Scalability in C m!

uter Systems
DNS/"#ND as an e$am!le

Distributed OS SS 2009, Scalability/DNS

Hermann Hrtig, TU Dresden

Outline and % al & 'ecture

Outline( Scalability( termin l gy, !r blems and basic a!!r ac)es Names in Distributed Systems( !ur! ses & naming, termin l gy *!!licati n & scalability a!!r ac)es n name res luti n % al( understand s me & t)e im! rtant !rinci!les ) + t build scalable systems using DNS as an e$am!le

Distributed OS SS 2009, Scalability/DNS

Hermann Hrtig, TU Dresden

De&initi ns Scalability
Scalability t)e ease +it) +)ic) a system r c m! nent can be m di&ied t &it t)e !r blem area)tt!(//+++-sei-cmu-edu/str/inde$es/gl ssary/ Scalability .in telec mmunicati n and s &t+are engineering/ indicates t)e ca!ability & a system t increase !er& rmance under an increased l ad +)en res urces 0ty!ically )ard+are1 are added 2i3i!edia

Distributed OS SS 2009, Scalability/DNS

Hermann Hrtig, TU Dresden

De&initi ns Scalability
De&initi n02ang, 5u 961(
* c m!uter system 0H2 7 S21 is called scalable i& it can scale up 0im!r 8e its res urces1 t acc mm date e8er increasing !er& rmance and &uncti nality demand and / r scale down 0decrease res urces1 t reduce c st-

Dimensi ns & Scalability( Si9e 0m re C:Us1; Ot)er <es urces 0=em ry1; S &t+are 0>ersi ns, better libs, etc-1; Heter geneity 0di&&erent )ard+are / S2 ? ! rtability1

Distributed OS SS 2009, Scalability/DNS

Hermann Hrtig, TU Dresden

Scalability in C m!uter Systems

* system is described as scalable i& it remains e&&ecti8e +)en t)ere is a signi&icant increase in t)e number & res urces and t)e number & usersC ul uris, D llim re, Aindberg( Distributed Systems * system is scalable i& it + r3s +ell & r 8ery large and 8ery small numbers

Distributed OS SS 2009, Scalability/DNS

Hermann Hrtig, TU Dresden

*n t)er as!ect & scalability(

:re!are & r c)ange in &uncti nality s &t+are engineering c) se su&&iciently large l gical res urces 3s & r e$tensi n !r 8ide )

Distributed OS SS 2009, Scalability/DNS

Hermann Hrtig, TU Dresden

:r blems & r Scalability in Distributed/:arallel Systems

:er& rmance b ttlenec3s in --Dailures & --*buse & ---

c m!uters c mmunicati n

Distributed OS SS 2009, Scalability/DNS

Hermann Hrtig, TU Dresden

:rinci!les t ac)ie8e Scalability 0E<:CF1

:artiti ning s!lit systems int !arts t)at can !erate inde!endently t a large e$tent <e!licati n !r 8ide se8eral c !ies & c m! nents t)at are 3e!t c nsistent e8entually t)at can be used in case & &ailure & c !ies ' cality 0Cac)ing1 maintain a c !y & in& rmati n t)at is nearer, c)ea!er/&aster t access t)an t)e riginal

Distributed OS SS 2009, Scalability/DNS

Hermann Hrtig, TU Dresden

S me C)allenges
"alance l ad( 3ee! l ad under reas nable t)res) ld at eac) c m! nent in t)e c mmunicati n subsystems l ad balancing can be static r dynamic- 2ill study a detailed e$am!le & r dynamic l ad balancing later0= si$1=inimi9e t)e delay induced by E<:CF:re!are & r c)ange#n& rmati n Disseminati nC) se rig)t degree & c nsistency-

Distributed OS SS 2009, Scalability/DNS

Hermann Hrtig, TU Dresden

Names, #denti&iers, *ddresses

Names symb lic )a8e a meaning & r !e !le #denti&iers identi&ies a c m! nent 0uniGuely1 are used by !r grams *ddresses l cates a c m! nent can c)ange

Distributed OS SS 2009, Scalability/DNS

10

Hermann Hrtig, TU Dresden

Name res luti n

Name <es luti n( ma! symb lic names t bHects better( t a set & attributes suc) as identi&iers, addresses, t)er names, security !r !erties #nter&aces( <egister 0Name, attributes, ---1 ' 3u! 0Name1 IJ attributes

Distributed OS SS 2009, Scalability/DNS

11

Hermann Hrtig, TU Dresden

<elated
C m!ilers statically ma! names t addresses Dynamic libraries dynamically rema! addresses : rt =a!!er ma! ser8ice t ! rt Name res luti n is a & rm & dynamic ma!!ing & !at)names t attributes-

Distributed OS SS 2009, Scalability/DNS

12

Hermann Hrtig, TU Dresden

Obser8ati n
=any ser8ices, t ls, --- !r 8ide t)eir +n name res luti n &ile systems !at) names t #IN des l gin <:C systems 0! rtma!!er1

Distributed OS SS 2009, Scalability/DNS

1,

Hermann Hrtig, TU Dresden

:ur! se & Direct ry Ser8ices

integrati n & name ser8ices generic name ser8ice + rldI+ide use & names T day m stly used( email/+eb c m!uter attributes 0#: addresses1 !e !le attributes 0certi&icates, ---1

Distributed OS SS 2009, Scalability/DNS

14

Hermann Hrtig, TU Dresden

* "it & Hist ry

UUC:/==DD 0cum gran salis1( iraKgmd9iK ldenburgK)einric)Kuser 0!at) t destinati n1 userLiraK)einric)Mgmd9i 0mi$ing identi&iers and !at) in& rmati n1 *<:*INet( a single &ile( ) sts-t$t maintained at Net+ r3 #n& rmati n Center & S<# 0Stan& rd1 accessed 8ia &t! TC:/#: in "SD Uni$ ?J c)a s name c llisi ns, c nsistency, l ad DNS( :aul = c3a!etries 0641 --Distributed OS SS 2009, Scalability/DNS

1@

Hermann Hrtig, TU Dresden

= re Termin l gy
Name S!ace set & names rec gni9ed by a name ser8ice C nte$t unit & r +)ic) a name can be ma!!ed directly *liases se8eral names & r ne bHect

Distributed OS SS 2009, Scalability/DNS

1B

Hermann Hrtig, TU Dresden

= re Termin l gy
Naming D main Subtree in t)e )ierarc)y & DNS c nte$ts N ne 0a3a N ne & aut) rity1 Subset & a d main 8er +)ic) an aut) rity )as c m!lete c ntr l- Sub9 nes 0starting at a!ices & a 9 ne1 can be delegated t t)er aut) ritiesNa8igati n Guerying in a set & c !erating name s!aces

Distributed OS SS 2009, Scalability/DNS

1C

Hermann Hrtig, TU Dresden

"asic #m!lementati n >ariants

NS 1

recursive

NS2 NS , NS 1

iterative

NS 2 NS 2

Distributed OS SS 2009, Scalability/DNS

16

Hermann Hrtig, TU Dresden

<eGuirements / :r !erties
arbitrarily large numbers arbitrary units & administrati n l ng li8ing names, t)e )ig)er in t)e )ierarc)y t)e l nger )ig) r bustness restructuring & name s!aces c nsistency e&&iciency

Distributed OS SS 2009, Scalability/DNS

19

Hermann Hrtig, TU Dresden

DNS Name S!ace

""
c m ibm edu --- mil us sa$

de

---

au gmd

tuIdresden in& b rne

9eus )era

ibc)B1

s ir9,01

Distributed OS SS 2009, Scalability/DNS

20

Hermann Hrtig, TU Dresden

O$am!les
in&-tuIdresden-de s-in&-tuIdresden-de )eidelberg-ibm-c m &t! &t!-in&-tuIdresden-de DNS( IIJ #: address( 141-CB-2-, &t! daem n( :r !erties( l cati n inde!endent n t 8ery dee!
Distributed OS SS 2009, Scalability/DNS

D main C m!uter D main

#: address, ! rt 21

21

Hermann Hrtig, TU Dresden

#m!lementati n Structure 0"#ND1

r t name ser8er res l8er 0runtime library1 NS 2 NS ,

name ser8er

Distributed OS SS 2009, Scalability/DNS

22

Hermann Hrtig, TU Dresden

:artiti ns( N nes

N nes( administrati8e unit res l8es all names +it)in a 9 ne recursi8ely ma!s t names and addresses & name ser8ers res! nsible & r sub 9 nes maintains management data Name ser8er( !r cess d ing t)e name res luti n & r ne 9 ne <es urce rec rds 0<<1( 3ey inter&ace

Distributed OS SS 2009, Scalability/DNS

2,

Hermann Hrtig, TU Dresden

ca zone ca

bc

ab

sk

on

qb

ca domain

Distributed OS SS 2009, Scalability/DNS

24

Hermann Hrtig, TU Dresden

<e!licati n
Currently 1, r t name ser8ers

eac) 9 ne )as at least ne !rimary ne sec ndary name ser8er

Distributed OS SS 2009, Scalability/DNS

2@

Hermann Hrtig, TU Dresden

Cac)ing
eac) name ser8er cac)es res urce rec rds time t li8e attribute aut) ritati8e 8ersus n nIaut) ritati8e ans+ers

Distributed OS SS 2009, Scalability/DNS

2B

Hermann Hrtig, TU Dresden

<es urce <ec rds

rec rd ty!e inter!retati n * **** NS CN*=O SO* :T< H#NDO --address address name ser8er symb lic lin3 start & aut) rity #: re8erse ! inter ) st in& c ntent #:84 address #:8B address DNS name DNS name & can nical name 9 neIs!eci&ic !r !erties DNS name te$t descri!ti n & ) st OS

Distributed OS SS 2009, Scalability/DNS

2C

Hermann Hrtig, TU Dresden

<e8erse <es luti n

O$am!le #:I*ddress( ?J DNSIName( 141-CB-46-9C 9C-46-CB-141-inIaddr-ar!a

0 255

255

Xaver.os.inf.tu-dresden.de

Distributed OS SS 2009, Scalability/DNS

26

Hermann Hrtig, TU Dresden

Summary( Scalability and DNS

% d ! ints( re!licati n and cac)ing + r3 +ell 8er time, DNS scaled &r m small numbers t milli ns "ad : ints( #: addresses t small

Distributed OS SS 2009, Scalability/DNS

29

Hermann Hrtig, TU Dresden

'iterature
:aul *lbit9 P Cric3et 'iu DNS and "#ND OQ<eilly P *ss ciates, #nc-

Distributed OS SS 2009, Scalability/DNS

,0

Hermann Hrtig, TU Dresden