Rev 1.2 Wg D6 AC Transmission Line Model Parameter Validation 1. Introduction 2.

Uses of Line modeling ( Ken Behrendt) Line modeling is used for a variety of power system analysis and protective relay setting applications. The model type and detail used to represent the transmission line impedance depends on the type of analysis performed and the type of relay settings re uired. !n general" for the purpose of setting protective relays" and analy#ing protective relay performance" relatively simple fundamental fre uency se uence component impedance models are used. These impedance parameters can $e calculated $y hand" or through the use of readily availa$le computer programs using physical conductor si#e" material" and spacing information. !nformation a$out shield conductors and ground resistivity are also re uired for complete modeling. 2.1. !ort circuit %hort circuit analysis is used to calculate the phase and se uence currents and voltages &seen' $y protective relays for simulated faults at various locations internal and e(ternal to the relay)s desired #one of protection. These voltage and current uantities are used to determine the relay)s sensitivity and e(pected operating characteristics for faults at various locations and with various power system configuration contingencies. Lumped series impedance parameters are used for short circuit analysis. %hunt impedance parameters are generally ignored" first of all to simplify the short circuit calculations" and secondly $ecause the affect of shunt impedance parameters is generally negligi$le under the reduced voltage and high current conditions during a fault. %hort circuit calculations are generally made using se uence component analysis to simplify the calculation of un$alanced three*phase systems into $alanced single*se uence networ+s. ,ositive*" negative*" and #ero*se uence impedances are re uired to perform the complete array of three*phase" phase*to*phase" phase*to* phase*to*ground" and phase*to*ground fault analysis. %e uence uantities are computed" then used directly" or converted to phase uantities for protective relay analysis and settings. 2.2. Load flo" # sta$ilit% Load flow and power system transient and dynamic sta$ility analysis are $alanced conditions that may $e re uired to determine protective relay settings and analy#e performance under stressed system conditions following a cleared fault or during a significant power system contingency that causes ma(imum power or current flow on the line associated with the protective relay. -nly positive*se uence line

Rev 1.2 impedance is re uired for this analysis $ecause the power system phases remain $alanced during these simulated conditions. Lumped series and shunt impedances are typically included for this analysis $ecause these conditions occur at or near full system voltage. 2.&. 'ela% setting#data Transmission line impedances are commonly used to set phase and ground distance relay reach settings and ma(imum tor ue angles. ,ositive* and #ero* se uence lumped series impedances are used to determine settings for underreaching and overreaching distance elements associated with step*distance protection schemes or directional comparison schemes with communication assistance. ,hase and ground distance element reach settings are generally set in terms of positive*se uence line impedance. The operation of the ground distance elements are compensated for the different &loop' impedance for ground fault conditions $y a residual or #ero*se uence compensation factor that is computed using positive* and #ero*se uence line impedance information. Lumped series line impedances are also used to set fault location parameters in modern microprocessor $ased relays" although distri$uted line impedance data may $e used where different line construction" conductor si#e" and.or shielding and to set directional element limits for relays using impedance $ased directional elements. /urrent values from short circuit calculations are used to set overcurrent element pic+up settings for distance and directional element current supervision elements and to set overcurrent element pic+up and time delay settings for non*directional overcurrent relay elements. 2.(. 'ela% testing Transmission line impedance data is commonly used to develop test data to verify relay element performance and to verify proper relay distance element reach settings. Test currents and voltages can $e developed for various fault types using simplified calculation techni ues. Test set vendors typically include software or calculation techni ues with their test set software or documentation to calculate relay test uantities $ased on line impedance data. Testing more sophisticated microprocessor $ased distance relays" source impedance data may $e needed to create proper test uantities. %trong" moderate" and wea+ source impedances can $e estimated $y applying a source*to*line impedance ratio" otherwise referred to as %!R. The higher the %!R" the wea+er the source (larger the source impedance) when compared with the transmission line impedance.

Rev 1.2

&.

%stem modeling issues 0.1. 1ffect of 2odeling 3ssumptions (pi models" short line" long line" etc)(Kevin 4ones) 0.2. Line /onfiguration (5orm 6ischer) There are four parameters that affect the a$ility of a transmission line to function as part of a power system" these are7 Resistance (R)" !nductance (L)" /apacitance (/) and the /onductance (8). -f these only two" the inductance and the capacitance are affected $y the configuration of the conductors that compose the transmission line. Inductance) 6rom the theory we +now that the self inductance for a conductor that is suspended a$ove the earth is given $y7

90.2.1:

90.2.2:

90.2.0: (De is referred to in literature as conductor $eneath the surface of the earth" this parameter is dependent on the resistivity of the earth and is ad;usted so that inductance calculated with is configuration is e ual to that measured $y testing. rx* is defined as the 82R (8eometric 2ean Radius) and for a single round conductor is e ual to the radius of the conductor" however this is not the case for $undled conductors) The mutual inductance $etween two conductors suspended a$ove the earth" is determined as follows7

Rev 1.2

90.2.<:

6ig 0.2=1 6rom e uation 90.2.1: we can see that the configuration of a transmission line does not affect the self inductance of a conductor" $ut from e uation 90.2.<: we can see that the mutual impedance $etween two conductors is directly related to the distance $etween the two conductors. The closer the conductors are the higher the mutual inductance $etween them the further away the conductor is the lower the mutual inductance $etween them. Therefore the configuration of the transmission line directly impacts the inductance of a transmission line. %ince we are mostly concerned with three phase transmission systems let us compute the inductance of the self and mutual inductance for the line shown in 6ig 0.2=27

6ig 0.2=2 %+etch of a single conductor 0 phase transmission line (without ground wire)

90.2.>: 1 uation 90.2.>: is the inductance matri( for a single conductor 0 phase transmission line without a ground wire? however the matri( for a single conductor 0 phase transmission line with a segmented ground wire would $e identical to that given $y e uation 90.2.>:. @hen dealing with segmented ground wire.s these are not included in the in the inductance matri( since the length of the segmented wire is much shorter than the fundamental fre uency wave length of the transmission line. The uestion arises how we handle $undled conductors (more than one conductor per phase). There are two methods to deal with this issue? one may compute the 82R of the $undle and use the value for 82R of the $undle in 1 uation 90.2.>: to replace ra*, rb* and

Rev 1.2 rc*. 6ollowing is a method on how to calculate the 82R for some typical $undle conductors as shown in 6ig 0.2=0.

6ig.0.2=0 Typical configuration for $undle conductors 6or a dou$le stranded $undled conductor7

90.2.A: 6or a triple stranded $undled conductor

90.2.B: 6or a Cuad triple stranded $undled conductor

90.2.D: !f the $undle contains more than < conductors the 82R for this configuration may $e o$tained $y following the method shown in e uations 90.2.A: to 90.2D:. 3nother method that can $e used when a $undled conductor is present" is to treat each conductor as an individual conductor and compute the mutual impedance $etween each conductor. 6or e(ample if you had a dou$le stranded $undled conductor the inductance matri( would $e as given $y e uation 0.2.E.

Rev 1.2

H/unit_length 90.2.E: The A ( A matri( of e uation 90.2.E: can $e reduced to a 0 ( 0 matri( $y ma+ing use of the fact that F3 G F3) H I" FB G FB) HI and F/ G F/) H I and !3=Total H !31 J !32. (3ppendi( 30.2=2 includes an e(ample) . How do we treat a line that has a non segmented overhead ground wire? Kou regard the ground wire or wires as an e(tra conductor and you calculate the mutual impedance $etween each phase conductor and the ground conductor. 3ssume you have a transmission configured as shown in 6ig0.2=<.

6ig.0.2=<. %+etch of a single wire 0 phase transmission line with a ground wire. The inductance matri( is as follows7

H/unit_length

Rev 1.2

90.2.1I: @e then perform reduce this < ( < matri( to a 0 ( 0 matri( $y eliminating the <th row and column" using a Kron reduction method.

90.2.11: -nce the matri( has $een reduced to a 0 ( 0 matri(" the series phase impedance for the line can $e calculated and from this the se uence series impedances can $e calculated. (3ppendi( 30.2=2 includes an e(ample) . Ca*acitance) /onsider the group of charged lines and their images as shown in 6ig.0.2=>.

6ig.0.2=> 6rom theory we +now that7

Rev 1.2

90.2.12: @here7 Fa$cn H Foltage vector matri( ,a$cn H ,otential coefficient matri( Ca$cn H /harge Fector matri( The ,otential coefficient matri( (,) is computed as follows7 "(Hy 90.2.10: "(y 90.2.1<: @here7 F/m But we +now that 7 Therefore

!f we now calculate the potential coefficient matri( for a transmission line with a configuration as shown in 6ig.0.2=>" $ut ignoring the ground wire (conductor &n') we o$tain a matri( as follows7

F- /m 90.2.1>: F/m

Rev 1.2 The diagonal elements of Ca$c are called the &2a(well)s coefficients' or the &capacitance coefficients'. The off diagonal elements are +nown as the &electrostatic induction coefficients'. The off diagonal elements are negative due to the fact that all the elements (coefficients) in the potential coefficient matri( are positive. The Ca$c matri( is o$tained $y inverting the Pa$c matri(.

F/m

5ote that irrespective if the ground wire is segmented or non- segmented the ground wire if present is considered in the potential coefficient (capacitance) matri(. The potential coefficient matri( when a ground wire.s is present is similar than the inductance matri( and is reduced to a 0 ( 0 matri( using Kron reduction similarly than what we did for the inductance matri(. (3ppendi( 30.2=1 shows how the phase and se uence capacitance is calculated for a specific line configuration.) &.&. Trans*ositions+Ilia Volo!, 3 transposition is a common techni ue to eliminate overhead line un$alance caused $y unsymmetrical placement of transmission line conductors a$ove the ground and to each other. Ln$alance leads to generation of negative* and #ero*se uence voltages and currents" which affect performance of many components of power system. This also has a $ig impact on the protective relaying performance. To reduce effect on unsymmetrical spacing of conductors to a minimum" the conductors are transposed so that each conductor occupies successively same positions as the other two conductors in two successive line sections. 6or three such transposed sections" the total voltage drop for each conductor is the same thus eliminating negative* and #ero* se uence voltages and currents. Mou$le circuit lines create more challenges $ecause of the effect of mutual inductance is not entirely eliminated $y the transposition. Falue of un$alance depends on few factors" such as geometry of the conductors and ground wires on the tower" spacing" capacitance to ground of conductors etc. Falue of un$alance is characteri#ed $y the un$alance factor" which can vary significantly. This may affects results of protective relay study if not accounted for. 5ot every transmission line model can $e used for studies involving untransposed lines. 6or e(ample" lumped parameters or ,! segments models are not appropriate for protective relaying studies. 2odeling involving representation of transmission lines in physical parameters are li+ely to $e most accurate followed $y distri$uted parameters or travelling wave models.

Rev 1.2 &.(. -ffects of .on/0omogeneous lines+1eorge 2arto3, 6or typical transmission lines" the impedance is not a linear function of distance. 3ll transmission lines have" to varying degrees" some non*homogeneity? that is" the impedance per unit length is not constant over the length of the line. This can $e a source of error in distance relay and fault location applications. %ources of non*homogeneity in overhead lines include7 %u$station entrance.e(it structures may differ from line structures 3ngle structures may $e of a different design than tangent structures River.highway crossings may have longer spans" wider spacings and larger conductors Regulatory agencies may re uire compact or low profile tower designs in sensitive areas -n upgrade or reconductoring pro;ects" it may not $e necessary or feasi$le to re$uild the entire line !nterim or temporary line designs may $e used during construction Tower spacing and effective conductor sag will differ in hilly or uneven terrain %oil characteristics and thus ground resistivity may vary along line length 2utual impedances may $e present over portions of the line Transmission line constants programs generally allow the line impedance to $e calculated in segments" with the a$ility to sum the characteristics of individual segments into a terminal*to*terminal total. The individual using these programs must e(ercise ;udgment regarding which identifia$le line characteristic changes are significant enough to warrant calculation as a separate line segment. Typically" single line sections" such as river and highway crossings are ignored if they are not a significant fraction of the entire line length. !n addition" the line sections that transition from one line construction type to another are ignored" since they cannot $e modeled with conventional transmission line constants programs $ecause of the varia$le geometry. Mistance relays and fault locating algorithms generally assume that the line is homogeneous from terminal to terminal. The total line impedance and line length are entered as setting parameters. This assumption can introduce error in the distance*to* fault calculation if the line has significant non*homogeneity. 6igure NN gives an e(ample of a transmission line having three construction types over its length from Terminal 3 to Terminal B. The error in distance is most significant near the transition points $etween line construction types. 3n impedance ta$le or graph can $e used to correct the distance calculation for this error.

Rev 1.2
Actual impedance of line consisting of three sections with differing impedance characteristics. Line impedance assuming homogeneous impedance characteristics.

TERMINAL B

Impedanc e (Q)
Distance Measureme nt Error

TERMINAL A

Distance (Miles or Kilometers) 6igure NN 0.<.1. /onductors(8eorge Barto+) 0.<.2. /hanges in structure or spacing(8eorge Barto+) 0.<.0. %egmented. !nsulated %hield wires(Mon Lu+ach) %egmented or insulated shield wires provide a discontinuity in the ground paths" thus impact the #ero se uence networ+s. The first uestion is how this type of shield wire is treated in the #ero*se uence line impedance calculation. !n the 12T, theory $oo+ $y Oermann Mommel" the ground wires are ignored when calculating the series impedance matri( $ut are ta+en into account for the shunt impedance matri(. Thus" for lines that have segmented ground wires" the ground wires do not affect the inductance of the line. The reason Mommel gives for this reasoning is that the ground wires do not carry any significant fundamental current $ecause the wave length of the fundamental fre uency is much larger than the segmented span. Oowever" this not true for transients such as lightning stri+es. %ome utilities follow the practice of not including segmented.insulated shield wires in the series inductance calculations for the line constants. 3lso" a line constants programs contain the option to select segmented versus continuous shield wires. !n the paper $y 8ere# and Bala+rishnan entitled"'Pero*se uence !mpedance of -verhead Transmission Lines with Miscontinuous 8round @ire'" the authors give a method to calculate the #ero*se uence impedance of a transmission line having ground wires that are not continuous or are not connected to the station grounds at the end of the line. The calculated values are compared with the measured #ero*se uence impedance of a line.

Rev 1.2 The authors o$serve that for transmission lines having discontinuous ground wires" the actual #ero*se uence impedance is different from the #ero*se uence impedance of the line calculated with the classical methods and considering either no ground wire or continuous ground wire. This difference is significant if the ground wire is of 3/%R conductor. The method given for calculating the #ero*se uence impedance of a transmission line with discontinuous ground wire gives more accurate results" which are close to the measured values. @hile the paper does not directly address segmented.insulated ground wires" it does discuss the implications of missing shield spans and the affect of not connecting shields to the su$station ground grid.

Refs7 Thapar" B.? 8ere#" F.? Bala+rishnan" 3." & Pero*se uence !mpedance of -verhead Transmission Lines with Miscontinuous 8round @ire45 ,ower %ymposium" 1EEI. ,roceedings of the Twenty*%econd 3nnual 5orth 3merican" Folume " !ssue " 1>*1A -ct 1EEI ,age(s)71EI G 1E2" Migital -$;ect !dentifier 1I.11IE.53,%.1EEI.1>10B1

&.6. -art! 'esisti7it%+Don Lu3ac!, 3 $asic understanding of the factors that influence earth resistivity is re uired for the protection engineer to accurately model a given system or line. 0.>.1. Fariation in soils 6irst and foremost is the soil material and its physical conditions" li+e moisture content and temperature. 6or e(ample" soil with uart# grains have a thermal resistivity of 11R/* cm.@" water is 1A>" organic can $e from <II wet to BII dry" and air is <III. Thus" it is generally concluded that soil with the lowest thermal resistivity has a ma(imum amount of soil grains and water while having a minimum amount of air. %imply stated" the resistivity of sandy dry soil such as in 5evada will $e very different from !llinois silty* clay*organic soil. 3lso" river*$ottom soil will $e vastly different than the soil on top of a ridge" or $luff within the same general area. Resistivity is measured in ohm*cm. Fariations in soil compositions are as vast as the ranges of pu$lished soil resistivity. 8enerally" clay*silty*loam soils have much lower values (e.g." <III ohm*cm average per one data source) than sandy soils (e.g." E<"III ohm*cm average per the same data source). The very nature of the soil and the factors that determine resistivity e uate to a dynamically changing value of resistivity. The transmission line in 5evada will have a different local resistivity during a ma;or precipitation event" than during a drought. To emphasi#e the affect that resistivity can have on a given line" a 10DKv line was ar$itrarily chosen within a line constant program. The line was modeled at 1II miles long with 1I ohm*meter and 1II ohm*meter resistivity value. 3ll other line parameters

Rev 1.2 were held constant. The difference in #ero*se uence impedance was over 1IS. 5ote that this was utili#ed for demonstration purposes and additional cases may have different results. The important point to the system protection engineer is that the physical characteristics of a transmission line must $e +nown to accurately model it" resistivity notwithstanding. !f certain factors are not addressed the model will $e inaccurate" perhaps at the most inopportune time. 6or e(ample" the season of the year" li+e when the soil is saturated" or if a company that encompasses different geological areas uses a &standard' resistivity value" the model accuracy can $e compromised. 3 good chec+ against the system model" including resistivity" are right*of*way measurements and fault data review. Both topics are also covered in this report. Refs7 !111 %TM <<2 8uide for soil thermal resistivity measurements 3F-" &8etting Mown to 1arthT' testing guide UReference Mata for Radio 1ngineersU" ($oo+)" Ooward @. %ams and /o." !nc. 6// pu$lished soil conductivity map showing in millisiemens" which" when inverted and multiplied $y 1III $ecomes ohm*meters. http7..www.fcc.gov.m$.audio.m0.inde(.html 0.>.2. -ther conducting paths to ground ! thin" this should be in another section#not reall$ part of earth resistivit$ Line constant programs typically contain configurations that share multiple conductors on the same pole structure and the same right*of*way. @hat may not $e addressed are other conductors that follow the same path. 1(amples include railroad trac+" railroad communication and control lines" pipelines" etc. These other conductors can $e $uried or $e on pole structures that run parallel to the power lines. The difficulty is in modeling these other conductors. @hile railroad control lines loo+ li+e an ad;acent line" o$taining grounding information or pole structure characteristics is not readily availa$le. 6or the other structures the uestion $ecomes how to appro(imate their properties within the confines of the line constant programs. %imply put" what appro(imates a railroad trac+ with a certain rail and communication systems or the pipelineV Regardless of the methods used for appro(imating the #ero se uence networ+s for situations that have these other conductors" the fault analysis studies of such areas would $e $eneficial to revise the model. 0.A. 2utual effects (2utual coupling) !n this part we concentrate on the mutual coupling $etween transmission lines" similarly as the different phases of a transmission line influence each other)s volt drop" the phases

Rev 1.2 of a line sharing the same right of way or the same tower will also influence the voltage drop of the phase. 3ssume a transmission system as shown in 6ig 0.A=1 where two transmission lines are a distance Md from each other.

6ig 0.A=1 simple s+etch showing conductors of a two transmission line system The mutual coupling $etween all the conductors and the 3*phase of circuit 1 are shown in 6ig 0.A=2

%ection 0.2" line configuration" discusses how to compute the mutual impedance $etween two conductors from a common circuit. To calculate the mutual impedance $etween two conductors from two different circuits is done in e(actly the same manner. Therefore e uation 0.2.< is still applica$le. !f we now consider the voltage drop for a section of circuit 1" 3*phase we get the following relationship 90.A.1:

90.A.1: @here7 P33 H %elf impedance of the conductor P3B H 2utual impedance $etween conductor 3 and B (circuit 1) P3/ H 2utual impedance $etween conductor 3 and / (circuit 1) P3a H 2utual impedance $etween conductor 3 (circuit 1) and conductor a (circuit 2)

Rev 1.2 P3$ H 2utual impedance $etween conductor 3 (circuit 1) and conductor $ (circuit 2) P3c H 2utual impedance $etween conductor 3 (circuit 1) and conductor c (circuit 2) 6or simplicity let us assume that mutual impedance $etween the phases of circuit 1 are e ual ( P3B H P3B H P2 ) and lets also assume that the distance &Md' is large enough that the mutual impedance $etween the conductors of circuit two are also appro(imately e ual (P3a P3$ P3c Pmp). " using these assumptions we can now rewrite e uation 0.A=1 as follows7

90.A=2: !f we now analy#e the second half of e uation 90.A=2: we will ready see that for all positive and negative se uence currents that flow in circuit 2 the effective mutual coupling is #ero since " however this is not true if the ciruit2 contains #ero se uence current" so we can say that the mutual coupling $etween circuits 1 and 2 is mainly due only due to #ero se uence current. @e can say that &Pmp' is the #ero se uence mutual coupling $etween circuit 1 and 2" and can $e computed $y ta+ing the average mutual impedance $etween circuit 1 and 2 90.A.0:.

90.A=0: !n reality there is some mutual coupling $etween the circuits due to positive and negative se uence current $ut in general these are less than >S and for all practical purposes can $e ignored. This small coupling is due to the mutual impedances $etween the conductors in circuit 1 and circuit 2 not $eing e(actly e ual to one another.

0.B. %pecial concerns with modeling ca$le (%teve Turner) 0.D. %pecial concerns with modeling ca$le (%teve Turner) 0.E. -ther /onsiderations affecting use of the 2odel (may $e 3ppendi(V) ( 4oe Lchiyama) 0.E.1. Transient and su$transient reactances 0.E.2. %ources 0.E.0. Transformers 0.E.<. Mevice effects 0.E.<.1. @ind generators 0.E.<.2. Large motors

Rev 1.2 0.E.<.0. Mynamic F3R controls 0.E.<.<. OFM/ 0.E.<.>. /apacitors 0.E.<.A. Reactors 0.E.>. 8eomagnetic concerns 0.E.A. Loads" ,refault voltages" ,ower flow &.18. i9 Wire Lines+ 'ic3 Cornelison,
%i( wire lines as defined in this report are single circuit three phase lines with two non*$undled conductors per phase. The separation of the two wires ma+ing up each phase is typically greater than distance $etween the phases. These single circuit lines loo+ li+e dou$le circuit lines.

6igure 0.E.1 Typical si( wire circuit

@here $undled conductors can $e considered continuously connected" the two wires per phase on si( wire lines may only $e connected at the $eginning and ending points" and possi$ly" $ut not necessarily at tap points. !f the two wires per phase are not connected at tap points" then the only way to model si( wire lines is as two separate circuits. !f" however" the two wires per phase are connected at every tap point" then the si( wires can $e reasona$ly represented with one set of impedances.

(. Model 7erification met!ods <.1. Re uired 3ccuracy <.2. /omparison with measured results(%teve Turner) <.2.1. 2easured points <.2.2. 6ault location <.2.2.1. 3ccuracy of location <.2.2.2. ,erformance of relaying <.0. Mirect measurement(Oyder Mo /armo.2u+esh 5agapal) Falidation of transmission circuit parameters can $e validated from direct measurements from load un$alances and short circuit tests. The load un$alance techni ue re uires synchroni#ed measurements from each line terminal. 1ven with synchroni#ed measurements" the #ero se uence impedance validation can $e challenging $ecause transmission circuits e(perience low load un$alance. %taging of short circuit tests are e(pensive and are not li+ed due to undesira$le stress and on the e uipment. Lnder certain configurations" relay records from actual short circuits on transmission circuit can $e helpful in validating its parameters.

Rev 1.2

3 fre uency in;ection signal in;ection is an alternative method to stage short circuit faults on live circuits. Oowever" this method re uires that the circuit $e ta+en out*of*service for the test and isolated from sources at $oth ends. 6igure N.1 shows e(perimental step*up. !t consists of single generator" amplifier and dynamic signal analyser. Typically" signal generator and analyser functions are availa$le in a single piece of e uipment. To measure series parameters of line" all three three*phases of the receiving terminal are short to the ground as in shown in 6igure N.1. 2easurements of shunt parameters" mainly for the ca$le circuits" re uire terminal left open circuited.

6igure 1.( Test set*up for measuring series self impedance of ,hase 3. %ingle generator in;ects low voltage signal via amplified into the isolated circuit. The signal can $e white noise or sweep from low fre uency a$out 1I O# to 2II O# in small steps. The applied voltage and current measured using ,earson coil /T are applied to dynamic signal analyser. Mynamic %ignal analyser performs spectrum analysis on the measured signals. !t then uses auto (voltage) and cross (voltage and current) correlations to determine impedance of the transmission circuit over the fre uency range using the following relationship7 Paa(f) H Fa(f)W/on;Fa(f).!a(f)W/on;Fa(f) @here7 Fa(f) voltage phasor of fre uency f e(tracted from applied voltage on ,hase 3

Rev 1.2 !(f) 3 Paa(f) current phasor of fre uency f e(tracted from measured current into ,hase series self impedance of ,hase 3 of transmission circuit

These measurements averaged over several measurements to improve the accuracy of measurements. The impedance measurement o$tained using the set*up in 6igure N.1 provides self impedance of ,hase 3. The mutual impedance $etween ,hase 3 and B $e measured repeating the e(periment G e(cept ,hase B voltage from the transmission circuit applied is signal analyser while signal generator in;ected the voltage into ,hase 3 as follows7 Pa$(f) @here7 F$(f) voltage phasor of fre uency f e(tracted from voltage measured on ,hase 3 while signal in;ected on ,hase 3 !(f) current phasor of fre uency f e(tracted from measured current into ,hase 3 Pa$(f) series mutual impedance $etween ,hases 3 and B These two measurements are sufficient to calculate ositive and #ero se uence impedances. %imilar measurements on each phase can $e averaged to o$tain $etter estimates of self and mutual impedances $y averaging7 Ps(f) Pm(f) H (Paa(f) J P$$(f) J Pcc(f)).0 H (Pa$(f) J Pac(f) J P$a(f) J P$c(f) JPca(f) J Pc$(f)).A H F$(f)W/on;F$(f).!a(f)W/on;F$(f)

3verage values of self and mutual impedance values can positive and #ero se uence impedances of a symmetrical or transposed line as7 P1(f) Po(f) H Ps(f) G Pm(f) H Ps(f) J 2 Pm(f)

!n case of un*transposed or non*symmetrical lines" the measurement provide full 0(0 matri( of line impedances" which can $e converted into se uence component matri( using symmetrical component transformations. !n case of long lines and ca$le" shunt impedance can also $e o$tained with similar tests $ut +eeping receiving terminal open circuited instead of short circuited. 6igure 2.( and 0( shows magnitude and phase angle of series self and mutual impedances measured for a short ca$le circuit. %ince applied is low*voltage signal" measurements near AI O# are corrupted due stray signal from ad;acent e uipment. These corrupted estimates are re;ected. /urve fitting or interpolation techni ue from estimates at non*AI O# fre uencies are then used to determine impedance parameters at AI*O#.

Rev 1.2

6igure 2.( 2agnitude and phase angle of the ca$le)s self*impedance during the short* circuit tests.

Rev 1.2

<.<. Lse of %ynchrophasors (4im -)Brien) (5orm 6isher) <.>. Lse of %taged faults 6. ummar% 6. A**endi9 3ppendi( (for section 0.2 and 0.A*5orm 6ischer) 3 refresher on inductance" assume two wire solid round conductor system as shown in 6ig. 30.2=1. /onductor B is the return path for the current in conductor 3.

6ig 30.2=1 3 simple two wire single phase Let us consider the current in conductor 3 only .

Rev 1.2

O.m O.m 930.2.1: !f we now consider the current in conductor B only O.m 930.2.2: But we now that the current in conductor 3 is 1DI out of phase with the current in conductor B " the flu( lin+ages produced $y the two currents in is in the same direction and thus the resulting flu( for the two conductors can $e o$tained $y simply adding the individual mmf)s together. Therefore the inductance for the two wire circuit cans $e written as follows7

O.m 930.2.0: 1 uations 90.2.1: and 90.2.2: are referred to the inductance per conductor and that of 1 uation 90.2.0: the inductance per loop. The following wor+ed e(amples on how to calculate the series and shunt components for a transmission line are ta+en form ,aul 3nderson $oo+ &3nalysis of 6aulted ,ower systems'. %eries /omponent /alculation 1(amples7

Rev 1.2

6 .5 ' A 11'

4'

8' 5' C

6' 36'

Rev 1.2

Rev 1.2

Rev 1.2

6 .5 ' A 11'

4'

8' B C 5'
1'

36' 6'

,ro$lem <.0<

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6 .5 ' A 11'

4'

8' 5' C

6' 36'

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2. Inductance Matri9
B

o := < 1I

O m

:= 1IIohm m

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%hunt /omponent /alculation 1(amples (e(cluding the /onductance)7

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3ppendi()s
15'

15'

6 .5 ' A
1

4'

11'

8' 5' C

55' 15' 15'

6' 36'

50'