1

Chng 3
B NGHCH LU
B BIN TN
2
Gii thiu
B nghch lu: DC AC

Phn loi theo cu hnh:
Nghch lu ngun p
Nghch lu ngun dng

Phn loi theo tn hiu c iu khin
ng ra b nghch lu:
B nghch lu p
B nghch lu dng

ng dng ca b nghch lu:
Truyn ng in ng c xoay chiu
Thit b gia nhit cm ng: l cm ng, thit b hn
Cc p dng trong lnh vc truyn ti in, chiu sang
3
Gii thiu
B bin tn: AC AC
Bin tn gin tip: AC DC AC
Bin tn trc tip (Cycloconverter): AC (tn s cao) AC (tn s thp)

Vi b bin tn: cn thay i in p v tn s ng thi
B bin tn gin tip 3 pha
B bin tn trc tip 1 pha
4
B nghch lu p mt pha
Cu hnh b nghch lu p mt pha
Nguyn tc kch:
Hai cng tc bn dn trn cng mt nhnh cu (S1 & S4, S3 & S2)
c kch i nghch nhau
Khng c trng hp hai cng tc trn cng mt nhnh cu
cng dn hoc cng tt
5
B nghch lu p mt pha
Nghch lu p mt pha iu khin n gin:
6
B nghch lu p mt pha
Nghch lu p mt pha iu khin n gin:
Phan tch Fourier ca in p ng ra dng xung vung:
1,3,5...
4.
( ) .sin( . . )
t
n
U
u t n t
n
e
t

=
=


Ap tai chcha cac thanh phan hai bac le.
omeo dang ien ap c tnh theo hethc sau:
) 1 ( t
2
) 1 ( t
2
t
) 1 ( t
2 n
2
) n ( t
U
U
U U
U
U
THD

= =

=

Dedang suy ra rang:
2
2
2 2
(1)
(1)
4
2
0, 483
4
2
48, 3%
t t
U
t
U U
U U
THD
U
U
t
t
| |

\ .
== = = = ; U
t
=U
7
B nghch lu p mt pha
V du 5.4:
Cho bonghch lu ap dang cau mot pha vi dang song ien ap cho tren hnh.
Giathiet dong ien qua tai codang 540sin( 4)
t
i t e t = .
Nguon DC cooln 300V.
a. Vedang song dong tai vadong qua nguon vaxac nh khoang dan
cua tng linh kien.
b. Xac nh trtrung bnh dong qua nguon vacong suat do nguon cung cap.
c. Xac nh cong suat tieu thucua tai.
8
B nghch lu p mt pha
a. Dng sng dng ti v dng ngun v trn hnh

b. Dng trung bnh qua ngun:

}
= =
t
e
t
e
t
0
1 243
4
540
1
A t d t I
sAV
, ) ( ). sin( .
Cng sut ngun cung cp:
Ps=300.243,1=72.930W=72,93kW

c. Trhieu dung thanh phan hai c ban ap ra:
V
U
U
t
14 270
2
300 400
2
4
1
,
.
) (
= = =
t t

P
t
=U
t(1).
I
t(1).
cos
1
=270,14.
4
2
540 t
cos . =72,930W=72,93kW
9
B nghch lu p mt pha
V du 5.5:
Bonghch lu ap mot pha mac vao nguon mot chieu U.
Tai R = 10O, L =0,01H.
Bonghch lu ap c ieu khien theo phng phap ieu bien.
a- Tnh oln nguon U etrhieu dung ap tai U
t
= 100V.
b- Vi ap nguon xac nh cau a. Tnh trhieu dung hai c ban ca in p ng ra.
c- Tnh trhieu dung dong tai .
10
B nghch lu p mt pha
Giai:

a/- Trhieu dung ap tai: U
trms
= U = 100V
Vay cn c ap nguon U = 100V

b/- p dng phn tch Fourier cho ap tai u
t
, bien ocua song hai bac n cua ap ra:
4
n
U
U
nt
= , n = 1, 3, 5, 7
Trhieu dung song hai c ban (n = 1) cua ap tai:
( )
1
1
4.
90, 03[ ]
2 . 2
t
U U
U V
t
= = =

11
B nghch lu p mt pha
c/- Trhieu dung dong ien tai cothetnh theo hethc:
}
t
t
=
2
0
t t
dx . i
2
1
I
ekhong phai giai phng trnh xac nh dong i
t
, ta cotheap dung cong thc sau :
( )
2
1
1 j
2
j t t
i I
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

=

Vi
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
4
2
t n
t n
n
U
U
n
I
Z
R n L
t
e
= =
+

Ta thay bac n cua song hai bac cao, trhieu dung cua dong ien tng ng cang thap.
Do o, ta cothetnh i
t
gan ung thong qua vai hai bac thap. V duchon n = 1,3,5,...

U
t(k)
U
t(1)
[A] U
t(3)
U
t(5)
U
t(7)
U
t(9)
U
t(11)

[V] 87,828 29,27 17,56 12,54 9,75 7,98
I
t(n)
I
t(1)
[A] I
t(3)
I
t(5)
I
t(7)
I
t(9)
I
t(11)

[A] 8,37 2,13 0,94 0,51 0,325 0,22

Tnh gn ng I
t
qua hi dng bc 1, 3, 5:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) = + + ~
2
1
2
5 t
2
3 t
2
1 t t
I I I I 8,72 [A]
12
B nghch lu p mt pha
V du 5.7:
Cho bochnh lu ap mot pha dang mach cau.
Tai thuan trR = 2,4O ; ien ap nguon mot chieu U= 48V.
a. Tnh trhieu dung hai c ban cua ap ra ;
b. Tnh cong suat trung bnh cua tai ;
c. Tnh trtrung bnh vatrtc thi ln nhat cua dong ien qua transistor;
d. Xac nh ien ap khoa ln nhat at len transistor ;
e. Tnh hesobien dang cua ap ra .
13
B nghch lu p mt pha
Giai:
a. ] V [ 2 , 43
2 .
48 . 4
2 .
U 4
U
) 1 ( t
=
t
=
t
=

b. Cong suat trung bnh cua tai :
960
4 , 2
48
R
U
R
dx . u
2
1
R
U
P
2
2
2
1
2
0
2
t 2
t
t
= = =
|
.
|

\
|
t
= =
}
t
[w]

c. Trtrung bnh dong qua transistor:

0
1
10[ ]
2 2
TAV
U U
I dx A
R R
t
t
= = =
}

Trtc thi ln nhat cua dong qua transistor:
] A [ 20
4 , 2
48
R
U
i
max T
= = =
14
B nghch lu p mt pha

a. ien ap khoa ln nhat at len transistor x?y ra khi transistor cng nhnh d?n
v dukhi S
4
dan (U
T4
=0):
u
T1
= U - u
T4
= U = 48[V]

e. Hesomo dang cua ap ra:

( )
) 1 ( t
2
1
2
) 1 ( t
2
t
) 1 ( t
2
1
2 k
2
) K ( t
U
U
U U
U
U
THD

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

=

vi U
t
= 48 [V], U
t(1)
= 43,2 [V]
Ta c:
( )
484 , 0
2 , 43
2 , 43 48
THD
2
1
2 2
U
=

=
15
B nghch lu p mt pha
Nghch lu p mt pha iu khin kiu iu rng xung (PWM)
16
B nghch lu p mt pha
Nghch lu p mt pha iu khin kiu iu rng xung (PWM)
u
p
u
r
u
t
u
t(1)
U
-U
a. Dng sng iu khin
b. Dng sng ng ra u
t
v hi c bn u
t(1)
17
B nghch lu p mt pha
Nghch lu p mt pha iu khin kiu iu rng xung (PWM)
Goi m
f
latsoieu chetan so(Frequency modulation ratio) :
e
tria
reference
carrier
f
f
f
f
f
m
sin
= =

Tng m
f
tang giatrtan socac song hai d lc cc sng hi hn.
iem bat li cua viec tang tan so song mang lavan eton hao do ong ngat ln.

Tng t, goi m
a
latsoieu chebien o(Amplitude modulation ratio) :
tri m
e m
carrier m
reference m
a
U
U
U
U
m

= =
sin

Neu 1 s
a
m (bien osong sin nhohn bien osong mang)
th quan hegia bien o thanh phan c ban cua ap ra vaap ieu khien latuyen tnh.

oi vi bonghch lu ap mot pha, bin hi c bn ca in p ng ra:
U m U
a m t
.
) (
=
1

18
B nghch lu p mt pha
Bc ca sng hi
U
n
/U
Ph tn sng hi in p iu khin kiu PWM
19
B nghch lu p mt pha
Ph tn sng hi in p iu khin kiu sng vung
Bc ca sng hi
U
n
/U
20
B nghch lu p ba pha
21
B nghch lu p ba pha
Giathiet tai ba pha oi xng thoa man hethc:
u
t1
+ u
t2
+ u
t3
= 0

ien ap pha tai u
t1
,u
t2
,u
t3
. Ta co:
u
t1
= u
10
- u
NO;
u
t2
= u
20
- u
NO;
u
t3
= u
30
-u
NO
C th chng minh c: u
NO
=
u u u
10 20 30
3
+ +


Thay u
NO
vao bieu thc tnh ien ap moi pha tai, ta co:
10 20 30 20 30 10 30 10 20
1 2 3
2 2 2
; ;
3 3 3
t t t
u u u u u u u u u
u u u

= = =
ien ap day tren tai:
u
t12
=u
10
- u
20;
u
t23
= u
20
- u
30 ;
u
t31
= u
30
-u
10

22
B nghch lu p ba pha
iu khin kiu 6 bc (six-step)
23
B nghch lu p ba pha
iu khin kiu 6 bc (six-step)
24
B nghch lu p ba pha
iu khin kiu 6 bc (six-step)
Phan tch Fourier ca in p pha (u
t1
, u
t2
, u
t3
):
1
1,3,5...
2
1,3,5...
3
1,3,5...
4
( ) sin sin
3
3
4 2
( ) sin sin ( )
3 3
3
4 2
( ) sin sin ( )
3 3
3
t
n
t
n
t
n
U n
u t n t
n
U n
u t n t
n
U n
u t n t
n
t
e
t
t t
e
t
t t
e
t

=
=
=
= +

Ap tai chcha cac thanh phan hai bac l (n = 1, 3, 5...).

Tr hiu dng ca p pha ti:
,
2
3
t rms
U U =
25
B nghch lu p ba pha
iu khin kiu 6 bc (six-step)
V du 5.8:
Bonghch lu ap ba pha iu khin kiu 6 bc (six-step)
Tai thuan trba pha oi xng au thanh dang sao.
oln ien trmoi pha R = 10O.
Tan solam viec cua bonghch lu ap f= 50Hz.
in ap nguon mot chieu U = 220V.
a. Xac nh trhieu dung ien ap ra ;
b. Viet phng trnh song hai bac 1 cua ien ap tai vadong tai ;
c. Tnh cong suat tai ;
d. Tnh hesobien dang cua ap ra .
e. Tnh trtrung bnh dong ien qua transistor .
26
B nghch lu p ba pha
iu khin kiu 6 bc (six-step)
Giai:

a. Tr hiu dng p pha:
] V [ 7 , 103 220 .
3
2
U .
3
2
U
t
= = =

b. Bien osong hai bac mot cua ap:
(1)
4. 4 3
sin . . 0, 6366. 0, 6366.220 140[ ]
3 2
3. 3
t m
U U
U U V
t
t
t
= = = = =
Phng trnh song hai bac mot cua ap tai - pha A
u
At(1)
= 140.sin(314t)
Phng trnh song hai bac mot cua dong tai- pha A
t 314 sin . 14 t 314 sin
R
140
i
) 1 ( At
= =

27
B nghch lu p ba pha
iu khin kiu 6 bc (six-step)
c. V tai thuan trnen cong suat tai cho bi hethc :
] W [ 1 , 3226
10
7 , 103
. 3
R
U
. 3 P
2 2
t
t
= = =

d. Hesomo dang cua ap ra:
( )
312 , 0
2
140
2
140
7 , 103
U
U U
THD
2
1
2
2
) 1 ( t
2
1
2
) 1 ( t
2
t
U
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

=

e. Trtrung bnh dong i en ngo vao bonghch lu :
] A [ 664 , 14
220
1 , 3226
U
P
I
t
C
= = =

Cac diode oi song vi transistor khong dan ien.
Moi transistor dan ien trong 1/3 chu kyvi trtrung bnh dong ien qua nobang :
] [ ,
,
A
I
I
C
TAV
888 4
3
664 14
3
= = =

28
B nghch lu p ba pha
iu khin kiu iu rng xung (PWM)
29
B nghch lu p ba pha
Dng sng iu khin v dng in p ng ra
30
B nghch lu p ba pha
Goi m
f
latsoieu chetan so(Frequency modulation ratio) :
e
tria
reference
carrier
f
f
f
f
f
m
sin
= =

Tng m
f
tang giatrtan socac song hai d lc cc sng hi hn.
iem bat li cua viec tang tan so song mang lavan eton hao do ong ngat ln.

Tng t, goi m
a
latsoieu chebien o(Amplitude modulation ratio) :
tri m
e m
carrier m
reference m
a
U
U
U
U
m

= =
sin

Neu 1 s
a
m (bien osong sin nhohn bien osong mang)
th quan hegia bien o thanh phan c ban cua ap ra vaap ieu khien latuyen tnh.

oi vi bonghch lu ap ba pha, bin hi c bn ca in p ng ra:
(1)
2
t m a
U
U m =
31
B nghch lu p ba pha
V du 5.10
Bonghch lu ap mot pha c ieu khien theo phng phap ieu rong xung.
Song mang tam giac u
p
cotan sof
p
= 500Hz, bien othay oi gia (12V,+12V),
ien ap ieu khien xoay chieu u
dk
dang sin, tan sof
dk
= 50 Hz.
Nguon ap mot chieu U = 100V.
Tnh bien osong hai c ban cua ap ra khi u
dk
cobien oU
dkM
bang 1V,5V,10V,12V.

Giai:
Bien othanh phan ien ap hai c ban cua ap tai cothetnh theo hethc :
(1)
2
t m a
U
U m =

U
dkM
[V] m
a
U
t(1)M
[V]
1 0.083 8,33
5 0,4166 41,66
10 0,8334 83,34
12 1 100