1-36 Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU PLL ICs

Open-loop transfer function

Since the loop gain has two poles at the origin, this topology is called a type II PLL.
Closed-loop transfer function
It contains two imaginary poles at and is unstable.
Linear model of simple charge-pump PLL

+
PFD/CP Loop
Filter
K
vco
s
VCO
1
sC
1
|
out
|
in
|
e
2t
I
P
dec dB 40
0
180
0
0
open
H log 20
e (}z_ ,z}z)
e (}z_ ,z}z)
open
H Z
2
1
open
2
) (
s
K
C
I
s
VCO P
in
out
t |
|
=
1
2
1
2
2
) (
C
K I
s
C
K I
s H
VCO P
VCO P
t
t
+
=
) 2 /(
1 2 , 1
C K I j s
VCO P
t =
1-37 Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU PLL ICs
Addition of zero to charge-pump PLL

Open-loop transfer function a zero at s

z
= 1/(R
1
C
1
).
Closed-loop transfer function
and decay time constant
s
K
s C
R
I
s
VCO P
in
out
|
|

\
|
+ =
1
1
open
1
2
) (
t |
|
( )
VCO
P
VCO
P
VCO P
K
C
I
s R K
I
s
s C R
C
K I
s H
1
1
2
1 1
1
2 2
1
2
) (
t t
t
+ +
+
=
1
2 C
K I
VCO P
n
t
e =
t
,
2 2
1 1 VCO P
K C I R
=
VCO n
K I R
1 1
4 1 t
,e
=
D Q
rst
D Q
rst
V
DD
V
in
V
DD
V
out
PFD
up
dn
I
P
I
P
i
e
S
1
S
2
V
cont
Loop
Filter
VCO
C
1
R
1
1-38 Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU PLL ICs
Stability degradation of charge-pump PLL
o
e j

1 1
2
C R

1 1
1
C R

loge 0
20log H
open
loge 0
H
open
e
z
90
o
180
o
40 dB/dec
20 dB/dec
Lower I
P
K
vco
1-39 Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU PLL ICs
Stability limit and overload limit
In fact, the elegant way to determine the stability limit in the charge pump PLL is to
linearize a set of difference equations, to transform it into the z-domain, and to apply
the stability criterion on it.
Normalize PLL parameters:
the normalized loop gain K
N
= I
P
R
1
K
vco
T / 2t
the normalized loop filter t
1N
= R
1
C
1
/ T
the normalized natural frequency F
N
= f
n
/ f
i
= f
n
T
Stability limit condition:
VCO overload limit:
N
N
K
1
2
1
1
2
t
+
<
0
1
> = R I
K
f
V
P
vco
i
cont
1 <
N
K
N
N
N
K
F
1
2
1
t t
=
2
1N N
K t
, =
t
, , +
<
2
1
N
F

t, 4
1
<
N
F
Gardner, IEEE Trans. on Comm., Nov. 1980. Paemel, IEEE Trans. on Comm., Jul. 1994
F
N
,
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Overload Limit
Stability Limit
Allowed Area