dental practice July 2007

Flexible
aesthetic
retention
Flexiblepartials:
partials:
aesthetic
retention
forthe
theremovable
removable
dental
prosthesis
for
dental
prosthesis

:
C

FEM<EK@FE8Cd\kXcXe[
ONVENTIONAL metal and
XZipc`ZgXik`Xc[\ekli\jfie\jY`k
acrylic partials dentures or
Yi`[^\jj`[\gcXk\j
Xi\ljlXccp
nesbit bridges (side
plates)
XeZ_fi\[kfXYlkd\ekk\\k_Ypd\kXc
are usually anchored to abutment
ZcXjgjk_XkXi\[\j`^e\[kfnfibn`k_
teeth by metal clasps that are
m\ik`ZXcjkfgjkfZi\Xk\XYXcXeZ\
designed to work with vertical
i\k\ek`m\Xe[jlggfik\[i\dfmXYc\
stops to create a balanced retentive
and supported removable
Xggc`XeZ\%K_\j\ZcXjgj#`edfjk
appliance. These clasps, in most
`ejkXeZ\j#Xi\Zfejg`ZlfljXe[f]k\e
instances are conspicuous and often
leXZZ\gkXYc\kfk_\gXk`\ek%
unacceptable
to the patient.
D\kXcZcXjgjfeXYlkd\ekk\\k_Xcjf
Metal clasps on abutment teeth
`e[lZ\ZXi`\j`edXepZXj\j%JlZ_d\kXc
also induce caries in many cases.
ZcXjgjZXeY\\jg\Z`Xccp[\jkilZk`m\
Such metal clasps can be especially
n_\i\k_\i\Xi\ef[`jkXcXYlkd\ek
destructive where there are no
k\\k_kfdX`ekX`e]lccjlggfikf]k_\
distal abutment teeth to maintain
i\jkfiXk`fe%K_\i\jlck`e^kfihl\fek_\
full support of the restoration. The
XYlkd\ekk\\k_dXpZfeki`Ylk\kf
resulting torque on the abutment
dfm\d\ekf]k_\XYlkd\ekkffk_#
teeth may contribute to movement
n_`c\k_\`dYXcXeZ\f]gi\jjli\jfe
of the abutment tooth, while the
k_\i\j`[lXci`[^\dXpc\X[kfcfjjfi
imbalance of pressures on the
df[\cc`e^f]k_\jlggfik`e^Yfe\#Xe[
residual ridge may lead to loss or
k_\[`jgifgfik`fef]gi\jjli\jfek_\
modelling of the supportive bone,
and the disproportion of pressure
dlZfljd\dYiXe\dXpkiXldXk`j\jf]k
on the mucous membrane may
k`jjl\%K_\j\i\jlckjXi\dfi\c`b\cpkf
traumatise soft tissue. These results
fZZlin_\ek_\kpg`ZXc[\ekXcgXk`\ek
are more likely to occur when the
]X`cjkfi\klieiflk`e\cp]fi
typical dental patient fails to return
dX`ek\eXeZ\#df[`ZXk`feXe[
routinely for maintenance,
X[aljkd\ekf]k_\gXik`Xc[\ekli\%
modification and adjustment of the
@ek_\ZXj\f]]lcc[\ekli\gifjk_\j`j#
partial denture.
`k`jXcjff]k\e[`]ZlckkfkXb\
In the case of full denture
X[mXekX^\f]k_\i\k\ek`m\Zfekflijf]
prosthesis, it s often difficult to
klY\ifj`k`\j#kfi`Xcm\fcXiYfjj\j#fiXep
take advantage of the retentive
lep`\c[`e^le[\iZlkXi\Xj#[l\kfk_\
contours of tuberosities, tori
i`^`[`kpf]k_\d\k_pcd\k_XZipcXk\
alevolar bosses, or any unyielding
[\ekli\YXj\dXk\i`Xc%
undercut areas, due to the rigidity
of@k`jefndfi\k_Xe.'p\Xijj`eZ\
methyl methacrylate denture
k_\[\ekXcgif]\jj`fe_XjY\\eXYc\kf
base material.
f]]\ik_\Y\e\kjf]k_\[`jZfm\ipf]
It is now more than 70 years
since the dental profession has
gcXjk`Zd\k_pcd\k_XZipcXk\%
been
able to offer the benefits of
?fn\m\i#n_`c\k_\i\_Xm\Y\\e
the discovery of plastic methyl
i\e\d\ekjXe[df[`ZXk`fej`ek_\
methacrylate.
dXel]XZkli\f]d\k_pcd\k_XZipcXk\#`k
However, while there have been
jk`cc[f\jefkhlXc`]pkf]lccck_\

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

)/

needed
requirement in the above
e\\[\[i\hl`i\d\ek`ek_\XYfm\$
mentioned
situations.
d\ek`fe\[j`klXk`fej%

a revisedand
andupdated
updated version
of an
by
ThisThis
is aisrevised
version
of article
an article
by
Maurice
Stern DDS, originally
originally published
in the
Maurice
N NSternDDS,
published
in New
the York
New York
State
DentalJournal
Journal in
1964
State
Dental
in February
February
1964

The Alternative

The alternative

In 1953, an alternative denture base

@e(0,*#XeXck\ieXk`m\[\ekli\YXj\
dXk\i`XcY\ZXd\XmX`cXYc\kfk_\[\ekXc
dental profession. The material was
gif]\jj`fe%K_\dXk\i`XcnXj]fle[kf
found to have astonishing physical
_Xm\Xjkfe`j_`e^g_pj`ZXc
characteristics and has been used in
Z_XiXZk\i`jk`ZjXe[_XjY\\elj\[`e
several million cases. The material is
j\m\iXcd`cc`feZXj\j%K_\dXk\i`Xc`jX
a superpolyamide, an improved
jlg\igfcpXd`[\#Xe`dgifm\[i\cXk`m\
relative
of the nylon family of
f]k_\epcfe]Xd`cpf]gcXjk`Zj%
plastics.
K_\fi`^`eXcepcfe`jXgif[lZkf]k_\
The
original nylon is a product of
Figure 2 and (below) Figure 2a.
Figure 1. is always to be avoided.
extension
jpek_\j`jf]c`e\XiZXcZ`ldgfcpXd`[\
the
synthesis od linear calcium
Full
dentures in cases of
\ok\ej`fe`jXcnXpjkfY\Xmf`[\[%
Xe[[\i`mXk\jf]ZfXc]iXZk`fe
polyamide
and derivatives of coal
pronounced
tori, tuberosities or
(fraction
distillation).
The nylon
=lcc[\ekli\j`eZXj\jf]gifefleZ\[
[`jk`ccXk`fe
%K_\epcfegfcpXd`[\j
extremely bulging alveolar process,
polyamides
were
the
result
of
kfi`#klY\ifj`k`\jfi\oki\d\cpYlc^`e^
n\i\k_\i\jlckf]i\j\XiZ_YpN%
in the anterior (labial) area, have
research
by W.Caruthers and his
Xcm\fcXigifZ\jj#`ek_\Xek\i`ficXY`Xc 
:Xifk_\ijXe[_`jXjjfZ`Xk\j`e(0*(%
always posed problems of aesthetics
associates
in 1931.
Xi\X#_Xm\XcnXpjgfj\[gifYc\djf]
K_\jlg\igfcpXd`[\jn\i\k_\i\jlck
as well as retention. Surgery can be
The superpolyamides were the
X\jk_\k`ZjXjn\ccXji\k\ek`fe%Jli^\ip
f]]lik_\ii\j\XiZ_#`eXkk\dgkjkf
avoided
with the denture base
result of further research, in attempts
ZXeY\Xmf`[\[n`k_k_\[\ekli\YXj\
`dgifm\k_\e\^Xk`m\hlXc`k`\jf]epcfe material.
The Valplast fingers,
to improve the negative qualities of
dXk\i`Xc%K_\MXcgcXjke^\ij#_`^_cp
Yp\`k_\idf[`ZXk`fef]k_\jkXik`e^ highly
resilient, thin and flexural,
nylon by either modification of the
i\j`c`\ek#k_`eXe[\oliXc#gXjj^\ekcp
]fidlcXfiYpZf$gfcpd\i`jXk`fe
pass
gently over the largest
starting formula or by cofm\ik_\cXi^\jk[`d\ej`fejf]Ylc^\#
=lcc\i#:f]]dXe#:Xkc`eXe[9Xb\i % dimensions
of bulge, boss,
polymerisation (Fuller, Coffman,
Yfjj#klY\ifj`kpfigifkil[`e^Zfekfli
K_\jlg\igfcpXd`[\f]`ek\i\jk_\i\ tuberosity
or protruding contour and
Catlin and Baker).
Xe[i\kliekfk_\`ii\cXo\[gfj`k`fej
`jbefnele[\ik_\YiXe[eXd\
return
to their relaxed positions (due
The superpolyamide of interest
mucostatic detailed reproduction of the
kfi\kX`ek_\
to [l\kf\cXjk`Zd\dfip
elastic memory) to retain
the
MXcgcXjk#n_`Z_`jXmX`cXYc\`e]fli
dlZfjkXk`Z[\kX`c\[i\gif[lZk`fef]k_\
here
is known under the brand name
mouth tissue of the model. This also
denture
without pressure.
[\ekli\n`k_flkgi\jjli\%
^`e^`mXcZfcfli$]Xjkj_X[\jk_XkXi\c`m\
dflk_k`jjl\f]k_\df[\c%K_`jXcjf
of
Valplast, which is available in
enhances the retention and stability of
In @eYcfZb]fidf]XZlY\#n_`Z_`j
block form of a cube, which is
k`jjl\kfe\jn`k_c`]\$c`b\kiXejclZ\eZp%
\e_XeZ\jk_\i\k\ek`feXe[jkXY`c`kpf]
four
gingival colour-fast shades that
dentures due to retained atmospheric
more
than 10mm on each edge, this
dfi\k_Xe('ddfe\XZ_\[^\#k_`j
@kYc\e[j`ekfk_\^`e^`mXcZfcflijf
[\ekli\j[l\kfi\kX`e\[Xkdfjg_\i`Z
are
live tissue tones with life-like
pressure.
material
is practically non flexible,
dXk\i`Xc`jgiXZk`ZXccpefk\o`Yc\#Ylk
translucency.
It blends into the
k_Xk`k`j[`]Zlckkf[`]]\i\ek`Xk\k_\
gi\jjli\%
When retention fingers are designed,
but in thin extensions of about 2mm
gingival
colour so that it is difficult
`ek_`e\ok\ej`fejf]XYflk)ddfi clearance
k`jjl\Xe[k_\[\ekli\%@k_Xj\oki\d\cp
N_\ei\k\ek`fee^\ijXi\[\j`^e\[#
of the attached end of the
or less, it acts as a flexural finger
to_`^_k\ej`c\jki\e^k_#`jXYiXj`fe$
differentiate the tissue and the
c\jj#`kXZkjXjX\oliXce^\in`k_ finger
Zc\XiXeZ\f]k_\XkkXZ_\[\e[f]k_\
must be planned by starting the
with
perfect
rebound
to
its
denture.
It has extremely high tensile
g\i]\Zki\Yfle[kf`kjgifZ\jj\[]fid%finger
i\j`jkXek#Xe[`j_`^_cpi\j`c`\ek%@k_Xj
e^\idljkY\gcXee\[YpjkXik`e^k_\
far enough away from the
processed form.
strength,
is abrasion-resistant, and is
Gifg\icp[\j`^e\[i\k\ek`fee^\ijprotruberance
leY\c`\mXYc\\oliXcjki\e^k_n`k_Xe
e^\i]Xi\efl^_XnXp]ifdk_\
used for retention. Keep
Properly
designed
retention
highly resilient. It has unbelievable
g\i]fidXg\i]\ZkX\jk_\k`Zj\im`Z\gclj
`ee`k\]Xk`^l\c`d`k#Xe[Xe\Xi$g\i]\Zk fingers
gifklY\iXeZ\lj\[]fii\k\ek`fe%B\\g
in mind
that the amplitude of yiel of
perform
a
perfect
aesthetic
flexural strength with an infinite
the finger
is minimal at the attached
\cXjk`Zd\dfip%@kkXb\jXe[_fc[jX i\k\ek`fen`k_flkgi\jjli\%
`ed`e[k_Xkk_\Xdgc`kl[\f]p`\c[f]
fatifue limit, and near perfect elastic service plus retention without
end of
the finger.
I\jkfiXk`fejXi\gifZ\jj\[Ypgi\jjli\
_`^_gfc`j_Xe[ZXeY\ZXim\[\Xj`cp% pressure.
k_\e^\i`jd`e`dXcXkk_\XkkXZ_\[
Restorations
are
processed
memory. It takes and holds a high
The
material may also be used for
Fk_\ig_pj`ZXcZ_XiXZk\i`jk`Zj`e
\e[f]k_\e^\i%
by`ea\Zk`fedflc[`e^%K_\gcXjk`Z
pressure injection moulding. The
polish and can be carved easily.
obturators
for cleft palates, and as an
jlg\igfcpXd`[\`j_\Xk\[kf*.,=#Xk
ZfdgXi`jfen`k_k_fj\f]k_\XZipc`Zj
K_\dXk\i`XcdXpXcjfY\lj\[]fi
plastic
is
heated
to
375F,
at
which
Other physical characteristics in
aesthetic
aid post-surgically after
n_`Z_k\dg\iXkli\`k`jXc`dg`[l`[
Xi\j_fne`ek_\XZZfdgXep`e^Z_Xik%
fYkliXkfij]fiZc\]kgXcXk\j#Xe[XjXe
temperature
it
is
a
limpid
fluid
that
comparison with those of the acrylics
periodontal curettage and
X\jk_\k`ZX`[gfjk$jli^`ZXccpX]k\i
is k_Xk`j\Xj`cp`ea\Zk\[`ekfk_\gi\gXi\[
easily injected into the prepared
are K_\nfe[\if]k_`je\ndXk\i`XcXjX
shown in the accompanying
dflc[Xjb
%K_`ji\jlckj`eX
[\ekli\YXj\`jk_Xk`kdX`ekX`ej
g\i`f[fekXcZli\kkX^\Xe[^`e^`m\Zkfdp
chart.
le]X`c`e^^i`gfek_\[\ekli\k\\k_#p\k
The wonder of this new material as
Physical characteristics comparing
a k_`ee^\i$c`b\\ok\ej`fejf]k_\
denture base is that it maintains
methyl
methacrylate
and Valplast
Physical
characteristics
comparing
dXk\i`Xc`ekfXeple[\iZlkXi\XjXZkXj
unfailing
grip on the denture teeth,
methyl methacrylate and Valplast
yet
fingure-like extensions of the
ZcXjgj`eXid#gi\jjli\c\jji\k\ek`fe
material
into any undercut area acts
Physical
Characteristics
f]k_\i\jkfiXk`fe%
Valplast
Physical
characteristics Methyl
Methyl
Valplast
as clasps
in a firm, pressureless
Methacrylate
Gifg\i[\ekli\[\j`^egcXZ\jk_\
methacrylate
retention
of the restoration.
Specific Gravity
e^\i]fii\k\ek`fefeXi\Xj
1.16-1.20
1.04
Proper denture design places the
Water
Absorption (24hrs)
`dd\[`Xk\cpY\pfe[k_\^i\Xk\jk
Jg\Z`Z^iXm`kp
(%'+
0.4% (%(-$(%)'
0.4%
finger for retention on areas
NXk\iXYjfigk`fe)+_ij
 1.4% '%+
'%+
Saturation
by immersion
_fi`qfekXc[`Xd\k\ijf]XepYlc^\#
1.2%
immediately beyond the greatest
JXkliXk`feYp`dd\ij`fe
(%)
Yfjj#kfilj#klY\ifj`kp#gifklY\iXeZ\#
Youngs
modulus (kg/sq mm)
280 (%+
150-180
horizontal diameters of any bulge,
Pfle^jdf[lcljb^&jhdd

)/'
5-7
\kZ%Figures 1, 2 and 2a %
Tensile
Strength (kg/sq mm)
8 (,'$(/'
boss, toru, tuberosity, protruberance
K\ej`c\jki\e^k_b^&jhdd
 8.6 ,$.
/
10.3
=fiY\jki\k\ek`fe#k_\i\j_flc[Y\
Compressive
strength
etc (Figures1, 2 and 2a).
:fdgi\jj`m\jki\e^k_
/%-
('%,
8.5
8-10
fe\i\k\ek`fee^\i`e\XZ_hlX[iXek
Bonding strength (kg/sq mm)
For best retention, there should
9\e[`e^jki\e^k_b^&jhdd 
/%,
/$('
20
14.5
f]k_\[\ekli\Zfm\iX^\Figure
3
%@e
Vickers
hardness
always be one retention finger in
M`Zb\ij_Xi[e\jj
)'
(+%,
10.5
10-150
Impact strength (kg/sq mm)
[\j`^e`e^Xe[gfj`k`fe`e^k_\e^\ij#
each
quadrant of the denture
@dgXZkjki\e^k_b^&jhdd 
('%,
('$(,'
275F
437F
Process
softens
ZXi\dljkY\\o\iZ`j\[kfXmf`[
coverage
(Fig 3). In designing and
GifZ\jj\[jf]k\ej
).,=
*,'=
Polymerizes
(in 6 hrs)
460F
gcXZ\d\ekfen_Xknflc[Y\dfmXYc\
positioning
the fingers, care must be
Gfcpd\i`j\j`ej`o_flij
 160F(-'=
E&8
Burns9liej
Combustion
Non-inflammable
k`jjl\`ek_\dflk_#jlZ_XjdljZc\
exercised
to avoid placement on
:fdYljk`fe
Efe$XddXYc\
Resistance
to acids, bases
WeakN\Xb
Very
strong
XkkXZ_d\ekjcXY`Xc#YlZZXc#fic`e^lXc
what
would be movable tissue in the
I\j`jkXeZ\kfXZ`[j#YXj\j
M\ipjkife^
Discoloration
Possible
in time
None
mouth,
such
as muscle attachments
;`jZfcfiXk`fe
Gfjj`Yc\`ek`d\
Efe\
]i\eldj
Xjn\ccXjk_\i\\o`fejf]
(According
to
NoEf[\]fidXk`fe[l\
deformation due
8ZZfi[`e^kf

(labial,
buccal, or lingual frenums) as
k_\dlZZf$cXY`Xc#dlZZf$YlZZXcXe[
to water absorption
Tschemik and Habib)
KjZ_\ie`XbXe[?XY`Y


kfnXk\iX[jfigk`fe
well
as
the
reflexions
of
the
muccodlZZf$c`e^lXcd\dYiXe\j%Fm\i$
material became available to the

dental practice July 2007

Figure 7. A conventional metal RPD in the

patients mouth.

Figure 7. A conventional metal RPD in the

Figure 5.
Figure 5.

Figure 6

patients mouth.

Figure 6.

`ek_\Xek\i`figXikf]k_\dflk_#
=flie`\i#D%(0,( The era of plastic
Fournier,
M. (1951)
The era of plastic
materials=i\eZ_
<[%8dg_fiX%
\jg\Z`Xccpn_\ek_\i\Xi\\ogfj\[iffkj
in the
anterior part of the mouth,
materials
(French)Die
Ed.Amphora.
?fg]]#D%(0,'
Polyamide>\idXe 2
f]k_\k\\k_Xe[YifX[`ek\ijgXZ\j
especially
when the exposed roots of
Hopff,
M. (1950) Die Polyamide
Jgi`e^\iM\icX^%
theFigure
teeth and
4 % broad interspaces
(German); Springer Verlag.
(Figure
4).
K_\j\ZXeY\_`[[\eY\_`e[X
These
can
be
hidden
behind
a
Y\Xlk`]lccpZXim\[m\e\\i^ldj\Zk`fe
beautifully
carved veneer gum
section
f]i\j`c`\ekgcXjk`ZFigure
5 %K_\
of resilient
plastic (Figure 5). The
n`[\$fg\e`ek\igifo`dXcjgXZ\jXe[
wide
open interproximal spaces and
k_\XiZ_ZlimXkli\^`m\dfi\k_Xe
theXdgc\i\k\ek`fe]fik_\_`^_cpX\jk_\k`Z
arch curvature give more than
ample retention for the highly
i\jkfiXk`feFigure 6 %
aesthetic restoration (Figure 6).
N`k_k_`jkpg\f]i\jkfiXk`fe#
With this type of restoration
d\k`Zlcfljdflk_Zc\Xec`e\jj`j
meticulous mouth cleanliness is
dXe[Xkfip%K_fifl^_Zc\Xej`e^f]k_\
mandatory. Thorough cleansing of the
m\e\\iXe[Yilj_`e^f]k_\k\\k_
veneer and brushing of the teeth
j_flc[Y\[fe\Xkc\Xjk]flik`d\jg\i
should be done at least four times per
[XpX]k\i\XZ_d\XcXe[XkY\[k`d\ kf
day (after each meal and at bedtime)
_fc[ZXi`\jXe[f[flij`eZ_\Zb%
to hold caries and odours in check.

replaced with a Valplast Flexible Partial

D\[X#C%(0,+ Test on Valplast at the Torino

Polytechnic@kXc`Xe
%
Meda,
L. (1954) Test

Figure 8. The traditional metal RPD has been

replaced with a Valplast Flexible Partial.

Figure 8. The traditional metal RPD has been

on Valplast at the

9iljZfkk`#8%(0,( (Italian).
Technical laboratory

;\cfid\#A%(0,+ The present and the future

and the
Delorne,
J. (1954) The present
of plastic materials=i\eZ_
Mfc%M@%The

conquests of the plastic materials(French)

in medicineVolVI.
and
surgery=i\eZ_ <[%8dfig_X%

Torino Polytechnic

future of plastic materials

Bruscotti,
A. (1951)
Technical Laboratory
manual@kXc`Xe
<[%9fcc%D\kXccf^iXZf%

The conquests of the plastic materials in

manual

(Italian) Ed.Boll. Metallografico.

medicine and surgery

(French)

Ed.Amorpha.

the original
and still the best

The Happy Patient Maker

Summary

SUMMARY

8jlg\igfcpXd`[\`j[\jZi`Y\[XjX
A superpolyamide
is described as a

mXclXYc\e\ngfk\ek`Xckfgifjk_\k`Z
valuable
new potential to prosthetic

with a lifetime guarantee*+

Genuine ValplastFlexible Appliances
made in the UK only in Valplast Certified Labs

[\ek`jkip%@k]lccjXe\\[efk
dentistry.
It fulfils a need not

_\i\kf]fi\d\kYpd\k_pcd\k_XZipcXk\
heretofore
met by methyl
methacrylate
or chrome-steel used
fiZ_ifd\$jk\\clj\[j`e^cpfiaf`ekcp%

Non-invasive
Metal Free
Acrylic Free

singly
or jointly.
K_\dXk\i`Xc`jil^^\[#efki`^`[#
The
material is rugged, not rigid,
_`^_cpi\j`c`\ek`ek_`ej\Zk`fej#n`k_
highly
resilient in thin sections, with
\oZ\gk`feXc\cXjk`Zd\dfip#
exceptional
eleastic memory,
XYiXj`fe$i\j`jkXek#giXZk`ZXccp

abrasion
resistant, and highly
leYi\XbXYc\#Xe[_`^_cpX\jk_\k`Zn`k_

aesthetic
with colour-fast tissue tones.
Zfcfli$]Xjkk`jjl\kfe\j%
Its use makes it possible to have

@kjlj\dXb\j`kgfjj`Yc\kf_Xm\
gfj`k`m\i\k\ek`fen`k_flkgi\jjli\1( 
(1) in partial dentures where gentle
`egXik`Xc[\ekli\jn_\i\^\ekc\Ylk
but firm retention is obtained by the
idi\k\ek`fe`jfYkX`e\[Ypk_\
resilient fingers resting in recessed
i\j`c`\eke^\iji\jk`e^`ei\Z\jj\[
areas of supporting alveolar contours,
Xi\Xjf]jlggfik`e^Xcm\fcXiZfekflij#
effecting both an aesthetic ideal and
\]]\Zk`e^Yfk_XeX\jk_\k`Z`[\XcXe[
the safeguard of the remaining teeth
k_\jX]\^lXi[f]k_\i\dX`e`e^k\\k_
from damaging stresses and caries;
]ifd[XdX^`e^jki\jj\jXe[ZXi`\j2Xe[
and
(2) in full dentures, by the use of
)fingers
`e]lcc[\ekli\j#Ypk_\lj\f]k_`e
thin
of plastic denture base
e^\ijf]gcXjk`Z[\ekli\YXj\dXk\i`Xcj
materials
gentle stabilisers in the
^\ekc\jkXY`c`j\ij`ek_\i\Z\jj\[
recessed
contours over protuberances
Zfekflijfm\igifklY\iXeZ\jjlZ_Xj
such
as tuberosities, tora or bulging
klY\ifj`k`\j#kfi`fiYlc^`e^Xcm\fcX\%
alveolae.
positive retention without pressure:

Natural Appearance
FREE
Practice Info Pack

References

REFERENCES

and location
of your nearest
Valplastcertified laboratory
from

Houking,
R (1945) Materie
?flb`e^#I%(0+,
Materie Plastiche
PlasticheGcXjk`Z
(Plastic
Materials)
DXk\i`Xcj
@kXc`Xe(Italian);
2?f\gc`% Hoepli.
Meridiani,
B (1944) Fabrication
plastic
D\i`[`Xe`#9%(0++
Fabrication of ofplastic

(Italian); Hoepli.
materials@kXc`Xe
2?f\gc`%
Plastics .
G`ekf#C%=%(0+,Plasticizers,
Plasticizers, Plastics%
Chicago Vol.II.
:_`ZX^fMfc%@@%
Palazzi, S. (1947) Terapia dentaria e
GXcXqq`#J%(0+. Terapia dentaria e
Ondontotecnica , Chapter 1, XXX.
Odontotecnica#:_Xgk\i(#OOO#<[%
Ed.Ambrosiana.
8dYifj`XeX%
Rohdiatoce
Soc. (1950) Injection molding
If_[`XkfZ\JfZ%(0,'
Injection molding
of
(Italian); Rhodiatoce,
Milan.
of polyamides
polyamides@kXc`Xe
2I_f[`XkfZ\#D`cXe%
Tanman,
G. (1933) Der
Glaszustand (The
KXddXe#>%(0**
Der GlaszustandK_\
Vitreous
state); Leipzig.
M`ki\fljJkXk\ 2C\`gq`^%

materials

R D T Technology Ltd
01903 700037

h
ut

ve

rs i n
ea

e mo
th

r 50 y

Pinto, L.F. (1945)

www.valplast.info
+

Genuine Valplastrpds have full material traceability

only when made in Certified Valplastlaboraties
*against breakage in normal use - excludes teeth

29
)0