A Seminar Report on Multi-Focus Image Fusion

MULTI-FOCUS IMAGE FUSION

M Tech (Telecommunication), Pro ect Sta!e - III

By

Mr" Sachin A" Sona#ane

Under the Guidance of

Pro$" Sha%hi&ant S" Patil

'e(artment o$ Electronic% an) Telecommunication En!ineerin! S.V.K.Ms NMIMS, Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management and Engineering.

*UL+ ,-.,
i

Ac&no#le)!ement
!art from, the success of my seminar de!ends largely on the encouragement and guidelines of many others. I take this o!!ortunity to e"!ress my gratitude to the !eo!le #ho ha$e %een instrumental in the successful com!letion of this seminar. I #ould like to sho# my greatest a!!reciation to Prof. Shashikant S. Patil, my seminar guide and &ead, E'T( )e!t., )r. M. V. )esh!ande * ssociate )ean+, )r. Sharad Mhaiskar *)ean+ and Shri. Ta!an ,agchi, *(am!us )irector+. I cant say thank them enough for their tremendous su!!ort and hel!. -ithout their encouragement and guidance this seminar #ould not ha$e materiali.ed. I am grateful for the guidance, su!!ort and hel! recei$ed from other mem%ers #ho contri%uted and contri%uting to this seminar #hich is $ital for the success of this seminar.

Name of Student/ Mr. Sachin . Sona#ane M Tech *E'T(+, Trim0VI

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A/%tract
In Multi0focus image fusion, the multi!le !artially defocused images are com%ined into a ne# image #ith all the interested o%1ects shar!ly focused. Various techni2ues of Multi0focus image fusion already e"ist and still !eo!le in the area are introducing ne# algorithms for im!ro$ed results. This !a!er is the study of one of such ne# techni2ues i.e. cascading t#o different methods to o%tain the im!ro$ed image 2uality #ith Multi0focus Image 3usion. The #a$elet %ased Multi0focus Image 3usion Techni2ue, includes follo#ing ste!s/ first, discrete #a$elet transform is a!!lied to o%tain the #a$elet coefficients of the source images. The coefficients are !rocessed #ith different fusion rules to get the !rimary fused image, #hich is again !rocessed #ith the fusion rules to get the secondary fused image. The !rimary and secondary images are !rocessed again #ith most efficient fusion rule to get the final fused image. In these e"!eriments, artificial defocused images are utili.ed to in$estigate the !erformance of the !ro!osed method. The !erformance of this image fusion scheme can %e e$aluated #ith Entro!y *EN+, Image 4uality Inde" *I4I+, Peak to Signal Noise 5atio *PSN5+ and it is also com!ared to fe# of the e"isting techni2ues.

0e1#or)%/ Multi03ocus, )iscrete -a$elet Transform, (ascading t#o 3usion Methods

iii

Ta/le o$ Content%
Cha(ter No" Title Ac&no#le)!ement A/%tract ." ," Intro)uction Literature 3e4ie# 6.7 5elated -ork 6.7.7 6.7.6 5" Image 3usion Methods Image: 3eature Processing lgorithms Pa!e No" 2"ii 2"iii 2"". 2""5 8..9 8..9 8..7; 2"".5 8..7< 8..7< 8..7< 8..79 8..7> 8..7> ,MP =I3 and PN= ?PE= TI33 )I(AM 8..7> 8..7> 8..7@ 8..7@ 8..7@ 2"".8 8..7B 8..7B 8..7C 2"",8..67 8..67
iv

T1(e% an) File Stora!e Format% o$ 'i!ital Ima!e% <.7 Ty!es of )igital Images <.7.7 <.7.6 <.7.< <.7.9 <.6 3ile Storage <.6.7 <.6.6 <.6.< <.6.9 <.6.> ,inary Image =rayscale Image True (olor: 5ed =reen ,lue Image Inde"ed Image

6"

7lur E$$ect 9.7 (amera Shake 9.6 Motion ,lur 9.< )efocus ,lur

9"

:a4elet Tran%$orm >.7 >.6 Scale and 3re2uency Shifting

>.<

T#o Ty!es of -a$elet Transform >.<.7 >.<.6 (ontinuous -a$elet Transform )iscrete -a$elet Transform

8..66 8..66 8..6< 2"",; 2"",< 8..6D 8..6D 8..6B 8..6B 2"",= 8..6C 8..<; 8..<7

;" <"

Al!orithm $or Multi-Focu% Ima!e Fu%ion Per$ormance Mea%ure% D.7 D.6 D.< D.9 Image 4uality Inde" *I4I+ Peak to Peak Signal to Noise 5atio *PSN5+ Entro!y *EN+ $erage )ifference * )+

8"

3e%ult% B.7 B.6 B.< E"!eriment E 7 Simulation 5esults E"!eriment E 6 Simulation 5esults Plotting (umulati$e Simulation 5esults for Parameters to %e com!ared using )i$erse Images *E"!erimented+ B.<.7 Entro!y B.<.6 PSN5 B.<.< MSE B.<.9 I4I B.<.> )

8..<7 8..<6 8..<< 8..<9 8..<> 2""5; 2""5< 8..<D 8..<B 8..<B 8..<B 2""62""65 2""66
v

=" .-"

Conclu%ion A((lication% 7.7 A%1ect Identification 7.6 (lassification 7.< (hange )etection 7.9 Maneu$ering Target Tracking

.."

3e$erence% Pa(er Pre%entation> Pu/lication A((en)i?

Li%t o$ Fi!ure%
3igure 6.7 / )ifferent Image 3usion Fe$els 8...9 8...@ 8...@ 8...D 8...D 8...D 8...C 8...C 8...7< 8...79 8...79 8...7> 8...7B 8...7C 8...7C 8...6; 8...67 8...66 8...6< 8...6> 8...6> 8...6C
vi

3igure 6.6 *a+ / 3ocus on ,ackground 3igure 6.6 *%+ / 3ocus on 3oreground 3igure 6.< *a+ / 3ocus on ,ackground 3igure 6.< *%+ / 3ocus on 3oreground 3igure 6.< *c+ / 3ocus on E$ery#here 3igure 6.9 *a+ / Multi03ocus (olor Image #ith 5ight Side 3ocused 3igure 6.9 *%+ / Multi03ocus (olor Image #ith Feft Side 3ocused 3igure <.7 3igure <.6 3igure <.< 3igure <.9 3igure 9.7 3igure 9.6 3igure 9.< 3igure >.7 3igure >.6 3igure >.< 3igure >.9 3igure >.> 3igure >.@ / ,inary Image / =rayscale Image / 5=, Image / Inde"ed Image / (amera Shake / Motion ,lur / )efocus ,lur / -a$e G -a$elet / Fo# Scale G &igh Scale -a$elet / -a$elet 3unction G Shifted -a$elet 3unction / -a$elet Transform / Ane0Stage 3iltering/ !!ro"imation G )etails / 6) 3iltering at le$el one/ !!ro"imation G )etails

3igure B.7 *a+ / rtificially )efocused Images , ,

3igure B.7 *%+ / $eraging G Select Ma"imum 3igure B.7 *c+ / 6 E ) )-T G Pro!osed Method 3igure B.6 *a+ / rtificially )efocused Images , , 3igure B.6 *%+ / $eraging G Select Ma"imum 3igure B.6 *c+ / 6 E ) )-T G Pro!osed Method 3igure B.<.7 3igure B.<.6 3igure B.<.< 3igure B.<.9 3igure B.<.> / Entro!y Plot of different fusion methods using di$erse images / PSN5 Plot of different fusion methods using di$erse images / MSE Plot of different fusion methods using di$erse images / I4I Plot of different fusion methods using di$erse images / ) Plot of different fusion methods using di$erse images

8...6C 8...6C 8...<; 8...<; 8...<7 8...<6 ..8.<< 8...<9 8...<9 8...<>

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A Seminar Report on Multi-Focus Image Fusion

." Intro)uction
-ith the de$elo!ment of multi!le ty!es of %iosensors, chemical sensors, and remote sensors on %oard satellites, more and more data ha$e %ecome a$aila%le for scientific researches. s the $olume of data gro#s, so does the need to com%ine data gathered from different sources to e"tract the most useful information. )ifferent terms such as data inter!retation, com%ined analysis, data integrating ha$e %een used. Since early 7CC;s, H)ata fusionI has %een ado!t and #idely used. The definition of data fusion:image fusion $aries. 3or e"am!le/ 0 Data fusion is a !rocess dealing #ith data and information from multi!le sources to achie$e refined:im!ro$ed information for decision making J7K J79K. 0 Image fusion is the com%ination of t#o or more different images to form a ne# image %y using a certain algorithm J6K J7>K 0 Image fusion is the !rocess of com%ining information from t#o or more images of a scene into a single com!osite image that is more informati$e and is more suita%le for $isual !erce!tion or com!uter !rocessing. J<K J7@K 0 Image fusion is a !rocess of com%ining images, o%tained %y sensors of different #a$elengths simultaneously $ie#ing of the same scene, to form a com!osite image. The com!osite image is formed to im!ro$e image content and to make it easier for the user to detect, recogni.e, and identify targets and increase his situational a#areness. Multi0focus image fusion !rocess uses t#o or more images of the same scene ha$ing some !art defocused. Image may get defocused due to noise, %lur etc. The relati$e information of such defocused images is e"tracted and com%ined into a single image #hich is more informati$e than any of the in!ut images. The o%1ecti$e in image fusion is to reduce uncertainty and minimi.e redundancy in the out!ut #hile ma"imi.ing rele$ant information !articular to an a!!lication or task. There are se$eral %enefits in using image fusion/ #ider s!atial co$erage, decreased uncertainty, im!ro$ed relia%ility, and increased ro%ustness of system !erformance. There are different ty!es of image like true color image, grayscale image, %inary image etc. ll such images can %e fused easily and efficiently only #hen their s!ectral resolution is smoother.

)e!artment of Electronics G Telecommunication Engineering, MPSTME, SVKMs NMIMS

A Seminar Report on Multi-Focus Image Fusion

Ather#ise the fusion !rocess is com!le". In initial stages fusion #ith grayscale images is easy to understand. &ence one can con$ert true color image or any other image to grayscale image JCK. To e"tract the features of an in!ut image, #e re2uire decom!osing it. Matla% !ro$ides a $ery useful tool for image decom!osition, called #a$elet transform. The #a$elet transform is $ery similar to the 3ourier transform e"ce!t that it can %e used at different scales J7;K. n image consists of lo# as #ell as high fre2uency com!onents. The ma"imum a%solute $alue of these com!onents is used to focus e$ery !i"el of in!ut image. This !art of image !rocessing is a!!lica%le to high fre2uency com!onents and a$eraging method to lo# fre2uency com!onents J7K. Processed features of in!ut images reconstruct the fused image. In this #ay image fusion techni2ues allo# the integration of different information sources. The fused image can ha$e com!lementary s!atial and s!ectral resolution characteristics too. The different techni2ues such as #a$elet transform, Mor!hological !yramid %ased, a$erage !i"el $alues and ma"imum !i"el $alues etc can %e a!!lied to o%tain fused image. Images from different sensors or ac2uired at different dates ena%le either to eliminate noise inherent in data ac2uisition or to em!hasi.e com!lementary information inherent in sensors and : or landsca!es !ro!erties. Thats #hy, in remote sensing, the goals of fusion generally concern the e"traction from !i"els of characteristics in the #ay either of image elements or sym%olic ones. The three le$els of !erce!tion are conse2uently useful. Moreo$er, image $isuali.ation is often a crucial ste! and data fusion should not im!act on it in a harmful #ay. 3inally, the last !oint is of the utmost im!ortance/ in remote sensing, images are often ac2uired in different conditions and the registration is still an o!en !ro%lem. Many methods e"ist to !erform image fusion. &igh !ass and lo# !ass filtering are the %asic techni2ues J7K JDK. Multi0sensor data fusion has %ecome a disci!line to #hich more and more general formal solutions to a num%er of a!!lication cases are demanded. Se$eral situations in image !rocessing simultaneously re2uire high s!atial and high s!ectral information in a single image. This is im!ortant in remote sensing. &o#e$er, the instruments are not ca!a%le of !ro$iding such information either %y design or %ecause of o%ser$ational constraints. Ane !ossi%le solution for this is data fusion.

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A Seminar Report on Multi-Focus Image Fusion

," Literature 3e4ie#

Image fusion is a %ranch of data fusion #here data a!!ear in the form of arrays of num%ers. In remote sensing generally the o%1ects to %e ca!tured are !laced at $arious distances from the location of lens. )ue to the limited focus de!th of the o!tical lens as #ell as dim lighting condition, it is often not !ossi%le to get an image that contains all rele$ant o%1ects in focus. To o%tain an image #ith e$ery o%1ect in focus, a multi0focus image fusion !rocess is re2uired to fuse images, gi$ing a %etter $ie# for human or machine !erce!tion. There are $arious Pi"el0%ased, region0%ased and #a$elet %ased fusion algorithms !ro!osed as #ell as im!lemented. )uring the !ast t#o decades, se$eral fusion techni2ues ha$e %een !ro!osed. Most of these techni2ues are %ased on the com!romise %et#een the desired s!atial enhancement and the s!ectral consistency. mong the hundreds of $ariations of image fusion techni2ues, the #idely used methods include, %ut are not limited to, intensity0hue0saturation *I&S+, high !ass filtering, !rinci!al com!onent analysis *P( +, different arithmetic com%ination*e.g. ,ro$ey transform+, multi0resolution analysis0%ased methods *e.g. !yramid algorithm, #a$elet transform+, and rtificial Neural Net#orks * NNs+, etc. Princi!le com!onent analysis con$erts num%er of correlated $aria%les into the uncorrelated $aria%les. This method strictly follo#s orthogonal !ro!erty #hile generating different !rinci!le com!onents #here the largest $alue of $ariance, co$ariance and other com!onents is o%tained from the in!ut images and arranged in matri" form #hich is further used in image reconstruction. Scaling dominates the ro%ustness and !erformance efficiency of this method.

,".

3elate) :or&

,".". Ima!e Fu%ion Metho)%

Image fusion can %e !erformed roughly at three different stages/ !i"el le$el, %lock le$el, region le$el. 3ollo#ing figure illustrates of the conce!t of the three different fusion le$els.

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A Seminar Report on Multi-Focus Image Fusion

Image 7

Pi"el ,ased

No =rou!ing

(hoose Ma" 3used Image

,lock ,ased

Single Scale =rou!ing Multi Scale =rou!ing

Image 7

5egion ,ased

-eighte d $erage

3igure 6.7)ifferent Image 3usion Fe$els

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A Seminar Report on Multi-Focus Image Fusion

5" T1(e% an) File Stora!e Format% o$ 'i!ital Ima!e%

5".T1(e% o$ 'i!ital Ima!e%
There are four %asic ty!es of digital images

5".". 7inar1 Ima!e

,inary images are also called %i0le$el or t#o0le$el. This means that each !i"el is stored as a single %it *; or 7+. The names %lack and #hite, monochromatic are often used for this conce!t. 3or e"am!le architectural !lan, !rinted te"t etc.

3igure <.7 ,inary Image

5".", Gra1%cale Ima!e

Each !i"el is a shade of gray, normally from ; *,lack+ to 6>> *-hite+. This means that each !i"el can %e re!resented %y B %its *e"actly 7 %yte+. Ather grayscale ranges are used %ut generally they are a !o#er of 6.

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A Seminar Report on Multi-Focus Image Fusion

3igure <.6 =rayscale Image

5"."5 True color> 3e) Green 7lue Ima!e

&ere each !i"el has a !articular colorL the color is %eing descri%ed %y the amount of red, green and %lue in it. If each of these com!onents has a range ;06>>, this gi$es a total of 6>> < M 7@,DDD,67@ different !ossi%le colors in the image. The total num%er of %its re2uired for each !i"el is 69L such images are called 69 %it color images.

3igure <.< 5=, Image

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A Seminar Report on Multi-Focus Image Fusion

6" 7lur E$$ect

ddition of %lur noise to any image degrades the 2uality of image in terms of $isi%ility, signal to noise ratio etc. Many algorithms ha$e %een !ro!osed corres!onding to $arious tasks to %e !erformed on an image. )e!ending on the cause image %lur can %e classified in to three categories mentioned %elo#L

6".

Camera Sha&e

-hen camera is held for some time to ca!ture the distant o%1ects, a slight mo$ement in user hands can !roduce %lur due to camera shake. The dim lighting situation makes the effect more ad$erse.

3igure 9.7 (amera Shake

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A Seminar Report on Multi-Focus Image Fusion

;" Al!orithm $or Multi-$ocu% Ima!e Fu%ion

3ollo#ing are the ste!s for the algorithm !ro!osed %y the authorL Ste! 7/ 5ead the t#o source images and , to %e fused.

Ste! 6/ Perform #a$elet decom!osition on the in!ut images. Ste! </ The lo#0fre2uency coefficients ca and da of in!ut images on a$erage method
a$e M a$g*ca*i, 1+, da*i, 1++

and , are fused %ased

*@.7+

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A Seminar Report on Multi-Focus Image Fusion

<" Per$ormance Mea%ure%

The !erformance measures for 2uantitati$e com!arison among different fusion schemes, mainly aiming at measuring the definition of an image. (onsider 5 as the reference image and 3 the fused image, %oth of si.e MNN. 3 *i, 1+ is the grey $alue of !i"el at the !osition *i, 1+.

<".

Ima!e @ualit1 In)e? (I@I)

and , are t#o in!ut images. It measures the

I4I #as introduced %y -ang and %o$ik JDK. The images are identical. I4I measure is gi$en %y

similarity %et#een t#o images and its $alues ranges from 07 to 7. I4I is e2ual to 7 if %oth the

*D.7+

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A Seminar Report on Multi-Focus Image Fusion

8" 3e%ult%
8". E?(eriment A . Simulation 3e%ult%B
ll the algorithms in this re!ort are

3or e"!erimental !ur!ose artificially defocused images are utili.ed. E"!erimental results of used images for Entro!y, PSN5, and I4I are mentioned %elo#. simulated on M TF ,.

Defoc us ed im age 1

Defocused im age 2

Averaging Method

Select Maxim um Method

3igure B.7 *a+ rtificially )efocused Images , ,

3igure B.7 *%+ $eraging G Select Ma"imum

fusion rules as #ell as right side image of 3igure B.7 *c+ re!resents the fused image of !ro!osed method.
Ta%le B.7Performance measure of different fusion methods

Sr" No" ." ," 5" 6"

Parameter% Fu%ion Metho)% $eraging Selecting Ma"imum

Entro!y ;.B9<@

PSN5 6.@7D;

MSE <>>C9

I4I

8",

E?(eriment A , Simulation 3e%ult%B

3or e"!erimental !ur!ose artificially defocused images are utili.ed. E"!erimental results of used

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A Seminar Report on Multi-Focus Image Fusion

3igure B.6 *a+ rtificially )efocused Images , ,

age of select ma"imum algorithm. 3inally, Feft side image of 3igure B.6 *c+ is fused image of 60 ) )-T method, #here one can a!!ly sim!le a$erage and select ma"imum fusion rules as #ell as right side image of 3igure B.6 *c+ re!resents the fused image of !ro!osed method.
Ta%le B.6 Performance measure of different fusion methods

Sr" No" ." ," 5" 6"

Parameter% Fu%ion Metho)% $eraging

Entro!y 9.7D@9

PSN5 >.D777

MSE 7D9>D

I4I B.C;@CO7;P0B

) 76<.6>

3igure B.<.7 Entro!y Plot of different fusion methods using di$erse images

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A Seminar Report on Multi-Focus Image Fusion

=" Conclu%ion
In this !ro1ect, I ha$e simulated t#o defocused images of different scenes and !lotted the result of all e"!eriments for four methods of image fusion namely Sim!le my o#n !ro!osed hy%rid method. This re!ort includes the sam!le of @ di$erse images that are used to !ro$ide the %asis for fusion methods com!arison. The follo#ing inferences are dra#n from the study of results in four gra!hs sho#n in results *i.e. 3igure. B.<.7 to 3igure B.<.9+. 7. The entro!y ma"imi.ation and MSE minimi.ation a!!ear to %e as effecti$e as other t#o methodsL only Sim!le $eraging method sho#s high $aria%ility. $eraging, Select Ma"imum, 6) E )-T,

To esta%lish these conclusions more from more e"tensi$e tests using a #ider set of images is recommended.

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A Seminar Report on Multi-Focus Image Fusion

.-" A((lication%
%ands images and multi0!olari.ation image. The goal of multi!le sensor data fusion is to integrate com!lementary and redundant information to !ro$ide a com!osite image #hich could %e used to %etter understanding of the entire scene. It has %een #idely used in many fields of remote sensing, such as o%1ect identification, classification, and change detection. The follo#ing !aragra!hs descri%e the recent achie$ements of image fusion in more detail.

.-". O/ ect i)enti$ication

The feature enhancement ca!a%ility of image fusion is $isually a!!arent in VI5:VI5 com%inations that often results in images that are su!erior to the original data. In order to ma"imi.e the amount of information e"tracted from satellite image data useful !roducts can %e found in fused images J66K. )em!ster0Shafer fusion method for ur%an %uilding detection #as

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A Seminar Report on Multi-Focus Image Fusion

.." 3e$erence%
J7K M. (handana, S. mutha, and Na$een Kumar, H &y%rid Multi0focus Medical Image 3usion

,ased on -a$elet TransformI, International Journal of Research and Reviews in Computer Science (IJRRCS , Science 6>>D, ugust 6;77. J6K Faurent Audre, HStud! of "wo #ew Spatial Domain Image Fusion Methods I, Qni$ersity of Fondon, Se!tem%er 6;;D. J<K Fi 3an, Rudong Shang, Shenyu Shou, )a$id P. Semanek, Shuihua -ang, Fenan -u, H n Im!ro$ed Image 3usion lgorithm ,ased An -a$elet )ecom!ositionI, Journal of Convergence Information "echnolog!, Volume >, Num%er 7;, )ecem%er 6;7;. J9K 3lorence Fa!orterie, =uy 3lou.at, HMor!hological Pyramid (once!t as a Tool for Multi 5esolution )ata 3usion in 5emote SensingI, Integrated (om!uter0 id Engineering, !ages @<0 DC, 6;;<. J>K Shi$su%ramani Krishnamurthy K P Soman, HIm!lementation and (om!arati$e Study of Image 3usion lgorithmsI International Journal of Computer Applications , Volume CE No.6, No$em%er 6;7;. J@K V. Tsagaris, V. nastasso!oulos, H$lo%al measure for assessing image fusion methods ,I A!tical Engineering, Vol. 9>, SPIE, 6;;@. JDK Shou -ang and lan (. ,o$ik, HA &niversal Image 'ualit! Inde(I, IEEE Signal Processing cademy Pu%lisher, Qnited Kingdom, Vol. 6, No. 9, ISSN/ 6;DC0

Fetters, Vol. C, No.<, !!. B70B9, March 6;;6. JBK www)wi*ipedia)org

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A Seminar Report on Multi-Focus Image Fusion

A((en)i?
Matla% (ommands used in the code/ imread rg%+gra! fs!ecial *a$erage+ roifilt+ roipol! ma( dwt+ su%plot imshow si,e (A mat+gra! edge figure disp sum E To read an in!ut image E (on$erts color image to gray image E (alls a$erage filtering function of s!ecific dimension E 3iltering the region of interest of an image E To Select the region of interest in an image E To select ma"imum of com!ared $alues E E"tracts features of an image !erforming 6) discrete #a$elet transform E Qsed to !lot gra!hs as #ell as images E )is!lays image E )etecting si.e of a matri" E (on$erting matri" to gray scale image E )etects edges of an image E )is!lays contents on ne# figure E Qsed to dis!lay contents E To sum u! numerous $alues

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