lm thay i ni dung cn truyn i.
Gi s ta ang kho st tn hiu l ging ni c truyn i trong mi trng l
khng kh t mt anten v pha thu s c mt anten thu li tn hiu ny. Bng tn
thoi ca ging ni khng vt qu 5Khz, khi tn s ca sng in t truyn trong
khng gian cng s khng vt qu 5Khz. iu ny s gy ra nhiu kh khn trong
thc t:
- Kch thc ca anten: s rt ln. Vi kch thc ca anten l /4 hoc /2 th vi tn
s 5Khz, chiu di ca anten c th ln n 15Km hoc 30Km
- Nng lng cung cp cho anten vi kch thc ny s rt ln.
- B pht s rt nng n v cng knh.
- Tn s s nh nhau vi vi tt c ngi s dng nu nh khng c iu ch. Khi
ai cng c th nghe c ging ni ca ngi khc .
- Nhn v phng din truyn thng i chng, thng tin s khng c tn bo mt.
b. Cc thnh phn iu ch
iu ch l qu trnh lm thch nghi c tnh ca ph ca tn hiu c truyn vi
knh truyn.

Nh vy, thng tin phi lun hin hu trong tn hiu sau khi iu ch. Bn cnh tn
hiu ch thng tin, tn hiu sau khi iu ch cn cha mt tn hiu khc gi l tn hiu
sng mang.

Qu trnh iu ch din ra pha pht:

Qu trnh ngc li s din ra pha thu:


c. Phn loi iu ch
Cc cch iu ch c phn loi nh hnh v bn di:

Mc d cc cch iu ch c phn loi nh hnh v, tuy nhin chng s c nhm
vo 2 lp nh sau:
- Dch tn (iu ch s v iu ch tng t): ton b di nn ca tn hiu s c
a ln min tn s cao hn
- S ha (PAM, PWM, PPM, PFM, PCM, ...): tn hiu s c chuyn sang dng
s thng qua qu trnh ly mu, lng t, m ha.
2. iu ch xung
a. Tng quan
Trong iu ch xung, tn hiu truyn i l chui cc xung. Cc thng s ca xung s
thay i theo thng tin c truyn i.
iu ch xung c chia lm hai loi:
- iu ch xung khng lng t: cc thng s ca xung l nhng hm lien tc theo
tn hiu truyn i (PAM, PWM, PPM, PFM)
- iu ch xung c lng t: thng tin c xp x bi mt s lng gii hn cc
gi tr ri rc (PCM, M)
ng dng chnh ca iu ch xung l l ghp knh theo thi gian
Khi nhn t g t l tn hiu trn nhiu, iu ch xung c lng t hiu qu hn.
Tuy nhin iu ny s b nh i khi bng thng s dng cng s nhiu hn.
b. iu ch xung khng lng t
Chia lm 4 loi da vo kh nng chu c nhiu:
- iu ch bin xung (PAM)
- iu ch rng xung (PWM)
- iu ch v tr xung (PPM)
- iu ch tn s xung (PFM)

Ngy ny, cc k thut iu ch ni trn khng cn c s dng nhiu v b thay
th bi PCM.
i. iu ch bin xung
Trong iu ch PAM, bin xung s thay i theo ni dung cn truyn i.

ii. iu ch rng xung
i vi iu ch PWM, bin v chu k ca chui xung khng i m
rng ca n s thay i theo thng tin truyn i.

iii. iu ch v tr xung
iu ch PPM cho php tat hay i v tr ca xung theo thng tin cn truyn
i. Bin v rng ca cc xung ny khng thay i.


Ta cng pht c xung tham chiu pha thu c th nh gi c s dch
chuyn ca xung sau khi iu ch.
u im chnh ca iu ch PPM l kh nng chng nhiu.
C nhiu cch gii iu ch PPM. Mt trong nhng cch l chuyn tn
hiu PPM sang tn hiu PWM v dung b gii iu ch PWM thu li tn
hiu ban u.
iv. iu ch tn s xung
Vi loi iu ch ny, tn s ca chui xung s thay i theo thng tin cn
truyn i.
PFM c dung nhiu trong h thng iu khin v d iu chnh. PFM khng
thch hp vi cc ng dng trong h thng thng tin.

II. Cu hi chun b
1. Ti sao phi iu ch trc khi truyn tn hiu?
2. nh gi u v khuyt ca cc loi iu ch (dch tn v s ha)?
3. nh gi u v khuyt ca cc loi iu ch xung?
III. Gii thiu KIT s dng
KIT DL 3155M61 Digital Telecommunications
Kit DL 3155M61 c cc khi chnh nh sau:
Unit A: iu ch PCM
B iu ch v gii iu ch PCM
M ha 8 bit vi nn theo quy lut A hoc
2 knh truyn v 2 knh nhn
B lc tng t chng chng ln pha thu
Bng thng: 300-3400Hz
C kh nng iu chnh mc thu v mc nhn cho tng knh pha thu v pht
Unit F: iu ch PAM
B iu ch v gii iu ch PAM
C kh nng ghp 2 knh truyn
B ti to tn hiu ng b
Tn hiu ly mu khng c lng t ha
B lc tng t
Bng thng n 4000Hz

Unit L: iu ch PWM, PPM
B iu ch v gii iu ch PWM, PPM
Bng thng mi knh n 4000Hz
B ti to tn hiu ng b
B chuyn t PWM sang PPM v t PPM sang PWM
Ti to tn hiu thng qua mch tch phn v mch gi.

C th chnh mc offset

Unit D: iu ch PFM
B iu ch v gii iu ch PFM
Mi knh truyn c bng thn 300-3400Hz
C s dng mch PLL

Unit E: iu ch Delta
B iu ch v gii iu ch Delta
Mi knh truyn c bng thng n 3400Hz

Cc khi ph tr:
Unit B: PLD v Generator
Unit C: Noise generator
Unit G: Analog filter
Unit H: Output amplifier
Unit I: Microphone input

IV. Th nghim
1. Th nghim 1: iu ch bin xung PAM

F1 - ng vo knh 1 ca b iu ch
F2 - ng vo knh 2 ca b iu ch
F3 - ng ra ca b iu ch
F4 - ng vo ca b gii iu ch
F5 - ng ra knh 1 ca b gii iu ch
F6 - ng ra knh 2 ca b gii iu ch
F7 - tn hiu ng b ca knh 1 c ti to bi b gii iu ch
F8 - tn hiu ng b ca knh 2 c ti to bi b gii iu ch

1.1 Th nghim
Kim tra thit b


Chnh my pht sng tn hiu ra l sng sine c tn s trong khong 10-5000 Hz
vi bin ti a l 8 V nh-nh.
Ni my pht sng vi im ni t v ng vo F1. Quan st tn hiu ng ra F3.
V li tn hiu ny.
Ni F3 vi F4 v quan st tn hiu c 2 ng F5 v F8 ca b gii iu ch. V
li tn hiu quan st c.
Ni F5 vi G1. Quan st tn hiu ra G2. So snh 2 tn hiu G1 v G2. Gii thch.
a nhiu vo knh truyn

Chnh my pht sng tn hiu ra l sng sine c tn s trong khong 10-5000 Hz
vi bin ti a l 8 V nh-nh.
Ni my pht sng vi F1; F3 vi C1; C2 vi F4.

Ni probe ca oscilloscope vi G2 ca b lc tng t. V v nhn xt tn hiu
G2.
Ni G2 vi H1 v ni H2 vi loa.
a nhiu vo ng ra ca b gii iu ch

Chnh my pht sng tn hiu ra l sng sine c tn s trong khong 10-5000 Hz
vi bin ti a l 8 V nh-nh.
Ni my pht sng vi F1; F3 vi F4.
Ni F5 vi C1 v C2 vi G1.
Dng oscilloscope quan st tn hiu G2. So snh tn hiu G2 trong trng hp
ny vi trng hp a nhiu vo knh truyn.
Ni G2 vi H1 v ni H2 vi loa.
Ghp knh PAM


Chnh my pht sng tn hiu ra l sng sine c tn s trong khong 10-5000 Hz
vi bin ti a l 8 V nh-nh.
Ni microphone vi jack cm; I1 vi ng vo F1 ca b iu ch.
Ni my pht sng vi ng vo F2.
Ni F3 vi F4.
Ni F5 vi G1; F6 vi G3; G2 vi H1.
Cui cng, ni loa vi H2 v dng oscilloscope quan st ng ra G4 ca b lc
tng t.
Dng oscilloscope quan st tn hiu ti F3 v G2 khi ni vo microphone.

1.2 Cu hi:
Nu tn s ca tn hiu sine em i iu ch ln hn tn s ly mu th iu g xy
ra?
a. Tn hiu gii iu ch c tn s bng mt na ca tn hiu iu ch
b. Tn hiu gii iu ch c tn s bng vi s khai khc gia tn s tn hiu iu
ch v tn s ly mu
c. Tn hiu gii iu ch c bin bng mt na bin tn hiu iu ch
d. Tn hiu gii ii ch c dng tam gic
Nu tn hiu sin ng vo ca b iu ch PAM ( vi tn s nh hn tn s ly
mu) c bin lm bo ho b iu ch th:
a. B gii iu ch khng th to c tn hiu ng b na

b. Tn hiu gii iu ch c bin bng bin tn hiu iu ch
c. B gii iu ch cho ra tn hiu gp i tn hiu iu ch

2. Th nghim 2: iu ch rng xung v iu ch v tr xung

L1 Ng vo b iu ch PWM
L2 Ng vo b gii iu ch PWM
L3 Tn hiu dc c to ra bi PLD (block B)
L4 Ng vo b gii iu ch PPM (chuyn tn hiu t PPM sang PWM)
L5 Ng ra b iu ch PPM
L6 Ng ra b iu ch PWM
L7 Ng ra b chuyn t PPM sang PWM
L8 Tn hiu ng b c ti to bi b gii iu ch
L9 Ng ra b gii iu ch PWM

2.1 Th nghim
PWM

Chnh my pht sng tn hiu ra l sng sine c tn s trong khong 10-5000 Hz
vi bin ti a l 8 V nh-nh.
Ni my pht sng vi ng vo L1.
Quan st tn hiu L6. V li.
Ni L6 vi L2.
Quan st tn hiu L8 v L9. V li.
PPM


Chnh my pht sng tn hiu ra l sng sine c tn s trong khong 10-5000 Hz
vi bin ti a l 8 V nh-nh.
Ni my pht sng vi ng vo L1.
Quan st tn hiu L5. V li.
Ni L5 vi L4 v L7 vi L2.
Quan st tn hiu L7, L8, L9.
PWM c nhiu

Chnh my pht sng tn hiu ra l sng sine c tn s trong khong 10-5000 Hz
vi bin ti a l 8 V nh-nh.
Ni my pht sng vi ng vo L1.
Ni L6 vi C1; C2 vi L2; L9 vi G1.
Ni probe ca oscilloscope vi G2, quan st tn hiu. Ni G2 vi H1; H2 vi loa.
PPM c nhiu


Chnh my pht sng tn hiu ra l sng sine c tn s trong khong 10-5000 Hz
vi bin ti a l 8 V nh-nh.
Ni my pht sng vi L1.
Ni L5 vi C1; C2 vi L4; L7 vi L2 v L9 vi G1.
Ni probe ca oscilloscope vi G2, quan st v nhn xt.
Ni G2 vi H1 v H2 vi loa.
Tn s dc ca PLD l 64 kHz.
2.2 Cu hi:
Nu tn hiu iu ch c tn s khng qu nh so vi tn s c, tn hiu ng ra s:
a. B suy hao
b. B bin dng
c. Tn s thay i do hin tng aliasing
d. Tn hiu c dng tam gic
Tn hiu PWM c thng tin c cha :
a. Bin xung ca tn hiu c iu ch
b. rng xung ca tn hiu c iu ch
c. V tr xung ca tn hiu c iu ch
d. Tn s ca tn hiu c iu ch
Nu mch c mc nh hnh sua th vn no c gii quyt?
a. B iu ch khng th b bo ho na
b. Khng cn hin tng aliasing
c. Gim nh hng ca nhiu



3. Th nghim 3: iu ch tn s xung

B iu ch PFM l mt VCO vi tn s trung tm l 55 KHz v di tn ti a l 25
KHz.
B gii iu ch l mt mch PLL vi tn s trung tm ging vi mch iu ch.
Trong mch gii iu ch PFM lun c mt mch lc gii hn tn s ng ra.
Mch lc ny rt cn thit cho hot ng ca b so pha.
D1 Ng ra ca b iu ch PFM
D2 Ng vo b iu ch
D3 Ng vo b gii iu ch
D4 Ng ra b gii iu ch


3.1 Th nghim
iu ch v gii iu ch PFM

B iu ch PFM l mt VCO vi tn s trung tm l 55 KHz v di tn ti a
l 25 KHz.
Ni my pht sng vi D2.
Quan st tn hiu D1. V li v nhn xt.
Ni D1 vi D3.
Quan st tn hiu D4.
Quan st s thay i ca tn s tn hiu ra khi in p tn hiu vo thay i.
PFM vi nhiu


B iu ch PFM l mt VCO vi tn s trung tm l 55 KHz v di tn ti a
l 25 KHz.
Ni my to sng vi D2; D1 vi C1; C2 vi D3.
Dng oscilloscope quan st tn hiu D4. Ni D4 vi H1 v H2 vi loa.

3.2 Cu hi:
Tn hiu PWM c thng tin c cha :
a. Bin xung ca tn hiu c iu ch
b. rng xung ca tn hiu c iu ch
c. V tr xung ca tn hiu c iu ch
d. Tn s ca tn hiu c iu ch

Fsample= 33,333 Khz
PWM: chnh fsin gn bng fsample quan st
PFM: dng trigger Alt1/2


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BI 4: THC HIN B LC FIR

1. S DNG MATLAB THIT K B LC S
1.1 Thit k b lc s bng cng c SPTool
SPTool l mt cng c c giao din tng tc dng cho x l s tn hiu. Cng c ny c th c
s dng phn tch tn hiu, thit k cc b lc, phn tch cc b lc, lc tn hiu v phn tch
ph ca tn hiu.
khi ng SPTool, t du nhc lnh ca MATLAB, nhp lnh
>> sptool
Khi , giao din ca SPTool s xut hin nh sau:


Hnh 1. Giao din ca SPTool
Khi mi m SPTool, n cha mt tp hp cc tn hiu, b lc v ph mc nh. Trn giao din ca
SPTool, c 3 ct: Signals, Filters v Spectra. Di mi ct c cc nt s dng cho ct . Ct
Signals hin th cc tn hiu, ct Filters hin th cc b lc v ct Spectra hin th cc ph
trong workspace (vng lm vic) ca SPTool.
Cc tn hiu, b lc hoc ph trong workspace ca MATLAB c th c a vo SPTool bng
lnh Import trong menu File ca SPTool. Cc tn hiu, b lc hoc ph c to ra hoc c
import vo SPTool tn ti di dng cc cu trc ca MATLAB. lu li cc tn hiu, b lc
v ph to ra hoc chnh sa trong SPTool, s dng lnh Export trong menu File, chng
cng s c lu li di dng cc cu trc MATLAB.
bt u thit k mt b lc mi, cc bn hy nhn vo nt New ngay di ct Filter. Khi ,
giao din Filter Designer dng thit k b lc nh sau s xut hin.
Filter Designer cung cp mt mi trng ha tng tc thit k cc b lc s IIR hoc FIR
da trn cc tiu chun do ngi dng xc nh.
- Cc loi b lc c th thit k: Thng thp, thng cao, thng di, chn di.
- Cc phng php thit k b lc FIR: Equiripple, Least squares, Window

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- Cc phng php thit k b lc IIR: Butterworth, Chebyshev loi I, Chebyshev loi II,
Elliptic.


Hnh 2. Giao din Filter Designer

V d 1: Thit k mt b lc FIR chn di bng SPTool
B lc, c thit k bng phng php ca s Kaiser, vi cc thng s sau:

Chiu di ca p ng xung: N = 89 (MATLAB hin th bc b lc bng 88)
Tn s trung tm: 2700 Hz
Tn s ct: 2500 Hz v 2900 Hz
Gi tr ca | = 4
Tn s ly mu 8000 Hz

Cc bc thit k nh sau:
1. Khi ng SPTool. Di ct Filters, nhn nt New m ca s Filter Designer.
2. Trong giao din ca Filter Designer:
a. Trong text box Filter: Tn b lc c t t ( y l filt1). Tn ny c th thay i
sau ny.
b. Nhp cc thng s thit k vo:
i. Sampling Frequency = 8000
ii. Algorithm: Kaiser Window FIR
iii. B chn check box Minimum Order. (nu chn th s thit k b lc c bc
ti thiu).
iv. Filter Order = 88, Type = Bandstop, Fc1 = 2500, Fc2 = 2900, Beta = 4
c. Nhn Apply. Khi p ng tn s ca b lc thit k s c hin th.

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Hnh 3. p ng tn s ca b lc thit k
3. Tr v ca s SPTool, trong ct Filters s xut hin thm mt dng filt1 [design]. y
chnh l b lc va thit k. Sau ny, nu mun sa i thit k, chn li tn b lc v
nhn nt Edit pha di. d nh, ta s thay i tn b lc trn thnh bs2700 bng
cch chn Edit Namefilt1 [design]. Trong ca s mi xut hin, nhp tn mi.
Khi thit k mt b lc FIR nh trn, kt qu m ta cn nhn c sau khi thit k l cc gi tr ca
vector p ng xung h ca b lc thit k. ly cc gi tr ca vector p ng xung, ta thc
hin nh sau:
1. T ca s SPTool, chn File Export Trong Export list xut hin, chn
Filter: bs2700 [design] ri nhn nt Export to workspace
2. ng ca s SPTool li. Mt thng bo xut hin hi c mun lu li phin lm vic
hin ti hay khng. Nu mun lu li, chn Save.
3. M ca s Workspace ca MATLAB, ta s thy trong workspace s xut hin bin mi
l bs2700. y chnh l b lc m ta thit k trong SPTool v xut ra workspace ca
MATLAB. Bin ny c lu di dng mt cu trc m t b lc thit k. Nhn p
chut vo tn bin bs2700 trong workspace, ta s thy c cc field ca cu trc ny
nh sau:

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Hnh 4. Cc field ca bs2700
4. Trong cc field ny, field tf th hin hm truyn ca b lc. Field ny cng l mt cu
trc gm 2 field: tf.num v tf.den th hin tng ng cc h s ca a thc t s v a
thc mu s. i vi b lc FIR, hm truyn ch c t s v cc h s ca t s chnh l
p ng xung ca b lc. Do , vi b lc trn, cc gi tr ca vector p ng xung
c lu trong bs2700.tf.num. Trong ca s Array Editor trn, ln lt nhn p vo
field tf ri nhn p vo num, ta s thy cc h s p ng xung ca b lc. gn cc
h s ny vo mt vector h, trong MATLAB c th dng lnh sau:
>> h = bs2700.tf.num


Hnh 5. Vector p ng xung ca b lc thit k

Cc gi tr thu c ca vector p ng xung s c s dng thc hin b lc s ln trn kit
DSP.

V d 2: Thit k b lc IIR chn di bng SPTool
S dng phng php Elliptic thit k mt b lc IIR chn di bc 10, tn s trung tm 1750Hz.
Ch rng MATLAB hin th bc b lc l 5, biu din s phn bc 2 ca b lc. (iu ny
ng vi cc b lc IIR thng di v chn di)
Cc thng s ca b lc ny nh sau.
Tn s ct: 1700 Hz v 1800 Hz

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gn di thng v di chn tng ng l 1 dB v 60 dB
Tn s ly mu: 8000 Hz

Thc hin tng t nh v d trn, lu b lc thit k vi tn bs1750 v xut ra workspace. Trong
workspace s c mt cu trc tn l bs1750. Cc h s t s v mu s ca hm truyn c
lu tng ng trong cc bin bs1750.tf.num v bs1750.tf.den.


Hnh 6. p ng tn s ca b lc IIR thit k

Dng cc zero ca mt hm truyn H(z) nh sau:
( )( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )
m
n
p z p z p z
z z z z z z
k z H


=
...
...
) (
2 1
2 1

Hm truyn trn c th c vit li nh sau:
( )
[ [
=


=
+ +
+ +
= =
L
k k k
k k k
L
k
k
z a z a
z b z b b
g z H g z H
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1 0
1
1
) (
Vi L l s nguyn gn nht ln hn cc i ca n/2 v m/2.
Trong MATLAB, cc phn bc 2 ca H(z) c lu trong 1 ma trn nh sau:
(
(
(
(

=
L L L L L
a a b b b
a a b b b
a a b b b
sos
2 1 2 1 0
22 12 22 12 02
21 11 21 11 01
1
1
1


T cc h s t v mu trn, ta s chuyn thnh dng cc phn bc hai bng cc lnh sau:

>> [z,p,k] = tf2zp(bs1750.tf.num, bs1750.tf.den)
>> sos = zp2sos(z,p,k)

[Type text]

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Cc phn t ca ma trn sos ny s c s dng thc hin b lc IIR ny ln kit DSP.
1.2 Thit k b lc bng lnh ca MATLAB
Bn cnh vic s dng cng c SPTool thit k b lc nh trn, MATLAB cng c mt s lnh
c th s dng thit k b lc. Cc lnh ny c th c s dng khi thit k mt s loi b
lc m SPTool khng c sn, v d nh cc b lc multiband.

V d 1: Thit k b lc FIR multiband bng cc lnh MATLAB
Trong v d ny, chng ta s thit k mt b lc FIR multiband gm 63 h s. Tn s ly mu l 10
kHz. Chng ta s dng hm remez ca MATLAB. Hm remez s dng gii thut Parks
McClellan da trn gii thut Remez v l thuyt xp x Chebyshev.
B lc cn thit k c p ng tn s nh sau:

Hnh 7. p ng tn s ca b lc multiband FIR cn thit k

B lc mong mun c 2 di thng, c biu din bi 5 di nh sau:
Di Tn s
(Hz)
Tn s chun
ha f/F
N

Bin

1 0 500 0 0.1 0
2 600 900 0.12 0.18 1
3 1000
1500
0.2 0.3 0
4 1600
1900
0.32 0.38 1
5 2000 -
5000
0.4 - 1 0
Trong F
N
l tn s Nyquist, bng tn s ly mu.
Chng ta vit mt file .m thit k b lc ny, lu li vi tn multibandfir63.m
Ni dung ca file ny nh sau:
%multibandfir63.m: Multiband FIR filter with 63 coefficients
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2

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f = [0 0.1 0.12 0.18 0.2 0.3 0.32 0.38 0.4 1];
m = [0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0];
n = 63;
cof = remez(n-1,f,m);

% frequency response with 256 points
[h w] = freqz(cof,1,256);
% plot magnitude of the filter
plot(5000*f,m);
figure;
plot(w/pi,abs(h));

Trong on chng trnh trn, c mt s lu :
- Dng lnh cof = remez(n-1,f,m) tr v vector h s ca b lc FIR bc n 1, vi f v m
xc nh cc di tn s theo bng trn.
- Lnh freqz tnh p ng tn s ca b lc
- Lnh plot th nht v p ng tn s mong mun da trn f v m.
- Lnh figure to ra mt ca s mi v lnh plot th hai v p ng tn s ca b lc
thit k c ln ca s mi ny.
y, kt qu ca qu trnh thit k m ta cn nhn c chnh l cc h s cha trong bin cof.
Chng c s dng khi thc hin b lc ln trn kit DSP.
V d 2: Thit k b lc IIR multiband bng cc lnh ca MATLAB
Trong th nghim ny, chng ta thit k mt b lc IIR multiband c p ng mong mun nh b
lc v d 1. Tn s ly mu cng l 10 kHz.
Cc bc thit k ging nh trn vi ni dung file multibandiir63.m dng thit k nh sau:
%multibandiir63.m: Multiband IIR filter with 63 coefficients
f = [0 0.1 0.12 0.18 0.2 0.3 0.32 0.38 0.4 1];
m = [0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0];
n = 63;
[num, den] = yulewalk(n-1,f,m);

% frequency response with 256 points
[h w] = freqz(num,den,256);
% plot magnitude of the filter
plot(5000*f,m);
figure;
plot(w/pi,abs(h));

Trong on chng trnh trn, lu :
- Lnh remez c thay bng lnh yulewalk dng thit k b lc IIR. Lnh ny tr v
cc h s ca t s v mu s ca hm truyn b lc, c cha tng ng trong bin
num v den.
- Lnh freqz c sa i v p ng tn s ca b lc IIR thit k.
Cc gi tr ca num v den c s dng khi cn thc hin b lc ny ln kit DSP.

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2. S DNG KIT X L S C6713 DSK (DSP STARTER KIT)
2.1 Kit C6713 DSK
Kit DSK l mt h thng DSP hon chnh. Board DSK bao gm b x l s du chm ng C6713
v b codec 32 bit stereo TLV320AIC23 (AIC23) xut nhp. B codec onboard AIC23 s
dng k thut sigma delta bin i A/D v D/A. N c kt ni vi mt ng h h
thng 12 MHz. Tn s ly mu c th thay i t 8 n 96 KHz.
Board DSK bao gm 16MB SDRAM v 256kB Flash memory. Bn jack cm trn boad cho php
xut nhp: MIC IN (microphone input), LINE IN (line input), LINE OUT (line output) v
HEADPHONE (headphone output). Trng thi ca 4 dip switch trn DSK c th c c t
chng trnh. DSK hot ng tn s 225 MHz. Trn board DSK cng bao gm cc n p
cung cp 1.26V cho nhn C6713 v 3.3V cho b nh v cc ngoi vi.
B x l TMS320C6713 da trn kin trc VLIW (very-long-instruction-word), ph hp cho cc
gii thut nng v tnh ton s. B nh chng trnh ni c t chc mi chu k c th np
8 lnh (instruction), mi instruction di 32 bit.
Cc b x l C67xx (v d C6701, C6711 v C6713) thuc v h cc b x l C6x du chm ng,
trong khi C62xx v C64xx thuc v h cc b x l C6x du chm tnh. C6713 c th x l
c du chm ng v du chm tnh.

Hnh 8. S khi ca DSK
2.2 Code Composer Studio (CCS)
CCS l mt mi trng pht trin tch hp (IDE). CCS cung cp cc cng c sinh m, nh mt b
bin dch C, mt chng trnh assembler v mt chng trnh linker. N c kh nng ha v
h tr real-time debug. N cung cp mt cng c phn mm thun tin cho vic xy dng v
sa li chng trnh.
Trnh dch C s dch chng trnh ngun vit bng C (tp tin c kiu .c) to thnh mt tp tin
ngun assembly (kiu .asm). Trnh assembler s to ra cc tp tin i tng ngn ng my
(.obj) t cc tp tin .asm. Trnh linker s kt hp cc tp tin i tng v cc th vic i tng
to ra mt tp tin thc thi vi kiu .out. Tp tin thc thi ny c th c np v chy trc
tip trn b x l C6713.
to mt project, ngi dng c th thm vo cc tp tin ph hp. Cc ty chn v
compiler/linker c th xc nh d dng. Mt s tnh nng debug c sn, nh t cc breakpoint
v xem cc bin; xem b nh, cc thanh ghi v trn C vi assembly code; cc kt qu ha;
v theo di thi gian thc thi.

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Chng ta s lm vic vi mt vi kiu tp tin khc nhau, bao gm:
1. file.pjt: to v xy dng mt project c tn l file
2. file.c: chng trnh ngun vit bng C
3. file.asm: chng trnh ngun bng ngn ng assembly, c to bi ngi dng hoc
bi b dch C.
4. file.h: tp tin header
5. file.lib: tp tin th vin
6. file.cmd: tp tin lnh ca linker, nh x cc section vo b nh
7. file.obj: tp tin i tng c to ra bi assembler
8. file.out: tp tin thc thi c to ra bi linker np v chy trn b x l C6713
2.3 Cc tp tin h tr
Cc tp tin h tr sau c cha trong folder C:\CCStudio_v3.1\myprojects\source\support (tr cc
tp tin th vin) c s dng trong hu ht cc bi th nghim.
1. C6713dskinit.c: cha cc hm khi ng DSK, codec, cc cng ni tip v xut nhp.
Tp tin ny khng c bao gm vi CCS.
2. C6713dskinit.h: tp tin header cha cc prototype ca cc hm.
3. C6713dsk.cmd: Tp tin lnh linker. Tp tin ny c th c sa i khi s dng b nh
ngoi thay cho b nh trong.
4. vectors_intr.asm: mt tp tin vector bao gm trong CCS c sa i qun l ngt.
C 12 ngt, t INT4 n INT15, v ngt 11 c chn trong tp tin ny. Chng c
dng cho cc chng trnh c s dng ngt.
5. vectors_poll.asm: tp tin vector cho cc chng trnh hi vng (polling)
6. rts6700.lib, dsk6713bsl.lib, csl6713.lib: Tp tin th vin h tr run time, board v chip.
Cc tp tin ny c cung cp vi CCS v c cha trong cc folder C6000\cgtools\lib,
C6000\dsk6713\lib v C6000\csl\lib mt cch tng ng. (Th mc C6000 nm trong
th mc ci t ca CCS, mc nh l C:\CCStudio_v3.1\)
2.4 Cc v d lp trnh trn DSK
Sau y l mt s v d lp trnh minh ha cho mt s c tnh ca CCS v board DSK. Mc
tiu chnh l lm quen vi cc cng c phn mm v phn cng.
V d 1: To tn hiu dng 8 im vi iu khin DIP Switch (sine8_LED)
V d ny to ra mt tn hiu hnh sine bng phng php tra bng. Quan trng hn, n minh ha
vi c tnh ca CCS trong hiu chnh, xy dng mt project, s dng cc cng c sinh m v
chy mt chng trnh trn b x l C6713. Chng trnh ngun sine8_LED.c thc hin vic
to sng sine c ni dung nh di y.
//Sine8_LED.c Sine generation with DIP switch control
#include "dsk6713_aic23.h" //support file for codec,DSK
Uint32 fs = DSK6713_AIC23_FREQ_8KHZ; //set sampling rate
short loop = 0; //table index
short gain = 10; //gain factor
short sine_table[8]={0,707,1000,707,0,-707,-1000,-707};//sine values
void main()
{
comm_poll(); //init DSK, codec, McBSP
DSK6713_LED_init(); //init LED from BSL
DSK6713_DIP_init(); //init DIP from BSL
while(1) //infinite loop

[Type text]

[Type text]

{
if(DSK6713_DIP_get(0)==0) //=0 if switch #0 pressed
{
DSK6713_LED_on(0); //turn LED #0 ON
output_sample(sine_table[loop]*gain);//output every Ts (SW0 on)
if (++loop > 7) loop = 0; //check for end of table
}
else DSK6713_LED_off(0); //LED #0 off
} //end of while (1)
}

Gii thch chng trnh
Trong chng trnh ny, mt bng sine_table c to ra v cha 8 im th hin gi tr ca sin(t)
ti t = 0, 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, 270 v 315 (t l 1000). Trong hm main(), mt hm khc,
comm_poll, c gi. Hm ny c cha trong tp tin c6713dskinit.c. N khi ng DSK, b
codec AIC onboard v cc cng ni tip trn b x l C6713.
Lnh while(1) trong hm main to mt vng lp v tn. Khi dip switch 0 c nhn, LED 0 c
bt ln v tn hiu sine c to ra. Ngc li, hm DSK6713_DIP_get(0) s l false v LED 0
s tt.
Hm output_sample, cha trong tp tin h tr C6713dskinit.c, c gi xut gi tr d liu u
tin trong bng sine_table[0] = 0. Ch s lp loop s c tng dn cho n ht bng v tr li
gi tr zero.
Mi chu k ly mu T
s
= 1/F
s
= 1/8000 = 0.125ms, gi tr ca dip switch 0 c kim tra v mt gi
tr tip theo trong bng sine_table (nhn vi t l gain) c xut ra. Trong mt chu k tn hiu,
8 gi tr d liu ( cch nhau 0.125ms) c xut ra to mt tn hiu sine. Chu k ca tn hiu
sine thu c l T = 8.(0.125ms) = 1ms ng vi tn s f = 1/T = 1 kHz.

To project
Phn ny s minh ha cch to mt project mi, thm cc tp tin cn thit bin dch project
sine8_LED.

1. Trong CCS, chn Project New. Trong hp thoi to Project, nhp tn project l
sine8_LED, chn Project Type l Executable (.out) v Target l TMSC67xx.

Hnh 9. Hp thoi Project Creation
CCS s t to ra mt th mc tn l sine8_LED trong th mc C:\CCStudio_v3.1\myprojects.
2. Sau khi to project, cn chp cc tp tin cn thit vo trong th mc sine8_LED va to
trc khi thm cc tp tin ny vo project.

[Type text]

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a. Chp cc tp tin sine8_LED.c v gain.gel t th mc myprojects\source\project_1
vo trong th mc sine8_LED trn. Tp tin sine8_LED.c chnh l tp tin ngun
chnh c vit bng C trn. Tp tin gain.gel c vit bng mt ngn ng thng
dch gi l GEL (General Extension Language), tp tin ny s to ra mt giao din c
thanh trt (slide) cho php thay i bin gain trong chng trnh chnh khi ang
chy chng trnh trn kit.
b. Chp cc tp tin h tr: c6713dskinit.h, c6713dskinit.c, vectors_poll.asm v
c6713dsk.cmd trong myprojects\source\support vo trong th mc sine8_LED. Do
chng trnh ny s dng cch lp trnh hi vng (polling) nn ta s dng tp tin h
tr vectors_poll.asm. Trong trng hp lp trnh c ngt, ta s s dng tp tin
vectors_intr.asm.
c. Cui cng, chp cc tp tin dsk6713.h v dsk6713_aic23.h trong
C6000\dsk6713\include vo trong th mc sine8_LED.
3. Sau khi chun b xong cc tp tin cn thit, tr v CCS thm cc tp tin vo
project. thm tp tin vo project, chn Project Add Files to Project. Trong hp
thoi xut hin, vo th mc sine8_LED trn.
a. Chn kiu tp tin (File of Types) l C Source Files v chn cc tp tin C6713dskinit.c
v sine8_LED.c ri nhn nt Open thm chng vo project.
b. Chn kiu tp tin l ASM Source Files v thm tp tin vectors_poll.asm vo project.
c. Chn kiu tp tin l Linker Command File v thm tp tin c6713dsk.cmd vo project.
d. Chn kiu tp tin l Object and Library Files thm cc tp tin th vin vo project.
Thm tp tin rts6700.lib (h tr kin trc C67x) nm C6000\cgtools\lib vo project.
Tng t, thm tp tin dsk6713bsl.lib (nm C6000\dsk6713\lib) v tp tin
csl6713.lib (nm C6000\csl\lib) vo project.
e. Chn Project Scan All File Dependencies CCS t thm vo cc tp tin header.
Sau khi thc hin cc bc trn, ca s Project View s hin th cc tp tin c thm vo
Project.

Xc nh cc ty chn bin dch chng trnh
bc ny, cc ty chn CCS dch chng trnh ngun thnh tp tin thc thi s c thit lp.
Cc ty chn ca Compiler
1. Trong CCS, chn Project Build Options. Trong ca s xut hin, chn th Compiler.
2. Chn mc Basic (trong Category), v t cc ty chn nh sau: (xem hnh 10)
a. Target Version: C671x {-mv6710}
b. Generate Debug Info: Full Symbolic Debug
c. Opt Speed vs. Size: Speed most Critical
d. Opt Level and Program Level Opt. : None


[Type text]

[Type text]


Hnh 10. Ty chn Compiler Mc Basic
3. Chn mc Preprocessor v nhp vo Pre-Define Symbol (-d) l CHIP_6713

Hnh 11. Ty chn Compiler - Mc Preprocessor
4. Chn mc Feedback v chn Interlisting l OPT/C and ASM {-s}

[Type text]

[Type text]


Hnh 12. Ty chn Compiler - Mc Feedback
5. Chn mc Advanced v chn Memory Models l Far (--mem_model:data=far)

Hnh 13. Ty chn Compiler - Mc Advanced

Cc ty chn ca Linker
1. Trong ca s Build Options, chn th Linker t cc ty chn ca Linker.
2. Mc nh CCS Output Filename cng tn vi tn project l sine8_LED.out. Tm thi
vn gi nguyn nh vy.
3. Chn Autoinit Model l Run-time Autoinitialization.


[Type text]

[Type text]


Hnh 14. Cc ty chn ca Linker

Dch v chy chng trnh
Sau khi thit lp cc ty chn ph hp cho Compiler v Linker, chng ta hy tin hnh bin dch
chng trnh v np ln trn kit chy.
1. Chn Project Rebuild All hoc nhn nt c hnh 3 mi tn xung trn toolbar. CCS s
dch tt c cc tp tin C v Assembly. Cc tp tin i tng to ra c lin kt vi cc
tp tin th vin. Cui cng, CCS to ra mt tp tin thc thi sine8_LED.out c th np ln
kit chy.
2. Chn File Load Program, m th mc Debug trong th mc sine8_LED, chn tp tin
sine8_LED.out np n ln trn kit. Sau , chn Debug Run chy chng trnh.
3. Nh gii thch trn, khi DIP Switch 0 v tr ON, chng trnh s bt sng LED 0
v xut ra tn hiu sine vi tn s 1KHz. quan st kt qu ca chng trnh, c th
thc hin theo mt trong cc cch nh sau:
a. Dng headphone v cm vo ng ra HEADPHONE trn kit nghe m thanh.
b. Quan st dng sng sine trn my dao ng k (oscilloscope): kt ni oscilloscope
vi ng ra LINE OUT ca kit.
c. Trong my tnh phng th nghim c sn phn mm m phng Oscilloscope c tn
l DSP_Tool. Phn mm ny s c d liu t soundcard ca my tnh v hin th.
s dng chng trnh ny, s dng cp Audio (c cung cp) kt ni ng ra LINE
OUT trn DSK vi ng vo LINE IN trn Soundcard ca my tnh. Trong DSP_Tool,
chn File Oscilloscope hin th giao din Oscilloscope ri chn File Start get
real data from soundcard bt u c d liu vo. Ngoi ra, cng c th hin th
ph bng cch chn File Spectrum Analyzer. (Ch cn cu hnh soundcard
nhn d liu vo t ng Line In)

Ca s Watch window
Ca s Watch Window cho php thay i gi tr ca mt thng s hoc theo di mt bin. Trong
khi chng trnh ang chy v DIP Switch 0 ang c nhn. (Lu dng ch DSP
RUNNING trn thanh Status ca CCS).

[Type text]

[Type text]

1. Chn View Quick Watch window. Thng ca s ny hin th phn bn di ca
CCS. Nhp gain v nhn Add to Watch. Gi tr gain bng 10 ( c t trong
chng trnh) s xut hin trong ca s Watch.
2. Thay i gain t 10 thnh 30 trong ca s Watch ri nhn Enter. Dng sng quan st s
thay i khi bin gain thay i gi tr.

S dng tp tin gain.gel
Trong phn trn chng ta cp n tp tin gain.gel. Tp tin ny to mt giao din cho php
thay i bin gain mt cch tng tc khi chng trnh ang chy.
1. Trc ht, cn phi np tp tin ny vo bng cch chn File Load GEL v m tp tin
gain.gel. Nhn p chut ln tp tin ny trong ca s Project View xem ni dung ca
n.

/*gain.gel Create slider and vary amplitude (gain) of sinewave*/
menuitem "Sine Gain"
slider Gain(10,35,5,1,gain_parameter) /*incr by 5,up to 35*/
{
gain = gain_parameter; /*vary gain of sine*/
}
Ni dung ca tp tin gain.gel nh trn. Trong , hm slider Gain c to ra hin th
thanh trt. Thanh trt ny bt u t gi tr 10 v kt thc gi tr 35 v mi mc tng
l 5 n v.
2. Chn GEL Sinde Gain Gain, ca s sau s xut hin cho php thay i gi tr ca
bin gain.

Hnh 15. Ca s slider cho php thay i bin gain
3. Nhn nt mi tn hng ln tng gain t 10 n 15 v quan st dng sng sine to ra
thy s thay i.

Thay i tn s ca tn hiu sine to ra
Tn s ca tn hiu sine to ra c th thay i bng mt trong cc cch sau.
1. Thay i tn s ly mu. Trong tp tin ngun trn, tn s ly mu fs c gn gi tr l
DSK6713_AIC23_FREQ_8KHZ. Gi tr ny l 1 hng s nguyn c nh ngha
sn. B codec AIC h tr cc tn s ly mu 8, 16, 24, 32, 44.1, 48 v 96kHz. V d,
c tn hiu sine ra c tn s l 2kHz, cn tng tn s ly mu ln 16kHz bng cch t
fs=DSK6713_AIC23_FREQ_16KHZ.

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2. Thay i s im trong bng tra, v d cn 4 im thay v 8 im v d, {0, 1000, 0, -
1000}. Khi cn thay i kch thc ca mng sine_table v gi tr bin loop. Hy
chng minh rng tn s to ra l f = fs/(s im).
Hai thanh trt c th c s dng va thay i gain, va thay i tn s. Cc tn s tn hiu
khc nhau c th to ra bng cch thay i bin loop trong chng trnh (v d nh nhy cch
mt im ly mt im).
Lu rng vi chng trnh trn sng sine ch c to ra khi DIP Switch 0 c nhn. s
dng mt DIP Switch khc, v d DIP Switch 3, trong chng trnh phi s dng cc hm
DSK6713_DIP_get(3), DSK6713_LED_on(3) v DSK6713_LED_off(3).

V d 2: To tn hiu sine v v vi CCS
V d ny cng to ra mt tn hiu sine vi 8 im nh trong v d 1 nhng n minh ha kh nng
v dng sng trong min thi gian v min tn s ca CCS. Chng trnh chnh sine8_buf.c c
ni dung nh sau:

//sine8_buf Sine generation. Output buffer plotted within CCS
#include "dsk6713_aic23.h" //codec-DSK support file
Uint32 fs=DSK6713_AIC23_FREQ_8KHZ; //set sampling rate
int loop = 0; //table index
short gain = 10; //gain factor
short sine_table[8]={0,707,1000,707,0,-707,-1000,-707};
short out_buffer[256]; //output buffer
const short BUFFERLENGTH = 256; //size of output buffer
int i = 0; //for buffer count
interrupt void c_int11() //interrupt service routine
{
output_sample(sine_table[loop]*gain); //output sine values
out_buffer[i] = sine_table[loop]*gain; //output to buffer
i++; //increment buffer count
if(i==BUFFERLENGTH) i=0; //if @ bottom reinit count
if (++loop > 7) loop = 0; //check for end of table
return; //return from interrupt
}
void main()
{
comm_intr(); //init DSK, codec, McBSP
while(1); //infinite loop
}

Trong chng trnh ny, mt vng m out_buffer c kch thc 256 c s dng lu li cc
d liu xut ra.
Trong hm main, comm_intr c gi. Hm ny nm trong c6713dskinit.c h tr chng trnh
c dng ngt. Pht biu while(1) trong hm main to mt vng lp v hn ch ngt xy ra.
Khi c xung ly mu, ngt 11 xy ra v trnh phc v ngt (ISR interrupt service routine)
c_int11 c gi. a ch ca ISR ny c xc nh trong tp tin vectors_intr.asm vi mt ch
dn r nhnh n a ch ny, s dng vector ngt INT11.

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Trong ISR ny, hm output_sample, cha trong tp tin c6713dskinit.c, c gi xut ra d liu
u tin trong sine_table. Ch s loop c tng cho n ht bng ri lp li t 0. Mt b m
ra c to gi 256 (xc nh bi BUFFERLENGTH) mu tn hiu sine xut ra.

Xy dng chng trnh
Hy to project sine8_buf.pjt v thm cc tp tin cn thit nh trong v d 1. Lu rng chng
trnh ny s dng ngt nn tp tin vectors_intr.asm c s dng thay cho tp tin
vectors_polls.asm. Tp tin sine8_buf.c c cha trong th mc
C:\CCStudio_v1.3\myprojects\source\project_2.
Xc lp cc ty chn nh trong v d 1 v dch chng trnh. Np v chy chng trnh trn kit v
kim tra rng c mt sng sine 1KHz c to ra.



V vi CCS
B m ra c cp nht lin tc mi 256 im. Sau y CCS s c s dng v d liu ra
hin ti cha trong b m out_buffer.
1. Chn View Graph Time/Frequency. Thay i cc ty chn trong ca s Graph
Property Dialog nh sau v trong min thi gian. a ch bt u ca b m chnh l
tn mng out_buffer c nhp vo Start Address. Cc ty chn khc c th nh mc
nh.

Hnh 16. Cc ty chn v trong min thi gian
2. v trong min tn s, chn cc ty chn nh trong hnh sau. Chn bc ca FFT (FFT
Order ) sao cho FFT Framesize = 2
order
.

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Hnh 17. Cc ty chn v trong min tn s


Kt qu v c th hin trn hnh sau:

Hnh 18. Kt qu v bng CCS c trong min tn s v trong min thi gian

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1. Mc ch th nghim
1. Hiu r cc bc t thit k n hin thc b lc FIR ln trn mt kit DSP.
2. H thng li cc l thuyt hc.
2. Thit b th nghim
STT Tn thit b Slng
01 My vi tnh 01
02 Kit C6713 DSK 01
03 My pht sng 01
04 B dy ni tn hiu 01
3. Gii thiu
Lc l mt trong nhng hot ng x l tn hiu quan trng. Mt b lc tng t hot ng trn
cc tn hiu lin tc v thng c thc hin vi cc linh kin nh khuch i thut ton,
cc in tr v cc t in. Mt b lc s hot ng trn tn hiu thi gian ri rc v c th
thc hin vi mt b x l s tn hiu nh h TMS320C6x. Qu trnh lc bao gm s dng
mt b bin i A/D nhn tn hiu vo, x l cc mu vo ri gi kt qu ra thng qua
mt b bin i D/A.
Cc b lc s c rt nhiu u im so vi cc b lc tng t. Cc u im ny bao gm tin
cy cao hn, chnh xc cao hn v t nhy vi nhit v tui i. Cc c tnh lc nh
tn s trung tm, bng thng v loi b lc c th thay i d dng. Mt s cng c c sn
cho vic thit k v thc hin cc b lc s mt cch nhanh chng trn kit TMS320C6x.
4. C s l thuyt
B lc FIR nhn qu bc M c p ng xung h = [h
0
, h
1
, , h
M
] (chiu di bng M + 1)
Ng ra ca b lc c xc nh theo cng thc tch chp:

= =
m m
m n h m x m n x m h n y ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
trong x(n) l ng vo ca b lc.
Hm truyn ca b lc c xc nh t bin i Z ca h(n):
M
M
M
n
n
z h z h h z n h z H

=

+ + + = =

... ) ( ) (
1
1 0
0

trong cc h s ca hm truyn chnh l p ng xung h ca b lc.

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B lc FIR c th thit k bng nhiu phng php, trong phng php n gin nht l
phng php ca s.
B lc c th c thc hin bng hai phng php: Phng php x l khi v phng php
x l mu. Vi phng php x l mu, b lc c th c thc hin dng trc tip nh sau:

Hnh 19. Thc hin b lc FIR dng trc tip
Nu t cc bin trng thi
v
0
(n) = x(n)
v
1
(n) = x(n 1)

v
M
(n) = x(n M)
Ta s c gii thut x l mu ng vi s khi trn nh sau:
Vi mi mu vo x:
v
0
= x

=
=
M
0 k
k k
v h y
v
M
= v
M-1


v
1
= v
0
5. Chun b th nghim
1. Cho mt b lc FIR c p ng xung h = [1; -2; -3; -4]. Hy xc nh:
a. Bc b lc
b. Phng trnh sai phn I/O ca b lc
c. S khi thc hin dng trc tip v gii thut x l mu.

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2. Trnh by tm tt cc bc thit k mt b lc FIR bng SPTool ca MATLAB. C my
phng php thit k b lc FIR trong SPTool? Hy lit k.
3. Th no l mt b lc multiband? Th pht ha p ng tn s ca mt b lc
multiband? C th dng MATLAB thit k mt b lc FIR multiband hay khng?
4. Tm tt cc bc s lm thc hin cc phn th nghim sau.
6. Tin hnh th nghim
6.1 Thc hin b lc FIR
Trc ht, hy thc hin theo tng bc v d n gin sau. Sau , hy t thc hin cc b
lc FIR khc theo yu cu.

V d : Thit k mt b lc FIR thng thp bc 88 vi tn s ct 2.5 kHz, tn s ly mu 8
kHz. Thc hin n trn kit C6713 DSK. Kim chng b lc thc hin.

Trong v d ny c 3 phn chnh cn phi thc hin:
1. Thit k b lc FIR: kt qu ca phn ny l c c p ng xung h(n) ca b lc.
2. Thc hin b lc ln trn kit C6713 DSK: S dng p ng xung thu c t phn
thit k, vit chng trnh thc hin mch lc ln kit. Chng trnh s c tng mu
d liu vo v tin hnh gii thut x l mu tnh ng ra.
3. Kim tra b lc thc hin: Trong phn ny, b lc thc hin trn kit s c
kim tra xem c p ng yu cu t ra hay khng. Chng ta s s dng mt my
pht sng to tn hiu ng vo v quan st tn hiu ng ra ca b lc khi thay i
tn hiu ng vo.

Thit k b lc
1. S dng cng c SPTool trong MATLAB thit k b lc trn vi phng php
Least Squares FIR.
2. Lu b lc thit k vi tn l lp2500 ri xut ra workspace ca MATLAB.

Thc hin b lc
B lc ny c thc hin trn kit bng chng trnh sau (vit bng ngn ng C)

//Fir.c FIR filter. Include coefficient file with length N
#include "coefficients.h" //coefficient file
#include "dsk6713_aic23.h" //codec-dsk support file

Uint32 fs=DSK6713_AIC23_FREQ_8KHZ; //set sampling rate
int yn = 0; //initialize filter's output
short dly[N]; //delay samples


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interrupt void c_int11() //ISR
{
short i;
dly[0]=input_sample(); //input newest sample
yn = 0; //initialize filter's output
for (i = 0; i< N; i++)
yn += (h[i] * dly[i]); //y(n) += h(i)* x(n-i)
for (i = N-1; i > 0; i--) //starting @ end of buffer
dly[i] = dly[i-1]; //update delays with data move
output_sample(yn >> 15); //scale output filter sample
return;
}

void main()
{
comm_intr(); //init DSK, codec, McBSP
while(1); //infinite loop
}

Trong chng trnh ny, N l chiu di ca p ng xung ca b lc ( bng M + 1 vi M l
bc ca b lc) v p ng xung ca b lc l mng h c kch thc N. Gi tr ca N v
vector h c khai bo trong tp tin coefficients.h. Tp tin ny c gp vo nh ch dn
#include. Nh vy, khi mun thay i b lc, ch cn thay i ni dung ca tp tin
coefficients.h.
Chng trnh trn c s dng ngt. Khi c c xung ly mu (tn s chn y l 8KHz), trnh
phc v ngt c_int11 c gi, c mu vo v thc hin gii thut x l mu tnh ng
ra.
Do cc h s ca p ng xung nhn c t qu trnh thit k l kh nh, chng ta s nhn n
vi 2
15
. Mu ra sau khi x l c chia li cho 2
15
bng cch dch phi 15 bit (trong hm
output_sample(yn >> 15)). Vic nhn cc h s vi 2
15
cng l do b x l s lng t ha
cc h s vi mt s lng bit hu hn v vic nhn ln s gim i sai s.
Tm li, cc bc thc hin b lc ln kit nh sau:
1. Ly cc h s ca hm truyn ca b lc, nhn vi h s t l 2
15

>> cof = round(lp2500.tf.num*2^15)
2. Nu ca s workspace ca MATLAB cha hin th, hy m n ln. Trong
workspace, nhn p chut vo tn bin cof m ca s Array Editor.
3. M CCS (nh m ngun ca DSK trc khi m CCS).
4. M tp tin project ( c to sn) FIR.pjt trong
C:\CCStudio_v3.1\myprojects\FIR.

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5. Trong ca s Project View, tab File View, m rng phn Include, m tp tin
coeficients.h.
6. t cc h s ca b lc va thit k vo trong tp tin ny. (C th copy v paste t
ca s Array Editor trn). iu chnh gi tr N cho ng vi chiu di p ng xung.
Lu rng cc gi tr ca p ng xung cch nhau bng mt du phy (,). Lu tp tin
sau khi sa i.
7. Xc lp cc ty chn ph hp (xem phn hng dn s dng trong ti liu ny) ri
tin hnh bin dch chng trnh. Sau khi dch thnh cng, hy np chng trnh ln
trn kit v chy chng trnh.

nh gi kt qu thc hin
1. Hy th xem p ng tn s ca b lc va thc hin bng cch s dng cng c v
trong min tn s ca CCS. Chn View Graph Time/Frequency. Chn Display
Type l FFT Magnitude v Start Address l a ch bt u ca vector p ng xung,
tc l tn mng h.
2. M ngun ca my pht sng. To mt tn hiu hnh sine t my pht sng v quan
st dng sng ng ra. Thay i tn s ca tn hiu vo v hy xc nh tn s ct 3-
dB ca b lc.

Sau khi thc hin v d trn, hy p dng nhng g hc thc hin cc th nghim sau.
Vi mi bi th nghim, hy a p ng tn s ca b lc vo trong bi bo co.
(Hng dn: nu sao chp th mc FIR c thnh mt th mc vi tn khc v thc hin
trn th mc mi ny ng vi tng b lc).
1. Thit k mt b lc FIR chn di bng phng php Kaiser Window c cc thng s
nh sau:
a. Chiu di p ng xung N = 89 (Bc b lc: 88)
b. Tn s ct: 2500 v 2900 Hz.
c. Gi tr ca | = 4
d. Tn s ly mu: 8 kHz.
Thc hin b lc ln trn kit v kim tra kt qu.
2. Thit k b lc FIR thng di bng phng php Kaiser Window vi cc thng s
nh sau:
a. Chiu di p ng xung: 81
b. Tn s ct: 1500 v 2000 Hz.
c. Gi tr ca | = 5
d. Tn s ly mu: 8 kHz.
Thc hin b lc v kim tra kt qu.
3. Thc hin v thit k b lc thng cao sau bng phng php Kaiser Window. Sau
, cho mt tn hiu xung vung tn s 1 kHz vo v hin th tn hiu ra. Gii thch
kt qu. Cc thng s ca b lc nh sau:

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a. Chiu di p ng xung: 81
b. Tn s ct: 2200 Hz.
c. Gi tr ca | = 4
d. Tn s ly mu: 8 kHz.
6.2 Mt b lc FIR multiband
Hy thit k v thc hin ln kit C6713 DSK mt b lc FIR multiband vi hai di thng c
tn s trung tm ln lt l 2500 v 3500 Hz. Bng thng ca mi di thng l 500 Hz.
Tn s ly mu l 8 kHz.
1. V p ng tn s ca b lc.
2. To mt sng vung vi tn s 800 Hz u vo ca b lc. Hin th dng sng v
ph ca ng ra. Gii thch ti sao c dng ph ny?
3. Thay i tn s ca tn hiu vo. Quan st ph ng ra. Gii thch s thay i.
4. V ph ca tn hiu ng ra khi tn s ca tn hiu vo l 0.5kHz, 1kHz v 1.5kHz. Gii
thch?