Chapter 3: Temperature and Heat

ESM 1224, SEMESTER 3, 2006/2007 CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 3: TEMPERATURE AND HEAT

3.1 Temperature a! T"erm#meter$
Temperature is a physical property of all bodies and is a relative measure or
indication of hotness and coldness of objects.
T"erm#meter$ are devices used to measure the temperature of a system.
Three common $%a&e$ of a temperature measurement:
1. Celsius
2. Fahrenheit
3. Kelvin
Table shows a comparison of the Celsius Fahrenheit and Kelvin temperature
scale
Ce&$'u$
$%a&e
(a"re"e't
$%a&e
)e&*'
$%a&e
Steam p#'t 1!! C 212 F 3"3.1# K
+%e p#'t ! C 32 F 2"3.1# K
$n the Celsius temperature scale there are 1!! e%ual divisions between the
ice point &!C' and the steam point &1!!C'.
$n the Fahrenheit temperature scale there are 1(! e%ual divisions between
the ice point &32F' and the steam point &212F'.
The relationship between Celsius TC and Fahrenheit TF temperature scale is
32
5
9
+
C F
T T
3.2 T"e )e&*' Temperature S%a&e
For scientific wor) the Kelvin temperature scale is the scale of choice.
*s shown in the table above the ice point &!C' occurs at 2"3.1#K on the
Kelvin scale.
Thus the Kelvin temperature T and the Celsius temperature are related
by
15 . 273 +
C
T T
Thus the Kelvin temperature T and the Fahrenheit temperature are related
by
( )
9
F 5
273.15 32.0 T T +
The number 2"3.1# in the e%uation is an e+perimental result obtained in
studies that utili,e a -as.based thermometer.
/as thermometer is a standard instrument because its measurement is
independent from any type of -as.
$ne type of -as thermometer is the constant.volume -as thermometer.
The physical property used in a constant.volume -as thermometer is the
pressure variation with temperature of a fi+ed volume of -as.
* constant.volume -as thermometer consists of a -as.filled bulb to which a
pressure -au-e is attached as in fi-ure below.
DEPARTMENT ,( EN-+NEER+N-
41
Fi-ure shows a constant.volume -as thermometer
The basic idea of this thermometer is that the volume of -as is held constant
by raisin- or lowerin- the ri-ht column of the 0 tube manometer in order to
)eep the mercury level in the left column at the same reference level.
1ith the mercury level that can be adjusted the -as occupies a constant
volume and its pressure is related to
P2. P1 / 0"
where is the density of mercury
21 3 ! 2a &evacuated'
22 3 2-as
*s the temperature chan-es the pressure chan-es. The temperature
increases when a -as confined to a fi+ed volume is heated and decreases
when the -as is cooled.
4f the results are plotted on a pressure versus temperature -raph a strai-ht
line is obtained as in fi-ure below.
Fi-ure shows a plot of absolute pressure versus temperature for a low
density -as at constant volume
4f the strai-ht line is e+tended to lower temperatures where the pressure is
,ero the line crosses the temperature a+is at .2"3.1#C. This is the location
of a1$#&ute 2er#.
42
E3ERC+SE 1
&a' 56oom temperature7 is often ta)en to be 8(9F. 1hat is this on the Celsius
scale:
&b' The temperature of the filament in a li-htbulb is about 1(!!9C. 1hat is this on
the Fahrenheit scale:
S,4UT+,N
&a'
( ) ( ) [ ]
o o o
5 5
9 9
C F 32 68 32 20 C T T 1
]
&b'
( ) ( ) ( )
o o o
9 9
5 5
F C 32 1800 32 3300 F T T + +
E3ERC+SE 2
1hat;s your normal body temperature: 4t may not be <(.8F the oft.%uoted
avera-e that was determined in the nineteenth century. 1hat is the difference
between these avera-es e+pressed in Celsius de-rees:
S,4UT+,N
The difference between these two avera-es e+pressed in Fahrenheit de-rees is
98.6 F 98.2 F 0.4 F
=ince 1 C9 is e%ual to
9
5
F9 we can ma)e the followin- conversion
(0.4 F)
1 C
(9/5) F

_
,
0.2 C
3.2 T"erma& E5pa$'#
1hen the temperature of a body increases the avera-e distance between the
atoms increases and the volume of the body also increases.
The phenomenon is )nown as t"erma& e5pa$'#.
Thermal e+pansion is a physical phenomenon in which the increment in
temperature can cause substances to e+pand.
4'ear E5pa$'#
Fi-ure below illustrates the linear e+pansion of a rod whose len-th is Lo when
the temperature is To.
Fi-ure shows when the temperature of a rod is raised by T the len-th
of the rod increases by >
For linear e+pansion an object of len-th Lo e+periences a chan-e L in len-th
when the temperature chan-es by T

T L L
0
where is the coefficient of linear e+pansion

$6 L Lo = Lo T
$6
) 1 (
0
T L L +
&in terms of final len-th'
43
T"erma& $tre$$
For an object held ri-idly in place a thermal stress can occur when the object
attempt to e+pand or contract.
Thus the force ? stress needed to prevent a solid object from e+pandin- must
be stron- enou-h to counteract any chan-e in len-th due to a chan-e in
temperature.
T Y
L
T L
Y
L
L
Y
A
F
Stress
0
0
0
E3ERC+SE 3
*n aluminum bar has the desired len-th when at 1#9C. @ow much stress is
re%uired to )eep it at this len-th if the temperature increases to 3#9C:
S,4UT+,N
The thermal stress must compensate for the thermal e+pansion. Y is Aoun-;s
modulus for the aluminum.
( ) ( ) ( )
6 o 9 2 o o 7 2
Stress 25 10 C 70 10 N m 35 C 15 C 3.5 10 N m F A Y T

E3ERC+SE 4
* steel beam is used in the roadbed of a brid-e. The beam is mounted between
two concrete supports when the temperature is 23C with no room provided for
thermal e+pansion. 1hat compressional stress must the concrete supports apply
to each end of the beam if they are to )eep the beam from e+pandin- when the
temperature rises to B2C:
S,4UT+,N
=tress 3
11 6 7 2
(2 10 )(12 10 )(19) 4.6 10 /
o
o o
L T F L
Y Y Y T
A L L
Y T x x x N m

T"e 6'meta&&'% Str'p
Cach substance has its own characteristic coefficient of e+pansion.
For e+ample brass rod e+pands more than the steel rod because brass has a
lar-er coefficient of e+pansion than steel.
* simple device that uses this principle is a bimetallic strip.
* bimetallic strip is made from two thin strips of metal that have different
coefficients of linear e+pansion as shown in fi-ure below
44
Fi-ure shows: &a' * bimetallic strip and how it behaves when &b'
heated and &c' cooled
APP4+CAT+,N
Dimetallic strips are fre%uently used as adjustable automatic switches in
electrical appliances.
6efer fi-ure below.
4n part &a' the electricity passes throu-h the heatin- coil that heat the water.
The electricity can flow because bimetallic strip touches the contact on the
stren-th adjustment )nob thus providin- a continuous path of the electricity.
4n part &b' when the bimetallic strip -ets hot enou-h to bend away the
contacts separate and the electricity stops because it is no lon-er has a
continuous path alon- which to flow and the brewin- cycle is shut off.
N,TE:
C+pansion of holes.>et;s say we have a hole in piece of solid material. 1hen
heated the material will e+pand but what about the hole::: The hole also
e+pands at the same rate and at the same direction &outwards'.refer to the
dia-ram.
7#&ume T"erma& E5pa$'#
For volume e+pansion the chan-e V in the volume of an object of volume Vo
is -iven by
T V V
0
3
or
T V V
0
where is the coefficient of volume e+pansion and is e%ual to 3

&li%uids e+pands more than solids'
48
&a' 0nheated
&b' @eated E
dotted line
represents after
heated
3 3
E3ERC+SE 8
* rod made from a particular alloy is heated from 2#
!
C to the boilin- point of
water. 4ts len-th increases by (.B"1!
.B
m. The rod is then cooled from 2#
!
C to
the free,in- point of water. Dy how much does the rod shrin):
S,4UT+,N
*ssumin- that the rod e+pands linearly with heat we first calculate the %uantity
L/ T usin- the data -iven in the problem.
L
T

8.47 10
4
m
100.0 C 25.0 C
1.13 10
5
m/C
Therefore when the rod is cooled from 2#.! 9C it will shrin) by
L (1.1310
5
m/C) T
(1.1310
5
m/C) (0.00 C 25.0 C) 2.8210
4
m
E3ERC+SE 6
* cylinder of diameter 1.!!!!!cm at 3!C is to be slid into a hole in a steel plate.
The hole has a diameter of !.<<<"!cm at 3!C. To what temperature must the
plate be heated: For steel 3 1.2 + 1!
.#
C
.1
S,4UT+,N
>3 >oT
T=
o
L
L
>3 1 1!
.2
E <.<<" 1!
.3
3 3 1!
.8
m
3 1.2 1!
.#
C
.1
>o3 <.<<" 1!
.3
m
T3
) 10 997 . 9 ( 10 2 . 1
10 3
3 5
6

3 2#C
The temperature of the plate must be 3 3! F 2# 3 ## C
E3ERC+SE 7
The brass bar and the aluminum bar in the drawin- are attached to an immovable
wall. *t 2(C the air -ap between the rods is 1.3 + 1!
.3
m. *t what temperature
will the -ap be closed:
S,4UT+,N
> 3 >
!
T -ives for the e+pansion of the aluminum
>
*
3
*
>
*
T
and for the e+pansion of the brass
>
D
3
D
>
D
T
Ta)in- the coefficients of thermal e+pansion for aluminum and brass from table
addin- C%uations &1' and &2' and solvin- for T -ive
46
T
L
A
L
B
A
L
A
+
B
L
B

1.3 10
3
m
23 10
6
C
1
( )
1.0 m ( ) + 19 10
6
C
1
( )
2.0 m ( )
21C
The desired temperature is then
T 3 2( 9C F 21 C9 3 49 C
E3ERC+SE 9
* lead object and a %uart, object each have the same initial volume. The volume
of each increases by the same amount because the temperature increases. 4f the
temperature of the lead object increases by B.!C. by how much does the
temperature of the %uart, increase:
S,4UT+,N
6eco-ni,in- that the lead and %uart, objects e+perience the same chan-e in
volume and e+pressin- that chan-e with C%uation 12.3 we have
Lea 0 Lea !"art# 0 !"art#
Lea
!"art#
V T V T
V
V

1 442 4 43
1 4 442 4 443
4n this result V
!
is the initial volume of each object. =olvin- for T
Guart,
and
ta)in- values for the coefficients of volume e+pansion for lead and %uart, from
Table -ives
( ) ( )
( )
1
6
Lea Lea
!"art#
1
6
!"art#
87 10 C 4.0 C
230 C
1.5 10 C
T
T

]

E3ERC+SE :
* -lass is filled 5to the mar)7 with #!.!!cm
3
of mercury at 1(C. 4f the flas) and
its contents are heated to 3(C how much mercury will be above the mar): -lass
3 (.# + 1!
.8
C
.1
and Hmercury 3 1(2 + 1!
.8
C
.1
S,4UT+,N
Doth of -lass and mercury will e+pand
Imercury3 HmercuryIoT
3 1(2 1!
.8
&# 1!
.#
' &3( E 1('
3 1.(2 1!
."
m
3
I-lass3 H-lassIoT
3 3-lassIoT
3 &3 (.# 1!
.8
' &# 1!
J#
' &3( .1(' 3 2.## 1!
.(
m
3
Iolume of mercury above mar) 3 Imercury . I-lass
3 1.(2 1!
."
E 2.## 1!
.(
3 1.#8# 1!
."
m
3

E3ERC+SE 10
=uppose that the steel -as tan) in your car is completely filled when the
temperature is 1"
!
C. @ow many -allons will spill out of the twenty -allon tan)
when the temperature rises to 3#
!
C:
47
S,4UT+,N
Doth the -asoline and the tan) e+pand as the temperature increases. The
coefficients of volumetric e+pansion
-
and
s
for -asoline and steel are available
in Table.
The volume e+pansion of the -asoline is
V
$

$
V
0
T 950 10
6
C ( )
1
[ ]
(20.0 $a%)(18 C ) 0.34 $a%
1hile the volume of the steel tan) e+pands by an amount
V
s

s
V
0
T 3610
6
C ( )
1
[ ]
(20.0 $a%)(18 C) 0.013 $a%
The amount of -asoline which spills out is
V
$
V
s
0.33 $a%
3.8 Heat a! +tera& Eer0;
@eat is defined as t"e eer0; t"at <&#=$ <r#m a "'0"er temperature
#1>e%t t# a &#=er temperature #1>e%t 1e%au$e #< t"e !'<<ere%e '
temperature$. &6efer fi-ure'
The =4 unit is Koule K
@eat is sometimes measured with a unit called the )ilocalorie &)cal'
The conversion factor between )ilocalories and joule is )nown as the
mechanical e%uivalent of heat:
1 ?%a& . 4196 >#u&e #r 1 %a& . 4.196 >#u&e
+tera& eer0; of a substance is the sum of the )inetic ener-y &due to the
random motion of the molecules' the potential ener-y &due to forces that act
between the atoms of the molecule and between molecules' and other )inds
of ener-y that the molecules of the substance have.
Fi-ure shows how heat as ener-y is transit from hot to cold.
&a' @eat flows from the hotter coffee to the colder hand.
&b' @eat flows from the warmer hand to the colder -lass of ice water.
49
3.6 Heat a! Temperature C"a0e: Spe%'<'% Heat Capa%'t;
S#&'!$ a! 4'@u'!$
/reater amounts of heat are needed to raise the temperature of solids or
li%uids to hi-her values
=imilar concepts apply when the temperature is lowered e+cept that heat
must be removed.
The heat Q that must be applied or removed to chan-e the temperature of a
substance of mass m by an amount T is
T mc Q

where c is the specific heat capacity of the substance.
0nit for specific heat capacity: K ? &)- C'
Ca&#r'metr;
To determine the specific heat of a solid or li%uid we conduct the followin-
steps:
i. raise the temperature of the substance to some value
ii. place it in a vessel containin- cold water of )nown mass and
temperature
iii. measure the temperature of the combination after the e%uilibrium is
reached.
Iessels havin- this property are called calorimeters and analysis performed
usin- such vessels is called calorimetry.
The principle of conservation of ener-y for perfectly insulated container
re%uires that "eat &#$t 1; =armer mater'a&$ e@ua&$ "eat 0a'e! 1;
%##&er mater'a&$. &That is if there is no heat loss to the e+ternal
surroundin-s'
From the principle of conservation of ener-y for the isolated system
0 Q
lost gained
Q Q
lost gained
T mc T mc )& ( ' )& ( '
LL1hen calculatin- heat contributions always write any temperature
chan-es as the hi-her minus the lower temperature.
E3ERC+SE 11
* !.B)- iron horseshoe that is initially at #!!C is dropped into a buc)et
containin- 2!)- of water at 22C. 1hat is the final e%uilibrium temperature:
Me-lect any ener-y transfer to or from the surroundin-s
S,4UT+,N
. Ghot 3 Gcold
&mCT'iron 3 &mCT'water
&!.B' &B#2' &#!! E Tf' 3 &2!' &B1(8' &Tf E 22'
&<!B!! E 1(!.(Tf' 3 &(3"2!1Tf E 13B1(B!'
Tf3 3<.3 C
E3ERC+SE 12
4:
"eat &#$$ 1; t"e "#tter #1>e%t . "eat 0a'e! 1; t"e %##&er #1>e%t.
*n aluminum cup contains 22#- of water and a B!- copper stirrer all at 2"C. *
B!!- sample of silver at an initial temperature of ("C is placed in the water. The
stirrer is used to stir the mi+ture -ently until it reaches its final e%uilibrium
temperature of 32. Calculate the mass of the aluminum cup.
S,4UT+,N
The total ener-y absorbed by the cup stirrer and water e%uals the ener-y -iven
up by the silver sample. Thus
&mcup cal F mstirrer ccopper F mwater cwater' &Twater' 3 &mcT'silver
mcup 3 N & msilver csilver
water
silver
T
T
. mstirrerccopper . mwater ' O

mcup 3
2
10 9
1
N &!.B' &23#'
,
_
27 32
32 87
. !.!B &3("' E !.22#
mcup 3 !.!(#)-
E3ERC+SE 13
*n en-ineer wishes to determine the specific heat of a new alloy. * !.1#)-
sample of the alloy is heated to #B!C. 4t is then %uic)ly placed in B!!- of water
at 1!.!C which is contained in a 2!!- aluminum calorimeter cup. The final
temperature of the mi+ture is 3!.#C. Calculate the specific heat capacity of the
alloy. &The specific heats of water and aluminum are B1(8K?)- C and <!!K?)-C'
S,4UT+,N
&heat lost by sample' 3 &heat -ained by water' F &heat -ained by calorimeter
cup'
(0.15) (540 30.5) (0.4)(4186)(30.5 10) (0.2)(900)(30.5 10)
76.4 34300 3700
500 /
s s s w w w cal cal cal
s
s
s
m c T m c T m c T
c
c
c J kg C
+
+
+

E3ERC+SE 14
* thermometer has a mass of 31.! - a specific heat capacity c 3 (1# K?)-C and
a temperature of 12.!C. 4t is immersed in 11< - of water and the final
temperature of the water and thermometer is B1.#C. 1hat was the temperature
of the water before the insertion of the thermometer:
S,4UT+,N
=ince there is no heat lost or -ained by the system the heat lost by the water in
coolin- down must be e%ual to the heat -ained by the thermometer in warmin-
up. The heat Q lost or -ained by a substance is -iven by C%uation as Q 3 cmT
where c is the specific heat capacity m is the mass and T is the chan-e in
temperature. Thus we have that
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) t*erm t*erm t*erm
(eat $a+,e -. t*ermometer
(eat %ost -. /ater
c m T c m T
1 4 442 4 4 43
1 4 4 2 4 4 3
1e can use this e%uation to find the temperature of the water before the
insertion of the thermometer.
=olvin- the e%uation above for
2
( )
T
, and usin- the value of
2
( )
c
from Table we
have
80
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2
t*erm t*erm t*erm
( )
( ) ( )
815 0/ 1$ C 31.0 $ 41.5 C 12.0 C
1.50 C
4186 0/ 1$ C 119 $
c m T
T
c m

1
]

1
]
The temperature of the water before the insertion of the thermometer was
41.5 C 1.50 C 2 43.0 C T +
3.7 Heat a! P"a$e C"a0e: 4atet Heat
4n some situations the transfer of ener-y does not result in a chan-e in
temperature.
This occurred when the substance chan-e from one form to another which
referred to as a p"a$e %"a0e.
Fi-ure below summari,es the three familiar phases of matter &solid li%uid and
-as' and the phase chan-es that can occur between any two of them
The heat Q that must be supplied or removed to chan-e the phase of a
mass m of a substance is
mL Q
where L is the latent heat of the substance. &0nit: K?)-'=4 unit of L=J / kg
Heat #< <u$'# : the heat re%uired to chan-e 1.! )- of substance from the
solid to the li%uid state.
81
melting evaporating

solid liquid gas

freezing condensing

subliming

solid gas

condensing

Heat #< *ap#r'2at'# : the heat re%uired to chan-e a substance from the
li%uid to the vapor phase.
Fi-ure below displays a -raph that indicates what typically happens when
heat is added to a material that chan-es phase.
The -raph shows the way temperature of water chan-es as heat is added
startin- with ice at .B!C. The pressure is atmospheric pressure.
a) From .B! C to ! C : # p"a$e %"a0e occurs. The temperature #<
t"e '%e %"a0e$ as heat is added. *mount of ener-y added is Q =
mciceT.
-) *t ! C : # temperature %"a0e occurs. the '%eA=ater m'5ture
remains at this temperature even thou-h ener-y is bein- added until
all the ice melts &p"a$e %"a0e #%%ur$' to become water at !C. The
ener-y re%uired to melt is Q = mLf
3) From ! C to 1!! C: # p"a$e %"a0e occurs. The ener-y added to
the water is used to increase its temperature. The amount of ener-y
necessary to increase the temperature from !C to 1!!C is G 3
mcwaterT.
) *t 1!! C : another p"a$e %"a0e #%%ur$ as the water chan-es to
steam. The =aterA$team m'5ture remains at constant temperature
1!!C even thou-h ener-y is bein- added until all the li%uid has been
converted to steam. The ener-y re%uired to convert water to steam at
1!!C is Q = mLv
e) *bove 1!! C : durin- this portion of the curve # p"a$e %"a0e
occurs so all the ener-y added is used to increase the temperature of
82

the steam. The ener-y that must be added to raise the temperature of
the steam is Q = mcsteam T.
E3ERC+SE 18
=uppose that the amount of heat removed when 3.! )- of water free,es at !
!
C
were removed from ethyl alcohol at its free,in-?meltin- point of .11B
!
C. @ow
many )ilo-rams of ethyl alcohol would free,e:
S,4UT+,N
1e want the same amount of heat removed from the water as from the ethyl
alcohol i.e. G
water
3 G
alcohol
or &m>
f
'
water
3 &m>
f
'
alcohol
m
a%3o*o%
m
/ater
L
4
( )
/ater
L
4
( )
a%3o*o%
3.0 1$ ( )
33.510
4
0/1$
10.8 10
4
0/1$
9.3 1$
E3ERC+SE 16
* woman finds the front windshield of her car covered with ice at .12
!
C. The ice
has a thic)ness of B.# + 1!
.B
m and the windshield has an area of 1.2# m
2
. The
density of ice is <1" )-?m
3
. @ow much heat is re%uired to melt the ice:
S,4UT+,N
The heat re%uired is Q 3 mL
f
F cmT where m 3 V.
Thus Q 3 VL
f
F cVT
Q 3&<1"'&B.#! 1!
EB
'&1.2#'P33.# 1!
B
FN2.!! 1!
3
O&12.!Q

1.8510
5
0
E3ERC+SE 17
Find the mass of water that vapori,es when 2.1 )- of mercury at 2!# C is added
to !.11 )- of water at (!.!C
S,4UT+,N
From the conservation of ener-y the heat lost by the mercury is e%ual to the
heat -ained by the water. *s the mercury loses heat its temperature decreasesR
as the water -ains heat its temperature rises to its boilin- point. *ny remainin-
heat -ained by the water will then be used to vapori,e the water.
*ccordin- to C%uation the heat lost by the mercury is
Q
mer3"r.
(cmT)
mer3"r. .
The heat re%uired to vapori,e the water is from C%uation
Q
5a6
(m
5a6
L
5
)
/ater .
Thus the total amount of heat -ained by the water is

Q
/ater
(cmT)
/ater
+(m
5a6
L
5
)
/ater .
Q
%ost -.
mer3"r.
Q
$a+,e -.
/ater
(cmT )
mer3"r.
(cmT )
/ater
+( m
5a6
L
5
)
/ater
where
T
mer3"r.
(205 C 100.0 C)
and
T
/ater
(100.0 C 80.0 C)
The specific heats of mercury and water are -iven in Table and the latent heat of
vapori,ation of water is -iven in Table. =olvin- for the mass of the water that
vapori,es -ives
83
m
5a6

c
mer3"r.
m
mer3"r.
T
mer3"r.
c
/ater
m
/ater
T
/ater
( L
5
)
/ater
'139 0/(1$ C)&(2.10 1$)(105 C) '4186 0/(1$ C)&(0.110 1$)(20.0 C)

22.610
5
0/1$
9.4910
3
1$
E3ERC+SE 19
* cube of ice is ta)en from the free,er at C 7 5 . 8 and placed in a <#.- aluminum
calorimeter filled with 31! - of water at room temperature of 2!.!9C. The final
situation is observed to be all water at 1".!9C. 1hat was the mass of the ice
cube:
S,4UT+,N
The heat lost by the aluminum and 31! - of li%uid water must be e%ual to the
heat -ained by the ice in warmin- in the solid state meltin- and warmin- in the
li%uid state.
m
Al
c
Al
T
i Al
T
eq
( )
+ m
H
2
O
c
H
2
O
T
i H
2
O
T
eq
( )
m
ice
c
ice
T
melt
T
i ice
( )+ L
fusion
+ c
H
2
O
T
eq
T
melt
( )
1
]
m
ice

0.095 kg ( ) 900 J kg C ( ) 3.0 C ( )+ 0.31 kg ( ) 4186 J kg C ( ) 3.0C ( )
2100 J kg C ( ) 8.5C ( )+ 3.3 10
5
J kg + 4186 J kg C ( ) 17C ( )
1
]
9.90 10
3
kg
E3ERC+SE 1:
* !.2 )- piece of aluminum that has a temperature of .1##C is added to 1.# )-
of water that has a temperature of 3.!C. *t e%uilibrium the temperature is !.!C.
4-norin- the container and assumin- that the heat e+chan-ed with the
surroundin-s is ne-li-ible determine the mass of water that has been fro,en into
ice.
S,4UT+,N
0sin- the ener-y.conservation principle
A%"m+,"m A%"m+,"m A%"m+,"m 8ater 8ater 8ater 93e 4: 8ater
(eat $a+,e -. a%"m+,"m (eat %ost -. /ater
(eat %ost -. /ater t*at 4ree#es
c m T c m T m L +
1 4 4 4 4 42 4 4 4 4 43 1 4 442 4 4 43
1 4 4 42 4 4 43
=olvin- for m
4ce
ta)in- values for the specific heat capacities from Table and
ta)in- the latent heat for water from Table we find that
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
A%"m+,"m A%"m+,"m A%"m+,"m 8ater 8ater 8ater
93e
4: 8ater
2
4
4
9.00 10 0/ 1$ C 0.200 1$ 0.0 C 155 C
33.5 10 0/1$
41860/ 1$ C 1.5 1$ 3.0 C 0.0 C
0.027 1$
33.5 10 0/1$
c m T c m T
m
L

1
1
]
]
1
]

E3ERC+SE 20
*n un)nown material has a normal meltin-?free,in- point of .2#C and the li%uid
phase has specific heat capacity of 18! K?)-C. $ne Etenth of a )ilo-ram of the
84
solid at .2#C is put into a !.1#)- aluminum calorimeter cup that contains !.1)-
of -lycerin. The temperature of the cup and the -lycerin is initially 2"C. *ll the
un)nown material melts and the final temperature at e%uilibrium is 2!.!C. The
calorimeter neither losses ener-y nor -ains ener-y from the e+ternal
environment. 1hat is the latent heat of fusion of the un)nown material:
S,4UT+,N
The system is comprised of the un)nown material the -lycerin and the
aluminum calorimeter. From the principle of ener-y conservation the heat
-ained by the un)nown material is e%ual to the heat lost by the -lycerin and the
calorimeter. The heat -ained by the un)nown material is used to melt the
material and then raise its temperature from the initial value of E2#.! 9C to the
final e%uilibrium temperature of
T
e;
20.0 C
.
Q
$a+,e -.
",1,o/,
Q
%ost -.
$%.3er+,e
+ Q
%ost -.
3a%or+meter
m
"
L
4
+ c
"
m
"
T
"
c
$%
m
$%
T
$%
+ c
a%
m
a%
T
a%
Ta)in- values for the specific heat capacities of -lycerin and aluminum from
Table we have
(0.10 1$)L
4
+'160 0/(1$ C)&(0.10 1$)(45.0 C) '2410 0/(1$ C)&(0.100 1$)(7.0 C)
+'9.010
2
0/(1$ C)&(0.150 1$)(7.0 C)
=olvin- for
L
4
yields
L
4
1.910
4
0/1$
88

Chapter 3: Temperature and Heat

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Chapter 3: Temperature and Heat

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ESM 1224, SEMESTER 3, 2006/2007 CHAPTER 3

CHAPTER 3: TEMPERATURE AND HEAT

where is the coefficient of linear e+pansion

where is the coefficient of volume e+pansion and is e%ual to 3

. mstirrerccopper . mwater ' O

'139 0/(1$ C)&(2.10 1$)(105 C) '4186 0/(1$ C)&(0.110 1$)(20.0 C)

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