ZEITSCHRIF'T

FR

AGYPTISCFItr SPRAC}IE
UND

aa

ALTERTUMSKUNDE
HERAUSGEGE B EN YON

FRITZ HINTZE UND SIEGFR,IED MORENZ t

96.
Mit

BAND

9 Tafeln und 46 Abbildungen im Tex

r970
AKAD
E

MIE -VB RLAG . B E RLI

I\T

IN ARBEITSGEMEINSCHAFT MIT J'C' HINRICHS VERLAG'LBIPZIG ?l

ui:'!i

j3:BLIgTi'Ii'i;I

-sJtv7

"91l S,l*

to the 5th Dynasty frorn the Cairo Museum.

IiJach object must be photographed sevearl times: one geuelal coloul photograph and one general black-r,r'hite photograph are necessary atrd then so many close-ups that each sign could be enlarged to 3 cm at minimum. All these works will bc crr,n'icd on in close coolrcla,tion with rl gr'oul) of cxpelicnr:ed drawet's. In colrcltrsion. I t,hinl< t,ltat llc could realistically cxpcr:t the lbllowing: tho first study on the lrieloglvplis of thc N{astaba of Ptahshepses could be finished about, 1975, Lhe second study on 5t'h Dynasty hicroglyphs - if cvcrything goes well - about 1980. The third study on the Old Kingdom hieroglyphs is perhaps too vast a project t,o anyone's single lifetime.

MIROSLAV VERNER,
Stalue of Tw0ret (Cairo Museum no.39145) Dedicated by Pabsi a,nd Scvcral Remarks on the Rolc of the Hippopotamus Godtlcss*

Iu t,Jrc llg;,ptirui coilecfiolr o1'1l'hc lnstitute o1'Hornela,rrcl and Nittule Study in Olomouc (Moravia, Czeclioslovirkia) there is a plaster copy (no. 6339-A) of a wcll-known statue of the goddess 'I'wret &t present deposited in the Cairolluseum (no. 39 145). No further data on the provenance of tliis plaster copy exist. According to some indications this plaster copy, together with the r,emaining Egyptian antiquities, was given by the Archduke Joseph Ferdinand to the town of 0lorr-rouc about 1910. 'I'hc lllaster copy (see l,'ig. 1) in question rvas perfectly clabolated, irtrd thus it was quite easy to reconstruct the hieroglyphic texts on the statue without comparing them with the original. Titese texts are extrernely ir-rteresting I.rot onl.y owing to theil historical importance but becausc thoy incrludo sollie datl on t,he lole of thc hipllopotamus goddess in Jlgvptian astronomy. 'Ihus it is even more surprising that this frequently published statue }tas not received greater attention 1p to lou'. 1'hat is rviry tve should like to give in this paper a translation aud an interpretation of these texts on the statue of the goddess Twret from the Cairo Museum. Before doing so it nly be useful to mention very briefly the role of the hippopotamus in &ncient Egyptian society and, above all, the cult of the hippopotamus goddess. '-l'he hippopotanus. togetl-rer with that otl'rer conspicuorts irthabitant of the Nile, the crocodilc, 5as beer.r knou,n in tlgypt since a very etrrly date. The fact that the Egyptians had been in close contact rvith this aninal since prehistoric times meant that they were thoroughly acquainted witS ali lspects of thc Iil'e of hippopotnmus, which wtrs reflectcd in the birth and development of tlie hipltgJrotaruus cult,. \\'hen arlalysing the EgVptiarts' approach to the hippopotamus we are' i1 the first place, struck by its evident ambivalence which runs through Egyptian history like a coltinuous threacl. On thc one hand the hippopotamus rvas taken for an utterly negative phenome.o, which had to be fouglrt against. This fact, transposed to the religious sphere, caused the to t e identified with the negative hero of Egyptian mythology' hippopotamus tltc

"tt"-y -

* f am rnrrch obligccl to prof. J. elnli anrl Prof . R. A. ?arkcl who havo helped mo to solve several difficulL ploblems (see tho loxt )'

e69l

N[.

Vt't'trt't': Stat,uc of

11.'u'6re1,

of hil)l)ol)ot&lllus viz. thc god Sctckh 1. All thl.ough l,)gyptia,rr histor.y wo oomo i\cl'oss tlrr: cvi<lcnco to bc thtl slrl)Posctl \/as hurtt Suntsr; trcco'ding to Sve-S4crbcrghiJ thc rr)yal hillp<tllotamus erlemv this Beside thronc. thc victory of the king and god over all wil powers before he ascetided hippopotamus rvhich hippoiotamus which .". clearly to have been a male, there also existed a hippopotamus $'hiclt was well-disposed towards men. 'Ihis well-disposed animal was iI {bmaltl folka' The hippohad become the most popular protective deitv, above all with the common deity; hel peace-loving a for taken be potamus goddess, the so-called "White One", may also intcresting t'his 5. of roots the sees feast probably fbrmed part of the Feast sIlD 11. sve-Sdelbergh aud on the other haud u'orpursued hand one the on was situation0, viz.thatthe hippopotamus from fusion of a society of shipped. ir-r t,hc duai nature o{'Egyptian socictv which hacl developed iihe cxistence of thc 5ippopotamus which w'rs a bo'tl f'r' 'eill hu'ters rvith th,t of peasants. to According fields' the hu'ti'g comrnu.ity Jo., utt thc other hatlcl' a 4isaster for question 'l'hc cotrtcxt' rvider 'easa'ts' r.. Vhala,s opinion? it is necessary to vierv t,his problem in a sornera'hat it has beeri observed that imllor-tance; considerable of also is of the colour of thc hippopotamus skin ocsur quite frequently; similarly there is some evidence hippopotamus males *itir ""a-urown hippopota'mus8' lllhe male hippoeven if extremely rare, of the occurrence of the white-skinDed irr rnany cases eud fatally' 'Ihtr potami are by nature very belligerent ancl their mutual fights lt'ture, except' of course u'hetr rvitl'r female, on the contrary, seelns typically to have a peaceful and virtuallr' the flmale hippopotami herd together and fonn a' strong young. In case of "ro"rg"n"y occasional skirmishes of the hippopotamus impenetrable wall ,onnd their young on"r. Fro* the victorous' The Egyptians were undoubtedlY with the crocodile the hippopotamus usually comes out animals they were in constaut contact with' very well acquainted *iil, oil the habits oith"*" big hippopotamus male w&s a' very dangerous Therefore they also must have known that the red-brown to a peaceful animal whosc main concern rvas beast and that the female was, on the contrary, havtr to seems acquired irom observation of nature hcrself ;1 t.;'f"";*; This knowledge,
r,I]rcrccxls1,s(]Vcl.l1lt.ool'stlftltt'sittttt',c.g.t}rtl1tlrtslt.tlll.]l I.trrt.f t'c iri''oqirrt,t'tlt.grxl S.t'clih u'h.'ati ftll<t'tr tt't'lto rr'trrclr:' t'c g.rl Ho.trs c,a.ght, a'n.l ,ie,r.,,o,l uith'is Ilibriotirr1rrc crrltc ,r,'io..,," i r4dfo* arr tern,s <lcs l.'loicrrres, potamr.rs _ cf. .. g. rL Alliot,. Lc l)e-nkschrift,ett t'xx,2efasc,,leCarrc1954.onthehippo1'lotam.'r",theariimalufSct"l.t',set:alsolll.Hoplncl''I)t:r'.Iier.krr,ll lJerichten rtnd dt:n u'i<lht'igcr,cn l)cnkmriler'n. tler alten Agypter,nach clen gr,iechiscl.r-rrnische.rr \Arit'rr' I,hil'-hist' Klzlsse' ir?' IJantl' 2' Abhandlrrng' \\'iett t:r Wisscnscht-tftt'n in tler liaiserlict,"t'At'i"-ie vrr''I'here arc 1914, PP.63-65' M. 1-. 1)e t.ic, Royal llombs 1r' }l' r lr. g. I<ing 1\rerlimcu.,s hippopobarnus hu.t - cf. \\r. M.sertm I'rgl-Irtia. no.-6000 f.ur.t"t the t,ippu t,,,,.,t, ". g.;; thc schisb.paret,te ti,," oi 70' oltter.reprcsenrarions Abf' still p' 264' Ch"n* c"'l'"hcelsing' Leicltrn 1961 ' in Stocl<holm - cf' H' ssclb<t"git'*' Hrrnting as rr lteligioLrs IIofrvt" HiPpoPottrrntts of 3'l'. Sve-Si)<lerbcrgh, On Ilgvptia" ff"f""""-ttiutions
Htit a,t' Sot>tlt'rbltunianoc

lJl'

Uppstlla'.1{)51}' P'

51-r'

:..];,ll]'il:::f':1',!Llli,:il]til;,T:i:;r.rs,,sct.,.s t.

r,t> rr*,s1,

rr1';,';'r' r{rgvr,ti''. 1,r'.r,.1,rr, <,f r'rr.

origin-

tu'::!'ut*'':::,:,-;;l tltt Citrtltrtrltt('lltl'll (\' I

bis 129'

t'ilrs ., rrif.[i,r.r,^r ,,1',r,,,,u, H.Keos, uu',,l'"*t Stutli Roselli.'i rr, pp. r+l -|52;
6 T. Sve-Stlerbergh, op' cit'' 7 l'rom as )'et tt"ptt[r?Jttr']''

ii:"n'*ii":iU*::'vtl:l'11}:1i;ii:::ilir:r ,ll,fmlffl Nil1,f,'r,trrrrt,.rr irn N.r'rrwrstrr.lt* ,,f. ]r.lir,,,*, 2,, ;i;,,. ilr,,l<,,rlil- rr.,l z^S
tler,\\,eilJon,,...,,.r .ri" Sttr,tlt
N,rt.,

r\gvl)t'rrts'
1111. 1i27

tJ:}, 1{)5t].

p' 45' ,,Llinno..taln's thesis "Hippopotarnl Vdiala's .r^..i..

arncl

Nrrbitr"" Rhinocelos in .ligy'pt an<l

."t','_',la

:.1-.:r fof rhe

li,1.,,,,, i r.

IIS)'

_,il;r:r:-i;.:3 ;lt,lll*;m;:il'l p. 45'

potan-rc. IJruxolle-s 1954,

t""';".1lli-r':..:;l';,,;;'g"'1'hi"

thiologiq'rc

'lr'lr

'hipp'lr.

Ib is als.

. :-.,..-.sti.g faienct' faienct, *or,n,oLl.in.tice rrl.a' i.tcr.sti.g

frorr.r tlro Lalt' sttr,trLctte of "blr:trst fcccling"'llrvtalet' *t1ttt"tt".;;oti."*

J'lllt'lil:'i;l"i-";';;';;':..rso l,Ti"Sf;llJ:tr"u.*;':;:i!iii: pp' 138-139' tgrs' uut"o-t'^ZeS'sa'

des Berliner

ut Abrrlil -- <:f ' L' Ro.cha'r'<ll ' cr M.er ' D.ri ''hLrrisnq.':c.

('ul

I lif It

(j

l.y I tisPUr

br

irr trucict'tt Il)gv1tt'itrtl text,s itnd lcln'esenf ations. I. .or.ect,irip uith tlrc statrrtr of the gotlcless il'wr'cl rvhilt intcrests us tuclst is t'he Pctrcelirl arlcl pr.gt,e1tio1-giving ft.rrrrr,lc hippopotanrus u'ltich ltir,s bt,ctr rvotshippocl b.y t'lrc llgylltirr'rrs sillce rc,r<-ltest t,imcs. il'he lorits of'thc hippopotuirrus cnlt l0 soeln to g<-i brLck to tho timo o1'tt'ansition {i'onl thc l)rot,rtdt,rriistic 1o t,lrc I),,yrrastic Iterio<1, if n<it still etrrlielll. Irl 1'lrc J).yranlicl texts u'hic]r rctllis vcl'y titt.lc, tltr Il'Y - Q O l]l] l)l.osolit iin intpt-rltrrt scl o1'r'cligious idcls of't,lrc l!gy'ptirttts li'<.lltt thc ttiltrle of t'he hillpopotamrts goddess lpct u.r.it,ten in t,lie oklcl v'rry, i. c. u'ith<lut tho lbmininc ertdingla. ll'htl cult of the hilllloPoteunus gtlclc1,ss glclr.ly girilc<l 1rcu'g poplllr'ity cluling tlro Nlitldlc I(ingdclnl trtrd, tr,l;clvc all, lzr'tcll;. A saltcrflle sanctuary in its present tnarv \4.as built to this goddess nt Ka,rnak in the Ptolemaic Period l{;. {b11r citrtcs b:r,cl< to thc 2ncl hrrl{ of tho I[. <:entuly B. C. but is undoubtt:dly linked u'ith the oldcl st1'uctures (coilonade from the Etltiopian Peliod) aud it is even possible that there was & sanctutry of thc hipllopot,tnrus g<id<lcss thcrc already cluring thc Ncrv I{irlgdoln. 'l\veret was the most favoured goddess iurong thc cotnmon folk. This is not difficult to underis rtrcntionccl l:r. ,\<:corrlins
l:),

to li.

Sot,hc

this

ntr,mc hidtts

stancl. Ir'or a sirnple, ordinary person the great deities of the Eg'yptian pantheon were too abst'ract, unr.cal &nd remote, rvhcreas the good-natured hippopotamus female was fal moro comprehensible. '.|'hc appcarance of the goddcss Twret itsclf lcaves a very incongruous impressiorl. We can recognizc not only obviously hippopotamus elernents in her but also parts of other animals, those of a lion (legs and anns) and of a crocodile (tail) and, last but not least, a huma'n element (breasts).

llhis curious rnixture gavc rise to thc hypothesis that, 'Iweret was originally a masked individual l,ppcaring on the occasion of certain rituu,ls and cereuronieslT. 'lllis hypothesis, howevel, does not seem very plausible. Ou the contrary, the curious exterior of the goddess 'l'wret secms to be in harmony with the ancient Egyptian way of thinking. Her folemost task was that of protection, especially of prcgnant women 18 ancl little children. It is therefore quite comprehensible that a cleity w-ith a task like this hti,d to have duly "detettent" appearance, which was obtained by
combining thc hilipopotamus, crocodile, lion an<l hutnan elements. Another example of an Egyptian the "corlpositc" deity, knowr.r from the chap. 125 of the Book of the l)ea,d, w&s & combination of rlrhe 5i'pripotanrus, thc lion rlnd the crocodilc, u'hic'h also lrtd tho sittuc tlett:rrcnt chilrtlctcrll)'
l0 As r.cgar.ds

tho crrlt r,rf thc hiPPo|t.rtarnus gotltlcss cf. c. g. (i. JtlrLicr', ll,crt:.'l'rav. XXX, PP' 40-4iZ H. Kccs, l)cr Otterglaubr: irn altcri Agyplon, l)I). 12-14 antI pp.355-357; pp.t18-120; anrl XXX\/II, \\'. II. l\{iille r, Ijg;zptian }Iythology, pp.59-60; Ii. V. Litnzotrc, I)izionalio di rnitologia cgizia, pp' 12130 bis 1233; J. crnyr, Ancicnt lJgyptian Religion, 1.rp.59--60;'1'. Hopfner, op. cit., PP.65-67; etc' 1r Cf . K. Scthe, Die altgyptischen Pyramidentcxtc, $ 381a' r1 K. Sethe, bcr.seLzr.rng und Kommentar zlt den altgyptischcn ?yramidcntexten II, p' 111' r,jlpet *.as .ot the onl;y r-rr.me of t.his gocldess. Other names are knolr-n as well, above all T/'u:rt "The BiblioO.cat Onc,,antl J?r.t "'fhc Sog,'' - cf. c. g. C. cte \\/it, Lcs fnscrilttions tlrr tt'mplc d'Opet Karnak, thcctr Acgt'ptiaca X.l , Rrrrxcllcs 1958' p. VTI. l)as 14 W() corno a<r16ss llrs n1:r1s of lpct; u'ithorrt tlrc fcrninilrt, cntling lit,lcl'its u't'll, <'f. c' g' 1')' Navillo'

iigyl:tis<l}rtl'.fotltcnllrrc}rclt.r,X\/]1I.}lisXX'D;,rrasticl,lll.Cl,I,vigrrclttloit'lroc}rrr,1l.137I}. ,., gi. Lcggo, l'. S. B. A. XX\r11, pP. lilct-l52 crnrl Pp.29?-303. Since NIli v'c ]tave n)t'l, uitlr u'n i]rs<-r tha tltcy fot'rn lrilrt' crrcasing n.mber of statucs, statucttcs ancl anrulets of 'I'u'r'et, from valioLts rna,tt:r'ials de divinitels' CGC Statues g' Dalcssy, G' cf' c' now nutneror.rs collection of Egyptian antiquities nf p' 47' pl' XL; 1914' ".r".V London Arnrrlcts' l)ctric, Flinclcls M. W. pl. LV; vol. XXVIII , p1>.284-29? an<l ljullct'in, }'all Mrtscltm' J.I). Coonr,y, I!g1'1iti*n Hi1'rpopot,ami in t,ho Ilroolilyn <:ollr:t;l ion. 1'ht: I}oolilyn pp' 407-408' 553' 1956, Bellin $ 19b0, vol. XII, Nr. 1, 5- 13; G. Roetler, Agyptische Bronzcfigurcn, fig.609; etc. worshipped in' Therc ro The temple in Karnak v"-as not the oniy sanctuary thc hippopotamus godtless u'as in Fayyrrm' lfhrrs it and Pcliotl) g. in oxylynkhos (dating bal<:l< to thc Gracr:o-llornan
$.u.,o

st,ill othcrs, c.

iset,otl:ttot'esrtt,1lt'ising1}rtr,t't}rissigIrificaIl1,r]rt]ttlf.I-rr.t-'t,t'tiIr1I.irebtls1,-1.111'gl'l1ltll

r.i. l{. licr,s, I)cr'(-ltittt:rgltlrrl.lr',

rt
10

1r. lil' (lf. (.1..f rlrllit'r'. l{1'1r.'l'tit,r'. NXXVIl'

rs ill\.Lil.ot:.s srrr:)r

(lc'ni,.1l r.cp'r's..ts:r, lrrognant hipyrolrotar'rts ft'rrtit,lt'-- t'l J.

o1'r.

p1r.

llli-120'

t'it',

1r' 71'

Cf. e. g. I). Naville,

cit , pl' CXXXVI'

I 9691

l'1.

Volnet': Statrt0 oI I'u'['t et

5ir

!'ig.

::u::T,:;:"::":J:;t****i**;.T*:pi.,":;il;*?}|ffi incorpo'":::':;'o*n}:':1'# bv which'mu""h" was il;, n:ii1Ti.'i"ffT;u; primi,,*

,,,"
etc.
r.,,,

':iiffi

Inthccaseoftlresta,tucrlo.3gl45'fromtheCairolv|us.erlrnwemeetwithbol u'll iu,., or rwret, ; ":;;'ron,, -of "t mistress

his

:$,'$jll,";::,fiit:i*:il1:"li"i".;;;;eharf n" :1T9"]i'"'' l" n1"::T,,'::T"T::l{Hii" t1"*'111,'1j ii,tni"''' propertv her rrarror e' a' c' r d i.g s'i ar i s m a d
',',,;:,,:: to Daressy, r,o* r,r" says that the stat'ue ;-der.further r-rem schiefer.,,)rr.

Tlf illi": T#ffi#l \*':-#: ,lli'"u' Ji;*: 'f;;thc

goddess

:':ffi ti]"i iF t: ll il i,i"liif;* tt*i4' according 1' ("ru.uk;;;i;', iLJi {:**,;.-J"l

*it".;oorrl.1ln

;;

;*e

:"H:ti"':"?::;
otr
1,"

"C;p;'-,
;:jtJ;.

Ast'ro .H. 13r'ugsch'

ffi ffi

ru ff
itT*i;,t:?;:t

".'y,

tlic co'tr''r1"
l,'
u

**,*,,r

1!,*.,H ;l;:'ii'

;,""

,rtx f c. r)&r.ossy, srnrues CCC vol' lJ'\^) Naos' 2: Cf. G' ltoettcr'

**ut11' p' 284'

t)silis

t'e

n. : S H t '"
'.os : the dnrk

a.cl the

rnrrterials is quite unlikc t,hc pedestal is polishccl. Tweret is depicted in hel usual llosture, rvhich howevcr merssive head artrd clumsy Hcl legs. her on upright the iosturc of oiher a,r-rimal clcities: shc stands teeth the tip pointed and strong is very ctrrefully carved. Her muzzle is open a little and between Little and hippopotamus' a for of hcr tougue i,s to be seen. 'l'hc eyes ale elongated and too large l-lcr hcad grooving' ,,,rr.* ,'," bcnt bacl<wartls. IIcr tripaltitc wig is traccd u'it'h vcrtical On hel pectolal' 'oi't.cl a lotr', ct,lindliform clecorationl; nnd arouud lrer neck is suspendtlcl a broad bcar:s bacli thcre is a crocodile's tail'lr; lsashing dor.r,n to tlie pedestal. Loug breasts - r'epresenting

of the two u,ele made from we cannot fail to be impressed by the contrasting colouls and of stzr'tue the of statue stands out sharply against the light naos. The surface

ra.

Evcn if we do not know extrctlY rvhich material thc sta-

.,ccordi'g to Jquiel tl.re bleasts of an old woma,ll:; - lie otr a rnonstrously convex bclly' Alrns a'd legs replesent the paws of a lion. Her arrns lean against two la,rge signs f, s-1, i' e' "pro(see tect,ion,,2s. Both on the statue and on the pedestal are carved three hieroglyphic inscriptions Fig. 2). I,'rom the point of vierv of contents the most interesting seems to be the hieroglyphic inscription (A), carved in three horizontal lines on the upper surface of the pedestal, between the left hind 4)' lcg and the fi.o1t cdgc of the pedestal. All three lines are of the same length (see I'ig.

Fig.
r3

Cf. C. T)aressY' oP. ci', P' 284' XCI' Cf. A. l\{ariette, Monuments r-livers, pts' XC and oppositc fho woll of lhc ttrrnPlo of Mont" According I, ,liho gu,Lc of 'l'hutmosis of thc wcst 25 rn cir.ca 1>lacO is I']nstitut fr.rrngilis dr.r Cait'tl, t. xx]11) thc c}rapt:l dc to L. Clrrislrlll}to (Iiar'nalt.rror'(l' 11I, p.41, }.orrillcs time of thc'eign of the God's \\iife Shepenwepct' 11' .f Osiris l,)-a.:rt,ltwas b.ilt by t,hc king'r'aharcla in the u-as built II, Theban'Iemples' p' 7f rn,'intains t'ha1: thc cha'cl I'ortcr,-1,1 0ss ('I'opographical Bibliography bv 'Iahtlttl*t" ,1,r,'ing thc .l)vn. XVIII' unrl only lcconst'ntct'crl ()Ir1lrcctLll'clf()siI'is/,;.-r1r1-.11|'1l|.t'.g'.|.Lt't.lrr,lrt,)!rr<1rriltt's p' 95' ir I'epotyrc (iitt; "ti)ioPicnnc'' (XXV clynastie)'
2'.

of the sun disli wilh tlr'o cow hot'ns' tlrc gocltlcss lsis, how-over', iL forrns the base so-called magic for in much older tirnes' Even on several searched be )rt rfhs eljoin of thrs element, rnr,tst t}rer'e is 297-303) pp' and 52 130-1 pp. p. s. e. A. xxvll, ast.osomc for il.or'ies of the Middle l(ingdom (cf. Legge, goes t'" iith a croco<lile tail on its bacl<' lfhc same Astrorlcl.ricterl a hi'1-ropotamr,* *it1, a crococlile ?ar]ier.,llgyptian A. ]l'. rlit,, 111r. l2tt._-t2ti; ()' Ncrrgt:btr,lLt.l,nomit: s<'t.rrt's - <.f ' H. .l}r'rrgsc}r, rl1l. i'iu, i'r' 24 1t' "t"''it' ft.ttr tlt. 1.t.lr.f Str.rnrLt)' ,l't.xts L.ntlolr:l l.'l'lr. l,l.r'ly l).t'ttrts, rr,rrrrit.rrl

2;\\-t)comQacr.ossthistlccorationwithotherileities,e.g.t,iththcgclclt'ltlsslsis,asrvell;int}te'cascclf

;;:l

i i"l;',,;::h:"::T"H":;1,

44,

pp

71'.1e;G J6quier" Lo signe

fl'n"'

r'n"

XXX, PP.39-40'

t 9ri9

ll.

elnor': StattLe of '.lwret

i),

Text:

'/ qtnhfi H=-m-tr"l=

"

Y::il=0t$:4Nfl@ , /: rq-F\ +t=

o +*al =foTo'l s\ut'")a:/ l;{ \---'ll ie :gv
n
!

'I'r an sl i ter at io n :

L.' Ind ftr.t rn, r:w il3t md SntcL /ilt (?) m' nwt in n'l'r'w1'J' ). ttt .t Pttt illkrt.f I l{fr uty h'p tt' 't llrt, clll.it'ttll ^'{t-iktt 3. ;nlt Qt, $t rtiiwt, rtb tluy lltull''ib-Il', s! Il', Psm[k'n'!' Qtl

'I'ranslation: ,I.wret) in the gates of the horizon u'hen Stnat 1. Hail to you (i. e.

a,nd

lielet

(?) tlrr'vel iD the

sky and the God (i. e. R') winds his arns' gracefuily r'r'tr'lks to yott 2. around you and Ptah and what he has adornecl (i. e. cretr,ted?)lHow the Horus goddess, the God's Votaress Nitokre' l,rr,ucls, Wrrlribr., Sorr of Pu., 3' may shc live etcrnally!, thc rlarrg}rtcr: of thc I{ing, Lor't-l of]}otlr Psa'rnmctik, may hc livc eternally
!

CommentarY:
eaning "to t'i.vcl"' "t. t'ravot'sjc" (cf" \V,' form whose predicate is the first ,md', averb ]lel.ct (o'. Illct). tptl1,i. e. the"clecan Snir,t .rnd. tlrc go<ldess llihe subject of this form is Smd, Rrt 1o, unusual a standing hippopotarnus gotltless \\'rs 'r'r1 Originaily it seemed to me that the ,ig;'f trftc't'ht: bo-rvt'itt.rt rvoul<l t i' whi.h cilse thc fcmininel ,,,rcling ol' dcterminat,ive of thc.ccan srnat, perhaps acceptablc {-r'o.r trie'hilologictrl respectivc determinative. This i'terpretatio', llgyptiart "i't' p*r.."j to nis profo'ncl knowledge of a'cic't view, was rejected by Prof. n. a. ";;d my intcr'prota'tion irt ir' privti'to enough to giv"e me his opinion of l<ind was (he texts part of tho stronomical zo, p l2!) thattheecansmd'forms chatley,-,lnl (contra think letter). He does nor in the Ramesside sta'- clocks parts are used to indicate the hours great, constellation r whose 1lhcll'amesside starclocks' purt n.a. (o. Neugebauer take the sign of the hippo"",Eg;;unAstronomicalrext's'rI' iuo+). In this ?se we have to London v. studies, possibilities seem to bc Brown university either as Reret or lpet' Both ii translate to ond of the decan potamus for an id";;;; Rrt for a dose co''ectiotr smiL ,rrt" i" po.siniiyi. think of theur as moving in cqualty plausible. d; ;;i;t.t above' o"i L"rrtioned nri, 'u smd,2swith the great constellation aud. to tur'" ifi.ro". n]lT,L?.t-"'J::,i1?:1t:fr:l: ,"ur'.1^N" the d..a' mrg[! company. Likewisel"-"ur, constellation by a ,o-p". cont"quentlv the in fbreleg ""r;;;; i s inacceptabrc :?:i 10 !/ ."1.,ff

''.imd,Smd'Rrt(Ipt?)..._tr.romthegrammaticalpoirrtofvieu,itisurrdoubted]v!Qnt'.J IV' 146)'

;;;l;r

"*y,""t ri,rrn trro gr^,mm.ticar .ot',for 'Il'but fbr t'r ttttus-trtri *'o.ttrt tLalrs r.^L.li",;";t*t' oiir-,ion, rvhy prof. J. "rrrj,,. 'oi.t ".,r to"ot"a"li; scems to t'" ,'o'"'l.usibie''llhctr enclose, sign e {ni, (:.'to'e'ciicle, puttng" ' ' ' in n[r'u'y 'f ' ' ' literate the respect''it"

r ll$i"ffi'^::l is J*"*:*'t" 1j11il**l ''uoy o'ly""ri "ot'It'tll f)' 'J'','t ;'r;iff t;i;" it o{'t'hc view of 1w,,,hould rvriti'g
oi this na,rn,,

-;r,*.*nsrarion
:)0

'"

:',i:]:!;l;r{::l'i..'J,:u:j";;;.;;:, ",,;;"^i;;;" z.rtr Gcschichtc ttet Dt";;;;;;"

cf

't':"'lifr*i'i"";):t*iJi:;i:* !,llT*i,il*lil;'l;l;'i-;'i;i;il;:; ir' .' r' 1e:)ti'

u-i

' ri' u'

Griicr<sracir.r'.''H",,'b"'g n'aal" )igl'pt'ian' p' 267'

''

"'*""'1"'icn""i'"

probably

nietaphor userl to depict the creative activity of the god I'tah (we have not yet succeeeo i' fi'<li'g ir'other.pii,r'tllcl fol this cxprcssion).'l'lris rr,ctivity is vcr'.y wcll a,ttostcd rlncl {brnrs thrr btckbotro of' thc so-t'alled iflleogony of Nler-nphisrrl' lVe also comc Hrt -,,Horus goddess". This title of the God's Votaress Nitokre is wolth noting. her High Steirc'oss the 11me of Nitokre accompanie<iby this t'itle in the texts from the tomb of wald Aba l]2. (B) which On the dolsal pillar of the statue there are carved two columns of hieroglyphic text l])' t,xIltirrs, rrroto lllct,ist:ly, u'ho hrr,cl llad this statur: tnildc, ttrd rvlry (scc lrig'
u

'l'c x t,:

, fTj ::!4 Jll-rl [^__l1l:&.rU; glf ; El:X$-f4H^^^

<

' {T 5 ;'{i],^Aiit= 5T::-ft;:Uq?H{YE g SA

- )B?a= il\ n I\ arlJ Qr-1

lllransIite."atiorl:
1.

'I

wrt, i' urt,

i IIrt, i' Rrtl

imy-r Sm'wt rni 2. imr ro'ty ,n mrwt, htn nLr'Imn-R' ni,|wt nt-rw, imy-r l|mw ntr n ntrw T]-im'wt' m;'-l'9ru;' lcrl .s, imu-r pr4t)r'n d'utit-n[r, I)i-b! si n mry-n{r ]'l-di-I}Stt'

sQ)uty-bity,

lllransl,tion: ot ,l . ,,o Great one, o Great one, o lleret, o ReretlHail to you, Great one, Great oue, Mistrcss Noble, Locai the Horizon! Protect her things, fight for her property!", says the Hereditary Prince, Seal-bearel of the King of Lower Egypt, of' 2. sole Beloved l'riend, Priest of Amenre-King-of-Gods, overseer of the priests of the Gods
vot'aress, Pabcsi' uppel llg;rpt, t)vel'seel' of the rvhole of lJpper Egypt, High steward of the God's son of the God's Favourite, Petubast, justified'

Oomment'arY: tho '1 is n interjcction introclucing the vocativc. After the twice repeated vocative follows part of the text has an idion inrl hr.l uscd as tl solemn for* of address. The whole introductory analysing the passage when mind in fact cn]phitt,ic cxclir,matory character. We have to bear this of this exclamation)' author rrt,kl.t)nkl.t).!. illt tL; I,i.t.,i (then follow the trame and the titles of the rneaning:]:r' Qm./ with an optative Therefore for'rs mk.t *nd, i,lr..t may be taken to be : to Prof' J' ern'f 's opinion' wt: ,I.ire rvay oI writing K \M + i, also u'orth noting' Accord'ing .D1\\ written ; this is quite frequent in the texts o1' have here two cases in rvhich feminine I has not been Io mkl'tl and nkf'tl"i (coptic'NKI - "thing' Saite Period. Hence it is necessary to complete property", cf. \\/b. II, 347). A ,a used after quoted speechsl' ,1ro is the lQm.n.,f fol'm of the auxiliary verb i.lfi; specially

---rr\,

t'tlligiorts.t'rt1t't' t..r1rulliz.. tht: 't'w.tr,Pi,t'ul Mcrrllrhis u'ith llrt'ttltl l)ic ('ltitt.r'lrh't: rr.l<t'r" J H' 2g0; r\tiyPter',, rr,rt.r,rr 1,. (i1,t..r,gl.r,.,be ir,, tit:liorr.ris _ (.r. (.. g. r-i . .ri,,,,*, r)t:r. llnt'etsrtch.ngen zrtr' (i.no' 23; K' Sethe' I)rar.atischc 'Iext'e' 1939' Aka<.. Jlerl. Abh. r..n Mel.'his. t929; eLc' schichte uncl Alterlumsl<uncle Agyptens' flanqaise' t'' 5' p' 627' arch6ologique lt2 Cf . Mmor.". . . . .1" tu mit'iot' 450' 4' :r:l A. Cl ar.<linr:r', llgyptian Grammtlr:]' $ tuy:i""-"t its tlcvcloptnents' JI'lA 2l' p' 179f' :r1 Cf. R.0. l'rrrrll<ncr" illhc vcrb i "to

.i

Nlrrrrrlrlris

--.rr

rr"lt,.rrr1rt,

l 9691

M. Vorner.: Sbatue of

Twi_,r.t:t

59

Also in this text there is an evident allusion to the associatior of the goddess Twret rvith astronomy: she is called ftnt3!t, "Mistress of the Horjzon". Almost exactly the sarnc title for he. appcars in &nother text carved olt a feldspar st.,tue .l'this goddcss fro'r tiro Louv.. (no' I! - 2lt479):i5' Qn this statue, just as on the cairo statue, there is hieroglyphic text calvecl on the pedestal and on the dorsal pillar. At the 'Ipt llry 't-ib 7lJ't ' - "r am rpet, the one who is begi''ing of the micldic colum, \r,e ''eaci :,Ink in tlrc mide of'thc holizo' . . .., (i. r). \\.lro o. thc hot'izo')' va'dicr himself noticed the striking betwee' both statues ol.the 'osicles hippopotamus goddess' But u"e c&rlnot, hou'ever, agrec ""*r;;;;. fully hi, Iurther ipterpretation of the text on the cairo t-?t":'vandier savs: "Lir, st&tuc agi+s ",ith d' cai'e rorls offr,e textc rrsscz irnalogue' 'roudris, d'aprs ce texte, e,st la ''e .voc souveraine de l'Ho'izclr, cellc <1ui protgc soli couteau "l]{i' rrt our opinicln the passage "celle qui protge ave. son couteiru,,does,ot exist i' th. text on the statue in question. As to tlie statue of Twiet frorn the r,,uvre, it is rvorth notici.g that thc matl who cledicatcri it, Djcrtdjchutiufr'rl<lr (lr<: livcd rrrrrkrr. t,h. r,.ig, <if tlrc I{irrg s6cshonq rlr whosc dauglrtcr 'l'tr,pcshetenbastct is suPposcd t,o havc bccn DjccldjcSutiuf a'kh,s wifc; :r; iived in'Ihebes as well, and was a priest of Amenre" just like pabsi. Thus, once again, rvc havc of thc significatrt tol. ot'the liippo/ota,rnus goddess cult in illhebes cluling ilio ;*T[:dencc
As regards the text on the dorsal pillar of the statue of Tweret from the Cai.o lluseun, a further, question remains to be answered, viz. who dedicated this statue and why? As we knorv from the text itself it was dedicated by the High Steward of the Cod,s Votaress Nitokre, pabsi, son of Petubast' rn the text in question Pabsi asks the goddcss 'r'wret to protect Nitokre,s propertv because it was in his charge. Both the statue of rwret and the naos werc cliscovered in the chapel built by Taharqa in the reign of the God's Hand Shepenwepet rr (on the naos there is the name of by the expression "may she live eterily,,, and rhe name of Shepenrvepcr )l,oY:,-{:ll?.:1 "justified") rs. This fact' seems to suggest that both the statue and the niros were dedicated just rrfter the death of Shepenwepet fr, when Nitokre took over completely the office of the God.,s Votaress' We do not know the exact date of the death of Shepenwepet 1I but it must haye beel before 638 B. C.3e.
3i Cf'

J' Vandicr, IInc statuette dc'I'ouris.

Lzt,

I'}a,ris 1962, no. 5, pp. 197-204. :ul lbidsm. D. 1gg.

38 Cl

r'evuc cirr Louvrc

ct tlcs

rnrrscs r.lc l,'r'ancc, 12c a.nt:.

. Ilocrlot, Ntr,os, p. 108.

by Shepenr.r'epet II was an intelior l4gypl,ian evcnL of an extraor<linaly importance. tsoth C. E. Sander-Hansen (Das Gottesweib des Amun, Kobenhavn 1940, p. 17)ancl H. Zcisscl (t,hiopen r.tnd Assyrer in Agypten. Beitrge zur Geschichte der iigyptischcn Spritzerit, Glckstadt-Hambr.rrg 1944, p.63) point out the exraordinarily important role of the God's tr\rife for thc succession of Bgvptian
kings. That is'vl'hy
r.,r'e

rl{r'I'he adoption of Nitol<re

understand Psammetik's effort to get this office trnrler']ris contlol rvhich u'a,s also

closely conncctc(l with thc cxtension of his influence ovel the Uppel Ilgy1,rt. .Lt was a cliflicult ta,sl< becausc the rnost important ecclesiastic and sccular offices in'l'hebes u'ere heltl by the adhorcnts of the -l!thiopian Dynasty (the reigning God's W.ife was Shepenwepet lI, the dar.rghter of Pianlihl'; her adoptivo claughtcr' wes Taharqa's daughter Arnenardis 1I; thc adrninistraion of the Uppcr lr)gypt u'as undcl tho control of Mr:ntrrtmhet, Tahrr,r<1a,'s adhcrcnt) ancl tholo is nn cvi<lcn<:tr thot' only' u, I't:at'bt'fotc tltt: rttlol;tioIt of Nitolirc. i. c. (i55 ]1. C., the lJthiopian.lting'J'anr-Ltarlon w&s lecognizccl as J{ing in'I'}rc}-lt's (cf. Logluin, r\SAE Vil ltou't'r't't', tt,tist's tt, Icttll\'pttttt.1r. 190 nn<l pp,22-227). I3y t,ho adoption of ftsrlrnnrol,il<'s <lrrrrglrtt'r'Nitoklr'.
u,n4

<ltlrit.rr,lsit,rrrlLicltt:tltorcu,t.t.ltlrl'ooltlgalClotl'sWivcsirr.1'hcbosin(i54l].a',viz.S}tt:1tlnwt:1lclt Nitokrc.'I'ho montion of Amcnardis II on thc so-c&ll(]d "Stcln of Acloption" (of Nitolirc) is thc ll,st' .r,id.nce of this lfaharqa's <luughtc.r'known ns yct,. It is vory diflicrrlt to c<.rnclutlc fr'orn ilris cxisting tnaltrt'ial rv5ot5c' s1c was cxpcllotl ol not. lt is not implobtr,blo llru,t, shc livorl antl hcltl lrt:r of{icc not in'I'hcbc's brrl in Napata (cf. L. Christophe, BM XXXV, p1't. 147-148). tsLrt li. A. Carninos ('Ihc Nitoclis Acloptiorr tli<l rtrrt rlis' Stela, JEA b0, pp. Tl-101) tnaintains rlLito u <liflbrt'r-rt, oPiuiolr. llt, ttsstuttes tlttlt J)sartunt'til<.[ till ltcr' Voltrt't'ss thc Clo<l's ofcc of ltcld the Nitoklc hcr claim. of hcilcss Arnonu,r,tlis .1.rossos tho,.igt'rif.,t indepenrlcntly' Ieigning l;cgan leally shc $'ltcrt rlor-rbtfttl it is Ilul iiil5 Il. C. i. c. ycar.4 of Apr.i<:s, <lctr,th in lho tlattr lrrls t'crn&irlccl rttrl<noNn \\-e rna' prc;ume it, was immc,iiatclS, aftcr. 1,he tlcat,h of Slrepens'cpct II whic,h irs follori's florn tltt' (i3fJ (r'car'26.f Psat.rlrctili's'cigrl) R. C. bcforc ils,vot. In an' case it n)ust lravc becn

of the I)yn. XXVI has been published as yet. Nlorcover, such a work is imltossible now as, ex<rept for a sholt preliminary report otr the excavatiott, utr alchaeologic,:rl or epigraphical matelial from his tomb in Asasif (no 297) has been publisllgd',0. il'herefbre u'e should like to confine ourselves, in the present state of affairs, to a list of already published tnonument's of Pabdsi t t. 'l'lris list is givcu irs nn itl)l)cntlix to this prt,pcr. 'l'lro litst, arr<l 1,lrtr sholt,cst insr:r'iPtion (0) is crrlvccl ott tlrc ul)l)ol sulfirce o1 tlrrr Iredesttrl, approximately betrveen the left leg and the back edge of t'he pcrlestal (see Il.ig. l>).
'l't:
-x

g.'ri'
lllrrr
1. n

[]i:\i! ]ir#ff1:!3k;
3 r^^^
t i o rt :
ricl

N-FH*il!-,."111-U"if
sl i Ltr

lit

[,'ig.
'l-'r'

-)

flsw, mrw, hmw (?) i'my-r i,myw'ftt n' dwst'n[r, l.t'nt' R', !')-Hr-!,p,{, s; n i,my-r llmw-nlr n nl.rut T}-im''wt, P}-Bl

u,

n s l a t i o rr

l.

?r.triscrl sles iip4 Seloved oues, llraiso (?) the Ovelscer of Ohamberlains of the God's Votarcss,

9. 'fiakharkSgpe.slr, sop o{'thc Overseel of the priests ol'tlte Gods of [Jllper Bgypt, Pabsil
(-lo nr

Priest of lt,

mentary

.llhe vcry beginuing ol the first column is fairly difficult artd its interpletation is I'ar from being

certain. \\Ihe,n tlanslating rve accepted Prof. J. ern1i's opinion that the sign be co'rect*a to

should probably

consider lrao and mrw as plural fo'ms of the perl'ective 'assive neverparticiples ar.rdtrlother lisu, (written hmto) as an imperative. lllhen it ispossibleto,translate; interanother tlreless tlrc problenr of *'ho lis'u' and rmrw really are remains open' 'Iheoretically any without text could be transln'ted in its original form' Pr'ctir,tiotr sccllts t,o bc possible. The Tht' ' ' '"' ..r..d.t,iorr: "lrr.list,rl orrcs l,nd bclovccl ollcs, servtrltts of thc Ovcrseer of Chamberlairls join Pabsi's the translation, this to according selvants ol'Prrbsi's son'I'jtrha,rkhepesh u'ould, ir,plleal to 'l'rvr'ct itr fir,vour of the God's Vot'aress Nitokre '

l. S' u,e may

v, pp.94-96) who_becarne her'lligh steward in the same t{r\L on thc sttrtrre of Aba (cf. I)alessy, ASAII
pp' 8:t vcar..IJcsiclcsAbaantl.llabesit,hcrc*llclrvoltorep"t"ntt*whohcl<ltheofficooftheHighstcwar<l<luring son of Harsit\c (<rf' Christophc' ASAE LIV' tho rcign of Nitol<r.o: I't'rrliltot't't'strt:t' n,Ittl She"honti, bis100).ll.hcpt.tlctsosrrcctlssiorrtrft}reseHighStewarclsremainsstilltlrcmatterofcliscrrssion:Padihorresnet (cf. christo,phe, Il^rtr'Ao LV, pp'65-83) and sheshonq' \!.as the last b.t .ne Hig5 stewar.tl of Nitokre t'he f'rst ASAE Lrv; pp.86-100)' B.t' thc s'ccession of son.f .H*rsi1:5s, thc l.st o.. (cf. oh.is1,.phe, sequenco Aba t'he suggests 165) p' VII' (JNIIS trvo Higir Stcu'a|tis is still rrtrt:t,t'tain. M. Lichtheim Lhe con'ary' likcs l'abc.si for the predecessor of Aba' pp' 40-41), on ?absi, Christophe (Iial'nak-norr.l, tLt, publication concetnlng American Egypologists are pleparing the that rne ,1{) J)f. Iischor, }ras infolmerl lhis tomb' " vom Nouen lieich bis ""'r cf' Kees' I)as Priestertttm trn tl1lyl.rtischeIt staat - g' H' Kces''r c' 'r TI al On l)abcsi in genclal JNI's vrr' stcwat'clAkhamenru' M. Lichhcirn,'llhe-Hjgh zrrr.Slriitzcit, Lei<lt,n-Kln 1958, 1>y.271-.212; clu Grand Major',lome ., Nitocris, Aba' ASAE LIII' p' 51' inedii u. 1(i5; L. ohrist,ophe, IJn monrrrnenL 39; etc' p' cit''' op' ir. +, C. li. Str,nrlct'-Hanson'

9691

M. Vcrner': Star-rc of Twbrct

61
,tli
h
f,

son Tjaharkhepesh who was the Priest of From the very text we also learn about Pabcsi's R'and,atthesametime,theoverseerofthechamberlainsl'20ftheGod'svotaressNitokre'This family: his father was Petubast" Beloved of indication also completes our knowledge of Pabcsi's from was Tasentnethor (cf' funerary cone no' 181 bhe Godal (cf. inscription B), and his mother the Cairo Museum) aa' Appenilix

i
t.

List of Published Monumeuts of Pabsi

: t AN A. On the northern wall of the chapel of Osiris We ru'c intcrestccl of Mont atKarnak, are depiJed four scellcsl(i' r-reenclosurewall of thetemple is iollowed by hei- High Stcward carrying in the scene r1o. t: God,s Votaress, looking to the west, stewn'rd of the inscription it is obvious that' the High a flagellum. -B'rom the preserved remaind
inquestionwasPabsi'Asamatteroffactthefirstlineofthetextcontainsoneofhistitles second line the name of his father
,,Overseer of the priests of the Gods of Upper

/,;' in the inner south-west coruer of

Egypt" and t'he

Petubast.

rr,'d psammetik r. The name of shepenwepet which means that she was already dead' of a liieroglyphic On its base t'here are four lines t'o. Museum (Cairo cone Funerary D' Petubast and of Pabsi and the name of his father titlls the "t)z's' and name the containing inscription four ]ines of a hieroglyphic no. 191)50. on its base there are and name of his fathe' Pctubast and the titles of Pabsi urrd ih" name the containing rscription -rnl:ir"*il-':nJfJillos:um-no.28r;i,r. on its base there are four liues of ., hicroglyphic *u. pabsi o.r.t th. namc o1' his f.t'"r l)ctu'.'st an<t thc tities of name the co'tai'i'g inscription trrc'.'rc ,rt."r1iT:1;another fu'erarv co'e betr'riug TJIJ;:HL, r, p. 107, 11) 'entions .'y othcr ir.rt o*"rr"r, succeed i. fincli'g ,rot, wl-aia rrsl. ,,o. Louvre of pabsi (Mus6e du Pal.'ce iu Hall or the t: deposited *'our, 'amilton obsolete today l*.{ptia' is-rather 'n"o'tir.ur"ophagus inscriptions th or translatron obstacles' As a scotlands2. oampbell,s u" connected wi'n 'tt"t technical i,tt"rpr"tuti* and' but its new translation i)7' E' sander-Iransen' op' cit'' p' o*h" LiLle irny-r i'nt'yw'fuit"t cf' e' g' c' Egypbian onomastica I' p' 50f ' at Mra'ntr,"f ' ;';' A' it'i"o"'.at'"i""t 1,/,Cf.G.rlaressy,Recueila""O"""-itte"#"''Mdmoires"'cle^iaMissionarchologique{r'tr'nqir'Lsc

W' The naos enshrined II of pabsi and rhose of Nitokre, shepcnrvepct n H l" )o*; ".ross the name and the titres "j.stified"' expressior"r is, however, followecr by the

B.StatueofthegoddessTwretfromtheCairoMuseum(no.39|45)/'1. osiris ?0027) discovered in tho chapel of c. Limestone (sandstone?) naos (cairo Museum no' In the inscript'iotrs on I\ ng *: the above mentioned statue of Twret/'s'

"g $*;TJi"JJffi'#il;:""*

"."J'-T:"r#llti

, y]*r;;il;. -r',

j.11:"ranr, rn" chaper of osiris,,Nep.ll-l'lllj^"i;: lo Cairo 1965' p' 94' 6thiopienno' dito tiv'""-.,i" 1hbtrins at' It X" llI' p' 40' 4t; (11. l'. Ohristophc ' Iiru'nal<-nord toxt' z'7 See Lht; above rnenLioned " ' cle ra Mission arclrologiq.c r'a'nq'ise

Recherchcs srtt'rcs tnonttmetrts

'

:::lt*::'JH;lfi;"t;,11tl;*1"0"u.1'*u,"o,""s
ro

t. VIII, P' 289'

ibidem.
r't ibidem'

on rt.

,I. TI"ie tomb of Pabsi at Asasif (no. 279). Up to now therc is onl.y the preliminary Lansing's

lcpolt on tltc

of the hieroglyphic text. Florn the text we learn that the offering is "for the KA of the Hereditary Noblc, Locirl Prince, Oversecr of Uppel llgypt, High Stew:lrd of the God's Votaress, Pabsi"' Itrven if thc form of thc namc of Prr,b6si differs from the current one thc coirlcidence of the titles is mor,c than striking. Nowhcrc in thc text, however) \{'e meet with any gcnealogical indication wiiich could. hclp us to iclcntify definitcly "this" Pabsi. Sander-Hanselrs(i t&kes him (i. c. Pabesi from this Buhia fragrncnt) for thc High Stcward of thc God's Votaress Maatkar Mutemhet' (Dyn. XXI). Further on hc rcmarks that Pabsi's titles cnn be found in ll,ec. Trav. XIII, p. 148; i1 the passage quoted, however, u'e rneet with the name of Harsise, the High Steward of thc God's Votaress Maatkar Mutemhet. L. Christophe holds the view that this flagment is not that of Pabsi, the High Steward of the God's Votaress Nitokre, while Legrain, on the othel hand, believes it is. We may make the final decision only after tlie publication on the tomb of Pabesi at Asasif has been finished5i.

Ii.

cxcrr,vatious a,vailaltle5:|. Fragnient, of a black granite statue5a from Buhiairir. Qn the fragment there ate 15 columns

ppentlix

II

List of Titles of Pabsi

I II
(Except the titles from his tomb) I) tr l c s s y , Stat rres <le rlivinits. (CGC, vol. XXVIII) Ji o e ri r, r', Nnos. (CCC, vol LXXV) Drllt'ssy,Iicctrt>il clc r:6ncs Iunrn,ilcs. (MMAlr, t. VIII) C arnpboII, il'hc Sa,rcophagtrs of Pabasn, in Harnilton Palacc, Scolltr,n<l Christophe, Karnak-nord fIL (Fouilles de I'IFAO, t. XXIII)
j I : ta

ru
IY
\I:

a \ <>\ .R <+ l"

I

im,y-r pr-wr (n) dwlt-ntri'8: 9. 10, 1t. 13,11,15.

ittr,y-r ltmut-n{r
I

f,284; If,

107, 108, 109;

III,289,299; IV,

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:l (i. (-i trrrltlrt.
:rr

n(yw)rt[rw (nyw) T3-Jm'wt3r: I,284;III,299;IV, 11, li];

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40.

ll,'l'lrr,srr,r't,o1rhu,grrs of l)illrustl in Hanrilton'llillilcc, Sr:ot'lanrl,.L)tlinbrLlgh 1910. Lansing, Excavations in thc Asasif at'Ilhcbes, Part II of the tsulleLin of he Metropolit,an Mtrsetrm of Art, Neu'York, July 1920, pp. 11-2a. 5', Cf . Ilec. 'Iraw. XXIIf , p. 126. .,5 L. Borchardt, Statrren und Statuetten von I(nigen und Privatleuen, $ 922; cf. also ASAE VIII,

p.726.
56
57

Cf.

tt I

ld. Sander-Hansen, op. cit., p.39.

Cf.

Christophe,I(arnal<-nord III, p. 1:)t and G. Legrain, Notes d'inspection ASAI'I VIII, pp.26{i

bis
t

2fi8.

it.lc folrns t,hc cxprcssir>n 7n' (n) rl,utit-ttlr which San<l<rr'-Hilnsctt (op. r:it'., 1t. 32) translatcs "rlic I)orniint' A. l.lrman, \\radi Gazus, p. 18 "Vermgen des Gottesweibes". From the "Stela of Acloplion" rve learn that this term <lesignated not only the actual dwelling place of the God's \/otaress ]nrt also various rnovablcs anrl immovables scattered all over the Egypt. The man who v'as entrusted with thc arlmirristration of all this property held the title of imy-r pr-wr rt, dwit-ntr ("grar-rd pajordom, Ober'vermgensverwalter, High Stcrvard", etc.).
rlerr Clottesanbeterin" and

:u Signs {a and J have been confused since the New Kingdom onwards (cf. H. Gauthier, Dictionnairc "'v<Y gographique, 1II, p. 138); that, is why it is difficult, to decido whether we deal with the natne riwt ot im'tot

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