,

(hosts) . Internet
Protocol version 4 (IPv4)
.
.
(source)
(destination) . IPv4, 32-bit 32-bit
Layer 3.
IP 32-bit .
IP
10101100 00010000 00000100 00010100

:
172.16.4.20
IP 0.0.0.0.
IP 255.255.255.255

1. IP 10.0.0.1
: 00001010 00000000 00000000 00000001
2. IP
11101010 10001101 10101011 00000101
: 234.141.171.5

IPv4 , :

(Network)

Broadcast

(Host)

:
(Network) 10.0.0.0
Broadcast

10.0.0.255

(Host)

10.0.0.1

.
- Network Prefixes (subnet mask)
:
? IPv4 ,
.
. 172.16.4.0 /24, /24
24 ,
8 , , .
subnet mask 32 bits, ,
, .
/24.
.

172.16.20.0 /25

1: 135.183.82.132/27:

Broadcast

10000000
10011111
10000001
10011110

128
159
129
158

135.183.82.128
135.183.82.159
135.183.82.129
135.183.82.158

0
255
1
254

169.193.80.0
169.193.95.255
169.193.80.1
169.193.95.254

2: 169.193.95.38/20:

Broadcast

00000000
11111111
00000001
11111110

( ):
3

1: 183.250.191.197/25:

Broadcast

01000101
01111111
01000110
01111110

69
127
70
126

183.250.191.69
183.250.191.127
183.250.191.70
183.250.191.126

0
255
1
254

155.53.41.0
155.53.41.255
155.53.41.1
155.53.41.254

2: 155.53.41.88/20:

Broadcast

00000000
11111111
00000001
11111110

IPv4
,
. .

10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0 /8)
172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0 /12)
192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0 /16)
: IP ( )
1 - 172.16.35.2
5 209.165.201.0

2 192.168.3.5
6 192.168.11.5

3 192.0.2.15
7 172.16.30.30

4 64.104.0.22
8 10.55.3.168

:
1. : (1 - 172.16.35.2), (2 192.168.3.5),(3 192.0.2.15),
4

2. :

(6 192.168.11.5),(7 172.16.30.30),(8 10.55.3.168).
(4 64.104.0.22) , (5 209.165.201.0)

,
, .
host IP address, subnet mask, default gateway.
.
.
.
IP ,
IP . .

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) ( ).

DHCP .
DHCP ,

.
DHCP
.
.

1. , ?
: () .

2. ,
?
: ,
IP ,
.
, ,
.

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) ( http://www.iana.net )

IP . IP multicast IPv6
IANA. 1990s, IPv4
IANA.
Regional Internet Registries (RIRs).
1. ? ?
: (Regional Internet Registries).
https://www.arin.net/knowledge/rirs.html .

Subnet mask
, 32-bit
subnet mask, . Subnet mask
IPv4 . 1
, 0 .
subnet mask .
, /24 subnet mask
255.255.255.0 (11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000).
.

. IPv4 AND subnet mask
.

1. subnet mask 172.16.132.70/20

: .
Host Address
Subnet Mask
Binary Host Address
Binary Subnet Mask
Binary Network Address
Network Address

172
255
10101100
11111111
10101100
172

16
255
00010000
11111111
0001000
16

132
240
10000100
11110000
10000000
128

70
0
01000110
00000000
00000000
0

1. IP subnet mask,

: .
Host Address
Subnet Mask
Host Address in Binary
Subnet Mask in Binary
Network Address in Binary
Network Address in decimal

10
255
00001010
11111111
00001010
10

13
255
00001101
11111111
00001101
13

203
255
11001011
11111111
11001011
203

60
252
00111100
11111100
00111100
60

2. IP subnet mask,

: .
Host Address
Subnet Mask
Host Address in Binary
Subnet Mask in Binary
Network Address in Binary
Network Address in decimal

10
255
00001010
11111111
00001010
10

146
255
10010010
11111111
10010010
146

67
255
01000011
11111111
01000011
67

99
128
01100011
10000000
00000000
0

. subnet mask,

: .
Host Address
Subnet Mask
Network Address in Binary
Subnet Mask in Binary
Number of host

10
255
00001010
11111111

0
0
255
192
00000000 00000000
11111111 11000000
16382

0
0
00000000
00000000

1. subnet mask,

: .
Host Address
Subnet Mask
Network Address in Binary
Subnet Mask in Binary
Number of host

10
255
00001010
11111111

0
0
255
248
00000000 00000000
11111111 11111000
2046

0
0
00000000
00000000

2. subnet mask,

: .
Host Address
Subnet Mask
Network Address in Binary
Subnet Mask in Binary
Number of host

10
255
00001010
11111111

0
255
00000000
11111111

0
255
00000000
11111111

0
224
00000000
11100000

27

. subnet mask, ,
broadcast ,
: .
Network Address in decimal
Subnet Mask in decimal
Network Address in Binary
Subnet Mask in Binary
First Usable Host IP address in decimal
Last Usable Host IP address in decimal
Broadcast Address in decimal
Next Network Address in decimal

10
255
00001010
11111111
10
10
10
10

68
255
01000100
11111111
68
68
68
68

25
255
00011001
11111111
25
25
25
25

0
128
00000000
10000000
1
126
127
128

1. subnet mask, ,
broadcast ,
: .
Network Address in decimal
Subnet Mask in decimal
Network Address in Binary
Subnet Mask in Binary
First Usable Host IP address in decimal
Last Usable Host IP address in decimal
Broadcast Address in decimal
Next Network Address in decimal

10
255
00001010
11111111
10
10
10
10

31
255
00011111
11111111
31
31
31
31

60
252
00111100
11111100
60
60
60
60

0
0
00000000
00000000
1
2
1
0

2. subnet mask, ,
broadcast ,
: .

10

Network Address in decimal

Subnet Mask in decimal
Network Address in Binary
Subnet Mask in Binary
First Usable Host IP address in decimal
Last Usable Host IP address in decimal
Broadcast Address in decimal
Next Network Address in decimal

10
255
00001010
11111111
10
10
10
10

181
255
00011111
11111111
181
181
181
181

192
240
11000000
11110000
192
192
192
192

0
0
00000000
00000000
1
2
1
0

11