EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Hospital Management System provides the benefits of streamlined operations, enhanced administration & control, superior patient care, strict cost control and improved profitability. HMS is powerful, flexible, and easy to use and is designed and developed to deliver real conceivable benefits to hospitals. More importantly it is backed by reliable and dependable support. The pro ect !Hospital Management System" is based on the database, ob ect oriented and networking techni#ues. $s there are many areas where we keep the records in database for which we are using M% S&' software which is one of the best and the easiest software to keep our information. This pro ect uses ($)$ as the front*end software which is an +b ect +riented ,rogramming and has connectivity with M% S&'. Hospital Management System is custom built to meet the specific re#uirement of the mid and large si-e hospitals across the globe. $ll the re#uired modules and features have been particularly built to ust fit in to your re#uirement. This package has been widely accepted by the clients in .ndia and overseas. /ot stopping only to this but they are highly satisfied and appreciating. 0ntire application is web based and built on 1 tier architecture using the latest technologies. The sound database of the application makes it more users friendly and expandable. The package is highly customi-able and can be modified as per the needs and re#uirements of our clients. ,rolonged study of the functionalities of the hospital and its specific re#uirement has given it a wonderful shape both technically and usability wise. .t covers all the re#uired modules right from ,atient 2egistration, Medicine details, 3octor, 4ards, , $dmin, Store, ,atient appointment, bill payment, record modification, discharge details etc.

TABLE OF CONTENT

S.No.

TITLE

PAGE NO.

6ertificate7777777777777777..777777.7..1 $cknowledgement7777777777777777777778 3eclaration7777777777777777777777779 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY .ntroduction777777777777777777..77: 3efinition of the ,roblem 777777.77777777..5; 3rawbacks +f 6urrent Manual* System 77777.777755 0stablished the need of new System77777777.77..55 ,roposed system7777..7777777777777.75< /eed77777777777777777777777.51 Software and hardware re#uirements7777777.777..58

2.

AIMS & OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

+b ective777777777777777777777..<8 $ims77..7777777.77777777777.77.<9

3. !. #.

LITRATURE REVIEW2 RESEACH METHODOLOGY. 2" SYSTEM ANALYSIS ,rinciples of System $nalysis7777777777777715

<

=easibility Study777777777777777777718 6ost and >enefit $nalysis7777777..77.77777..19 Technical =easibility77777777777.77777719 +perational =easibility77777777777..77777..19 System 'ife 6ycle777777777777777...7771? .dentification of /eed77777777777777777..1: =act =inding Techni#ues77777777777777....7..8; Software 2e#uirement Specification7777777777.7..8? $63 @$rchitectural 6ontext 3iagramA7777777777...91 ,ert 6hart7777777777777777777777.98 02*3iagram777777777777777777777.9? 3ata =low 3iagram77777777777777777..79:

SYSTEM DESIGN System 3esign777..7777777...77777777..?9 3ata Modeling77777777777777777..77.?B Scheduling 7.77777777777777777777B5

$.

SOURCE CODE Source 6ode77777777777777777777....B1 6ode efficiency77777777.7777777777....58? +ptimi-ation +f 6ode777777..7777777777.58?

%.

TESTING Testing phase77777777777777777777.58B 'evels of testing777777777...777777777.58: )erification $nd )alidation @)&)A77..777777777598

".

SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION System .mplementation Maintenance and review777777.59C

1

 1&. 11. 12.

Hardware 0valuation =actors7777.777777777759C Software 0valuation =actors7777.777777777.759B

SECURITY MEASURES7777777777.77777..779: FURTHER SCOPE OF THE PROJECT..1 & CONCLUSION.1 2

BIBLIOGRAPHY.....1 3

CHAPTER ' 1
INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY
I()*o+,-).o(/
Human >ody is a very complex and sophisticated structure and comprises of millions of functions. $ll these complicated functions have been understood by man him, part*by* part their research and experiments. $s science and technology progressed, medicine became an integral part of the research. Dradually, medical science became an entirely new branch of science. $s of today, the Health Sector comprises of Medical institutions i.e. Hospitals, H+S,.T$'s etc. research and development institutions and medical colleges. Thus the Health sector aims at providing the best medical facilities to the common man. M0+.-12 I(3).),).o(3 .( I(+.1 Still being a developing nation .ndia has seen a tremendous growth of the Health sector in the field of research as well as in the field of development of numerous large and small scale Hospital institutions still lacking in inter*structure facilities. Dovernment of .ndia has still aimed at providing medical facilities by establishing hospital. The basic working of various hospitals in .ndia is still on paper as compared to hospitals in 0uropean countries where computers have been put in to assist the hospital personals their work. The concept of automation of the administration and management of hospital is now being implemented in .ndia also, with large hospitals like $,,+'+ and $..MS in 3elhi, 0S6+2TS in 6hennai, having automated their existing system. +ur pro ect is based on the above concept i.e. automation of $dministration and Management of Hospital. The pro ect has been developed keeping in*view the following aspectsE * @iA 4orking environment of the Hospital.

@iiA The thought*process and attitude of .ndian people. @iiiA The literacy rate of .ndia. @ivA The 0xisting system, being used in the ma ority of Hospitals. @vA The availability of .nfra*structural facilities likes finance, skilled personals, and working environment.

DEFINITION OF PROBLEM/
Since H+S,.T$' is associated with the lives of common people and their day*to*day routines so . decided to work on this pro ect. The manual handling of the record is time consuming and highly prone to error. The purpose of this pro ect is to automate or make online, the process of day*to*day activities like 2oom activities, $dmission of /ew ,atient, 3ischarge of ,atient, $ssign a 3octor, and finally compute the bill etc. . have tried my best to make the complicated process Ho34.)12 M1(15060() S73)06 as simple as possible using Structured & Modular techni#ue & Menu oriented interface. . have tried to design the software in such a way that user may not have any difficulty in using this package & further expansion is possible without much effort. 0ven though . cannot claim that this work to be entirely exhaustive, the main purpose of my exercise is perform each Hospital"s activity in computeri-ed way rather than manually which is time consuming. . am confident that this software package can be readily used by non*programming personal avoiding human handled chance of error.

DRAWBAC8S OF CURRENT MANUAL9 SYSTEM

5. The current manual system has a lot of paper work and it does not deal with old and new car purchase and sale. <. To maintain the records of sale and service manually, is a Time*consuming ob. 1. 4ith the increase in database, it will become a massive ob to maintain the database. 8. 2e#uires large #uantities of file cabinets, which are huge and re#uire #uite a bit of space in the office, which can be used for storing records of previous details. 9. The retrieval of records of previously registered patients will be a tedious ob. C. 'ack of security for the records, anyone disarrange the records of your system. ?. .f someone want to check the details of the available doctors the previous system does not provide any necessary detail of this type.

ESTABLISH THE NEED OF NEW SYSTEM

5. ,roblem of 2eliabilityE 6urrent system is not reliable. .t seems to vary in #uality from one month to the, next. Sometimes it gives good output, but some times the output is worst. <. ,roblem of $ccuracyE There are too many mistakes in reports. 1. ,roblem of timelinessE .n the current system the reports and output produced is mostly late and in most of the cases it is useless because it is not on time. 8. ,roblem of )alidityE The output and reports mostly contains misleading information. The customerFs information is sometimes not valid.

9. ,roblem of 0conomyE The current system is very costly. 4e have to spend lots of money to keep the system up and going, but still not get the desired results. C. ,roblem of 6apacityE The current system is suffering from problem of capacity also. The staff for organi-ation is very less and the workload is too much. =ew peoples cannot handle all the work.

PROPOSED SYSTEM
2. E642o700 D0)1.23/ The new proposed system stores and maintains all the employees details. 2. C12-,21).o(3/ The new proposed system calculates salary and income tax automatically and it is very fast and accurate. 3. R05.3)0*3/ There is no need of keeping and maintaining salary and employee register manually. .t remembers each and every record and we can get any report related to employee and salary at any time. !. S400+/ The new proposed system is very fast with 5;;G accuracy and saves time. #. M1(4o:0*/ The new proposed system needs less manpower. 'ess people can do the large work. . E;;.-.0(-7/ The new proposed systems complete the work of many salesperson in less time. $. P13) +0)1.23/ The new proposed system contains the details of every past doctor and patients for future assistance.

%. R0+,-03 *0+,(+1(-7/ The most important benefit of this system is that it reduces the redundancy of data within the data. ". Wo*< 2o1+/ 2educes the work load of the data store by helping in easy updates of the products and providing them with the necessary details together with financial transactions management. 1&. E137 3)1)060()3/ Month*end and day*end statement easily taken out without getting headaches on browsing through the day end statements.

NEED/
. have designed the given proposed system in the (S, to automate the process of day to day activities of Hospital like 2oom activities, $dmission of /ew ,atient, 3ischarge of ,atient, $ssign a 3octor, and finally compute the bill etc., online facilities to the multiple users etc. The complete set of rules & procedures related to Hospital"s day to day activities and generating report is called =HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM>. My pro ect gives a brief idea regarding automated Hospital activities. The following steps that give the detailed information of the need of proposed system areE ,erformanceE 3uring past several decades, the hospital management system is supposed to maintain manual handling of all the hospital daily activities. The manual handling of the record is time consuming and highly prone to error. To improve the performance of the hospital management system, the computeri-ed hospital management system is to be undertaken. The computeri-ed hospital pro ect is fully computeri-ed and user friendly even that any of the hospital"s members can see the patient"s report and the doctor"s report.

0fficiencyE The basic need of the pro ect is efficiency. The pro ect should be efficient so that whenever a new patient is admitted, and automatically a bed is assigned and also a doctor is assigned to the patient according to the patient"s disease. $nd if any patient is getting discharged, the bed assigned to himHher should automatically free in the computer. 6ontrolE The complete control of the pro ect is under the hands of authori-ed person who has the password to access this pro ect and illegal access is not supposed to deal with. $ll the control is under the administrator and the other members have the rights to ust see the records not to change any transaction or entry. SecurityE Security is the main criteria for the proposed system. Since illegal access may corrupt the database and it will affect not only the hospital but also it also affects the patient"s life. So security has to be given in this pro ect.

SOFTWARE & HARDWARE RE?UIREMENTS/

A++.(5 +7(16.- -o()0() @.1 0A4*033.o(3
$s we saw in the previous section, any HTM' file can be turned into a (S, file by changing its extension to . sp. +f course, what makes (S, useful is the ability to embed (ava. ,ut the following text in a file with . sp extension @let us call it hello.jspA, place it in your (S, directory, and view it in a browser. <HTML> <BODY> Hello! The time is now <%= new java.util.Date() %> < BODY> < HTML> /otice that each time you reload the page in the browser, it comes up with the current time.

The character se#uences <%= and %> enclose (ava expressions, which are evaluated at run time. This is what makes it possible to use (S, to generate dynamic HTM' pages that change in response to user actions or vary from user to user. Exercise: 4rite a (S, to output the values returned by !"stem.#et$%o&e%t" for various system properties such as java.ve%sion' java.home' os.name' use%.name' use%.home' use%.(i% etc.

5;

S-*.4)20)3
4e have already seen how to embed (ava expressions in (S, pages by putting them between the <%= and %> character se#uences.

>ut it is difficult to do much programming ust by putting (ava expressions inside HTM'. (S, also allows you to write blocks of (ava code inside the (S,. %ou do this by placing your (ava code between <% and %> characters @ ust like expressions, but without the = sign at the start of the se#uence.A This block of code is known as a IscriptletI. >y itself, a scriptlet doesnFt contribute any HTM' @though it can, as we will see down below.A $ scriptlet contains (ava code that is executed every time the (S, is invoked. Here is a modified version of our (S, from previous section, adding in a scriptlet.
<HTML> <BODY> <% This is a s)%i&tlet. *oti)e that the +(ate+ va%ia,le we (e)la%e he%e is availa,le in the em,e((e( e-&%ession late% on. !"stem.out.&%intln( +.valuatin# (ate now+ )/ java.util.Date (ate = new java.util.Date()/

%> Hello! The time is now <%= (ate %> < BODY> < HTML> .f you run the above example, you will notice the output from the I !"stem.out.&%intlnI on the server log. This is a convenient way to do simple debugging @some servers also have techni#ues of debugging the (S, in the .30. See your serverFs documentation to see if it offers such a techni#ue.A

>y itself a scriptlet does not generate HTM'. .f a scriptlet wants to generate HTM', it can use a variable called IoutI. This variable does not need to be declared. .t is already predefined for scriptlets, along with some other variables. The following example shows how the scriptlet can generate HTM' output.
<HTML> <BODY> <%

This s)%i&tlet (e)la%es an( initiali0es +(ate+ !"stem.out.&%intln( +.valuatin# (ate now+ )/ java.util.Date (ate = new java.util.Date()/ The time is now

%> Hello! <%

%> < BODY> < HTML>

This s)%i&tlet #ene%ates HTML out&ut out.&%intln( !t%in#.valueO1( (ate ))/

55

Here, instead of using an expression, we are generating the HTM' directly by printing to the IoutI variable. The IoutI variable is of type java-.se%vlet.js&.2s&3%ite%.

$nother very useful pre*defined variable is I%e4uestI. .t is of type

java-.se%vlet.htt&.Htt&!e%vlet5e4uest

$ Ire#uestI in server*side processing refers to the transaction between a browser and the server. 4hen someone clicks or enters a J2', the browser sends a Ire#uestI to the server for that J2', and shows the data returned. $s a part of this Ire#uestI, various data is available, including the file the browser wants from the server, and if the re#uest is coming from pressing a SJ>M.T button, the information the user has entered in the form fields. The (S, I%e4uestI variable is used to obtain information from the re#uest as sent by the browser. =or instance, you can find out the name of the clientFs host @if available, otherwise the ., address will be returned.A 'et us modify the code as shownE
<HTML> <BODY> <% This s)%i&tlet (e)la%es an( initiali0es +(ate+ !"stem.out.&%intln( +.valuatin# (ate now+ )/ java.util.Date (ate = new java.util.Date()/

%> Hello! The time is now <% out.&%intln( (ate )/ out.&%intln( +<B5>You% ma)hine6s a((%ess is + )/ out.&%intln( %e4uest.#et5emoteHost())/ %> < BODY> < HTML> $ similar variable is IresponseI. This can be used to affect the response being sent to the browser. =or instance, you can call %es&onse.sen(5e(i%e)t( anothe%7%l )/ to send a response to the browser that it should load a different J2'. This response will actualy go all the way to the browser. The browser will then send a different re#uest, to Ianothe%7%lI. This is a little different from some other (S, mechanisms we will come across, for including another page or forwarding the browser to another page.

Exercise: 4rite a (S, to output the entire line, IHelloK The time is now ...I but use a scriptlet for the complete string, including the HTM' tags.

M.A.(5 S-*.4)20)3 1(+ HTML

4e have already seen how to use the IoutI variable to generate HTM' output from within a scriptlet. =or more complicated HTM', using the out variable all the time loses some of the advantages of (S, programming. .t is simpler to mix scriptlets and HTM'.

Suppose you have to generate a table in HTM'. This is a common operation, and you may want to generate a table from a S&' table, or from the lines of a file. >ut to keep our example simple, we will generate a table containing the numbers from 5 to /. /ot very useful, but it will show you the techni#ue. Here is the (S, fragment to do itE
5<

<T8BL. BO5D.5=9> <% 1o% ( int i = :/ i < n/ i;; ) < %> <T5> <TD>*um,e%< TD> <TD><%= i;= %>< TD> < T5> <% > %> < T8BL.> %ou would have to supply an int variable InI before it will work, and then it will output a simple table with InI rows.

The important things to notice are how the %> and <% characters appear in the middle of the I1o%I loop, to let you drop back into HTM' and then to come back to the scriptlet. The concepts are simple here ** as you can see, you can drop out of the scriptlets, write normal HTM', and get back into the scriptlet. $ny control expressions such as a IwhileI or a IforI loop or an IifI expression will control the HTM' also. .f the HTM' is inside a loop, it will be emitted once for each iteration of the loop. $nother example of mixing scriptlets and HTM' is shown below ** here it is assumed that there is a boolean variable named IhelloI available. .f you set it to true, you will see one output, if you set it to false, you will see another output.
<% i1 ( hello ) < %> <$>Hello' wo%l( <% > else < %> <$>?oo(,"e' wo%l( <% >

%> .t is a little difficult to keep track of all open braces and scriptlet start and ends, but with a little practice and some good formatting discipline, you will ac#uire competence in doing it.

Exercise: Make the above examples work. 4rite a (S, to output all the values returned by !"stem.#et$%o&e%ties with IL>2MI embedded after each property name and value. 3o not output the IL>2MI using the IoutI variable.

JSP D.*0-).@03
4e have been fully #ualifying the java.util.Date in the examples in the previous sections. ,erhaps you wondered why we donFt ust import ava.util.NO

.t is possible to use Iim&o%tI statements in (S,s, but the syntax is a little different from normal (ava. Try the following exampleE
<%@ &a#e im&o%t=+java.util.A+ %> <HTML> <BODY> <%

51

!"stem.out.&%intln( +.valuatin# (ate now+ )/ Date (ate = new Date()/ %> Hello! The time is now <%= (ate %> < BODY> < HTML> The first line in the above example is called a IdirectiveI. $ (S, IdirectiveI starts with <%@ characters.

This one is a Ipage directiveI. The page directive can contain the list of all imported packages. To import more than one item, separate the package names by commas, e.g.
<%@ &a#e im&o%t=+java.util.A'java.te-t.A+ %> There are a number of (S, directives, besides the page directive. >esides the page directives, the other most useful directives are include and taglib. 4e will be covering taglib separately.

The include directive is used to physically include the contents of another file. The included file can be HTM' or (S, or anything else ** the result is as if the original (S, file actually contained the included text. To see this directive in action, create a new (S,
<HTML> <BODY> ?oin# to in)lu(e hello.js&...<B5> <%@ in)lu(e 1ile=+hello.js&+ %> < BODY> < HTML> )iew this (S, in your browser, and you will see your original hello.js& get included in the new (S,.

Exercise: Modify all your earlier exercises to import the ava.util packages.

JSP D0-21*1).o(3
The (S, you write turns into a class definition. $ll the scriptlets you write are placed inside a single method of this class.

%ou can also add variable and method declarations to this class. %ou can then use these variables and methods from your scriptlets and expressions. To add a declaration, you must use the <%! and %> se#uences to enclose your declarations, as shown below.
<%@ &a#e im&o%t=+java.util.A+ %> <HTML> <BODY> <%! Date theDate = new Date()/ Date #etDate() < !"stem.out.&%intln( +Bn #etDate() metho(+ )/ %etu%n theDate/ > %> Hello! The time is now <%= #etDate() %> < BODY> < HTML> The example has been created a little contrived, to show variable and method declarations.

58

Here we are declaring a 3ate variable theDate, and the method #etDate. >oth of these are available now in our scriptlets and expressions. >ut this example no longer worksK The date will be the same, no matter how often you reload the page. This is because these are declarations, and will only be evaluated once when the page is loadedK @(ust as if you were creating a class and had variable initiali-ation declared in it.A Exercise: Modify the above example to add another function )om&uteDate which re* initiali-es theDate. $dd a scriptlet that calls )om&uteDate each time. No)0/ /ow that you know how to do this ** it is in general not a good idea to use variables as shown here. The (S, usually will run as multiple threads of one single instance. 3ifferent threads would interfere with variable access, because it will be the same variable for all of them. .f you do have to use variables in (S,, you should use synchronized access, but that hurts the performance. .n general, any data you need should go either in the session ob ect or the request ob ect @these are introduced a little laterA if passing data between different (S, pages. )ariables you declare inside scriptlets are fine, e.g. LG int i P 89O GM because these are declared inside the local scope and are not shared.

JSP T153
$nother important syntax element of (S, are tags. (S, tags do not use <%, but ust the < character. $ (S, tag is somewhat like an HTM' tag. (S, tags can have a Istart tagI, a Itag bodyI and an Iend tagI. The start and end tag both use the tag name, enclosed in < and > characters. The end starts with a character after the < character. The tag names have an embedded colon character C in them, the part before the colon describes the type of the tag. =or instanceE <someCta#> ,o(" < someCta#> .f the tag does not re#uire a body, the start and end can be conveniently merged together, as <someCta# > Here by closing the start tag with a HM instead of M character, we are ending the tag immediately, and without a body. @This syntax convention is the the same as QM'.A

Tags can be of two typesE loaded from an external tag library, or predefined tags. ,redefined tags start with jsp: characters. =or instance, js&Cin)lu(e is a predefined tag that is used to include other pages. 4e have already seen the in)lu(e directive. spEinclude is similar. >ut instead of loading the text of the included file in the original file, it actually calls the included target at run*time @the way a browser would call the included target. .n practice, this is actually a simulated re#uest rather than a full round*trip between the browser and the serverA. =ollowing is an example of js&Cin)lu(e usage
<HTML> <BODY> ?oin# to in)lu(e hello.js&...<B5>

59

<js&Cin)lu(e &a#e=+hello.js&+ > < BODY> < HTML> Try it and see what you get. /ow change the Ijs&Cin)lu(eI to Ijs&C1o%wa%(I and see what is the difference. These two predefined tags are fre#uently very useful.

Exercise: 4rite a (S, to do either a 1o%wa%( or an in)lu(e, depending upon a boolean variable @hintE The concepts of mixing HTM' and scriptlets work with (S, tags alsoKA

JSP S033.o(3
+n a typical web site, a visitor might visit several pages and perform several interactions.

.f you are programming the site, it is very helpful to be able to associate some data with each visitor. =or this purpose, IsessionIs can be used in (S,. $ session is an ob ect associated with a visitor. 3ata can be put in the session and retrieved from it, much like a Hashtable. $ different set of data is kept for each visitor to the site. Here is a set of pages that put a userFs name in the session, and display it elsewhere. Try out installing and using these. =irst we have a form, let us call it Det/ame.html
<HTML> <BODY> <DO5M M.THOD=$O!T 8ETBO*=+!ave*ame.js&+> 3hat6s "ou% nameF <B*$7T TY$.=T.GT *8M.=use%name !BH.=9:> <$><B*$7T TY$.=!7BMBT> < DO5M> < BODY> < HTML> The target of the form is ISave/ame. spI, which saves the userFs name in the session. /ote the variable IsessionI. This is another variable that is normally made available in (S,s, ust like out and %e4uest variables. @.n the Rpage directive, you can indicate that you do not need sessions, in which case the IsessionI variable will not be made available.A <% !t%in# name = %e4uest.#et$a%amete%( +use%name+ )/ session.set8tt%i,ute( +the*ame+' name )/ %> <HTML> <BODY> <8 H5.D=+*e-t$a#e.js&+>Eontinue< 8> < BODY> < HTML> The Save/ame. sp saves the userFs name in the session, and puts a link to another page, /ext,age. sp.

/ext,age. sp shows how to retrieve the saved name.

<HTML> <BODY> Hello' <%= session.#et8tt%i,ute( +the*ame+ ) %> < BODY> < HTML>

5C

.f you bring up two different browsers @not different windows of the same browserA, or run two browsers from two different machines, you can put one name in one browser and another name in another browser, and both names will be kept track of.

The session is kept around until a timeout period. Then it is assumed the user is no longer visiting the site, and the session is discarded.

MY S?L/
I()*o+,-).o(
My S&' is an application used to create computer databases for the Microsoft 4indows family of server operating systems. .t provides an environment used to generate databases that can be accessed from workstations, the web, or other media such as a personal digital assistant @,3$A. M% S&' is probably the most accessible and the most documented enterprise database environment right now. This also means that you can learn it a little #uicker than most other database environments on the market

5?

To start, you must have a computer that runs an appropriate operating system like Microsoft 4indows MP Q, Home 0ditionE that includes 4indows Q, Home 0dition, 4indows Q, ,rofessional, 4indows <;;; ,rofessional, or any version of 4indows Server <;;1. .n this case, you must install M% S&' %og.

5B

WB1) .3 S?L U30+ ;o*/ Jsing S&' one can create and maintain data manipulation ob ects such as table, views, se#uence etc. These data manipulation ob ects will be created and stored on the serverFs hard disk drive, in a table space, to which the user has been assigned. +nce these data manipulation ob ects are created, they are used extensively in commercial applications. DMLC DCLC DDL/ .n addition to the creation of data manipulation ob ects, the actual manipulation of data within these ob ects is done using S&'. The S&' sentences that are used to create these ob ects are called 33'Fs or 3ata 3efinition 'anguage. The S&' sentences used to manipulate data within these ob ects are called 3M'Fs or 3ata Manipulation 'anguage. The S&' sentences, which are used to control the behavior of these ob ects, are called 36'Fs or 3ata 6ontrol 'anguage.

5:

CHAPTER ' 2
AIMS & OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ODE0-).@0/
Hospital are the essential part of our lives, providing best medical facilities to people suffering from various ailments, which may be due to change in climatic conditions, increased work*load, emotional trauma stress etc. .t is necessary for the hospitals to keep track of its day*to*day activities & records of its patients, doctors, nurses, ward boys and other staff personals that keep the hospital running smoothly & successfully. >ut keeping track of all the activities and their records on paper is very cumbersome and error prone. .t also is very inefficient and a time*consuming process +bserving the continuous increase in population and number of people visiting the hospital. 2ecording and maintaining all these records is highly unreliable, inefficient and error*prone. .t is also not economically & technically feasible to maintain these records on paper. Thus keeping the working of the manual system as the basis of our pro ect. 4e have developed an automated version of the manual system, named as S$3M./.ST2$T.+/ SJ,,+2T S%ST0M =+2 M03.6$' ./ST.TJT.+/ST. The main aim of our pro ect is to provide a paper*less hospital up to :;G. .t also aims at providing low*cost reliable automation of the existing systems. The system also provides excellent security of data at every level of user*system interaction and also provides robust & reliable storage and backup facilities.

<;

AIM/
The aim of the study to fully related with Hospital Management system. The Software is for the automation of Hospital Management System. .t maintains two levels of usersE*

U $dministrator 'evel U Jser 'evel The Software includesE*

U Maintaining ,atient details. U ,roviding ,rescription, ,recautions and 3iet advice. U ,roviding and maintaining all kinds of tests for a patient. U >illing and 2eport generation.

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CHAPTER ' 3
LITERATURE REVIEW

Hospital Management System provides the benefits of streamlined operations, enhanced administration & control, superior patient care, strict cost control and improved profitability. HMS is powerful, flexible, and easy to use and is designed and developed to deliver real conceivable benefits to hospitals and H+S,.T$'s. More importantly it is backed by reliable and dependable support. This HMS is designed for multispecialty hospitals, to cover a wide range of hospital administration and management processes. .t is an integrated end*to*end Hospital Management System that provides relevant information across the hospital to support effective decision making for patient care, hospital administration and critical financial accounting, in a seamless flow.

$ Hospital is a place where ,atients come up for general diseases. Hospitals provide facilities likeE* 6onsultation by 3octors on 3iseases. 3iagnosis for diseases. ,roviding treatment facility. =acility for admitting ,atients @providing beds, nursing, medicines etc.A .mmuni-ation for ,atientsH6hildren

)arious operational works that are done in a Hospital areE* 2ecording information about the ,atients that come. Denerating bills.

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2ecording information related to diagnosis given to ,atients. Veeping record of the .mmuni-ation provided to childrenHpatients. Veeping information about various diseases and medicines available to cure them.

These are the various obs that need to be done in a Hospital by the operational staff and 3octors. $ll these works are done on papers. The work is done as followsE* .nformation about ,atients is done by ust writing the ,atients name, age and gender. 4henever the ,atient comes up his information is stored freshly. >ills are generated by recording price for each facility provided to ,atient on a separate sheet and at last they all are summed up. 3iagnosis information to patients is generally recorded on the document, which contains ,atient information. .t is destroyed after some time period to decrease the paper load in the office. .mmuni-ation records of children are maintained in pre*formatted sheets, which are kept in a file. .nformation about various diseases is not kept as any document. 3octors themselves do this ob by remembering various medicines. $ll this work is done manually by the receptionist and other operational staff and lot of papers are needed to be handled and taken care of. 3octors have to remember various medicines available for diagnosis and sometimes miss better alternatives as they can"t remember them at that time. The limited time and resources have restricted us to incorporate, in this pro ect, only main activities that are performed in a H+S,.T$' Management System, but utmost care has been taken to make the system efficient and user friendly. SH+S,.T$' Management SystemT has been designed to computeri-e the following functions that are performed by the systemE

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5. +n 'ine $ppointments for the ,atients aA $dmission of /ew ,atient <. =ree Medical $dvice =or the ,atients 1. 3ischarge 3etail =unctions bA 3ischarge of ,atient cA 3octor $ssigning related to ,atient"s 3isease 8. Training 6ourses ,rovided by the Hospital 9. Statement of ,atient 3etails 5A $dmitted ,atient <A 3ischarged ,atient 1A 3octor 3etails C. Total number of ,atients admitted in the Hospital ?. 3octors available in the Hospital B. ,reventive Health 6heckups :. $dministrator 'inks a.'ogin =orm b.To add new doctors in the site c.'ist of patients d.'ist of 3octors

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CHAPTER ' !
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The pro ect !Hospital Management System" is based on the database, ob ect oriented and networking techni#ues. $s there are many areas where we keep the records in database for which we are using M% S&' software which is one of the best and the easiest software to keep our information. This pro ect uses ($)$ as the front*end software which is an +b ect +riented ,rogramming and has connectivity with M% S&'. .t is a web based application in which number of clients can also access with a server.

HARDWARE P*o-033o* M06o*7 C1-B0 M06o*7 H1*+ D.3< P0( D*.@0 P*.()0* / / / / / / ,entium <.8 DH- or above <9C M> 2$M or above 5<B V> or above 1 D> or above Wat least 1 M> free space re#uiredX # GB 'aser ,rinter

SOFTWARE O40*1).(5 S73)06 Fo()9E(+ Too2 B1-<9E(+ / / / 4indows Q, @,rofessionalA. (S,, Servlets, (ava Script My S#l

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FRONT END 4e have implemented J1@1S-*.4) for all the 6lient side validations. 6lient side (avaScript is designed to reside inside HTM' document & ensure they run properly. .t is ob ect based, event driven, platform independent. These are important parts of any 4eb application to implement 6lient side )alidations and the invalid data is not submitted. The form is not submitted until user fills in correct data. .t is extremely useful to restrict mistakes by user.

BAC8 END 4e have used My S#l. My S#l provides efficientHeffective solution for ma or database tech. * 'arge database and space management. * Many concurrent database users. * High transaction processing re#uirement * High $vailability * .ndustry accepted standards * Manageable security * ,ortability

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CHAPTER ' #
SYSTEM ANALYSIS

PRINCIPLES OF SYSTEM ANALYSIS/

PRINCIPLES/ Jnderstand the problem before you begin to create the analysis model. 3evelop prototypes that enable a user to understand how human machine interaction will occur. 2ecord the origin of and the reason for every re#uirement. Jse multiple views of re#uirements like building data, function and behavioral models. 4ork to eliminate ambiguity

System $nalysis is a separation of a substance into parts for study and their implementation and detailed examination. >efore designing any system it is important that the nature of the business and the way it currently operates are clearly understood. The detailed examination provides the specific data re#uired during designing in order to ensure that all the clientFs re#uirements are fulfilled. The investigation or the study conducted during the analysis phase is largely based on the feasibility study. 2ather it would not be wrong to say that the analysis and feasibility phases overlap. High*level analysis begins during the feasibility study. Though analysis is represented as one phase of the system development life cycle @S3'6A, this is not true. $nalysis begins with system initiali-ation and continues until its maintenance. 0ven after successful implementation of the system, analysis may play its role for periodic maintenance and up gradation of

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the system. +ne of the main causes of pro ect failures is inade#uate understanding, and one of the main causes of inade#uate understanding of the re#uirements is the poor planning of system analysis. $nalysis re#uires us to recall the ob ectives of the pro ect and consider following three #uestionsE Y 4hat type of information is re#uiredZ Y 4hat are the constraints on the investigationZ Y 4hat are the potential problems that may make the task more difficultZ Veeping the above #uestions in mind and considering the survey conducted to determine the need of the systemO the total system was designed and can be described as underE

TB0 )B*00 61Eo* 41*)3 o; )B0 373)06 1*0/

P*o@.+.(5 I(;o*61).o(/

The system is effectively used to provide large variety of information to the interested customer. The ma or purpose of the site is to easily provide access to records of various (ob seekers & users of matrimonial such as resume & profile of boys and girls those who want to search a life partner with #uick update to latest modifications in the records. This thing is not at all possible in printed material, which are updated only once a few weeks. .t also gives information about the general usage of the system for first time visitors. The system itself works as a information provider for company & life partner seekers.

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P*02.6.(1*7 I(@03).51).o( System development, a process consisting of two ma or steps of system analysis and design, start when management or sometimes system development personnel feel that a new system or an improvement in the existing system is re#uired. The system development life cycle is classically thought of as the set of activities that analysts, designers and users carry out to develop and implement an information system. The system development life cycle consists of the following activitiesE ,reliminary investigation 3etermination of system re#uirements 3esign of system 3evelopment of software System testing .mplementation, evaluation, and maintenance A *0F,03) )o )1<0 133.3)1(-0 ;*o6 .(;o*61).o( 373)06 -1( D0 61+0 ;o* 61(7 *013o(3C D,) .( 01-B -130 3o60o(0 .( )B0 o*51(.31).o( .(.).1)03 )B0 *0F,03) .3 61+0C )B0 ;.*3) 373)06 1-).@.)7 )B0 4*02.6.(1*7 .(@03).51).o( D05.(3. TB.3 1-).@.)7 B13 )B*00 41*)3/ 5A 2e#uest clarification <A =easibility study 1A 2e#uest approval R0F,03) -21*.;.-1).o(E Many re#uests from employees and users in the organisations are not clearly defined, Therefore it becomes necessary that pro ect re#uest must be eximined and clarified properly before considering systems investigation.

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FEASIBILITY STUDY/
The feasibility study proposes one or more conceptual solution to the problem set of the pro ect. .n fact, it is an evaluation of whether it is worthwhile to proceed with pro ect or not. 5. 0valuation of feasibility of such solutions. Such evaluation often indicates shortcomings in the initial goals. This step is repeated as the goals are ad usted and the alternative solutions are evaluated. =easibility analysis usually considers a number of pro ect alternatives, one that is chosen as the most satisfactory solution. These alternatives also need to be evaluated in a broad way without committing too many resources. )arious steps involved in feasibility analysis areE <. To propose a set of solution that can reali-e the pro ect goal. These solutions are usually descriptions of what the new system should look like. =our primary areas of interest in feasibility study areE E-o(o6.- F013.D.2.)7E $n evaluation of development cost weighed against the ultimate income of benefit derived from the development system of product. .n economic feasibility, cost benefit analysis is done in which expected cost and benefits are evaluated.

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COST AND BENEFIT ANALYSIS/

3eveloping an .T application is an investment. Since after developing that application it provides the organi-ation with profits. ,rofits can be monetary or in the form of an improved working environment. However, it carries risks, because in some cases an estimate can be wrong. $nd the pro ect might not actually turn out to be beneficial. 6ost benefit analysis helps to give management a picture of the cost, benefits and risks. .t usually involves comparing alternate investments. 6ost benefit determines the benefits and savings that are expected from the system and compares them with the expected costs. .n performing cost and benefit analysis it is important to identify cost and benefits factors. 6ost and benefits can be categori-ed into the following categoriesE 5. D0@02o460() Co3)3 ' 3evelopment costs is the costs that are incurred during the development of the system. .t is one time investment. <. O40*1).(5 Co3)3 ' +perating 6osts are the expenses re#uired for the day to day running of the system. 0xamples of +perating 6osts are 4ages, Supplies and +verheads. 1. H1*+:1*0GSo;):1*0 Co3)3 ' .t includes the cost of purchasing or leasing of computers and it"s peripherals. Software costs involves re#uired SH4 costs. 8. P0*3o((02 Co3)3 ' .t is the money spent on the people involved in the development of the system. 9. F1-.2.)7 Co3)3 ' 0xpenses that are incurred during the preparation of the physical site where the system will be operational. These can be wiring, flooring, acoustics, lightning, and air*conditioning. C. S,4427 Co3)3 ' These are variable costs that are very proportionately with the amount of use of paper, ribbons, disks, and the like.

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BENEFITS

4e can define benefits as P*o;.) o* B0(0;.) H I(-o60 ' Co3)3 >enefits can be accrued byE .ncreasing income, or 3ecreasing costs, or >oth

TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY/
Technical =easibility includes existing and new HH4 and SH4 re#uirements that are re#uired to operate the pro ect using (S,. The basic SH4 re#uirement is (<00 in which the front end of the online hospital management pro ect has been done. The basic entry forms are developed in (S, and the data is stored in the M% S&'.

OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITY/
+perational feasibility is mainly concerned with issues like whether the system will be used if it is developed and implemented. 4hether there will be resistance from users that will affect the possible application benefitsZ The essential #uestions that help in testing the technical feasibility of a system are followingE 3oes management support the pro ectZ $re the users not happy with current business practicesZ 4ill it reduce the time considerablyZ .f yes, then they will welcome the change and the new system. Have the users involved in the planning and development of the pro ectZ 0arly involvement reduced the probability of resistance towards the new system.

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 4ill the proposed system really benefit the organi-ationZ 3oes the overall response increaseZ 4ill accessibility of information be lostZ 4ill the system affect the customers in considerable wayZ L0512 F013.D.2.)7E $ determination of any infringement, violation, or liability that could result from development of the system. 'egal feasibility tells that the software used in the pro ect should be original purchased from the legal authorities and they have the license to use it or the software are pirated. A2)0*(1).@03E $n evaluation of alternative approaches to the development of system or product.

SYSTEM LIFE CYCLE/

System life cycle is an organi-ational process of developing and maintaining systems. .t helps in establishing a system pro ect plan, because it gives overall list of processes and sub*processes re#uired for developing a system. System development life cycle means combination of various activities. .n other words we can say that various activities put together are referred as system development life cycle. .n the System $nalysis and 3esign terminology, the system development life cycle means software development life cycle. =ollowing are the different phases of software development cycleE Y Y Y Y System study =easibility study System analysis System design

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Y Y Y Y

6oding Testing .mplementation Maintenance

The different phase of software development life cycle is shown below.

PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATIONN

REVIEW RUNNING SYSTEM AND SYSTEM MAINTENANCE

DETERMINATION OF RE?UIREMENTS

DEVELOPMENT OF PROTOTYPE SYSTEM

SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATIONN

DESIGN OF SYSTEM

SYSTEM SYSTEM TESTING TESTING

DEVELOPMENT OF SOFTWARE AND CODING

S%ST0M $/$'%S.S 9;G

30S.D/ += S%ST0M 1;G

6+3./D <;G +=

S%ST0M 1;G
6+3./D 18 FIG/ SHOWING GENERAL LIFE CYCLE <;G PROCESS AND PERCENTAGE OF TIME DEVOTED

IDENTIFICATION OF NEED/
. have designed the given proposed system in the (S, to automate the process of news sites. Many different people use Jsenet, for many different reasons, ranging from discussions of various topics, re#uests for help or to trade media, which is often seen as the !dark side" to Jsenet [ the abuse of public news groups to trade copyrighted or offensive material. Thankfully however, those that use Jsenet responsibly far out weight the few who use it as a tool for piracy etc. Many of the people using and contributing to Jsenet are people who work with computer technology. These people often use Jsenet to seek help with a piece of software or suggest improvements, indeed one of the early functions of Jsenet was to help users identify and report bugs found in software. Jnfortunately, the massive growth seen within Jsenet has also made it a difficult medium to keep track of, the great variety and number of articles can take considerable time to filter through in order to find those of interest. There have been a variety of software applications created to help deal with this problem and many are freely available for personal use. The following steps that give the detailed information of the need of proposed system areE P0*;o*61(-0/ 3uring past several decades, the records are supposed to be manually system, the

handled for all activities. The manual handling of the record is time consuming and highly prone to error. To improve the performance of the 6ompany computeri-ed system is to be undertaken. The computeri-ed pro ect is fully computeri-ed and user friendly even that any of the members can see the report and status of the company. E;;.-.0(-7/ The basic need of this website is efficiency. The website should be efficient so that whenever a new user submit hisHher details the website is updated automatically. This record will be useful for other users instantly.

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Co()*o2/ The complete control of the pro ect is under the hands of authori-ed person who has the password to access this pro ect and illegal access is not supposed to deal with. $ll the control is under the administrator and the other members have the rights to ust see the records not to change any transaction or entry. S0-,*.)7/ Security is the main criteria for the proposed system. Since illegal access may corrupt the database. So security has to be given in this pro ect.

FACT FINDING TECHNI?UES/

The functioning of the system is to be understood by the system analyst to design the proposed system. )arious methods are used for this and these are known as fact*finding techni#ues. The analyst needs to fully understand the current system. The analyst needs data about the re#uirements and demands of the pro ect undertaken and the techni#ues employed to gather this data are known as fact*finding techni#ues. )arious kinds of techni#ues and the most popular among them are interviews, #uestionnaires, record views, case tools and also the personal observations made by the analyst himself.

I()0*@.0:3

.nterview is a very important data gathering techni#ue as in this the analyst directly contacts system and the potential user of the proposed system. +ne very essential aspect of conducting the interview is that the interviewer should first establish a rapport with the interviewee. .t should also be taken into account that the interviewee may or may not be a technician and the analyst should prefer to use day to day language instead of argon and technical terms.

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The advantage of the interview is that the analyst has a free hand and the he can extract almost all the information from the concerned people but then as it is a very time consuming method, he should also employ other means such as #uestionnaires, record reviews, etc. This may also help the analyst to verify and validate the information gained. .nterviewing should be approached, as logically and from a general point of view the following guides can be very beneficial for a successful interviewE 5. Set the stage for the interview. <. 0stablish rapportO put the interview at ease. 1. ,hrase #uestions clearly and succinctly. 8. >e a good listenerO a void arguments. 9. 0valuate the outcome of the interview. The interviews are of the two types namely 3)*,-),*0+ and ,(3)*,-),*0+. I . S)*,-),*0+ I()0*@.0: Structured interviews are those where the interviewee is asked a standard set of #uestions in a particular order. $ll interviews are asked the same set of #uestions. The #uestions are further divided into two kinds of formats for conducting this type if interview. II. U(3)*,-),*0+ I()0*@.0: The unstructured interviews are undertaken in a #uestion*and*answer format. This is of a much more flexible nature than the structured and can be very rightly used to gather general information about the system.

?,03).o((1.*03/

&uestionnaires are another way of information gathering where the potential users of the system are given #uestionnaires to be filled up and returned to the analyst.

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&uestionnaires are useful when the analyst need to gather information from a large number of people. .t is not possible to interview each individual. $lso if the time is very short, in that case also #uestionnaires are useful. .f the analyst guarantees the anonymity of the respondent then the respondent answers the #uestionnaires very honestly and critically. The analyst should sensibly design and frame #uestionnaires with clarity of it"s ob ective so as to do ust to the cost incurred on their development and distribution. R0-o*+ R0@.0:3

2ecords and reports are the collection of information and data accumulated over the time by the users about the system and it"s operations. This can also put light on the re#uirements of the system and the modifications it has undergone. 2ecords and reports may have a limitation if they are not up*to*date or if some essential links are missing. $ll the changes, which the system suffers, may not be recorded. The analyst may scrutini-e the records either at the beginning of his study which may give him a fair introduction about the system and will make him familiar with it or in the end which will provide the analyst with a comparison between what exactly isHwas desired from the system and it"s current working. O(9S.)0 OD30*@1).o(

+n*site observations are one of the most effectively tools with the analyst where the analyst personally goes to the site and discovers the functioning of the system. $s a observer, the analyst can gain first hand knowledge of the activities, operations, processes of the system on*site, hence here the role of an analyst is of an information seeker. This information is very meaningful as it is unbiased and has been directly taken by the analyst. This exposure also sheds some light on the actual happenings of the system as

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compared to what has already been documented, thus the analyst gets closer to system. This techni#ue is also time*consuming and the analyst should not ump to conclusions or draw inferences from small samples of observation rather the analyst should be more patient in gathering the information. This method is however less effective for learning about people"s perceptions, feelings and motivations.

ANALYSTIS INTERVIEW WITH HOSPITAL ADMINISTRATOR/

A(1273)/ A+6.(.3)*1)o*/ A(1273)/ A+6.(.3)*1)o*/ A(1273)/ A+6.(.3)*1)o*/ Hi, . have come to talk to you regarding the functioning of your hospital pro ect. hello, do come in. . was expecting you. ."ll come straight to the point. 3on"t hesitate, you can be as much open you want. There are no restrictions. ."ll give you my whole contribution. Tell me are you excited about the idea of having an automated system for your hospitalZ %es, . do. )ery much. $fter all it"s gonna reduce our loads of work. A(1273)/ A+6.(.3)*1)o*/ 4ill you elaborate on itZ Ma or problem is managing the rooms and admission and discharge of patients. There are so many of rooms and the numbers of patients are admitted in the room. $t the time of discharging of a patient, it becomes more difficult to handle the rooms condition, and re*admitting the patients in that room. A(1273)/ 4hat do you think be ideal solution to thisZ

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A+6.(.3)*1)o*/

$ll the information of rooms, patients and discharged patients should be put into computer. .t"ll be easy for us to check how many rooms are not available and which patient has to be allotted what room.

A(1273)/ A+6.(.3)*1)o*/

6ould you explain howZ 'ook whenever a new patient is admitted heHshe is allotted a bed number and the bed is reserved for the patient till the patient gets discharged. $nd when the patient is discharged, the bed allotted to himHher is freed and now the bed should again automatically ready for new patient to be admitted.

A(1273)/ A+6.(.3)*1)o*/

3o you have different patient categoriesZ /o, we don"t have any categori-ation for patients. $ll are treated at par.

A(1273)/ A+6.(.3)*1)o*/ A(1273)/ A+6.(.3)*1)o*/ A(1273)/ A+6.(.3)*1)o*/

How do you categori-e your patientsZ >y >ed number. 3o you have any other expectations or suggestion for the new systemZ .t should be able to produce reports faster. 2eportsZ . completely forgot about them. 4hat reports you people produce presentlyZ 4ell first is for room status, another for patient"s list being admitted and discharged patients and reports for doctors.

A(1273)/

3o you have some format for themZ

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A+6.(.3)*1)o*/

%es we do have and we want that the same format be used by the new system.

A(1273)/ A+6.(.3)*1)o*/ A(1273)/ A+6.(.3)*1)o*/

%es we"ll take care of that. $ny other suggestionsZ /o. %ou have already covered all the fields. Thanks for your co*operation. .t was nice talking to you. My pleasure. >ye.

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?UESTIONNAIRES FOR HOSPITAL STAFF/

.nstructionsE $nswer as specified by the format. ,ut /$ for non*application situation. 5. 4hat are your expectations out of the new system @computeri-edAZ 2ate the following on a scale of 5*8 giving allow value for low priority. @aA @bA @cA @dA @eA better cataloguing better managing of users better account and patients management computer awareness any otherUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

<. How many users are you expectingZ UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU 1. How many rooms are there in the hospitalZ UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU 8. How you want the patients to be categori-ed for searching @like by room number, bed numberAZ UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU 9. .s there any difference in the roles @privilegesA of two or more patientsZ %esH/o ,lease specify if %es UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU C. 3o you want facility of reserving a bed from phone in advanceZ %esH/o

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?. 3o you have data of patients entered into some kind of databaseZ %esH/o B. How do you want users to be categori-edZ UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUor UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU :. 4ould you like online registration for users rather than the printed formZ %esH/o 5;. 3o you already have some existing categori-ation of patients on the basis as specified in #uestion 8 aboveZ %esH/o 55. $ny other specific suggestionHexpectation out of the proposed system. UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

SOFTWARE RE?UIREMENT SPECIFICATION JSRSK/

1.1.1. WB1) 1*0 )B0 D0(0;.)3 o; 1 SRSL The .000 B1; standard defines the benefits of a good S2SE Establish the basis for agreement between the customers and the suppliers on what the software product is to do. The complete description of the functions to be performed by the software specified in the S2S will assist the potential users to determine if the software specified meets their needs or how the software must be modified to meet their needs. W/+T0E 4e use it as the basis of our contract with our clients all the timeX.

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Reduce the development effort. The preparation of the S2S forces the various concerned groups in the customer"s organi-ation to consider rigorously all of the re#uirements before design begins and reduces later redesign, recoding, and retesting. 6areful review of the re#uirements in the S2S can reveal omissions, misunderstandings, and inconsistencies early in the development cycle when these problems are easier to correct.

Provide a basis for estimating costs and schedules. The description of the product to be developed as given in the S2S is a realistic basis for estimating pro ect costs and can be used to obtain approval for bids or price estimates. W/+T0E $gain, we use the S2S as the basis for our fixed price estimatesX

Provide a baseline for validation and verification. +rgani-ations can develop their validation and )erification plans much more productively from a good S2S. $s a part of the development contract, the S2S provides a baseline against which compliance can be measured. W/+T0E 4e use the S2S to create the Test ,lanX.

Facilitate transfer. The S2S makes it easier to transfer the software product to new users or new machines. 6ustomers thus find it easier to transfer the software to other parts of their organi-ation, and suppliers find it easier to transfer it to new customers.

erve as a basis for enhancement. >ecause the S2S discusses the product but not the pro ect that developed it, the S2S serves as a basis for later enhancement of the finished product. The S2S may need to be altered, but it does provide a foundation for continued production evaluation.

1.1.2.

WB1) 3Bo,2+ )B0 SRS 1++*033L $gain from the .000 standardE The basic issues that the S2S writer@sA shall address are the followingE

Functionality.

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4hat is the software supposed to doZ +ur System aims at automating the manual system being used in the hospital for maintaining the records of the patients & employees of the Hospital. External interfaces. How does the software interact with people, the system"s hardware, other hardware, and other softwareZ +ur system uses various forms and reports through which users can interact with the system. $s we can have a centrali-ed database so our system interact it with database software through network and as network comes in, it uses network peripheral likes switches etc. 1.2. So;):1*0 E(5.(00*.(5 P1*1+.56 / Software engineering paradigm can be defined as a development strategy that encompasses the process, methods, tools layers and generic phases such as definition phase, development phase and support phase to solve real lives problems in an industry, research institute etc used by software engineers or team of engineers. The most useful software engineering paradigm that . incorporate in developing my pro ect is the SSpiral ModelT. This process model is suitable and useful for my pro ect because the following reasonsE The all re#uirements of the pro ect are not well understood by me at the beginning. 2elatively small but too complex pro ect. This pro ect is a complete new research. /o one has already implemented the logics and all necessary factors governing the pro ect.

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The target of this process model is that a complete system will be developed after the number of refinement.

This approach to software development begins at the system level and progresses towards through analysis, design, coding, testing and support. The details discussion of these steps is beyond the consideration of the pro ect but all these steps have been applied through out the S3'6 of my pro ect.

1.3. P*o-033 Lo5.-

5.

Jser verification ,rocess E*

The module receives input from the user who logs on the system. The module checks for the validity of the user from within the system itself. The module generate the output, displaying the validity or non*validity of the user . the module then grants access rights to the user depending on the level of the user. The log file is updated after the user logs*on successfully.

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+,3 2egistration ,rocess E*

The module is operated on by the operational level user. The module receives input from the patients, which includes their details. System will record these details & generate a +,3 /o. and list of 3octors available in +,3 on that day. The output generated is the +,3 6ard /o and patient is directed to the re#uired 3octor with that card. The revenue generated from +,3 is recorded & updated in the Master 2evenue 3atabase after every <8 hours.

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3.

A+6.33.o( R05.3)*1).o( P*o-033 /9

This module receives input from two areasE* @iA =rom the patient himself who has to get admitted to the Hospital. This process record patient details and issues a $dmission /o. .This no. is used as reference in other modules. The module generates a admission slip as the output indicating the ward & >ed allotted to the patient.

@iiA

The record input is received from the +,3 2egistration module, if the +,3 3octor recommends patient for immediate admission to the hospital. The 6ard /o. taken as reference so that patient details do not re#uired entering again. The card no is now replaced by the admission no. and output generated is same as in the case @iA.

2.

D,)7 A22o-1).o( P*o-033 /9 This module is operated by the super user in collaboration with top management who

together build*up the schedule for all employees of the Hospital. The process receives input from the employee Master database and the process prepares schedule for a period. The output of the process is the schedule report for the period in the consideration.

3.
@iA

F.(1(-.12 A-).@.)7 P*o-033 /9

This process receives two types of inputsE* =irst input, which is received, is for the ,atient. .t receives input from the admission*registration module, and test & treatment*undertaken module, as well as the patient master database. .t records & process all the financial

8?

transactions taken place between the hospital and the patient and generates the final bill as the output. @iiA Second input, which is received, is for the employees of the hospital. .t receives input from the duty allocation process and the employee database for the preparation of a salary*slip. The module records & processes various calculations and generates the salary*slip as the output.

!.

T03) 1(+ T*01)60() U(+0*)1<0( P*o-033 /9

This module receives input in the form of prescription written by the doctor for the types of tests and treatment to be undertaken by the patient. .t records and process, the various details about the test and generates the lab*report as the output of the module. .t also generates the receipt for the tests undertaken. These receipts serve as one of the input to the financial*activity module.

#.

M0+.-12 3,4427 P*o-033/ 9

This module is fairly independent of the other modules. .t maintains the inventory of the various medicines. .t takes input in the form of prescription and generates output in the form of bill containing the number of medicines purchased and their respective rates, along with the total amount to be paid by the patient. The module also maintains a database of the medicines and provides a check for their availability and non*availability. .n case of low inventory of any medicine, a message is sent to the hospital, which replenishes the inventory*level of that medicine.

M1.()0(1(-0 P*o-033/ 9

This module is the most important module. .t receives input from every other module of the system, and its functionality is to maintain the working and processing of other modules as well as the maintenance of the various databases. Thus, it aims at the overall maintenance of the whole system.

8B

ACD JA*-B.)0-),*12 Co()0A) D.15*16

2egistration & 3ischarge

Jser 'ogin and ,assword

Jser 'ogin and Security system

$ccess to system granted

$ccess 3enied 2egistration form +pd system +,3 6ard 2egistration form $dmission system $dmission Dranted $dmission 2e ected

,rescription

Test & Treatment system

2eport \2esult

Medicine Shop system

2eceipt of ,ayment

3ischarge Slip

=inancial activity system

2eceipt of ,ayment

)erification & )alidation

8:

PERT CHART

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95

E9R9 DIAGRAM
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SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

Jser 2e#uirement
2e#uirement 3eterminatio n

2evised 2e#uirement Specification

3ecision to 3esign .nformation System

.nitial 2e#uirement .nvestigatio n

=easibi lity $nalys is

Test ,lan . 'ogical System 3esign

System 3esign

=easibility Study =unctional Spec.

System Specific ation $nalysi s

System .mplementation

,hysical 2e#uirement System Schedule

System 0valuation Hardware Study

6onfiguration 3ata >udget

System Modification Maintenance

.mproved System

91

HOSPITALMANAGEMENT SYSTEM DATA FLOW DIAGRAM

Co()0A) L0@02 DFD

!edical "dvice

Patient "ppointment

HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

P' Programmer

Patient tatus

(ill Payment

#arrier $ %ob &ospital

98

DFD ;o* M0+.-12 A+@.-0

Patient

*. Read the )ata from patient

+. earch for disease from ,nowledge

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)ata base

.utput /nit

99

DFD ;o* 41).0() A44o.()60()

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*. Read patient request

+. earch from )octor )ata base

)atabase -. 'ive the 0ime and 1umber

.utput /120

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*. Read the )ata from patient

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)atabase

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.utput /nit

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)octor

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.utput /nit

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*. Read the Patient )ata $ 0reatment

+. 'enerate the bill

Print (ill

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Read Patient )ata and )isease

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DATA FLOW DIAGRAM ADMISSION OF A NEW PATIENT

PATIENT

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5.< Det 3etails

,atient 3etails
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CC

DATA FLOW DIAGRAM RECORD MODIFICATION

USER

5 2ead the patient

Scan 2ecord

< Show the 3etails of 2ecord

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C?

DATA FLOW DIAGRAM DISCHARGE OF PATIENT

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OUTPUT UNIT

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OUTPUT UNIT

?;

CHAPTER '
SYSTEM DESIGN
S73)06 D03.5(/
The design document that we will develop during this phase is the blueprint of the software. .t describes how the solution to the customer problem is to be built. Since solution to complex problems isn"t usually found in the first try, iterations are most likely re#uired. This is true for software design as well. =or this reason, any design strategy, design method, or design language must be flexible and must easily accommodate changes due to iterations in the design. $ny techni#ue or design needs to support and guide the partitioning process in such a way that the resulting sub*problems are as independent as possible from each other and can be combined easily for the solution to the overall problem. Sub*problem independence and easy combination of their solutions reduces the complexity of the problem. This is the ob ective of the partitioning process. ,artitioning or decomposition during design involves three types of decisionsE * 3efine the boundaries along which to breakO 3etermine into how money pieces to breakO and .dentify the proper level of detail when design should stop and implementation should start. >asic design principles that enable the software engineer to navigate the design process suggest a set of principles for software design, which have been adapted and extended in the following listE =ree from the suffer from Itunnel vision.I $ good designer should consider alternative approaches, udging each based on the re#uirements of the problem, the resources available to do the ob.

?5

The design should be traceable to the analysis model. >ecause a single element of the design model often traces to multiple re#uirements, it is necessary to have a means for tracking how re#uirements have been satisfied by the design model. The design should not repeat the same thing. Systems are constructed using a set of design patterns, many of which have likely been encountered before. These patterns should always be chosen as an alternative to reinvention. Time is short and resources are limitedK 3esign time should be invested in representing truly new ideas and integrating those patterns that already exist. The design should Iminimi-e the intellectual distanceI between the software and the problem as it exists in the real world. That is, the structure of the software design should @whenever possibleA mimic the structure of the problem domain. The design should exhibit uniformity and integration. $ design is uniform if it appears that one person developed the entire thing. 2ules of style and format should be defined for a design team before design work begins. $ design is integrated if care is taken in defining interfaces between design components. The design activity begins when the re#uirements document for the software to be developed is available. This may be the S2S for the complete system, as is the case if the waterfall model is being followed or the re#uirements for the next IiterationI if the iterative enhancement is being followed or the re#uirements for the prototype if the prototyping is being followed. 4hile the re#uirements specification activity is entirely in the problem domain, design is the first step in moving from the problem domain toward the solution domain. 3esign is essentially the bridge between re#uirements specification and the final solution for satisfying the re#uirements. The design of a system is essentially a blueprint or a plan for a solution for the system. 4e consider a system to be a set of components with clearly defined behavior that interacts with each other in a fixed defined manner to produce some behavior or services for its environment. $ component of a system can be considered a system, with its own

?<

components. .n a software system, a component is a software module. The design process for software systems, often, has two levels. $t the first level, the focus is on deciding which modules are needed for the system, the specifications of these modules, and how the modules should be interconnected. This is what is called the system design or top* level design. .n the second level, the internal design of the modules, or how the specifications of the module can be satisfied, is decided. This design level is often called detailed design or logic design. 3etailed design essentially expands the system design to contain a more detailed description of the processing logic and data structures so that the design is sufficiently complete for coding. >ecause the detailed design is an extension of system design, the system design controls the ma or structural characteristics of the system. The system design has a ma or impact on the testability and modifiability of a system, and it impacts its efficiency. Much of the design effort for designing software is spent creating the system design. The input to the design phase is the specifications for the system to be designed. Hence, reasonable entry criteria can be that the specifications are stable and have been approved, hoping that the approval mechanism will ensure that the specifications are complete, consistent, unambiguous, etc. The output of the top*level design phase is the architectural design or the system design for the software system to be built. This can be produced with or without using a design methodology. $ reasonable exit criteria for the phase could be that the design has been verified against the input specifications and has been evaluated and approved for #uality. $ design can be ob ect*oriented or function*oriented. .n function*oriented design, the design consists of module definitions, with each module supporting a functional abstraction. .n ob ect*oriented design, the modules in the design represent data abstraction @these abstractions are discussed in more detail laterA. .n the function*oriented methods for design and describe one particular methodology the structured design methodology in some detail. .n a function* oriented design approach, a system is viewed

?1

as a transformation function, transforming the inputs to the desired outputs. The purpose of the design phase is to specify the components for this transformation function, so that each component is also a transformation function. Hence, the basic output of the system design phase, when a function oriented design approach is being followed, is the definition of all the ma or data structures in the system, all the ma or modules of the system, and how the modules interact with each other. +nce the designer is satisfied with the design he has produced, the design is to be precisely specified in the form of a document. To specify the design, specification languages are used. ,roducing the design specification is the ultimate ob ective of the design phase. The purpose of this design document is #uite different from that of the design notation. 4hereas a design represented using the design notation is largely to be used by the designer, a design specification has to be so precise and complete that it can be used as a basis of further development by other programmers. Denerally, design specification uses textual structures, with design notation helping in understanding.

DATA MODELING/
U30*3 )1D20 =ield /ame 0mp .d 0mail .d ,assword A+6.( =ield Jsername ,assword P1)0.() )1D20 =ield 6ardUno /ame Type 6har @1;A 6har @1;A 6onstraint ,rimary key /ot /ull Type 6har @1;A 6har @1;A 6onstraint /ot /ull /ot /ull Type 6har @1;A 6har @1;A 6har @1;A 6har @1;A 6onstraint /ot /ull ,rimary Vey /ot /ull /ot /ull

?8

Dender $ge $ddress ,hone 2elativeUname 2elativeUaddress 3epartment 3octorUname Do-)o* M13)0* =ield 3rUcode 3rUname Demder 3ateUofUbirth $ddress 3ateUofU oin 3esgination B0+M+0)1.23 =ield >edUno Satus

6har @1;A /umeric 6har @C;A /umeric 6har @1;A 6har@C;A 6har @C;A 6har @1;A

/ot /ull /ot /ull /ot /ull /ot null /ot null /ot null /ot /ull /ot null

Type 6har @1;A 6har @1;A 6har @1;A 3ate 6har @1;A 3ate

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?9

T03)M+0)1.23 =ield 2eceiptUno ,atientUid /ame 3ate 2eport T03)M613)0* =ield TestUcode TestUtest 2ateUperUtest F00+D1-< =ield /ame 0mail .d ,hone State 6omment Type 6har @1;A 6har @1;A 6har @1;A 6har @1;A 6har @C;A 6onstraint /ot /ull /ot /ull /ot /ull /ot null /ot null Type 6har@1;A 6har@1;A 6har @1;A 6onstraint /ot null /ot null /ot null Type 6har@1;A 6har @1;A 6har @1;A 3ate 6har @C;A 6onstraint ,rimary key /ot null /ot null /ot null /ot null

SCHEDULING/
Scheduling of a software pro ect does not differ greatly from scheduling of any multi* task engineering effort. Therefore, generali-ed pro ect scheduling tools and techni#ues can be applied with little modification to software pro ects. ,rogram evaluation and review techni#ue @,02TA and critical path method @6,MA are two pro ect scheduling methods that can be applied to software development. >oth techni#ues are driven by information already developed in earlier pro ect planning activities.

?C

E3).61)03 o; E;;o*) $ decomposition of the product function. The selection of the appropriate process model and task set. 3ecomposition of tasks. .nterdependencies among tasks may be defined using a task network. Tasks, sometimes called the pro ect 4ork >reakdown Structure @4>SA are defined for the product as a whole or for individual functions. >oth ,02T and 6,M provide #uantitative tools that allow the software planner to @5A determine the critical path*the chain of tasks that determines the duration of the pro ectO @<A establish Imost likelyI time estimates for individual tasks by applying statistical modelsO and @1A calculate Iboundary timesI that define a time windowI for a particular task. >oundary time calculations can be very useful in software pro ect scheduling. Slippage in the design of one function, for example, can retard further development of other functions. .t describes important boundary times that may be discerned from a ,02T or 6,M networkE @.A the earliest time that a task can begin when preceding tasks are completed in the shortest possible time, @<A the latest time for task initiation before the minimum pro ect completion time is delayed, @1A the earliest finish*the sum of the earliest start and the task duration, @8A the latest finish* the latest start time added to task duration, and @9A the total float*the amount of surplus time or leeway allowed in scheduling tasks so that the network critical path maintained on schedule. >oundary time calculations lead to a determination of critical path and provide the manager with a #uantitative method for evaluating progress as tasks are completed. >oth ,02T and 6,M have been implemented in a wide variety of automated tools that are available for the personal computer. Such tools are easy to use and take the scheduling methods described previously available to every software pro ect manager.

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LHtrM LHtableM LpMLimg srcPIimagesHmind*technologiesUUthedoctorxonline*homeopathic*H+S,.T$'*management* software. pgI widthPI19;I heightPI<C;IMLHpMLHtdM Ltd widthPI1BCI colspanPI<I alignPIleftI valignPItopIM Lspan classPIstyle58IM LlabelM LHlabelM LHspanM LlabelMLHlabelM Ltable widthPI1BCI heightPI<?BI borderPI;IM LtrM Ltd widthPI5C:IMLspan classPIstyle<;IM4e have six departments in out hospital. 4e are going to extends more departments so that we can serve patients easily.LHspanMLHtdM Ltd widthPI5:?IMLimg srcPIimagesHh<. pgI widthPI5:5I heightPI5<1IMLHtdM Ltd widthPICIM&nbspOLHtdM LHtrM LtrM LtdMLimg srcPIimagesHh5. pgI widthPI5C9I heightPI515IMLHtdM LtdMLul typePIbullet typeIM Lli classPIstyle<5IM4e have four type of users Lli classPIstyle<5IM$dmin, doctor, opd, test and treatment Lli classPIstyle<5IM$dministrator will create user account Lli classPIstyle<5IM Jsers can go their corresponding section LHulM LHtdM LtdM&nbspOLHtdM LHtrM LtrM LtdMLmar#uee directionPIupIMLul typePIbyllet typeIM Lli classPIstyle<<IM4e are providing good service Lli classPIstyle<<IM4e are using lattest technology Lli classPIstyle<<IM4e have well experienced doctors Lli classPIstyle<<IM+ur services available <8N? LHulMLHmar#ueeM LHtdM LtdMLimg srcPIimagesHH+S,.T$'. pgI widthPI5:BI heightPI5C<IMLHtdM LtdM&nbspOLHtdM LHtrM LHtableMLHtdM LHtrM LHtableM LHformM Lp classPIstyle5;I UUdesignerEdtidPI5CBBB9B89;5:B99;IM&nbspOLHpM Lp alignPI ustifyI classPIstyle5;I UUdesignerEdtidPI5CBBB9B89;5:B99;IM&nbspOLHpM Lp alignPI ustifyI classPIstyle5;I UUdesignerEdtidPI5CBBB9B89;5:B99;IM&nbspOLHpM Lh5 alignPI ustifyI classPIstyleBIM&nbspOLHh5M LpM&nbspOLHpM Lh5M&nbspOLHh5M Lp classPIstyle?I UUdesignerEdtidPI<B58?:<?5C??:C<IM&nbspOLHpM LHtdM LHtrM LHtableM LHbodyM LHhtmlM

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_ body ] margin*leftE ;pxO margin*topE ;pxO _ .style5; ]font*si-eE 58px_ .style55 ] colorE ^;;;;==O font*weightE boldO _ .style5< ]font*si-eE 58pxO colorE ^66;;;;O _ **M LHstyleM Lmeta http*e#uivPI6ontent*TypeI contentPItextHhtmlO charsetPiso*BB9:*5IMLHheadM LbodyM Ltable widthPI?15I borderPI;I alignPIcenterI cellspacingPI;IM LtrM Ltd colspanPI<I heightPI5<;IMLGR include filePIheader. spI GMLHtdM LHtrM LtrM Ltd widthPI59;I alignPIleftI valignPItopIMLpMLimg srcPIimagesHdoc<. pgI widthPI59;I heightPI5;9IMLHpM Lp classPIstyle55IM4orking environment of the hospital should be good.. LbrM LHpM LpMLspan classPIstyle5;IMLimg srcPIimagesHdoc5. pgI widthPI595I heightPI5:5IMLHspanMLHpMLHtdM Ltd widthPI?9;I alignPIleftI valignPItopI bgcolorPI^======IMLform namePIform5I methodPIpostI actionPIIM Ltable widthPIC8?I heightPI5CCI borderPI;IM LtrM Ltd widthPIC85I heightPIC5IMLdiv alignPIcenterI classPIstyle:IM LpM$>+JT JS LHpM LpM&nbspOLHpM LHdivMLHtdM LHtrM LtrM Ltd alignPIleftIMLh< alignPI ustifyI classPIstyle5<IMHospital are the essential part of our lives, providing best medical facilities to people suffering from various ailments, which may be due to change in climatic conditions, increased work*load, emotional trauma stress etcLbrM .t is necessary for the hospitals to keep track of its day*to*day activities &ampO records of its patients, doctors, nurses, ward boys and other staff personals that keep the hospital running smoothly &ampO successfullyLbrM >ut keeping track of all the activities and their records on paper is very cumbersome and error prone. .t also is very inefficient and a time*consuming process +bserving the continuous increase in population and number of people visiting the hospital. 2ecording and maintaining all these records is highly unreliable, inefficient and error*prone. .t is also not economically &ampO technically feasible to maintain these records on paper.LbrM Thus keeping the working of the manual system as the basis of our pro ect. 4e have developed an automated version of the manual system, named as &ld#uoOH+S,.T$' M$/$D0M0/T S%ST0M&rd#uoO.LbrM The main aim of our pro ect is to provide a paper*less hospital up to :;G. .t also aims at providing low*cost reliable automation of the existing systems. The system also provides excellent security of data at every level of user*system interaction and also provides robust &ampO reliable storage and backup facilities.LbrM LHh<M

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Co+0 E;;.-.0(-7/
2eviewing of 6ode efficiency for a module is carried out after the module is successfully compiled and all the syntax errors eliminated. 6ode efficiency review is extremely cost* effective strategies for reduction in coding errors in order to produce high #uality code. /ormally, two types of efficiency are carried out on the code of a module * code optimi-ation and code inspection. The procedure and final ob ective of these two efficiency techni#ues are very different as discussed below.

O4).6.N1).o( o; Co+0/
6ode optimi-ation is an informal code analysis techni#ue. .n this techni#ue, after a module has been coded, it is successfully compiled and all syntax errors are eliminated. Some members of the development team are given the code a few days before the optimi-ation meeting to read and understand the code. 0ach member selects some test cases and simulates execution of the code by hand @i.e. trace execution through each statement and function executionA. The main ob ectives of the optimi-ation are to discover the algorithmic and logical errors in the code. The members note down their findings to discuss these in a optimi-ation meeting where the coder of the module is also present. 0ven though a code optimi-ation is an informal analysis techni#ue, several guidelines have evolved over the years for making this na`ve techni#ue more effective and useful. +f course, these guidelines are based on personal experience, common sense, and several sub ective factors. Therefore are based on personal experience, common sense, and several sub ective factors. Therefore, guidelines should be considered as examples rather than as rules to be applied dogmatically. Some of these guidelines are the followingE The team performing the code optimi-ation should not be either too big or too small. .deally, it should consist of three to seven members.

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CHAPTER ' %
TESTING PHASE
+ne of the purposes of the testing is to validate and verify the system. )erification means checking the system to ensure that it is doing what the function is supposed to do and )alidation means checking to ensure that system is doing what the user wants it to do. /o program or system design is perfectO communication between the user and the designer is not always complete or clear, and time is usually short. The result is errors and more errors. Theoretically, a newly designed system should have all the pieces in working order, but in reality, each piece works independently. /ow is the time to put all the pieces into one system and test it to determine whether it meets the userFs re#uirements. This is the best chance to detect and correct errors before the system is implemented. The purpose of system testing is to consider all the likely variations to which it will be sub ected and then push the system to its limits. .f we implement the system without proper testing then it might cause the problems. 5. 6ommunication between the user and the designer. <. The programmerFs ability to generate a code that reflects exactly the specification. 1. The time frame for the design. Theoretically, a new designed system should have all the pieces in working order, but in reality, each piece works independently. /ow is the time to put all the pieces into one system and test it to determine whether it meets the re#uirements of the user. The process of system testing and the steps taken to validate and prepare a system for final implementation areE system

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LEVELS OF TESTING/
TB0 +.;;0*0() )7403 o; )03).(5 1*0 13 ;o22o:3/

UNIT TESTING

VALIDATION INTREGRATION N SYSTEM

1. U(.) T03).(5/ This is the smallest testable unit of a computer system and is normally tested using the white box testing. The author of the programs usually carries out unit tests. 2. I()05*1).o( T03).(5/ .n integration testing, the different units of the system are integrated together to form the complete system and this type of testing checks the system as whole to ensure that it is doing what is supposed to do. The testing of an integrated system can be carried out top* down, bottom*up, or big*bang. .n this type of testing, some parts will be tested with white box testing and some with black box testing techni#ues. This type of testing plays very important role in increasing the systems productivity. 4e have checked our system by using the integration testing techni#ues.

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3. S73)06 T03).(5/ $ part from testing the system to validate the functionality of software against the re#uirements, it is also necessary to test the non*functional aspect of the system. Some examples of non*functional tools include tests to check performance, data security, usabilityHuser friendliness, volume, loadHstress that we have used in our pro ect to test the various modules. S73)06 )03).(5 -o(3.3)3 o; )B0 ;o22o:.(5 3)043/ 5. ,rogram@sA testing. <. String testing. 1. System testing. 8. System documentation. 9. Jser acceptance testing. !. F.02+ T03).(5/ This is a special type of testing that may be very important in some pro ects. Here the system is tested in the actual operational surroundings. The interfaces with other systems and the real world are checked. This type of testing is very rarely used. So far our pro ect is concerned, we havenFt tested our pro ect using the field testing. 5. A--04)1(-0 T03).(5/ $fter the developer has completed all rounds of testing and he is satisfied with the system, then the user takes over and re*tests the system from his point of view to udge whether it is acceptable according to some previously identified criteria. This is almost always a tricky situation in the pro ect because of the inherent conflict between the developer and the user. .n this pro ect, it is the ob of the bookstores to check the system that whether the made system fulfills the goals or not.

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WB7 S73)06 T03).(5L Testing is vital to the success of the system. System testing makes a logical assumption that if all the parts of the system are correct, the goal will be successfully achieved. .nade#uate testing results in two types of problemsE 5. The time lag between the cause and the appearance of the problem. <. The effect of system errors on the files and records within the system. $nother reason for system testing is its utility as a user*oriented vehicle before implementation. A-).@.)7 N0):o*< ;o* S73)06 T03).(5 The test plan entails the following activitiesE 5. ,repare test plan. <. Specify conditions for user acceptance testing. 1. ,repare test data for program testing. 8. ,repare test data for transaction path testing. 9. ,lan user training. C. 6ompileHassemble programs. ?. ,repare ob performance aids. B. ,repare operational documents. P*041*0 T03) $ workable test plan must be prepared in accordance with established design specifications. .t includes the following itemsE Y +utputs expected from the system. Y 6riteria for evaluating outputs. Y $ volume of test data. Y ,rocedure for using test data. Y ,ersonnel and training re#uirements.

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S40-.;7 Co(+.).o(3 ;o* U30* A--04)1(-0 T03).(5 ,lanning for user acceptance testing calls for the analyst and the user to agree on conditions for the test. P*041*0 T03) D1)1 ;o* P*o5*16 T03).(5 $s each program is coded, test data are prepared and documented to ensure that all aspects of the program are properly tested. P*041*0 T03) D1)1 ;o* T*1(31-).o( P1)B T03).(5 This activity develops the data re#uired for testing every condition and transactions to be introduced into the system. The path of each transaction from origin to destination is carefully tested reliable results. P21( U30* T*1.(.(5 Jser training is designed to prepare the user for testing and converting the system. Jser involvement and training take place parallel with programming for three reasonsE Y The system group has time available to spend on training while the programs are being written. Y .nitiating a user*training program gives the systems group a clearer image of the userFs interest in the new system. Y $ trained user participates more effectively in system testing. The training plan is followed by preparation of the user training manual and other text materials. Co64.20 G A3306D20 P*o5*163 $ll programs have to be compiled H assembled for testing. P*041*0 JoD P0*;o*61(-0 A.+3

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.n this activity the materials to be used by personnel to run the system are specified and scheduled. This includes a display of materials. P*041*0 O40*1).o(12 Do-,60()3 3uring the test plan stage, all operational documents are finali-ed including copies of the operational formats re#uired by the candidate system. S73)063 )03).(5 The computer department to ensure that the system functions as specified does this testing. This testing is important to ensure that a working system is handed over to the user for acceptance testing. A--04)1(-0 )03).(5. The user to ensure that the system functions, as the user actually wanted performs this testing. 4ith prototyping techni#ues, this stage becomes very much a formality to check the accuracy and completeness of processing. The screen layouts and output should already have been tested during the prototyping phase. $n error in the program code can remain undetected indefinitely. To prevent this from happening the code was tested at various levels. To successfully test a system, each condition, and combinations of conditions had to be tested. 0ach program was tested and linked to other programs. This unit of program is tested and linked to other units and so on until the complete system has been tested. The purpose of testing is to ensure that each program is fully tested. To do so a test plan had to be created. The test plan consists of a number of test runs such as the valid paths through the code, and the exception and error handling paths. =or each test run there is a list of conditions tested, the test data used and the result expected. The test plan was then reviewed to check that each path through the code is tested correctly. .t is the

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responsibility of the programmer to collect the data that will produce the re#uired test condition.

VERIFICATION AND VALIDATION JV&VK/

The ob ectives of verification, validity activities are to assess and improve the #uality of the work products generated during development and modification of the software. &uality depends upon the various attributes like correctness, completeness, consistency, reliability, usefulness, usability, efficiency and conformance to standards. The terms verification and validation are used synonymously. These are defined as underE * )erificationE S$re we building the product rightZT )alidationE S$re we building the right productZT )erification activities include proving, testing, and reviews. )alidation is the process of evaluating software at the end of the software development to ensure compliance with the software re#uirements. Testing is a common method of validation. 6learly, for high reliability we need to perform both activities. Together, they are often called )&) activities. The ma or )&) activities for software development are inspection, reviews, and testing @both static and dynamicA. The )&) plan identifies the different )&) tasks for the different phases and specifies how these tasks contribute to the pro ect )&) goals. The methods to be used for performing these )&) activities, the responsibilities and milestones for each of these activities, inputs and outputs for each )&) task, and criteria for evaluating the outputs are also specified.

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The two ma or )&) approaches are testing and inspections. Testing is an activity that can be generally performed only on code. .t is an important activity and is discussed in detail in a later chapter. .nspection is a more general activity that can be applied to any work product, including code. Many of the )&) tasks are such that for them, an inspection type of activity is the only possible way to perform the tasks @e.g. trace ability and document evaluationA. 3ue to this, inspections play a significant role in verification.

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$. SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
System .mplementation Maintenance and 2eview $s we know, creating software is one thing and the implementation of the created software is another. The process of implementing software is much difficult as compared to the task of creating the pro ect. =irst we have to implement the software on a small scale for removing the bugs and other errors in the pro ect and after removing them we can implement the software on a large scale. >efore we think in terms of implementing the Software on a large basis, we must consider the Hardware re#uirements.

4henever we develop software or pro ect a certain hardware and software is being used by the programmer for developing the pro ect. The hardware and software to be used by the programmer for developing the pro ect should be such that it would result in the development of a pro ect, which would satisfy all the basic needs for which the pro ect has been created by the programmer. The Hardware should be such that cost constraints of the 6lient should also be taken into account without affecting the performance.

HARDWARE EVALUATION FACTORS/ 4hen we evaluate computer hardware, we should first investigate specific physical and performance characteristics for each hardware component to be ac#uired. These specific #uestions must be answered concerning many important factors. These hardware evaluation factors #uestions are summari-ed in the below figure. /otice that there is much more to evaluating hardware than determining the fastest and cheapest computing device. =or e.g. the #uestion of possible obsolescence must be addressed by making a technology evaluation. The factor of ergonomics is also very important. 0rgonomics is the science and technology that tries to ensure that computers and other technologies are Iuser*friendlyI, that is safe, comfortable and easy to use. #onnectivity is

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another important evaluation factor, since so many computer systems are now interconnected within wide area or local area telecommunications networks. HARDWARE EVALUATION FACTORS/ 5A ,erformance <A 6ost 1A 2eliability 8A $vailability 9A 6ompatibility CA Modularity ?A Technology BA 0rgonomics :A 6onnectivity 5;A0nvironmental re#uirements 55ASoftware 5<ASupport

SOFTWARE EVALUATION FACTORS/ Software can be evaluated according to many factors similar to the hardware evaluation. Thus the factors of performance8 cost8 reliability8 compatibility8 modularity8 technology8 ergonomics8 and support should be used to evaluate proposed software ac#uisitions. .n addition, however, the software evaluation factors are summari-ed in below figure. =or e.g. some software packages re#uire too much memory capacity and are notoriously slow, hard to use, or poorly documented. They are not a good selection for most end users, even if offered at attractive prices. 5A 0fficiencyE is the software a well*written system of computer instructions that does not use much memory capacity or 6,J timeZ

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<A =lexibilityE can it handle its processing assignments easily without ma or modificationsZ 1A SecurityE does it provide control procedures for errors, malfunctions and improper useZ 8A 'anguageE do our computer programmers and users write it in a programming language that is usedZ 9A 3ocumentationE is the sHw well documentedZ 3oes it include helpful user instructionsZ CA HardwareE does existing hardware have the features re#uired to best use this softwareZ ?A +ther characteristics of hardware such as its performance, what about the cost, how much is reliable and etc.

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%. SECURITY MEASURES
Security ,erformed .n H+S,.T$'Management System Jser /ame & ,assword security implemented so that no unauthorised person can handle any operation without username and ,assword. +nly authori-ed person can log*on the system. +nly authori-ed person can update the records. +nly authori-ed person can handle the reservation. +nly authori-ed person can print the report. .t has two kinds of usersE 5. $dministrator <. Jser5

A+6.(.3)*1)o*/ He has complete authority @2ead, $dd, ModifyA of operating the software. The Jser /ame and ,assword provided to the $dministrator in this pro ect isE Jser .dE ,asswordE $dmin admin5<1

U30*1/ 4hen this user logs onto the system, he can only view information and other reports. He can generate different reports. Jser .dE ,asswordE Jser5 user5<1

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". FURTHER SCOPE OF THE APPLICATION

5. Though maximum efforts have been put in to make this report authentic in all aspects and to take all necessary presentation to ensure that the information gathered is true, some uncomfortable factors may have crept in. <. Some of the respondents were reluctant to part with certain information on the pretext of the sensitivity of the information. $lso some facts of figures were not divulged as the company policy came in the way for free revelation of the desired input. 1. $n element of bias might have crept in from the side of the official interviewed. This could also have resulted in some kind of modification of the information divulged. 8. Through an attempt was make to collect information from the best possible source in the company, it was difficult to meet the top officials due to their busy schedules. 9. Most of the analysis and interpretations, made for this report, are based on secondary data obtained. This data could have some inherent mistakes and errors. C. =inally, although due care has been taken those can be typing and compilation errors in the report itself. The tasks specified were not well defined because nothing was mentioned regarding validations in the pro ect. Though we gave maximum effort to check the software with different validation tests, a few of them might be present in this version. 3ue to limited time available survey could not be undertaken for intended <; consumers and thus had to be limited to 5;. 6ommunication gaps exist between employees and management, as seniors donFt share problem with subordinates resulting in violation of psychological contract. ,oor rewarding system@slowA ,oor working conditions

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The limitations may be many and the magnitude of the influence of these limiting factors may have a bearing on the report, but it in no way alters the ultimate aim of the pro ect and because itFs highly JS02 =2.0/3'%, it would be the choice of all kinds of personnel.

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1&. CONCLUSIONS
This pro ect has been a rewarding experience in more than one way. The entire pro ect work has enlightened us in the following areas. aA 4e have gained an insight into the working of the H+S,.T$'. This represents a typical real world situation. bA +ur understanding of database design has been strengthened this is because in order to generate the final reports of database designing has to be properly followed. cA Scheduling a pro ect and adhering to that schedule creates a strong sense of time management. dA Sense of teamwork has developed and confidence of handling real life pro ect has increased to a great extent. eA .nitially, there were problem with the validation but with discussions, we were to implement validations.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

O1P Herbert Scheldt, J1@1 Co6420)0 R0;0*0(-0, =ifth 0dition, Tata McDraw Hill 0dition. O2P ,hil Hanna, JSP 2.&E The 6omplete 2eference, Tata McDraw Hill 0dition, <;;1.

O3P 0lmarsi and /avathe, F,(+160()123 o; D1)1D130 S73)06 @Third 0ditionA, $ddision 4esley. O!P .an Somerville, So;):1*0 E(5.(00*.(5, Third 0dition, ,earson 0ducation. O#P $li >ahrami, ODE0-)9O*.0()0+ S73)06 D0@02o460(), Third 0dition, Tata McDraw Hill 0dition. O P .van >ayross, S?LC PLGS?L 4*o5*166.(5 21(5,150 o; O*1-20C Second 0dition, >,> ,ublication.

WEB REFERENCES O1P :::.5oo520.-o6 O2P :::.B)62-o+0),)o*.12.-o6

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