Base Isolation Technology and Blast Loading

Dr. Ronald L. Mayes SGH Dr. Eve Hinman HCE

National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

Engineering Design Issues

Earthquakes

Wind
Blast / Progressive collapse Green Engineering

Sensitivity to Historic Preservation Issues

National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

Innovations in Earthquake Engineering

Base Isolation

Fiber Wrap
Dampers Steel moment frame solutions

Redundancy helps with progressive collapse

Capacity design principles

In general whats good for earthquake design helps resist blast loads

National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

Earthquakes can be Catastrophic and Very Expensive

Loma Prieta $7 Billion

$450 Million per Second

Northridge - $30 Billion

$2 billion per second!

Kobe - $150 - $200 Billion

$7.5 billion per second!!

National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

Duration is Magnitude Dependent

1906 San Francisco

8.3

1 min.

1964 Alaska
1989 Loma Prieta 1994 Northridge

8.4
7.1 6.7

4 min.
15 sec. 12 sec.

1995 Kobe

7.1

15 sec.

Loma Prieta, Northridge and Kobe were not the Big Ones!

National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

Current Design Codes Expected Performance

These design requirements primarily
are intended to safeguard against major failures and loss of life, NOT to limit damage, maintain functions, or provide for easy repairs.

National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

Performance Based Design (PBD)

Owner chooses desired performance Reduce business interruption Reduce damage costs

National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

Performance Based Design Documents

Vision 2000

FEMA 356/273
ATC 40

FEMA 310

National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

Damage States & Performance Level Thresholds

Operational
(Negligible Damage)

Immediate Occupancy
(Light Damage)

Life Safety
(Moderate Damage)

Collapse Prevention
(Severe Damage)

Collapse
(Complete Damage)

National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

Base Isolation Technology

One of the most significant developments in earthquake engineering in the past 35 years

It provides the design profession the ability to design a building that is operational after a major earthquake

National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

The Goals of Base Isolation

Protection of Life Current Code

Additional Benefits of Isolation

Protection of Building Frame Protection of Non-Structural Components and Contents Protection of Processes and Function Provide for an operational facility after the earthquake

National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

Base Isolation How It Works

National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

Conventional Structure

National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

Ground Forces are amplified

by a factor of 3 to 4 at the
roof.

Conventional Structure
National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

Forces reduced by 3 to 6 across the isolators Forces reduced by 8 to 12 at the roof

Isolated Structure
National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

During a Richter 8.0 Earthquake a Seismically Isolated Building Will Behave as if it Were Experiencing a 5.5 Earthquake
National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

Seismic Isolator
(Top Mounting Plate Not Shown)

Energy Dissipation Core

Steel Reinforcing Plates

Cover Rubber Internal Rubber Layers Bottom Mounting Plate

National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

Friction Pendulum Bearing

STAINLESS STEEL CONCAVE SURFACE HOUSING PLATE

CONCAVE PLATE SELF LUBRICATING COMPOSITE LINER ARTICULATING SLIDER

SECTION

National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

Applications of Base Isolation

1st application in New Zealand in 1974

1st US application in 1984

1st Japanese application in 1985

US - 80 buildings and 150 bridges

Japan - 1000 buildings and 500 bridges

National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

US APPLICATIONS

55% Government

45% Private sector

55% New Buildings 45% Retrofit of Existing Buildings

National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

US APPLICATIONS

12 Historic building retrofits 8 Hospitals 8 Emergency Operation Centers 7 Manufacturing Facilities 7 Computer Centers 6 University Buildings 6 Court Houses / Police Buildings 3 Laboratories 3 Library / Museums 2 Residences 10 Miscellaneous Tanks/Labs /Airports /Church etc

National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

San Francisco Airport International Terminal

Worlds Largest Isolated Building

National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

Benefits of Seismic Isolation Retrofit

Work maybe Confined to Basement Building Can Continue to be Occupied Often the Most Economic Solution

National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

1994 Northridge Earthquake

31 Hospitals had significant damage 9 Hospitals partially or fully evacuated USC University Hospital the first isolated hospital suffered no damage at all Los Angeles County General Hospital less than 1 mile from the USC isolated hospital had $389 million in damage

National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

Base Isolation and Blast Loads

Does the use of base isolation help or hurt the response of a building subjected to blast loads

Global impact
Local effects

National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

Threat Definition

ISC Security Criteria

High Protection Facility

500 lb weapon curbside

20 foot standoff

National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

Blast Base Shear

US Department of State standards Seismic Base Shear Governs

National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

Air-Blast Effects

Direct Air-blast Effects

Local
Global Progressive Collapse Seconds vs. Milliseconds

Collateral Effects

Time Regime

National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

Blast Base Shear is a function of:

Total Impulse
Period of Vibration Displacement Ductility

National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

Total Impulse Calculation

Weapon Size

Standoff
Building Dimensions CONWEP

National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

Conventional Structure

National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

Impulse Load I = Force x duration

Force

Velocity V = I / M
Kinetic Energy = M V2

Time

Force

Kinetic Energy = Strain Energy = Area under F D Curve

Deflection
National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

Force

___2 I___ Fy = 2T (2 -1)0.5

Fy

Deflection
National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

Force

Yield Level Fy = 0.03W to 0.07W Yield Displacement = 0 to 0.5 inches

Fy

Dy
National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

Deflection

Force

Maximum Displacement = 20 to 36 inches Maximum Force = 0.15W to 0.25W

Fmax

Dmax
National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

Deflection

Salt Lake City and County Building

High Risk GSA Building with 20 ft Standoff

Impulse load is 360 kip-sec. Yield Level of the isolators is 3100 kips Isolators displace less than 1 inch For a 10 inch movement in the isolators the blast load could be 5 times greater

National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

Oakland City Hall

High Risk GSA Building with 20 ft Standoff

Impulse load is 300 kip.-sec. Yield level of the isolators is 3060 kips Isolators displace less than 1 inch For a 10 inch movement in the isolators the blast load could be 6 times greater

National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

San Francisco City Hall

High Risk GSA Building with 20 ft Standoff

Impulse load is 480 kip.-sec. Yield level of isolators is 14,000 kips Isolators displace less than 1/4 inch For a 10 inch movement in the isolators the blast load could be 18 times greater

National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

Conclusions

Base isolation provides the highest level of protection operational - after a major earthquake Base isolation has significant benefits for the earthquake protection of historic structures Base isolated buildings are capable of resisting GSA blast loads and their ability to move reduces the overall impact of the blast force on the building.

National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

Does Isolation Work?

National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

Isolated

National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

Conventional

National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

Kobe Earthquake Force

National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

1994 Northridge Earthquake

31 Hospitals had significant damage 9 Hospitals partially or fully evacuated USC University Hospital the first isolated hospital suffered no damage at all Los Angeles County General Hospital less than 1 mile from the USC isolated hospital had $389 million in damage

National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

Isolated

National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

Conventional

National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

Northridge Earthquake Force

National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads