Magnetic Circuits

Amperes Circuital Law

L
dl
enclosed
I
L
=
}
dl H
H
I
d
NI
B
d
NI
H
NI Hd
NI

=
=
=
=
}
dl H
length d
u
Constitutive Relationship
r

H H B
r

0
= =

permeability
relative permeability
In isotropic media
material tic ferromagne : 1
1 materials most For
material ic paramagnet : 1 , 1
vacuum : 1
material c diamagneti : 1 , 1
>>
~

~ >
=
~ <
r
r
r
r
r

Ferromagnetic Materials
T. Gonen, Electric machines with MatLab, 2
nd
Edition, p. 68, CRC press, 2012.
Magnetic Domains
T. Gonen, Electric machines with MatLab, 2
nd
Edition, p. 69, CRC press, 2012.
(a) Magnetic domains oriented randomly;
(b) Magnetic domains becoming magnetized;
(c) Magnetic domains fully magnetized (lined up) by the magnetic field H
Hysteresis Loop (I)
B
r
remnant flux or residue flux
H
c
coercive flux or coercivity
Hysteresis Loop (II)
~
0
C
H
soft material
Volume Current
Ad V Q
V V
= A = A
mobility called is
E

t
Q
I =
v
A
I
J
V
= =
vA
t
Ad
t
Q
I
V
V

=
A
=
A
A
=
}}
= ds J I
Definition:
Volume current density
ty conductivi
E V
o =
E E J o = =
E V
v J
V
=
E v
E
=
V

A
v
d
J
or
o

1
= resistivity
d
V
E =
A
I
J =
A
d
R
o
=
RI V =
resistance
E J o =
d
V
A
I
o =
Differential form:
I
A
+ V
E
d
Since and
, we have
or
where
integral form
Ohms Law
_
Magnetic Ohms Law
d
H
F
=
A
B
u
=
A
d

= R
u =R F
reluctance
H B =
d A
F
=
u
Differential form:
A
+
H
d
Since and
, we have
or
where
integral form
u
F
}}
= u dS B
F is called magnetomotiveforce (MMF), whose unit is A.
_
Magnetic Circuit
length d
u = =
=
=
}
R Hd
NI Hd
NI
L
F
dl H
u =
=
R
R
NI
A
d

area A
u
+
_
Electric vs Magnetic Circuits
Ni
u
u
+
_
_
Inductance
}}
= u ds B
I
N
I
L
u
= =

u = N
B
Flux linkage
I
total
NI
R
= u
total
N
L
R
2
=
NI
total
u
+
_
Mutual Inductance
i p I
N
i p I
I
L
p
i
i
p
i
i
ii
= = =
= = =
, 0
, 0
2
R

n nn n n n
n in j ij
i ii i i
n n
n n
I L I L I L
I L I L
I L I L
I L I L I L
I L I L I L

+ + =
+
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
2 2 1 1
1 1
2 2 22 1 21 2
1 2 12 1 11 1

Self inductance
I
1

1
I
2
I
n

n
j p I
I
L
p
j
i
ij
= = = , 0

Mutual inductance
Example 1
Find magnetic flux density in two airgaps.
1
g
1
w
2
w
2
g

r

N turns
I
l
1 g
R
2 g
R
u
1
u
2
u
Example 2
cm 10 cm 200 cm 1 A 10 1000 = = = = = w l g I N
Find flux u and airgapflux density B
g
.
w
wl A =
A
g
g
0

= R
g
NI
R 2
= u
A
B
g
u
=
g
R
g
R
u
u
g
R 2
l
Example 3
5% cross-section increase for
fringing in airgap
Find: (a) total reluctance of the flux path;
(b) current required to produce B = 0.5 T in the air gap;
(c) inductance of the coil.

r
=2000
u
Example 4
(1) How much is current required to produce 0.016Wb of flux in the core?
(2) What is cores relative permeability at that current level?
(3) What is its reluctance and inductance at this level?
M5 Steel at DC
N = 400, A = 150 cm
2
l
c
= 55 cm
u
Example 5
2 22 1 21 2
2 12 1 11 1
I L I L
I L I L
+ =
+ =

N
1
turns
g
N
2
turns
0
g
g
g
A
= R
(1) Let I
2
=0

r

N
1
turns
I
1
N
2
turns
Find self and mutual inductances.
(2) Let I
1
=0
u
+
_
1 1
I N
g
R
u

r

N
1
turns
I
2
N
2
turns
u
+
_
2 2
I N
g
R
u
Example 6
2 22 1 21 2
2 12 1 11 1
I L I L
I L I L
+ =
+ =

1
g
2
g

r

N
1
turns
I
1
N
2
turns
I
2
1 0
1
1
g
g
A
g

= R
Find self and mutual inductances.
2 0
2
2
g
g
A
g

= R
(1) Let I
2
=0
u
u
1 g
R
2 g
R
(2) Let I
1
=0

u
u
Why Use Airgap for Inductor? (1)
Why Use Airgap for Inductor? (2)
g =1 mm air gap
After opening an airgap
Magnetic Fringing (More Accurate)
g g
R P / 1 =
permeance
(

+ + + = g d w
g
wd
g
308 . 0 ) ( 52 . 0
0
P
Leakage Flux