11/16/2013 1

K THUT AN TON IN
11/16/2013 2
Ni dung mn hc
Phn 1. Khi nim v phn tch an ton trong cc mng in
Chng 1. Nhng khi nim c bn
Chng 2. Phn tch an ton trong mng in n gin
Chng 3. Phn tch an ton trong mng in 3 pha
Phn 2. Cc bin php k thut an ton
Chng 4. Bo v ni t
Chng 5. Bo v ni dy trung tnh
Chng 6. Bo v an ton bng thit b chng dng in r
Chng 7. Cc bin php an ton khc
Chng 8. X l, cp cu ngi b in git
Chng 9. Phng chng in t trng
11/16/2013 3
Ti liu tham kho
1. TS Nguyn nh Thng, TS Nguyn Minh Chc
K thut an ton in - NXB ti chc HBKHN
2. Nguyn Xun Ph (Ch bin)
K thut an ton trong s dng v cung cp in - NXB
KHKT, 2003
3. Titres d'habilitation lectrique
4. RCD protection
11/16/2013 4
Phn 1. Khi nim v PTAT trong cc mng in
Chng 1. CC KHI NIM C BN
1.1. CC TAI NN V IN
1.1.1. Phn loi tai nn in
Cc tai nn in
in git
t chy do in Ho hon chy n do in
11/16/2013 5
1.1.2. Nguyn nhn dn n tai nn in
Chm vo cc phn t
bnh thng c in p
Chm in gin tip Chm in trc tip
Nguyn nhn dn n tai nn in
Chm vo cc phn t bnh
thng khng c in p
Khc
HQ in
Xut hin trong
KV in trng mnh
11/16/2013 6
tip xc trc tip
Ph
N
t
Pha - Trung tnh Pha - t
I
ng
. . . .
11/16/2013 7
Chm vo thanh ci
11/16/2013 8
TIP XC GIN TIP
Ph
N
t
I
ng
. .
11/16/2013 9
Ph
N
t
I
ng
. .
TIP XC GIN TIP
11/16/2013 10
1.1.3. S liu thng k tai nn in
S liu thng k
tai nn in
a. Theo cp in p:
U 1kV: 76,4%
U > 1kV: 23,6%
b. Theo ngh nghip:
Thuc ngnh in: 42,2%
Cc ngnh khc: 57,8%
c. Theo nguyn nhn tip xc in:
Trc tip: 55,9%
Gin tip: 42,8%
HQ in: 1,12%
Xut hin trong KV in trng mnh:0.08%
d. Theo nguyn la tui:
Di 20: 14,5%
21-30: 51,7%
31-40: 21,3%
Trn 40: 12,5%
11/16/2013 11
1.2. TC DNG CA DNG IN
Khi ngi tip xc vi cc phn t c in p (k c tip xc trc tip
hoc gin tip), s c dng in chy qua c th, cc b phn ca c th
phi chu tc ng nhit, in phn v tc dng sinh hc ca dng in
lm ri lon, ph hu cc b phn ny, c th dn n t vong.
a) Tc ng v nhit: ca dng in i vi c th ngi th hin qua hin
tng gy bng, pht nng cc mch mu, dy thn kinh, tim, no v cc b
phn khc trn c th dn n ph hu cc b phn ny hoc lm ri lon
hot ng ca chng khi dng in chy qua.
b) Tc ng in phn: ca dng in th hin s phn hu cc cht
lng trong c th, c bit l mu, dn n ph v cc thnh phn ca mu
v cc m trong c th.
c) Tc ng sinh hc: ca dng in biu hin ch yu qua s ph hu
cc qu trnh in - sinh, ph v cn bng sinh hc, dn n ph hu cc
chc nng sng.
Mc nguy him ca dng in i vi c th ngi tu thuc vo tr s
ca dng in, loi dng in (dng in mt chiu hoc dng in
xoay chiu) v thi gian duy tr dng in chy qua c th (IEC 60479-1).
11/16/2013 12
Standard IEC 60479-1
Time/current zones defining the effects of AC current
(15 Hz to 100 Hz)
Vng 1: Khng cm nhn c
Vng 2: Cm thy kh chu
Vng 3: Co cc c, b (10 mA) let-go
threshold
Vng 4: Rung c tim, c1(30 mA)
b -c1: probability 0 %
c1 -c2: probability ~ 5 %
c2 -c3: probability ~ 50 %
>c3: probability > 50 %
a
ng a - Ngng cm nhn c dng in qua ngi
ng b - Ngng bung - nh
11/16/2013 13
Standard IEC 60479-1: Ngng dng in ti hn
(Critical current thresholds)
Tim ngng p
Tim p mnh - Ngng RCT
T lit c quan h hp-Nght th
Bt u co c - Ngng bung nh
C cm gic nhi nh - Ngng cm nhn
AC
11/16/2013 14
Ngng dng in ti hn
5
?
100
130
Khng xc nh
Dng in xoay chiu: I
cp
= 10 mA
Dng in mt chiu: I
cp
= 50 mA
DC
11/16/2013 15
1.3. IN P TIP XC & TNG TR C TH NGI
in p tip xc v tng tr
c th l hai i lng dng
xc nh tr s dng in
qua ngi.
1.3.1. in p tip xc U
tx
: L
in p gia hai im trn -
ng i ca dng in qua
c th ngi (hay chnh l
in p t ln c th ngi
khi ngi tip xc in) th-
ng l gia tay vi tay hoc
gia tay v chn.
Z
T
= Z
ng
= Z
p
+ Z
i
1.3.2. Tng tr c th ngi:
11/16/2013 16
Z
ng
in p tx
ng in
Din tch,
p sut
Nhit
Tnh trng
da
Thi gian i qua
11/16/2013 17
1.3.3. in p tip xc cho php U
txcp
Nh xng
Ngp nc
U
tx
= U
ng
= R
ng
.I
ng
1200 * 10 mA = 12 V
m t
2500 * 10 mA = 25 V
Kh ro
5000 * 10 mA = 50 V
U
txcp
12 V
24 V
48 V
Ngp nc 1200 * 10 mA = 12 V
m t 2500 * 10 mA = 25 V
Kh ro
5000 * 10 mA = 50 V
12 V
25 V
50 V
Tiu chun Php:
Tiu chun IEC:
11/16/2013 18
Chc v c t cch
Dng c
Nhng phng php
Nng lc
Mi trng
Lut lao ng Nhng quy phm
in p
Cng tc
An ton
1.4. CC YU T NH HNG N CNG TC AT
11/16/2013 19
Khi TB c dng chm v, ng dy in t ri xung
t, ti ch chm t s c dng in tn vo trong t.
Dng in ny tn ntn vo trong t? tr li cu hi ny l
mt vn ht sc phc tp, nhng c th hnh dung mt
cch n gin: Xt TH dng in ny tn vo trong t thng
qua mt bn cu kim loi c bn knh r
0
chn st mt t. Vi
gi thit:
Mi trng chn in cc c in tr sut l thun nht.
Dng in chm t I

i t tm bn cu to vo trong t
theo ng bn knh.
Trng ca dng in I

l dng trng tnh (tc l tp hp

cc ng sc v ng ng th ca chng ging nhau).
1.5. HIN TNG DNG IN TN VO TRONG T
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1.5. HIN TNG DNG IN TN VO TRONG T
1.5.1. S phn b th ti ch dng in chm t
2
d
x 2
I
t
= j
dx
x 2
.I
Jdx Edx du
2
d
t
= = =
L m di dng vi phn: J = E hay E = J
x 2
.I
dx
x
1
2
.I
du U U U
d
x
2
d
x
x x
t
} }

= = = =
11/16/2013 21
1.5. HIN TNG DNG IN TN VO TRONG T
1.5.2. in tr tn
Khi dng in i vo trong t, b in tr ca in cc v t cn tr. in
tr ny gi l in tr tn R

:
1.5.3. in p tip xc U
tx

O = = ,
r 2

R
0
d
t
d
d
I
U
J

U
d

U
tx

u (V)
l (m)
l (m)
U
tx

TB
I
d
a)
0
l (m)
u (V)
U
d

20
b)
U
tx
= U
d

x
,

x 2
.I
r 2
.I
U - U U - U U
d
0
d
x d chan tay tx
t t
= = =
11/16/2013 22
1.5. HIN TNG DNG IN TN VO TRONG T
1.5.4. in p tip xc U
b

T CT ta thy rng cng
ng xa ch dng in chm
t (in cc ni t) in
p bc cng c tr s nh. Khi
ngi ng cch ch chm t
trn 20 m c th coi in p
bc bng 0.
J

U
d

U
b

u (V)
l (m) l (m)
TB
I
d

a
x
a) (x 2
.a .I
a) x ( 2
.I
x 2
.I
U - U U
d d d
a x x b
+
=
+
= =
+
x t t
V d: I

= 1000A; = 10
2
Om
v a = 0,8m th U
b
= 30,6 V
Nh vy in p bc v in p tip xc thay i hon ton tri
ngc nhau khi khong cch n ch chm t thay i.
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Chng 2. PHN TCH AN TON TRONG MNG IN N
GIN
2.1. KHI NIN CHUNG
- Khi nim v mng in n gin
- Phn loi mng in n gin
+ Theo in dung c: Mng in dung nh v
mng in dung ln
+ Theo ch lm vic c: Mng ni t v
mng cch in vi t.
- Gc chm in dn n mt an ton in
trong cc mng n gin c th do chm in
trc tip hoc gn tip.
+ Chm vo hai dy: Rt nguy him
+ Chm vo 1 dy: Nguy him tu thuc vo
tng loi mng in v chm vo dy no.
Chng 2. PTAT TRONG MNG IN N GIN
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2.2. PHN TCH AN TON TRONG MNG IN N GIN
C IN DUNG NH
cd ng
R 2R
U
+
=
ng
I
2.2.1. Mng 2 dy cch in vi t
* Nh vy, mc nguy him ph thuc vo:
- in p ca mng U
- in tr c th ngi R
ng
- in tr cch in ca mng R
c

2.2.2. Mng Mng ch c 1 dy:

* Ch : Khi 1 dy chm t m ngi chm vo dy cn li s rt nguy him.
( )
cd2 o cd2 0 ng
cd2
R . R R R R
U.R
I
+ +
=
ng
* Khi R
0
= 0 th:
ng
ng
R
U
I =
11/16/2013 25
2.2.3. Mng 2 dy c 1 dy ni t
TH chm vo dy khng ni t: U
ng
U

TH chm vo dy ni t: U
ngmax
= 5%U


* Ch :
- Khi dy 1 chm vo dy 2 v tit din 2 dy nh
nhau th U
ngmax
= 0,5U

- Khi dy ni t t pha u ngun th U
ng
U.
U
R
ng

1
2
B
R
0

Z
t

C
A
I
lv

I
lv

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2.3. PHN TCH AN TON TRONG MNG IN N GIN
C IN DUNG LN
2.3.1. S nguy him ca in tch tn d
a. Ngi chm vo 2 cc ca ng dy ct in:

12 ng
C R
t
ng
0
ng
.e
R
U
i

=
b. Ngi chm vo 1 cc ca ng dy ct in:
) C (2C R
t
ng
0
ng
1 12 ng
.e
2R
U
i
+

=
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2.3.2. Chm vo 1 cc ca ng dy xoay chiu ang vn hnh
2
ng
2 2
ng
R C 4 1
CU
I
=
=
+
=
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Cu hi v bi tp n tp chng 2
1. Phn tch an ton khi ngi chm vo mt cc ca mng in n gin c in
dung nh?
2. Phn tch an ton khi ngi chm vo mt cc ca mng in n gin c in
dung ln?
3. Hy xc nh dng in qua ngi mng in 2 dy cch in i vi t in
dung nh trong cc trng hp ngi chm vo:
ng thi 2 dy?
Mt dy?
V cho bit ngi c nguy him khng trong tng trng hp, gii thch?
Bit: - Mng in c in p U = 220V;
- in tr cch in R
c
= 30 kO;
4. Hy xc nh dng in qua ngi trong mng in 1 pha ca nc ta trong cc
trng hp ngi chm vo:
ng thi 2 dy: dy pha v dy ni t (dy trung tnh)?
Dy pha?
V cho bit ngi c nguy him khng trong tng trng hp, gii thch?
Bit: - Mng in c in p U = 220V, f =50Hz ;
- in tr ni t u ngun R
0
= 4 O;
- in tr ngi R
ng
= 1000O.
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Cu hi v bi tp n tp chng 2
5.* Hy xc nh dng in qua ngi khi ngi chm vo dy trung tnh ca mng
in 1 pha nc ta trong cc trng hp:
Ch chm cch ngun in 1 khong L1 = 30m?
Ch chm ngay im u vi ph ti?
Ch chm cch ngun in 1 khong L1 = 30m trong khi mng xy ra ngn
mch ti ph ti?
Ch chm ngay im u vi ph ti khi dy trung tnh b t ti u
ngun?
Chm khi dy pha b t?
* Cho bit ngi c nguy him khng trong cc trng hp trn, gii thch? * So snh
mc nguy him khi chm in trong cc trng hp trn?
Bit rng:
- Mng in c in p U = 220V, f =50Hz; dng dy ng mm M22,5 (r
0
=
8,06O/km) di L = 50m cp in cho ph ti c cng sut 5,5 kW, cos = 0,85;
- Gi thit in tr ni t u ngun R

= 0 O; in tr ngi R
ng
= 1000O.
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Cu hi v bi tp n tp chng 2
6. Hy xc nh dng in qua ngi khi ngi chm ng dy ti in cao p ti thi
im va ct ra khi ngun c chiu di 1km k t ngun n ch chm in trong
trng hp:
Chm vo mt dy?
Chm vo c hai dy?
Bit: - in p gia 2 dy ti thi im t = 1s ngi chm in l 6kV;
- Gi thit in dung gia 2 dy v 2 dy vi t cng bng 0,3F/km.
- in tr ngi R
ng
= 1,5kO
7. Hy xc nh dng in qua ngi khi ngi chm vo hai cc ca mt t in ngay
sau khi ct ra khi li in?
Bit: - in p gia 2 cc ti thi im t = 0,5s ngi chm in l 3kV;
- Gi thit in dung ca t bng 3F.
8. Hy xc nh dng in qua ngi khi ngi chm vo mt dy ca mng in 2 dy
cch in vi t cp in cho 1 ph ti ang lm vic cch ngun 500m?
Bit: - in p ngun 6kV, f = 50Hz;
- Ch chm in: ti im u vi ph ti.
- Gi thit in dung gia cc dy vi t bng nhau v bng 0,3F/km.
- in tr ngi R
ng
= 1,5kO.
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Chng 3. PHN TCH AN TON
TRONG MNG IN BA PHA
3.1. KHI NIN CHUNG
Khi nim v mng in 3 pha
Mng c dng rng ri trong cng nghip
Phn loi mng in 3 pha
- Theo cp in p:
- Theo ch lm vic ca trung tnh:
Cc tnh hung chm in dn n tai nn in git:
- Chm trc tip: 1 pha; 2 pha; 3 pha
- Chm gin tip: Thng 1 pha b hng cch in nn c
th coi trng hp ny nh trng hp chm trc tip vo 1
pha.
11/16/2013 32
3.2. PHN TCH AN TON KHI NGI CHM VO 1 PHA
TRONG MNG IN 3 PHA TT CCH IN VI T
3.2.1. Trng hp chung:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 2
B C C B B C C B
ng
ng
2
2
2
A B C ng A B C
3 g g 3 C C 3 g g 3 C C
U.g
I
2
g g g g C C C
= =
=
( (
+ + + + +

=
+ + + + + +
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3.2.2. Mng h p U 1kV:
3.2. PHN TCH AN TON KHI NGI CHM VO 1 PHA
TRONG MNG IN 3 PHA TT CCH IN VI T
cd ng
P
ng
R R
U
I
+
=
3
3
3.2.3. Mng cao p U > 1kV: ng
2 2 2
ng
3 CU
I
1 9 C R
=
=
=
+
Ch : TH ngi chm 1 pha trong khi 1 trong hai pha cn li
chm t Rt nguy him.
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3.3.1. i vi mng cao p:
Vic ni t trung tnh ch yu bi l do kinh t. V mng in TT ni ch
chn cch in theo in p pha, trong khi mng in trung tnh cch
in chn theo in p dy.



3.3.2. i vi mng h p:
Vic ni t trung tnh ch yu vi l do an ton cho ngi v thit b.
C th so snh tng hp di gc an ton gia mng TT ni t vi
mng TT cch in bng sau:
3.3. PHN TCH AN TON KHI NGI CHM VO 1 PHA
TRONG MNG IN 3 PHA TT NI T
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Mng trung tnh cch in i t


V c thnh phn in dung v in dn gia cc pha vi
t nn dng in qua ngi nh, c th khng nguy him
n tnh mng.


- Cc pha cn li, in p pha tng ln in p dy. Dng
in chm t nh cc thit b bo v (cu ch, ptmt...)
khng tc ng dn n s chm t duy tr v ba pha
mt i xng qu gii hn cho php. V th:
+ Ph ti mt pha ni dy trung tnh vi pha khng chm
t c th b ph hng.
+ Ngi chm vo pha khng chm t s nguy him hn
nhiu so vi mng trung tnh ni t cng cp in p.


Ph ti mt pha ni dy trung tnh vi dy pha b ngng
cp in Khng m bo tnh cung cp in lin tc.



Trung tnh s phi chu in p pha bn trung p (hoc
chu sng in p khi b st nh) rt nguy him cho
ngi v thit b.
Mng trung tnh ni t


Dng in qua ngi ln hn nhiu mng trung tnh cch
in (v ngi gn nh phi chu ton b in p pha t
vo), nguy him n tnh mng.


- Cc pha cn li, in p c gi gn nh khng thay i.
Dng in chm t ln, thit b bo v d dng tc ng ct
phn t b chm t ra khi mng in m khng nh hng
n thit b khc. V th:
+ S an ton cho ngi v thit b khi c chm t.
+ Ph ti mt pha ni dy trung tnh vi pha khng chm
t vn lm vic c bnh thng.
+ Ngi chm vo pha khng chm t th mc nguy
him gn nh lc cha c mt pha chm t.


Ph ti mt pha ni dy trung tnh vi dy pha khng b
ngng cp in (v cn c ni t lp li) m bo tnh
cung cp in lin tc.


V trung tnh c ni t vi in tr nh nn in p trung
tnh nh An ton hn cho ngi v thit b.

Khi dy trung tnh b t (pha u ngun)
Khi ngi chm vo mt pha trong ch lm vic bnh
thng
Khi c s xm nhp t in p cao sang in p thp (cch in trung p v h p ca MBA b
hng hoc khi mng b st nh)

Khi c mt pha chm t

11/16/2013 36
Cu hi v bi tp n tp chng 3
1. Phn tch an ton trong cc mng in 3 pha?
2. So snh mng in 3 pha trung tnh cch in vi t v mng trung tnh ni t di gc
an ton in?
3. * Hy xc nh dng in qua ngi khi ngi chm vo 1 pha ca mng in 3 pha trung
tnh cch in vi t trong cc trng hp:
Ngi chm in trong ch mng in lm vic bnh thng?
Ngi chm in trong ch mng in ang xy ra chm t pha khc?
* C nhn xt g sau khi tnh ton 2 trng hp trn?
Bit: - Mng c in in p 380/220 V, f = 50Hz;
- in tr cch in R
c
= 40kO; in dung khng ng k;
- in tr ngi R
ng
= 1kO.
* Hy xc nh R
c
ti thiu ngi c R
ng
= 1000O chm vo 1 pha vn an ton?
4. * Hy xc nh dng in qua ngi khi ngi chm vo 1 pha ca mng in 3 pha trung
tnh cch in vi t trong ch mng in lm vic bnh thng.
Bit: - Mng c in in p 10 kV, f = 50Hz; c chiu di L = 10km;
- in dn cch in g
c
~ 0; in dung n v C
0
= 0,3F/km;
- in tr ngi Rng = 2kO.
* Cho bit dng in ny c nguy him i vi ngi khng?
* Theo bn gim dng in qua ngi khi tip xc 1 pha trong mng ny c cc bin
php no?
11/16/2013 37
5. Hy xc nh dng in qua ngi khi ngi chm vo 1 pha ca mng
in 3 pha trung tnh ni t trong ch mng in lm vic bnh
thng v khi c chm t 1 pha khc?
Bit: - Mng c in in p 380 V, f = 50Hz;
- in tr ngi R
ng
= 1kO, in tr ni t trung tnh R
0
= 4O
6. * Hy xc nh dng in qua ngi khi ngi (R
ng
= 1kO) chm vo 1 pha
ca mng in 3 pha trung tnh ni t 380/220 V ch mng in
lm vic bnh thng trong trng hp ngi chm:
Tip xc trc tip vi t (i chn t)?
i giy c in tr R
g
= 10kO?
i giy c in tr R
g
= 10kO nhng li chm vo phn nh khi t ca mt
kt cu kim loi chn trc tip trong t gn ?
Gi thit: in tr ni t trung tnh R0 = 4O v in tr ca kt cu kim
loi R = 20O.
* C nhn xt g trong cc trng hp k trn?
Cu hi v bi tp n tp chng 3
11/16/2013 38
Phn 2. Cc bin php k thut an ton
Bo v chng in git
Chng tip xc in trc tip Chng tip xc in gin tip
Khong
Cch
an ton
S dng
Tn hiu,
bin bo
v kha
lin ng
Cn tr,
V ngn
cch
bo v
Ngun
in p
thp
Ni t
bo v
Ni dy
TT
bo v
T ng
ct mch
bo v
S dng
Cch
in
S dng
dng c,
ph tin
an ton
11/16/2013 39
4.1. KHI QUT CHUNG
Trong HT tn ti 3 loi ni t:
- Ni t lm vic R
0
: Thc hin ni cc im ca mng in (thng
l trung tnh mng in) vi h thng ni t nhm m bo cc ch
lm vic ca mng in.
- Ni t an ton (BV) R

: Thc hin ni cc phn t bnh thng

khng mang in p (thng l v my, khung my, chn s,) vi
h thng ni t nhm m bo an ton cho ngi tip xc vi cc
phn t ny khi v l do no (thng l cch in b hng) chng c
in.
- Ni t chng st R
xk
: Thc hin ni cc thit b chng st vi h
thng ni t nhm m bo an ton cho ngi v cc thit b, cng
trnh khi c st nh.
Trong ni dung mn hc ny ch yu ch cp ni t an ton. Tuy
nhin cc cng thc, tr s in tr ni t, cch thc tnh ton, thit k
v lp t trnh by c th c p dng cho c 3 loi ni t k trn.
Chng 4. BO V NI T
11/16/2013 40
4.1. KHI QUT CHUNG
R
0
R

BA
TB
11/16/2013 41
4.1. KHI QUT CHUNG
Mt h thng ni t c th l:
- T nhin: Tn dng cc b phn kim loi c sn trong lng t lm h
thng ni t.
- Nhn to: Ch nh dng cc in cc kim loi (bng ng l tt nht)
chn su trong t lm h thng ni t.
- Hn hp: Kt hp 2 loi ni t ny.
in ca mt h thng ni t gm 2 thnh phn: in tr ca bn
thn in cc kim loi v in tr ca khi t tham gia qu trnh tn dng
in vo trong t c gi l in tr tn. in tr ny ph thuc vo
kch thc, chn su v in tr sut ca vng t.
in tr sut ca t c nh hng ln nht ti tr s ca in tr
tn. Do in tr sut ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t nh: loi t, thi tit,
cht,(trong c bit lu n yu t thi tit) nn khi tnh ton
in tr tn, in tr sut cn c hiu chnh theo h s ma k
m
.
11/16/2013 42

4.1. KHI QUT CHUNG
B tr in cc chn su t, m k
m
Ghi ch
Thanh ngang 0,5 4,5-6,5 Khi o m ly tr s ln
v ngc li kh ly tr
s nh
0,8 1,6-3
Cc thng ng 0,8 1,4-2
11/16/2013 43
4.2. MC CH- NGHA CA BO V NI T
Mc ch:
Nhm gim dng in qua ngi n tr s an ton;
Tng dng in s c pha-v cc thit b bo v qu dng
truyn thng (CC, ATM, BVRL) ct phn t ny ra khi mng
in, an ton cho ngi v thit b.
ngha: Khi cch in gia pha v phn t bnh thng
khng mang in b hng, ni t s duy tr 1 in p gia
cc phn t ny vi t nh s an ton cho ngi chm
phi.
(Xt v d chng minh)
11/16/2013 44
(xem ph lc 1)
4.3. CNG THC TNH IN TR NI T
11/16/2013 45
4.4. TNH TON, TK V LP T HT NI T
B1. Thu thp s liu
Loi mng in cung cp
Xc nh v tr v in tr sut ca vng t s thc hin ni t bo v

B2. Xc nh in tr ni t yu cu R
yc
(da vo quy phm ph lc 1)
B3. D kim cc loi in cc dng trong h thng ni t sau p dng
cng thc tnh ton in tr ni t (theo ph lc 1).
B4. So snh tr s in tr tn tnh ton c B3 vi R
yc
. Nu:
R
HT
R
yc
Chuyn sang B5.
R
HT
> R
yc
Cn tng s lng in cc v tnh li B3 sao t R
yc
.
11/16/2013 46
4.4. TNH TON, TK V LP T HT NI T
B5. V mt bng, mt ct ca h thng ni t v hnh v hng dn thi
cng, lp t
B6. Lp t

B7. Kim tra
11/16/2013 47
4.5. PHM VI P DNG V 1 S IU CN LU
KHI THC HIN BO V NI T
4.5.1. Phm vi ng dng
Phm vi p dng
Mng cao p
(U>1000V)
Mng h p
(U1000V)
Mi loi mng in
u phi p dng
Mng TT ni t Mng TT cch in
Dng BVNDTT
Khi in p 150V
Khi in p < 150V
+ N.Xng nguy him v AT
+ N.Xng nguy c chy n cao
+ Cc thit b t ngoi tri
11/16/2013 48
4.5.2. Mt s iu cn lu khi thc hin BVN
i vi nhng vng t c in tr sut ln, c th s dng cc gii php
sau:
Li dng thm cc in cc ni t t nhin
Thay t gc c in tr sut cao bng t mi c in tr sut thp hn
S dng mui n
S dng ha cht gim in tr sut cuc b:
- Vt liu tng cng tip t GEM (Earth Enhancing Metarial) gm cc ion
dn in v ht t mn.
- Hp cht tng cng tip t EEC (Earth Enhancing Compound) gm 2
thnh phn dng bt: Sumfat ng (15%) v Sudium Ferro Cyanide (85%)
ha vo nc v ri vo h chn in cc ni t.
- Ha cht San-Earth (Nht bn)
Cng ngh ni t tng su
Ni t ng th
Vic kim tra nh k HTN: 6 thng/ln
11/16/2013 49
Cu hi v bi tp n tp chng 4
1. Cc loi ni t trong h thng in?
2. Mc ch, ngha, trnh t tnh ton v phm vi
p dng ca bo v ni t?
3. Tnh ton ni t lm vic v ni t an ton
ca mt trm bin p 630kVA/35/0,4kV? Bit:

o
= 100m ma kh.
11/16/2013 50
Chng 5. BO V NI DY TRUNG TNH
5.1. KHI QUT CHUNG
Khi nim: BVNDTT l thc hin
ni cc phn t bnh thng khng
mang in p (thng l v, khung
my) vi dy trung tnh ca mng h
p 3 pha 4 dy c trung tnh ni t.
Mc ch: Nhm bin s c chm
v thnh s c ngn mch 1 pha,
cc thit b bo v (CC, ATM) d dng
ct cc thit b b s c chm v ra
khi mng in s an ton cho ngi
tip xc.
R
0

11/16/2013 51
5.1. KHI QUT CHUNG
Phm vi p dng:
S dng trong mng in 3 pha h p c trung tnh ni t;
Mng in 1 pha h p c 1 dy ni t (nc ta);
Kt hp BVN v BVNDTT
5.2. MT S IU CN CH KHI THC HIN BVNDTT
Cn c ni t lp li trn cc on dy trung tnh 280-300m (Ni t vi
in tr nh hn 1 cp so vi u ngun-xem PL3); ring nu dng cp
3 pha 4 dy th khng cn ni t lp li.
Khng c t thit b ng ct, bo v trn dy trung tnh. Mun ct
phi ct ng thi c dy pha.
Lp t BVNDTT cng nh BVN, cn ni cc v, khung my trong cng
1 nh xng vi nhau v ni vi dy trung tnh (xem hnh v).

11/16/2013 52
5.2. MT S IU CN CH KHI THC HIN BVNDTT
11/16/2013 53
Cu hi n tp chng 5
1. Khi nim, mch ch v phm vi p dng ca BVNDTT?
2. Ti sao i vi mng in h p 3 pha trung tnh ni t,
ngi ta li dng BVNDTT thay BVN?
3. Nhng iu cn ch khi thc hin BVNDTT?
11/16/2013 54
Chng 6. BO V CHNG IN GIT BNG RCD
6.1. KHI QUT CHUNG
6.1.1. Cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca RCD
a. RCD 3 pha:
11/16/2013 55
6.1.1. Cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca RCD
a. RCD 3 pha:
11/16/2013 56
6.1.1. Cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca RCD
b. RCD 1 pha:
I
1
I
2

I

In
11/16/2013 57
Ci t gi tr tc ng:
Ngoi chc nng chng in git RCD cn c th chng c chy n
11/16/2013 58
6.1.2. Cu trc mng in (theo IEC 364-3)
TT system
IT system TN system
11/16/2013 59
6.2. THC HIN RCD TRONG CC S
6.2.1. S TT
u
L
R
U
s An I
RCD
11/16/2013 60
6.2.1. S TT
11/16/2013 61
TT system, exercise 1
1) Tnh dng in s c I
f
?
2) Tnh in p tip xc U
ng
?
3) t In ca RCD l bao nhiu?
- nhy (sensitivity)?
- (Thi gian tr) time delay?

4) Nu dng RCD c I
n
= 30mA th in tr
ni t v thit b bao nhiu khi c dng
chm v RCD s tc ng.
11/16/2013 62
TT system, exercise 1
1) in p pha l U
P
= 230V. Do dng in
s c l:
I
f
= 230/(4+6) = 23 A
2) in p tip xc U
ng
= 23x6 = 138V. in p
ny nguy him cho ngi v U
ng
>> U
txcp
.
3) - nhy: I
n
< U
txcp
/Ru
U
txcp
= 50 V I
n
< 8A;
U
txcp
= 25 V I
n
< 4 A.
- Thi gian tr: tc thi
4) Tra theo bng hoc tnh theo:
u
L
R
U
s
n
I
11/16/2013 63
TT system, exercise 2
11/16/2013 64
TT system, exercise 2
11/16/2013 65
6.2.2. S IT
Khi ch c chm t mt im
Ngi tip xc khng nguy him
Dng chm t nh, khng c
kh nng gy ha hon
Ch cn lp b phn cnh bo c
chm t

11/16/2013 66
6.2.2. S IT
Khi c 2 im chm t
Tr thnh NM 2 pha, cc thit b
qu dng (CC, ATM) s tc ng.
11/16/2013 67
6.2.2. S TN
a. S TN-C: y l mng 3 pha 4 dy
PEN = PE+N
Khng dng c RCD
RCD
11/16/2013 68
6.2.2. S TN
b. S TN-S
RCD
c. S TN-C-S
RCD
11/16/2013 69
c. S TN-C-S (Ch )
TN-C TN-S
11/16/2013 70
Cu hi n tp chng 6
1. Cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca RCD?
2. Cc loi mng in theo tiu chun quc t v vic thc hin
RCD trong cc s ny?

11/16/2013 71
Chng 7. CC BIN PHP AN TON KHC
(Phng nga ri ro)
7.1. CC BIN PHP K THUT
Bin php phng nga ri ro
m bo tt cch in ca
dy dn, thit b
Cn m bo khong cch, bao che,
ro chn cc b phn mang in
Theo quy nh
KHong cch, tr ngi
cch in
S dng tn hiu, bin bo,
kha lin ng
Theo quy nh
S dng phng tin, dng
c an ton
H thp in p, cch ly
S dng mba
11/16/2013 72
Chng 7. CC BIN PHP AN TON KHC
(Phng nga ri ro)
1) m bo tt cch in ca dy dn, thit b:
Dy dn: Bc cch in bn ngoi:


Thit b in: S dng cch in kp:

Ph
N
K hiu
11/16/2013 73
Chng 7. CC BIN PHP AN TON KHC
(Phng nga ri ro)
2) m bo khong cch, bao che, ro chn cc b phn mang in:
m bo khong cch: trnh va chm vi b phn mang in, quy
nh:




11/16/2013 74
2) m bo khong cch, bao che, ro chn cc b phn mang in
Bao che, ro chn: gy tr ngi, cch ly vi b phn mang in
Cao p:

Tn chn kn
Tn chn h Lng chn
Chn li DCL
11/16/2013 75
Bao che, ro chn: gy tr ngi, cch ly vi b
phn mang in (tip)
Tm
chn
230V
H p:
11/16/2013 76
Ch s IP theo IEC 60364-5-51


Chng li vt rn t ngoi vo
Chng li dn gn t
cc phn t nguy him
Mu bn tay
Dng c
Bi khng th xm nhp vo
Chng c git nc ri thng ng
Chng c phun nc
Chng c ngm nc chc lt
Chng c ngm nc duy tr
Chng c phun nc p lc
Chng c phun nc thnh tia
Chng c phun nc mi pha
S c trng
th nht
S c trng
th 2
Note: the IP code applies to
electrical equipment for voltages
up to and including 72.5 kV.
V d: ng c c IP44
11/16/2013 77
CH SO BAO VE (O KN) IP#X
# KHANANG NGAN VAT RAN X KHANANG NGAN NC
0 Khong bao ve 0 Khong bao ve
1 ngan chan vat > 50 mm 1 giot nc ri thang ng
2 ngan chan vat > 12 mm 2 giot nc ri xien 15 o
3 ngan chan vat > 2. 5 mm 3 giot nc ma ri 60 o
4 ngan chan vat > 1 mm 4 nc tat vao
5 ngan chan bui bam 5 Tia nc phun vao
6 ngan chan toan bo 6 song nc dap vao
7 bngap trong nc
8 Bngam trong nc
11/16/2013 78
Bao che, ro chn: gy tr ngi, cch ly vi b
phn mang in (tip)
MG
NS80
12,5 mm
IP 0
IP 2
11/16/2013 79
3) S dng bin bo, kha lin ng
ZONE de TRAVAIL
N 1 2 3 PE
11/16/2013 80
4) S dng phng tin, dng c an ton
11/16/2013 81
4) S dng phng tin, dng c an ton
V d
11/16/2013 82
5) S dng my bin p cch ly
Ph
N
230V
230V
Ph
N
230V
12/25/50V
Ph
N
230V
5/12/15V
PE
11/16/2013 83
Ch
Sparation des circuits
Ph
N
230v
230v
My bin p bit lp hay cch in
Mi nguy him khi
tip xc trc tip
. .
11/16/2013 84
7.2. CC BIN PHP T CHC
Lun phi c thc chp hnh nghim chnh ni
quy, quy nh ca c quan; quy trnh, quy phm;
tiu chun ra.
V d: Lm vic theo phiu cng tc
PHIU THAO TC
S........
Ngy................ Thi gian bt u..........................
Thi gian kt thc.........................
Nhim v: Ct in v ni t ng dy s 2-110kV.
Trnh t thao tc:
1. Ct my s :................
2. Kim tra trng thi ct ca my ct in.
3. Kim tra cch in ca dao cch ly ng dy.
4. Ct dao cch ly ng dy.
5. ng dao ni t ca ng dy.
6. Ct dao cch ly thanh gp ca h thng thanh gp....
Ngi thao tc Ngi duyt
K K
11/16/2013 85
Chng 8. X L, CP NGI B IN GIT
Khi thy ngi b tai nn in git, bt c ai cng phi c
trch nhim tm mi bin php cu ngi b nn.
Vic x l, cp cu cng tin hnh nhanh th t l nn nhn
c cu sng cng cao.
Theo thng k, trong 1 pht nu nn nhn c tch ra khi
ngun in v c cp cu kp thi th t l cu sng 98%,
nhng nu n 6 pht t l ny ch l 10%.
Vic s l, cp cu ngi b in git ng cch cn thc
hin theo 2 bc c bn:
Tch nn nhn ra khi ngun in, v
Cp cu nn nhn ngay sau khi tch ra khi ngun in.

11/16/2013 86
8.1. PHNG PHP TCH NN NHN RA KHI NGUN IN
Cn phi phn bit ngi b in git mng in cao p hay h p
11/16/2013 87
8.2. PHNG PHP CP CU NGI B IN GIT
11/16/2013 88
Chng 9. PHNG CHNG IN T TRNG
(J ackie LaMuth - Ohio University)
in t trng (Electromagnetic Fields; EMFs) l g? Dng in l nguyn
nhn sinh ra in t trng. in t trng c phn lm 5 loi theo tn s ca
n:
Loi ELF (tn s cc thp; extremely low frequencies) - cc thit b in gia dng,
ng dy in.
Loi HF v LF (tn s cao [high frequencies] v tn s thp [low frequencies]) -
sng radio AM
Loi VLF (tn s rt thp; very low frequencies) - tivi v video
Loi VHF (tn s rt cao; very high frequencies) sng tivi v radio FM
Loi SHF (siu tn s; super high frequencies) tn s ca microwave
Con ngi tip xc vi EMFs nh th no?
Con ngi tip xc vi nhiu ngun EMFs khc nhau, trong c ngun t
nhin v ngun nhn to, do rt kh xc nh mi lin h liu lng - hu qu
ca mt ngun EMFs duy nht no .
Trong t nhin cc EMFs c to ra bi qu trnh sm chp v t trng
ca Tri t.
Cc ngun EMFs nhn to sinh ra r qu trnh sn xut, truyn ti v s
dng in.
11/16/2013 89
Chng 9. PHNG CHNG IN T TRNG
Tc ng ca in t trng i vi c th ngi:
Nu ngi tip xc vi nhiu ngun in t trng khc nhau v cng
ln hn gii hn cho php ko di s dn n n. S thay i mt s
chc nng ca c th, trc h l h thn kinh trung ng (ch yu lm
ri loi h thn kinh thc vt v h thng tim mch). S thay i ny c
th lm:
Nhc u, d mt mi, kh ng hoc bun ng nhiu, suy yu ton thn.
Lm chm mch, gim p lc mu, au tim, kh th, lm bin i gan v
l lch.
Ngoi ra, nng lng in t trng tn s cao (trn 50-60Hz) gi l bc
x ion, n c nng lng tch electron ra khi nguyn t. Tia X c
nng lng ph hy cc phn t cha gene. Nu con ngi tip
xc nhiu vi bc x ion c th b ung th, bin i mu, gim s thnh
mi, bin i nhn mt.
11/16/2013 90
Chng 9. PHNG CHNG IN T TRNG
Bin php phng chng in t trng:
Tun th nghim tc cc quy tc v tiu chun ca ngnh v nh nc.
Khng ng qu gn cc ngun pht sinh in t trng, s c th
gim c phn ln cc nh hng.
Khng nn ng gn cc thit b in, t bit l cc thit b c motor.
Gi khong cch vi u my video t nht l 18 inches (18*2,54cm),
hy tt u my khi khng s dng. Khng ngi gn pha sau hoc bn
cnh mn hnh vi tnh (thm ch khi cch mt vch phng).
Nu c th hy tt thit b si ging, chn in, trc khi i ng.
Gi khong cch vi feet (1 feet = 12 inches) i vi ti vi (k c mi
chiu)
Hn ch s dng chn in v my sy tc
11/16/2013 91
Ht