/ -

-1 )( 10
-2 )( 9 , 8 , 7 , 6 , 5 , 4 , 3 , 2 1, 0
1
2
0
1
210
10 10
10
-3 10
100
10
1
0.1
0.01

_ ) ( 143
10




1
0
10
10
4
3

) ( 143

10

= 3 x 1 + 4 x 10 + 1 x 100 = 100 3 4 +

+ 1 x 10

x 10

-2
1 -

2

3
3
2
1 4
0

2 22
- 2 -

:
-1 -: ) ( 2
(
-2 ) 1 , 0
- 3
321 2 2)2
(
84 - 2
- 10.5 - 0.25 - 0.125

) ( 0 ) ( 1
-1 Bit

-2 .BYTE = 8

Byte = 8 Bit 1
K B = 1024 B 1
-3 ) ( Word
2 4 ) ( ByTE

-:
) 2
( .

2 87
2 43

2 144
2 72

1

.
( 144
( ) -
) 87

-:
10
10

/ -

21
10
5
2
1
0

2
2
2
2
2

1
1
0
1
0
1
) ( 144

36
18
9
4
2
1
0
=

0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
0
2
1
) ( 10010000

= ) ( 1010111
) ( 87
2
10
:
-: ) ( 0625 , 0 .
2

-:

X 0 , 0625 2 = 1250 , 0
0
X 0 , 1250 2 = 2500 , 0
0

0
0 , 5000 = 2 X 0 , 2500
1
1 , 0000 = 2 X 0 , 5000

) ( 0 , 0625

10

= ) ( 0 , 0001

10

, ) - (Word
- 1 BIT , BYET
) ( 25 .19
) ( 14.125 - 2 ) (82.3
10 10
10

)
) ( 34.75
) ( 29.6
( 309.125
10
10
10

3 - 10 2

25 , 39

-:

-: -: :

2 39

1
2 19
0 , 5000 = 2 X 0 , 2500
1
2 9
1
2 4
1
1 , 0000 = 2 X 0 , 5000
0
2 2
0
2 1
= ) ( 0 , 01
) ( 0 , 25
1
0
2
10
) ( 100111 ) = ( 39
2
10

) ( 100111.01 ) = ( 39.25
2
10
-: 1

) ( 304.75
) ( 129.6
) ( 30.125
) - ( 139.25
10
10
10
10
0 , 5000 = 2 0X 0 , 2500
0 , 5000 = 2 X 0 , 25
:
-: :

2 139

1 = 2 X 10 , 5000
0000 = 2 X 0 , 50
1
1 , 0000
1
2 69
(
0
,
01
)
=
(
0
,
25
)
) ( 0 , 01 ) = 2( 0 , 25
10
2
10
2

 / -

1
2 34
0
2 17
1
2 8
0
2 4
0
2 2
0
2 1
1
0
)( 10001011 ) = ( 139

10

10

2
) ( 01 . 10001011) = (25 . 139

.
& 011 . 10111
) 111 . 1110 & 110101 & ( 10011.01
2
(
) ) = ( 10011.01
10
2

213
4
2
1
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1

. 1

-2
0
1
2
4
3 1X2
x0+ 2
x1 2 x 1+x1+2 x0+ 2 x0+2 x1+ 2
+ x 0 + 0.25 x 1
0.5 1 x 1 + x 1 + 2 x 0 + 4 x 0 + 8 16 x 1
16 + 0
+
0
2 ++
1
0.25 +
0
= 19.25

= ) ( 19.25
) ( 10011.01
10
2
(
) = (110101 ) - 2
10
2
2

50
+1 x 2
2
x 0 + 8 16 x 1 + + 1 x 32 1
+ 4
0 + 1
3

) (110101

1
2

1
1

x 1 x0+2 x1+ 2 x0+2 x1+ 2

x 1 x 0 + 2x 1+4
+ 16 + 0

= ) ( 53

10

0
0 = 0 +
0
0
1= 0 + 1
0
=1
1+ 0
1
=0
1+ 1
3

= 32

53

 / -

1
1=1+1 + 1
( 011 . 111 + 111 . 110 & 101+ 110 ) :

110

110
. 111
+

101

111 011
.

010 0111
.

1011 -: :
:

0
0
=
0
0
0
1
=
0
1
0
0
=
11
1
1
=
1
0
& )( 11010) - ( 101110 ) (10001 ) - ( 101110
2
2
2
2
011101

10001

101110

-: -:
0 0

01011

0011
01110

= x 0

x 1 0 = 0
= 0 1

x 0

x 1 1 = 1
( 1101 ) :
) x (111
2
-:

& ) x (101
2
2

) x (110 ) & ( 10111

2
2

) ( 10101

1101

011

11101

101
11101

0000

0000

1011

11101

1011

0111001

1100111

-: :

1 1 = 1

0 1= 0

-: ( 110111 ) :
( 110

& ) ( 1001000

2
-1 :
1101
1011
+ 1011
& .1100

1011
4

) ( 101

110111
101
00111
101
000
101

101

1110 1111
.
1011001
-2 )( 1001000
2
00110
00000
110
110
011101
(
)

0111
+

&)

) ( 110111

10.11011
(
2

01.010101
( ) -
2

/ -

) ( 101

= ) ( 1011

) ( 1001000

) ( 110

= ) ( 1100

2
1000 1010000 1

1011

110111

:
-1 ) ( 8
-:
(
-2 ) 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7
3
2
210
1
, 8 , 8 ,
8 ,
- 3 ) 8 , 8 ,8
(
512 , 64 , 8 , 1 , 0.125 , 0.0156
-:
) ( 624 ) & ( 150

-: ( 187.50 , 88.25 , 200 , 5625. 44 ) -:

-:
-: -:

8
44

4 x 0 ,85625
5
4 8 = 5000 , 4
5
0
= x 8
4,5
4
5,0
= ) ( 54
) ( 44
8
10
= ) ( 0 , 44
) ( 0 , 5625
= ) ( 44 , 54
) ( 5625 , 44
8
10
8
10
- :
-: ( 223.89 , 45.25 , 679 , 567.14 ) -:
5
6
7 .
1
4 = 567.14 -:
121
0
2
= x48 x1+8 +7 x 8 x6+8 5+x 8
= x 5 + 8 x 6 + 1 x 7 + 0.125 x 1 + 0.15625 x 4 64
0.62500 +
0.125 +
7+
48 +
= 320
= ) ( 375.75
= ) ( 567.14
10 :
8

2
1
0
2
2 2
4
2
1
-:
-: -:
- 1 -:

- 2 ) 67 , 1276.543
( 41.32 5
( 1276.543 ) -:
5

=1

136.45 ,
3

 / -

100

101 . 110
111
010
= 001
= ) ( 101011111.101100011
2

011

-2
-:
( 1101110.11 ) ,
( 111011.0011 ) ,
( 10111.01 ) ,
) ( 1101110.11
2
2
2
2
110
.
110
101
= 001
( 1101110.11 ) -:
2
1
5
6
.
= 6
= ) ( 156.6
) ( 1101110.11
8
2

: -:

7
1 0
2 8 15 2

23 4
- 3 16
- 4 24 31 6

& ) + 562
-: ( 642 + 541 + 572 ) & ( 42 + 34 ) -:
8
8
( 431
8
76 -:
541
34

110

-: -:

351

43

246

24

371

275

67

643

- 1
5712
2 ) (1 = 8
-: ( 452 - 652 ) & ( 634 - 732 ) & ( 173- 346 ) -:
8
8
8

) (324
+
)(110111001
10
2
) (98
+
)(11011111
10
2
) ( 76
+
)(174
10
8

&
&
&

)(141
10
)(10010001
)(231

) (324

8
-

10
2
) (176

-:2 ) ( 324.6 .
4 ) 987.43 - ( 233.9

) (786

:
-1 ) ( 16
:
-2 ) A , B , , 9 , 8 , 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7
( C ,D ,E ,F
210
1
,
16 ,
- 3 ) 16 , 16 ,16
3
2
, 16 , 16 (
6

 / -

256 / 1 , 0.0625 , 1 , 16 , 256 , 4096

-:
-: ( 37 ) .
( 1645.34

10

( 345.4 ) ,

10

) , ( 199

10

10

=
) ( 345.4
( 97) -:
10
10
-:
-:
16
345

16 97

= 6.4
6
21X 0.4 16
1 169 6 16
5
16
1
6 =1 0
6.4
6
0
= ) 16 ( 159
=
( 345.4 ) -:X 0.4
( 345 16
)) ( 61 ) = 10 ( 97
10
16
10
) ( 159.666

: 16
),
-: ) ( 37
16
16

) , ( 9B.C

) -:

16

) , ( 3FB5

16

) 9B.A

1
0
-1
9B.A ) 16 = X A 16 X 9 + 16 X B +
16
X 9 +
= 1 X 11 + 0.0625 X 10 16
= 144

11

0.625

10

) = ( 155.625

16

) 9B.A

-:

) 3A5 ) , ( A69D
), ( E3.F ) .

-:
16

16

) , ( 78D.B

) -:

16

= 3

) A ( 10

= 0011
( 11101000101
2

16

) 3A5

1010

= )

0101

-:

-: ) ( 110101011.01101
( 1111011.01

( 10101.101 ) ,

),

( 01 110101011.011 ) -:
4

1000
= 0001
= 1

16

1011
1010
.
11
10

16

2
.

= 1011 1010 0001

4

0110
6

) = ( 1AB.68

0110 .

1000
8

 / -

-:
.

: ) ) AB3E.87D ) , ( 2B.D
16
16
) , ( 95.4
) , ( FC2.E
16
16

16

: :

) AB3E.87D

)D

= 1010

1011

= A

16

0011

) AB3E.87D

1110

1000

0111

1101
= ) ( 001010101100111110.100001111101
:
100 . 110 111 100 101
= 010 001
4 . 6
7
4
5
2
=1
( 125476.4175
8
8

) = ( 125476.4175

16

111 001
7
1

101
5

= )

) )AB3E.87D

-: ) ( 25.34
( 456.13 ) ,
( 2756.4 ) ,
( 723.2
8
8
8
-1 -:
3
.
5
= 2
) ( 25.34
8
100 0113
.
101
= 010
3

4
= ) ) 10101.0111

-: 2
0111 .
0101
) ) 0001 = 10101.0111
4
1 2

= ( A.B1( 5DE3 ) ,
7
.) ,
5
(= )1
(A.B4
(,
78
61
61
61
61
2
16

( 52A
( DC1A ) ,
( F.9A ) , ( B.D07()15.7
,
(
= )
) ( 25.34
61
61
61
1661
8

61

61

61

5
31.6701
(
4.6073
),
(
) 2.346
,
(
43.247
),
(
)
8
8
8
8

) ( 15.7

3
43.5692
(
)
,
9772
( ,
) 4.2
( 45
),
93
(
)
01 01
01
01
4
( D78.E26F ( D.C02 ) , ( 45A2 ) ,
) ( E.2FA
(

61

),

 / -

-:
-: -: -:
D.A87

9.ED73

9D.F
+
C.8FD
-:
-: -:

-:
7.436
DC.5

B.0D11
17A.4
17D.9
2.467
ED 52.
_ B.C52
_
_ D.F6
_
:

54.91
3.F21
E.F4

9991
3.FD0
F.F1
:
1999
F.7D
3

A87

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 -

)(11010110101

10

) (3735

&

)(291

10

(376
- -:
16

8
16

) 3FB5

) ( 9B.C

- ) -:

16

) , ( 78D.B

16

) E3.F

2 - ( 7306.4 ):
( 7016.13 ),
8
8
- F62E.87D ) , ) -:
16

) ( 20C9.D
16

6379 ,

- 567.56
- 3
_ 76E4.7
25C.B
_ 6F2.D
+
FFF.3
17D.9
4A5.E


:


1999
:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
BIT - BYET
1 - WORD

2
= ) (..
(10111 ) +
( 236 ) 1
2
2
10

/ -

( 11111 ) -

( 112 ) 210
= ) (
( 111
2
2

= ) ( ..

3
)(
( 101011.101 ) - 1
10
= 2
)(
2

10

3-

-2

) ( 99

) ( 276

10

10