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Giao Trinh Mang Doanh Nghiep 0313
Giao Trinh Mang Doanh Nghiep 0313
LI NI U
Cng vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca nn kinh t. Vn ng dng h thng Mng thng tin vo iu hnh v sn xut trong doanh nghip ngy cng c y mnh. Nh qun l mong mun Qun tr vin mng thng tin phi nm c hu ht cc cng ngh mng nhanh chng trin khai, ng dng nhng cng ngh mng tin tin vo phc v iu hnh sn xut cng nh lp k hoch xy dng v bo v h thng thng tin ni b ca doanh nghip trnh khi mi nguy c tn cng. Vi cun gio trnh ny, ti c gng tp trung i su vo cc cng ngh mi nht hin ang c p dng trong doanh nghip ti thi im hin ti. Gio trnh ny gm 16 bi trong c 09 bi ging, 06 bi thc hnh v 01 bi tho lun. Mc tiu cun sch i vo cc vn chnh sau: Thit k lc a ch IP cho doanh nghip C bn v cng ngh mng khng dy Vn nh tuyn v chuyn mch trong mng doanh nghip Trin khai cc dch v my ch (Mail Server, Web Server, DNS, DHCP) C bn v bo mt Mong mun th nhiu nhng trong thi gian 3 tn ch ca mn hc ny chng ta cha th bao qut ton b cc cng ngh mng p dng cho doanh nghip m ch c th i vo nhng cng ngh chnh. Hi vng t sinh vin t nghin cu, hc hi c th lm ch c cc cng ngh v p dng tt kin thc hc vo cng vic mai sau. Mi kin ng gp ca sinh vin v cc bn ng nghip xin gi v theo a ch sau
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a ch lin h: V Khnh Qu - B mn Mng my tnh v Truyn thng - Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin, i hc S phm K thut Hng Yn Tel: (03213) 713153 Email: quyvk@utehy.edu.vn URL: http://www.utehy.edu.vn
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Tn Module: Thit k mng doanh nghip M Module: Gio vin: V Khnh Qu Ngnh hc: Cng ngh Thng tin S gi hc: 140(30/30) Loi hnh o to: Chnh qui Thi gian thc hin: Hc k III Nm hc: 2008/2009 Loi Module: LT+TH Phin bn: 20090105 1. Mc tiu:
Sau khi hon thnh module ny, ngi hc c kh nng:
Module ny gip ngi hc pht trin cc nng lc: Phn tch (2); T vn (2); Thc hin (3); Thit k (3) v Bo tr (2).
3. M t module:
Module ny nhm cung cp cho ngi hc cc kin thc Thit k c cc h thng mng LAN/WAN; Kim tra, nh gi hiu nng hot ng ca h thng; X l c cc s c xy ra; C k nng c bn v bo mt trong h thng mng doanh nghip nh.
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4. Ni dung module:
Bi 1: Tng quan v mng doanh nghip 1.1.Gii thiu mn hc, phng php hc 1.2.Cch s dng cc phn mm thit k gi lp VMWare, Boson 1.3.Gii thiu h thng mng thc t ca mt s doanh nghip Bi 2: a ch mng 2.1.a ch IP v Subnetmask 2.2.Cc loi a ch IP 2.2.1.a ch IP Private, Public 2.2.3.a ch IP Unicast, Multicast, Broadcast 2.3.Nguyn l dch chuyn a ch IP (NAT) 2.4 Nguyn l cp pht DHCP Bi 3: Cng ngh Wireless 3.1. Tng quan v Wireless 3.2. Cc chun Wireless 3.3. Cu hnh mng Wireless 3.3.1. Cc thnh phn thit lp mng mng WLAN 3.3.2. WLAN v SSID 3.3.3. Cu hnh mt mng WLAN n gin Bi 4: C bn v cu hnh nh tuyn 4.1. Cc giao thc nh tuyn 4.2. Giao thc nh tuyn ni vng RIP 4.3. Giao thc nh tuyn ng OSPF Bi 5:Thc hnh v nh tuyn Cu hnh nh tuyn cho cc mng Bi 6:Cu hnh NAT trn Router 6.1. Khi nim v NAT 6.2. Nat tnh Static NAT 6.3. Nat ng Dynamic NAT
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6.4. Nat Overload PAT Bi 7:Thc hnh Cu hnh NAT trn Router Bi 8:Cu hnh chuyn mch (Switching) 8.1. C bn v cu hnh Switch 8.2. Cu hnh VLAN Bi 9:Thc hnh Cu hnh chuyn mch v VLAN Bi 10: Tho lun Mt s ch tho lun Cc k nng cn c ca mt k s trong vai tr HelpDesk Quy trnh thit k v nng cp h thng mng c Tm hiu cc giao thc m ho trong mng WLAN Mng Wimax Tm hiu VoIP Cng ngh VPN Bi 11: Cu hnh cc Web Server, DNS Server 11.1. Dch v phn gii tn min DNS Server 11.1.1. Nguyn l phn gii tn min 11.1.2. Xy dng my ch phn gii tn min cho mng doanh nghip 11.2. Dch v Web Server 11.2.1. Giao thc HTTP v HTTPS 11.2.2. Trin khai Website doanh nghip trn Server Bi 12: Thc hnh cu hnh cc dch v mng c bn 12.1. Cu hnh Active Directory (AD) 12.2 Cu hnh IIS 12.3 Cu hnh DNS 12.4 Cu hnh DHCP Bi 13. Xy dng mt Mail Server 13.1. Giao thc SMTP, POP3, IMAP 13.2. Trin khai Mail Server cho doanh nghip Bi 14. Thc hnh Xy dng mt Mail Server Trin khai Mail Server cho doanh nghip Bi 15: Thc hnh Proxy v Firewall
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15.1. Nguyn l hot ng ca Proxy 15.2. Nguyn l hot ng ca Firewall 15.3. Trin khai xy dng h thng tng la cho doanh nghip Bi 16. C bn v bo mt 16.1 Cc nguy c tim tng trn mng 16.2. Cc phng thc tn cng 16.2.1 Viruses, Worms, Trojan Horses. 16.2.2 Denial of Service (DoS) v Brute Force Attack 16.3. Cc chnh sch bo mt
6. Hc liu:
Gio trnh lu hnh ni b, sch tham kho, h thng bi tp mu, bi tp t lm, my tnh, ti nguyn trn Internet, Projector.
7. nh gi:
Hnh thc nh gi: - Kim tra gia k (Trin khai trn mi trng gi lp): 20% - nh gi qu trnh (kt qu cc bui thc hnh): 10% - Kim tra cui k: 70% Tiu ch nh gi: - K nng thit k, xy dng bi ton - K nng ci t bi ton Ngi nh gi: Gio vin ging dy v ngi hc.
8. K hoch hc tp
B tr ging dy module Mng doanh nghip (3 tn ch) nh sau: 27 tit l thuyt (thc hin trong 9 bui, mi bui 3 tit), 36 tit sinh vin lm tiu lun (gio vin t b tr lch gp, hng dn sinh vin), 18 tit thc hnh (thc hin trong 6 bui, mi bui 3 tit) v 90 gi chun b c nhn ( cng 130 trang)
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8. K hoch hc tp:
Bi 1 Mc tiu - Xc nh c v tr, vai tr v ni dung ca Module trong chng trnh o to - Xy dng c k hoch v phng php hc tp ph hp. - La chn c ngun hc liu phc v cho mn hc - Trnh by c nhng li ch em li cho doanh nghip khi c h thng mng. - Trnh by c cc bc tr thnh mt nh qun tr mng trong doanh nghip Hot ng gio vin - Nu mc tiu, ni dung v k hoch hc tp ca Module - Gii thiu ngun hc liu phc v cho hc Mudule, phng php hc tp v cc tiu ch nh gi - T chc tho lun cc li ch em li cho doanh nghip khi c h thng mng - Qu trnh tr thnh mt nh nh qun tr mng trong doanh nghip - Kt lun v tng kt cc ni dung tho lun - Tr li cc cu hi ca sinh vin - Pht phiu yu cu cc ni dung cn nghin cu trong bi 2 - T chc tho lun v kin trc Ipv4 v mi lin quan gia a ch IP v Subnetmask - a ra bi tp yu cu sinh vin
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SG GV
SG SV
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- Lnh hi v t cc cu hi thc mc - La chn c phng php hc tp v ngun hc liu phc v cho Module - Tho lun cc ni dung trong phiu yu cu - Ghi ch nhng vn c bn - Nu cc cu hi thc mc
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- Th hin phn chia di a ch IP thnh cc Subnet c subnetmask bng nhau v khng bng nhau - Thit k c lc IP ph hp cho mt doanh nghip. 3 - Phn tch c cc u nhc im ca mng khng dy v mng c dy - Trnh by c cc m hnh ng dng mng khng dy - Trnh by c cc chun mng 802.11a,b,g v c im ca mi chun. - Trnh by c chc nng ca cc thit b c bn trong mng WLAN - Trnh by c khi nim knh truyn v SSID trong mng WLAN
thc hin phn chia a ch IP thnh cc Subnet c Subnetmask bng nhau v khng bng nhau. - T vn v gii p cc vn kh khn khi sinh vin gp vng mc
cng nh cch tnh ton v phn chia mt di IP thnh cc Subnet theo p ng yu cu ca ngi s dng - Tham gia tr li nhng cu hi tnh hung m gio vin a ra 3h - Tho lun theo cc ni dung gio vin a ra - Nu cc cu hi, thc mc trong qu trnh tho lun - Quan st cc gi v phn tch ca gio vin v t a ra nhng nhn nh v kin ca mnh v vn tho lun. - Cu hnh th nghim mng WLAN vi chc nng c bn 4h Phng hc l thuyt c trang b my tnh, my chiu, AccessPoint, Card mng khng dy.
- T chc tho lun v mng WLAn, cc u nhc im v cc m hnh ng dng - Gii p cho sinh vin cc vn kh khn v nh hng cho sinh vin tho lun theo ng ch - Tr li cc cu hi thc mc ca sinh vin - Cu hnh th nghim mng WLAN
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- Trnh by c cc giao thc nh tuyn - So snh nh tuyn tnh v ng, Distance Vector v Link State - c im ca nh tuyn Rip v1 - Cu hnh nh tuyn h thng s dng Rip v1 - Thit k c lc a ch IP cho doanh nghip - Thc hin cu hnh nh tuyn cho cc mng bng nh tuyn tnh v nh tuyn ng vi Rip v1, Rip v2 - nh gi c u nhc im gia nh tuyn tnh v nh tuyn ng
- T chc tho lun v nh tuyn v Router - T chc tho lun v nh tuyn tnh v nh tuyn ng, Distance Vector v Linkstate - Hng dn sinh vin cu hnh nh tuyn h thng mng ni b - Tr li cc cu hi thc mc ca sinh vin - a trc ti liu tho lun cho sinh vin - Tho lun thit k lc a ch IP - Cho sinh vin pht biu kin v cc vn tho lun theo nhm phn cng trc - Tr li cc cu hi thc mc ca sinh vin - Nhn xt, nh gi v tng kt vn
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- Tho lun v cc ch do gio vin hng dn - Quan st v thc hin cu hnh LAB nh tuyn vi giao thc Rip V1 - Quan st cch gi v phn tch ca gio vin t a ra nhng nhn nh v kin ca mnh v vn tho lun. - Sinh vin c trc ti liu v vn tho lun - Tham gia vo tho lun, a ra cu hi - Tham gia tr li nhng cu hi tnh hung m gio vin a ra - Thit k lc a ch IP cho doanh nghip v cu
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tho lun
hnh nh tuyn gia cc mng - Ch ng tham gia tho lun v ch do gio vin hng dn - Trnh by cc ni dung m mnh tm hiu - Thc hin tm hiu v cu hnh bi lab do gio vin a ra Phng hc l thuyt c trang b my tnh, my chiu. 4h
- Trnh by c cc khi nim v NAT tnh, NAT ng - So snh u nhc im ca cc loi NAT - Trnh by nguyn l hot ng ca PAT - Cu hnh PAT trn Router cho php cc IP trong LAN ra IP Public
- T chc tho lun cho sinh vin hiu r khi nim v NAT, so snh u nhc im mi loi - T chc tho lun v PAT v s cn thit c PAT - Hng dn sinh vin thc hin bi lab cu hnh PAT - Cung cp cc ti liu lin quan n kin thc NAT - Tr li cc cu hi thc mc ca sinh vin trong qu trnh thc hnh - Nhn xt, nh gi v tng kt vn tho lun
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- So snh u nhc im mi loi NAT - Cu hnh PAT trn Router NAT cc IP trong LAN ra IP Public - Phn tch c nguyn l hot ng chuyn i a ch IP
- Tho lun thit k lc a ch IP - Cho sinh vin pht biu kin v cc vn tho lun theo nhm phn cng trc - Chun b bi thc hnh - Tr li cc cu hi thc mc ca sinh vin trong qu trnh thc hnh - Kim tra tin thc hin bi tp thc hnh ca sinh vin - Giao cng vic cho tun tip theo - T chc tho lun cho sinh vin tm hiu nguyn l hot ng ca Switch h tr VLAN, khi nim VLAN v nguyn l hot ng ca gi tin trong VLAN - Cung cp cc ti liu lin quan n kin thc VLAN, nh tuyn gia cc VLAN vi Router - Tr li cc cu hi thc mc ca sinh vin trong qu trnh thc hnh - Nhn xt, nh gi v tng kt vn tho lun
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- Sinh vin c trc ti liu v vn tho lun - Tham gia vo tho lun, a ra cu hi - Tham gia tr li nhng cu hi tnh hung m gio vin a ra - Thc hnh NAT cc IP trong LAN ra IP Public - Ch ng tham gia tho lun v ch do gio vin hng dn - Trnh by cc ni dung m mnh tm hiu - Quan st cch gi v phn tch ca gio vin t a ra nhng nhn nh v kin ca mnh v vn tho lun. - Tham gia tr li nhng cu hi tnh hung m gio vin a ra
- Trnh by nguyn l hot ng c bn ca Switch - Trnh by khi nim VLAN v nhng ng dng ca VLAN trong thc tin - Cu hnh VLAN trn Switch - S dng Router nh tuyn gia cc VLAN
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- Trnh by nguyn l hot ng ca VLAN v cc ng dng VLAN trong thc tin - Cu hnh VLAN trn Switch h tr VLAN - Cu hnh nh tuyn gia cc VLAN s dng Router -ng dng m hnh mng c VLAN vo thit k h thng mng trong doanh nghip
- Tho lun nguyn l hot ng ca VLAN - Cho sinh vin pht biu kin v cc vn tho lun theo nhm phn cng trc - Chun b bi thc hnh - Tr li cc cu hi thc mc ca sinh vin trong qu trnh thc hnh - Kim tra tin thc hin bi tp thc hnh ca sinh vin - Giao cng vic cho tun tip theo
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- Sinh vin c trc ti liu v vn tho lun - Tham gia vo tho lun, a ra cu hi - Tham gia tr li nhng cu hi tnh hung m gio vin a ra - Thc hnh bi lab chia VLAN v nh tuyn gia cc VLAN s dng Router - Nhn nhm v bo co ch mong mun tm hiu vi gio vin nu c - Tham gia cc hot ng do gio vin t chc v a ra cc cu hi thc mc cn gii p - Tm hiu cc ngun ti liu do gio vin cung cp
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- Phn nhm v giao ch - Phn nhm sinh vin - Chun b cc ch tho lun tho lun cho tng nhm - Hng dn sinh vin cc bc thc hin v ngun ti liu cn tm hiu - Nhn xt, nh gi v tng kt vn giao ch
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- Trnh by nguyn l phn gii tn min ca my ch DNS v nhim v ca vic phn gii tn min - So snh hai giao thc http v https - Trnh by cch cu hnh my ch DNS v Web Server
- Tho lun v nhim v ca vin phn gii tn min v nguyn l phn gii tn min - Tho lun cc giao thc truy cp web http v https - Hng dn thc hin lab cu hnh web server v DNS server - Tr li cc cu hi, thc mc ca sinh vin - Kt lun, tng kt cc ni dung tho lun - Pht ti liu tho lun cho sinh vin - Tho lun v nguyn l lm vic ca DNS Server v web Server - Tho lun v s cn thit xy dng mt site ni b cho doanh nghip - Giao bi thc hnh - Kim tra tin thc hin bi tp thc hnh ca sinh vin - nh gi v gi cc cch lm cho sinh vin - Giao cng vic cho tun tip theo
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- Sinh vin c trc ti liu v vn tho lun - Tham gia vo tho lun, a ra cu hi - Tham gia tr li nhng cu hi tnh hung m gio vin a ra - Quan st cch gi v phn tch ca gio vin t a ra nhng nhn nh v kin ca mnh v vn tho lun - Sinh vin c trc ti liu v vn tho lun - Tham gia vo tho lun, a ra cu hi - Thc hin bi lab xy dng mt site ni b cho doanh nghip cho php cc nhn vin truy cp vo thng qua tn min vi Ip cho cc Client c cp pht ng
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- Phn tch c nguyn l lm vic ca my ch DNS v web Server - Thc hin Public mt website n gin cho php truy cp website vi tn min Nam - Bo mt d liu truy cp vi https - Cu hnh cp pht IP ng cho cc Client
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- Trnh by cc giao thc gi nhn mail POP3, SMTP, IMAP - Gi v nhn th s dng SMTP qua Telnet - Cu hnh Mail server phc v cho doanh nghip
- Tho lun v nhu cu v s cn thit trin khai h thng mail trong doanh nghip - Tho lun v cc giao thc gi nhn mail POP3, SMTP, IMAP - Hng dn sinh vin thc hin Lab cu hnh trin khai h thng Mail vi Mdaemon Server - nh gi v gi cc cch lm cho sinh vin - Nhn xt, nh gi v tng kt vn tho lun - T chc tho lun v nguyn l lm vic ca my ch Mail Server - Cc lnh thc hin nhn v gi mail s dng SMTP qua telnet - Giao bi thc hnh - Kim tra tin thc hin bi tp thc hnh ca sinh vin - nh gi v gi cc cch lm cho sinh vin - Giao cng vic cho tun tip theo
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- Tham gia vo tho lun, a ra cu hi - Tham gia tr li nhng cu hi tnh hung m gio vin a ra - Tham gia thc hin bi lab do gio vin a ra - Quan st cch gi v phn tch ca gio vin t a ra nhng nhn nh v kin ca mnh v vn tho lun - Sinh vin c trc ti liu v vn tho lun - Tham gia vo tho lun, a ra cu hi - Thc hin bi Lab trin khai Mail Server cho doanh nghip
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- Phn tch c nguyn l lm vic ca my ch Mail Server - Gi v nhn th s dng giao thc SMTP thng qua telnet - Cu hnh my ch Mail Server
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- So snh u nhc im v nguyn l hot ng ca mi loi Firewall - Xy dng m hnh h thng mng doanh nghip v thit lp h thng tng la bo v h thng mng doanh nghip - Trnh by cc nguy c trn mng - Phn bit c cc c im ca Virus, Trojan, Worm - Nhn dng cc kiu tn cng DoS - Gii m Pass vi Brute Force Attack - Cc chnh sch bo mt
- T chc tho lun cc loi firewall v u nhc im mi loi - Giao bi thc hnh - Kim tra tin thc hin bi tp thc hnh ca sinh vin - nh gi v gi cc cch lm cho sinh vin
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- Sinh vin c trc ti liu v vn tho lun - Tham gia vo tho lun, a ra cu hi - Thc hin bi Lab trin khai tng la bo v h thng mng ca doanh nghip - Sinh vin c trc ti liu v vn tho lun - Tham gia vo tho lun, a ra cu hi - Thc hin bi Lab trin khai tng la bo v h thng mng ca doanh nghip
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- T chc tho lun cc nguy c trn mng - T chc tho lun cc lai Virus, Worm, Trojan - T chc tho lun cc kiu tn cng DoS - nh gi v gi cc cch lm cho sinh vin - Nhn xt, nh gi v tng kt vn tho lun
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Gio vin
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Bi 1: Tng quan v mng doanh nghip ................................................................................. 21 1.1 Gii thiu mn hc, phng php hc ........................................................................... 21 1.2.Cch s dng cc phn mm thit k gi lp VMWare, Boson ..................................... 22 1.2.1 Phn mm VMWare ................................................................................................ 22 1.2.2 Phn mm Boson Netsim......................................................................................... 23 1.3. Gii thiu h thng mng thc t ca mt s doanh nghip.......................................... 24 Bi 2: a ch mng .................................................................................................................. 26 2.1.a ch IP v Subnetmask............................................................................................... 26 2.2. Cc loi a ch IP.......................................................................................................... 26 2.2.1. a ch IP Private, IP Public ................................................................................... 26 2.2.2.a ch IP Unicast, Multicast, Broadcast................................................................. 27 2.3.Nguyn l dch chuyn a ch IP (NAT) ....................................................................... 27 2.3.1 Cc thut ng trong NAT ........................................................................................ 27 2.3.2. Cc kiu NAT ......................................................................................................... 28 2.4. Nguyn l thu nhn mt a ch IP t DHCP Server..................................................... 29 Bi 3: Cng ngh Wireless ....................................................................................................... 31 3.1. Tng quan v Wireless .................................................................................................. 31 3.2. Cc chun Wireless........................................................................................................ 31 3.3. Cu hnh mng Wireless ................................................................................................ 32 3.3.1. Cc thnh phn thit lp mng WLAN................................................................... 32 3.3.2. WLAN v SSID ...................................................................................................... 40 3.3.3. Cu hnh mt mng WLAN n gin..................................................................... 41 Bi 4: C bn v cu hnh nh tuyn....................................................................................... 42 4.1. Cc giao thc nh tuyn ............................................................................................... 42 4.2. Giao thc nh tuyn ni vng RIP ............................................................................... 49 4.3. Giao thc nh tuyn ng OSPF .................................................................................. 55 Bi 5:Thc hnh v nh tuyn................................................................................................. 62 Bi 6: Cu hnh NAT trn Router............................................................................................. 63 6.1. Khi nim chung v NAT.............................................................................................. 63 6.2 Nat tnh Static NAT ..................................................................................................... 66 6.3. Nat ng Dynamic NAT............................................................................................. 67 6.4. Nat Overload PAT ...................................................................................................... 67 Bi 7:Thc hnh Cu hnh NAT trn Router............................................................................ 69 Bi 8:Cu hnh chuyn mch (Switching) ................................................................................ 70 8.1. Cu hnh Switch v VLAN............................................................................................ 70 Bi 9:Thc hnh Cu hnh chuyn mch v VLAN ................................................................. 75 Bi 10: Tho lun...................................................................................................................... 77 Bi 11: Cu hnh cc Web Server, DNS Server ....................................................................... 78 11.1. Dch v phn gii tn min DNS Server................................................................... 78 11.1.1. Nguyn l phn gii tn min ............................................................................... 78 11.1.2. Xy dng my ch phn gii tn min cho mng doanh nghip .......................... 80 11.2. Dch v Web Server..................................................................................................... 89 11.2.1. Giao thc HTTP v HTTPS.................................................................................. 89 11.2.2. Trin khai Website doanh nghip trn Server ...................................................... 89 Bi 12: Thc hnh cu hnh cc dch v mng c bn ........................................................... 103 V Khnh Qu Khoa CNTT H S phm K thut Hng Yn 19
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Bi 13. Xy dng mt Mail Server......................................................................................... 104 13.1. Giao thc SMTP, POP3, IMAP................................................................................. 104 13.2. Trin khai Mail Server cho doanh nghip ................................................................. 110 Bi 14. Thc hnh Xy dng mt Mail Server....................................................................... 115 Bi 15: Thc hnh Proxy v Firewall ..................................................................................... 116 15.1. Nguyn l hot ng ca Proxy................................................................................. 116 15.2. Nguyn l hot ng ca Firewall............................................................................. 120 15.3. Trin khai xy dng h thng tng la cho doanh nghip ...................................... 127 Bi 16: C bn v bo mt...................................................................................................... 128 16.1. Mt s nguy c tn cng trn mng........................................................................... 128 16.2. Cc phng thc tn cng ......................................................................................... 130 16.2.1 Viruses, Worms, Trojan Horses........................................................................... 130 16.2.2 Denial of Service (DoS) v Brute Force Attack .................................................. 142 16.3. Cc chnh sch bo mt ............................................................................................. 145
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1.1 Gii thiu mn hc, phng php hc Vi xu th ng dng h thng thng tin vo tt c cc hot ng sn xut ca cc doanh nghip, vn trin khai mt h thng mng khi xy dng mt doanh nghip l iu tt yu. Do vy nhu cu nhn lc trnh chuyn gia trong lnh vc mng doanh nghip trn th trng lao ng hin nay ang rt nhiu. Mng doanh nghip l mn hc c ging dy sau Module Mng c bn v trc Module Bo mt mng v Module Mng th h mi. Mc ch ca mn hc gip sinh vin t c cc k nng v qun tr mng LAN, t vn, thit k v xy dng c mt h thng mng cho doanh nghip c quy m nh vi cc yu cu c th nh sau: - nh gi c cc hot ng ca cc thit b phn cng v phn mm trong mt m hnh mng LAN, WAN sn c - T vn trong vic la chn cc thit b phn cng phn mm thit k mng LAN, WAN ph hp vi nhu cu ca doanh nghip nh - nh gi c cc yu cu v qun l mng, an ninh mng v cc rng buc khc trong qu trnh thit k mng - Thit k c mng LAN trong ta nh phc v cho cng tc ging dy v nghin cu - Thit k c mng WAN cho Trng hc phc v cng tc o to v qun l ca Nh trng. y l mn hc mang tnh ng dng thc tin rt cao do vy i hi sinh vin chun b k cc ti liu v phng tin hc tp cn thit. Gm c - Cc phn mm gi lp thit k mng : - VMWare Simulator, Boson Netsim Simulator - ISA Server - Mail Exchange Server, Mail Mdeamon Server - Sch gio trnh, Slide do gio vin bin son.
V Khnh Qu Khoa CNTT H S phm K thut Hng Yn 21
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- Sch tham kho: [1]. Cisco System, "CCNA Discovery1 4.0", Cisco System, 2007 [2]. Cisco System, "CCNA Discovery2 4.0", Cisco System, 2007 [3]. J.C. Mackin and Ian McLean, Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure, Microsoft Press, 2005 Trong qu trnh hc tp sinh vin cn ch ng c trc ti liu ti nh, cc ti liu do gio vin giao cho v nh t hc, tham gia trao i kin thc trn forum ca nh trng v cc forum khc nh : http://quantrimang.com http://nhatnghe.com.vn http://vnpro.org.
1.2.Cch s dng cc phn mm thit k gi lp VMWare, Boson 1.2.1 Phn mm VMWare VMWare l phn mm gi lp cho php ci t nhiu h iu hnh trn mt my tnh c cu hnh mnh. VMWare cho php chng ta ci nhiu h iu hnh khc nhau nh Window XP, Window Server 2003, Window Vista, Window Server 2008, Linux... trn cng mt my tnh v ti mt thi im c th cng khi ng nhiu my tnh o trn mt my tnh tht. y l mt tin ch v cng th v v cn thit cho cc sinh vin khi hc v mng my tnh v cn cu hnh mt lc nhiu h thng khc nhau to thnh mt h thng mng o.
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Trn y l hnh khi my o VMWare ang cng lc c ci t v chy c 03 h iu hnh gm Window Server 2003, Window XP v Red Hat Linux thc tp. 1.2.2 Phn mm Boson Netsim Boson Netsim l phn mm cho php gi lp cc hot ng ca cc thit b mng Cisco. Vi th phn chim trn 70% ton th gii v thit b mng, cc thit b mng ca cisco lun l la chn s mt cho tt c cc nh thit k v trin khai h thng do n nh v tnh tin cy cng nh s bo m ca Cisco trong vn an ton thng tin. Boson Netsim sau khi ci t gm 02 tin ch con : Boson Netsim Design Boson netsim Simulator
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Boson Netsim Design l tin ch cho php chng ta thit k cc m hnh mng o khi khng c iu kin tip xc vi thit b tht. D vy Boson Design c th cho php gi lp n 90% cc m hnh tht.
Boson Netsim c thc hin sau khi bn thit k h thng gi lp. Nhim v ca n l to ra mi trng gi lp thc hin cc cu lnh cu hnh h thng c thit k bi Boson Design trn mi trng CLI (Conmand Line Interface).
1.3. Gii thiu h thng mng thc t ca mt s doanh nghip Gii thiu tng quan s h thng mng mt s doanh nghip. Trong hnh l s h thng mng Trng H SPKT Hng Yn.
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Bi 2: a ch mng 2.1.a ch IP v Subnetmask Kin thc v a ch IP v cc kin thc lin quan n M hnh TCP/IP, Subneting c trang b ti Module Mng c bn, y l mt khi kin thc nn tng rt quan trng, sinh vin cn xem li ti liu hc. n tp li khi kin thc ny sinh vin cn hon tt bi tp sau:. H thng mng ca cng ty ABC nh hnh v, cng ty c cp pht di a ch 192.168.0.0/16. Thc hin chia di a ch trn thnh cc Subnet tho mn iu kin s host trong mi Subnet nh trn hnh vi iu kin ti u ho khng gian a ch IP.
2.2. Cc loi a ch IP 2.2.1. a ch IP Private, IP Public IP private l nhng IP khng c nh tuyn trn Internet, bao gm cc di a ch sau: 10.0.0.0 --> 10.255.255.255 172.16.0.0 --> 172.16.31.255 192.168.0.0 --> 192.168.255.255
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2.2.2.a ch IP Unicast, Multicast, Broadcast a ch Broadcast l a ch qung b cho mt Subnet theo chiu t PC n tt c cc PC trong cng Subnet : PC-> all PC a ch Unicast l a ch cho php gi t mt a ch n mt a ch khc : PC->PC a ch Multicast l a ch cho php gi t mt host n mt nhm host khc: PC-> Group PC, cc a ch ny thuc lp D.
2.3.Nguyn l dch chuyn a ch IP (NAT) 2.3.1 Cc thut ng trong NAT Khi mt my thc hin NAT s c c 2 chiu out v in theo quy nh ca Interface - Cisco s dngthut ng 2 chiu ny ca NAT gi l inside v outside, cc nhm a ch trong NAT bao gm: + Inside local: nhm a ch bn trong + Inside global: a ch ton cc bn trong (a ch ny i din cho cc host ca bn kt ni ra ngoi Internet, chnh l a ch m ISP cp cho bn) + Outside local address : l a ch ring ca host bn ngoi mng ni b + Outside global address: l a ch public ca host bn ngoi (vd www.yahoo.com) khi host bn trong thc hin NAT chuyn i IP, qu trnh NAT nh sau: inside local ip address ----- inside global ip address ----- outside global ip address vd: 192.168.1.2 ----- 58.187.41.17:2412 ------- 209.191.93.52
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Chng hn, khi vo trang web www.yahoo.com, u tin s c mt request ti web server yahoo, y chnh l thc hin NAT outside, khi bn nhn c reply t Yahoo server, qu trnh ngc li, lc ny chnh l thc hin NAT inside
NAT inside ngc li vi NAT outside, khi gi d liu n c thit b thc hin NAT, n xem trong bng NAT (NAT table) v thy rng 58.187.41.17:2412 tng ng vi 192.168.1.2, lc NAT s thc hin i li a ch IP ca gi tin v gi d liu s n c ng a ch ca my trong LAN ca bn.
Hon ton tng t nh vy vi inbound v outbound (ch khc n l thut ng ca Microsoft), nu c dng ch s port trong qu trnh chuyn i th l PAT, cn ch dng a ch IP th lc chuyn i l NAT Cu lnh net use thng dng map share trong mng lan (tuy vy bn c th map mt my khc qua Internet, nu my php share nh vy - chng hn NAT ht port v cho php ht cc service), kt ni trong Lan, hay kt ni qua Internet u c th thc hin ging nhau, qua Internet th ch b hn ch bi tc v cht lng, thng l chm hn nhiu so vi mng LAN, tuy vy t ai dng lnh net use map mt share t ngoi Internet, thng dng cc cng c khc, nh l FTP, HTTP... v cc cng c chia s qua Internet.
2.3.2. Cc kiu NAT C 2 kiu NAT c bn l NAT v PAT : Ging nhau Dng chuyn i a ch IP private thnh a ch IP public, gip cho my trong mng Lan ca bn c th kt ni vi Internet, v gip tit kim khng gian ca a ch IP public, mt cty c th ch cn 1 hay vi a ch IP public m vn cho php ton b mng ca h kt ni ra th gii bn ngoi.Khc nhau :
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NAT : Network Address Translation : chuyn i a ch IP thnh a ch bn ngoi (c 2 dng chuyn i l 1-1 : static, v chuyn i overload, khi bn c cp nhiu IP t ISP) V d: chuyn i 1-1 l : 192.168.0.1 <---> 186.15.4.2, cn chuyn i overload th mt a ch bn trong s c chuyn i thnh mt a ch bn ngoi (nu nh a ch bn ngoi cha s dng)
PAT (Port Address Translation), thng l cc router ADSL mc nh dng kiu chuyn i ny, v ban ch c 1 IP public, nu ton b LAN ca bn u mun kt ni ra ngoi - vi mt a ch IP public (58.187.168.41)=> lc a ch bn trong s c chuyn i thnh a ch kt hp vi ch s port, nu port cha s dng V d: Bn c mt LAN nh vi di IP : 192.168.1.x , khi cc my trong lan s c chuyn i chng hn vi vi my:
192.168.1.3 <-->58.187.168.41:2413 192.168.1.4 <-->58.187.168.41:2414 192.168.1.5 <-->58.187.168.41:2415 192.168.1.6 <-->58.187.168.41:2416 .... Cc ch s port thng dng t 1024 n 65535 (not well-known port), v well-known port l ch yu dng cho server, s port ny p ng c hu ht cc mng LAN.
2.4. Nguyn l thu nhn mt a ch IP t DHCP Server. C hai cch mt host c th thu nhn c mt a ch IP, ngi s dng c th cu hnh TCP/IP bng tay bng cch t nhp vo cc thng s, cch th 2 thng c s dng trong cc cng ty v cc nhn vin vng phng thng
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khng th nh c cc con s do ngi qun tr h thng mng trong cng ty cung cp. host c th thu nhn t ng mt IP t Server, bn phi ci t dch v DHCP trn my ch. Client v Server s m phn vi nhau cp mt IP cho Client theo s sau:
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Bi 3: Cng ngh Wireless 3.1. Tng quan v Wireless Wireless hay mng 802.11 l h thng mng khng dy s dng sng v tuyn, ging nh in thoi di ng, truyn hnh v radio. H thng ny hin nay ang c trin khai rng ri ti nhiu im cng cng hay ti nh ring. H thng cho php truy cp Internet ti nhng khu vc c sng ca h thng ny, hon ton khng cn n cp ni. Ngoi cc im kt ni cng cng (hotspots), WiFi c th c thit lp ngay ti nh ring. Tn gi 802.11 bt ngun t vin IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). Vin ny to ra nhiu chun cho nhiu giao thc k thut khc nhau, v n s dng mt h thng s nhm phn loi chng; 3 chun thng dng ca Wireless hin nay l 802.11a/b/g. 3.2. Cc chun Wireless Wireless truyn v pht tn hiu tn s 2.4 GHz hoc 5GHz. Tn s ny cao hn so vi cc tn s s dng cho in thoi di ng, cc thit b cm tay v truyn hnh. Tn s cao hn cho php tn hiu mang theo nhiu d liu hn. Wireless s dng chun 802.11: Chun 802.11b l phin bn u tin trn th trng. y l chun chm nht v r tin nht, v n tr thnh t ph bin hn so vi cc chun khc. 802.11b pht tn hiu tn s 2.4 GHz, n c th x l n 11 megabit/giy. Chun 802.11g cng pht tn s 2.4 GHz, nhng nhanh hn so vi chun 802.11b, tc x l t 54 megabit/giy. Chun 802.11g nhanh hn v n s dng m OFDM (orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing), mt cng ngh m ha hiu qu hn. Chun 802.11a pht tn s 5 GHz v c th t n 54 megabit/ giy. N cng s dng m OFDM. Nhng chun mi hn sau ny nh 802.11n cn nhanh hn chun 802.11a, nhng 802.11n vn cha phi l chun cui cng.
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3.3. Cu hnh mng Wireless 3.3.1. Cc thnh phn thit lp mng WLAN Card mng khng dy (NIC_Wireless)
Cc my tnh nm trong vng ph sng WiFi cn c cc b thu khng dy, adapter, c th kt ni vo mng. Cc b ny c th c tch hp vo cc my tnh xch tay hay bn hin i. Hoc c thit k dng cm vo khe PC card hoc cng USB, hay khe PCI. Khi c ci t adapter khng dy v phn mm iu khin (driver), my tnh c th t ng nhn din v hin th cc mng khng dy ang tn ti trong khu vc. Access Point (AP) AP l thit b ph bin nht trong WLAN ch ng sau PC card khng dy. Nh tn ca n ch ra, AP cung cp cho client mt im truy cp vo mng. AP l mt thit b half-duplex c mc thng minh tng ng vi mt Switch Ethernet phc tp. Hnh di y m t AP v ni s dng chng trong mng WLAN.
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AP c th giao tip vi cc client khng dy, vi mng c dy v vi cc AP khc. C 3 mode hot ng chnh m bn c th cu hnh trong mt AP Root mode Repeater mode Bridge mode Root mode Root mode c s dng khi AP c kt ni vi mng backbone c dy thng qua giao din c dy (thng l Ethernet) ca n. Hu ht cc AP s h tr cc mode khc ngoi root mode, tuy nhin root mode l cu hnh mc nh. Khi mt AP c kt ni vi phn on c dy thng qua cng ethernet ca n, n s c cu hnh hot ng trong root mode. Khi trong root mode, cc AP c kt ni vi cng mt h thng phn phi c dy c th ni chuyn c vi nhau thng qua phn on c dy. AP giao tip vi nhau thc hin cc chc nng ca roaming nh reassociation. Cc client khng dy c th giao tip vi cc client khng dy khc nm trong nhng cell ( t bo, hay vng ph sng ca AP) khc nhau thng qua AP tng ng m chng kt ni vo, sau cc
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Bridge mode Trong Bride mode, AP hot ng hon ton ging vi mt Bridge khng dy (s c tho lun phn sau). Tht vy, AP s tr thnh mt Bridge khng dy khi c cu hnh theo cch ny. Ch mt s t cc AP trn th trng c h tr chc nng Bridge, iu ny s lm cho thit b c gi cao hn ng k. Chng ta s gii thch mt cch ngn gn Bridge khng dy hot ng nh th no, nhng bn c th thy t hnh di rng Client khng kt ni vi Bridge, nhng thay vo , Bridge c s dng kt ni 2 hoc nhiu on mng c dy li vi nhau bng kt ni khng dy.
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Repeater Mode Trong Repeater mode, AP c kh nng cung cp mt ng kt ni khng dy upstream vo mng c dy thay v mt kt ni c dy bnh thng. Nh bn thy trong hnh di, mt AP hot ng nh l mt root AP v AP cn li hot ng nh l mt Repeater khng dy. AP trong repeater mode kt ni vi cc client nh l mt AP v kt ni vi upstream AP nh l mt client. Vic s dng AP trong Repeater mode l hon ton khng nn tr khi cc k cn thit bi v cc cell xung quanh mi AP trong trng hp ny phi chng ln nhau t nht l 50%. Cu hnh ny s gim trm trng phm vi m mt client c th kt ni n repeater AP. Thm vo , Repeater AP giao tip c vi client v vi upstream AP thng qua kt ni khng dy, iu ny s lm gim throughput trn on mng khng dy. Ngi s dng c kt ni vi mt Repeater AP s cm nhn c throughput thp v tr cao. Thng thng th bn nn disable cng Ethernet khi hot ng trong repeater mode.
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Cc ty chn ph bin (Common Options) AP c sn nhiu ty chn phn cng v phn mm khc nhau. Cc ty chn ph bin bao gm: + Anten c nh hay c th tho lp. + Kh nng lc cao cp + Antenna c th tho c (Removeable hay Modular) + Thay i cng sut pht + Cc kiu khc nhau ca kt ni c dy Fixed or Detachable Antenna Ty thuc vo nhu cu doanh nghip ca bn hay nhu cu ca khch hng, bn s cn phi chn gia AP c anten c nh hay AP c anten c th tho lp. Mt AP vi anten c th tho lp cho bn kh nng s dng cc loi anten khc nhau kt ni vi AP s dng cable c chiu di khc nhau ty nhu cu ca bn. V d: Nu bn cn treo mt AP trong nh nhng li cho php ngi s dng truy cp vo mng bn ngoi th bn s cn kt ni vi cable v anten ngoi tri trc tip vi AP v ch treo anten bn ngoi.
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AP c th c hoc khng c anten diversity (tnh nng a dng anten). WLAN anten diversity l vic s dng nhiu anten vi nhiu input trn mt receiver duy nht ly mu tn hiu n thng qua mi anten. Vic ly mu tn hiu t 2 anten cho php xc nh c tn hiu input ca anten no l tt hn. Hai anten c th c mc nhn tn hiu khc nhau bi v mt hin tng c gi l multipath. Advanced Filtering Capability Cc chc nng lc MAC hay protocol c th c bao gm trong AP. Lc thng c s dng ngn chn k xm nhp vo mng WLAN ca bn. Nh l mt phng thc bo mt c bn, mt AP c th c cu hnh lc nhng thit b khng nm trong danh sch lc MAC ca AP. Vic lc protocol cho php admin quyt nh v iu khin giao thc no nn c s dng trong mng WLAN. V d: Nu Admin ch mun cho php truy cp http trong mng WLAN ngi dng c th lt web v truy cp mail dng web (yahoo), th vic cu hnh lc giao thc http s ngn chn tt c cc loi giao thc khc. Removable (Modular) Radio Card Mt s nh sn xut cho php bn thm vo v tho ra cc radio card t khe PCMCIA trn AP. Mt s AP c th c 2 Anten dnh cho cc mc ch c bit. Vic c 2 Anten trong mt AP cho php mt radio card c th hot ng nh l mt AP trong khi mt radio card khc hot ng nh l mt Bridge. Mt cch khc l s dng mi radio card nh l mt AP c lp. Vic c mi card hot ng nh l mt AP c lp cho php gp i s lng ngi s dng trong cng mt khng gian vt l m khng cn phi mua thm mt AP khc. Khi AP c cu hnh theo cch ny, mi radio card s c cu hnh trn mt knh khng chng ln nhau, l tng l knh 1 v knh 11.
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Vic thay i cng sut pht cho php admin iu khin cng sut (miliwatt) m AP s dng truyn d liu. Vic iu khin cng sut pht ra c th l cn thit trong mt s trng hp khi cc node xa khng th xc nh c AP. N cng cho php bn iu khin vng ph sng ca mt AP. Khi cng sut pht ra trn mt AP tng ln, client c th di chuyn xa AP hn m khng mt kt ni vi AP. Tnh nng ny cng hu ch trong vic bo mt bng cch cho php thay i kch thc ca cell RF lm cho cc k xm nhp khng th kt ni vi mng t bn ngoi ta nh ca cng ty. Ngoi AP c cng sut pht thay i th ta cng c th s dng AP c cng sut pht c nh. Vi AP c cng sut pht c nh th bn c th s dng cc b khuch i, b suy hao, cable di, hay anten c li cao. iu quan trng trong vic iu khin cng sut pht ra trn c AP v Anten l phi tun theo qui nh ca FCC Varied Types of Connectivity Cc ty chn kt ni cho mt AP c th bao gm 10BaseTx, 100BaseTx, 10/100BaseTx, 100BaseFx, Token Ring, Bi v AP thng l thit b m client kt ni vo v giao tip vi backbone mng c dy, v th admin phi hiu lm th no kt ni AP vo mng c dy. Thit k v kt ni AP chnh xc s gip ngn chn vic nghn c chai AP hoc xa hn c th l trc trc thit b. Hy xt vic s dng mt AP chun trong mng WLAN. Nu trong trng hp ny AP c xc nh l s t v tr cch 150m t wiring closet gn nht, th vic s dng cable CAT5 ethernet s khng th hot ng c. y l mt vn bi v ethernet qua cable CAT5 ch hot ng c trong phm vi 100m. Trong trng hp ny vic mua mt AP c kt ni 100BaseFx v chy cable quang t wiring closet n AP lm trc ri th vn s d dng hn. Configuration and Management Cc phng php c s dng cu hnh v qun l AP s khc nhau ty nh sn xut. Hu ht h u cung cp t nht l console, telnet, USB, hay web server. Mt s AP cn c phn mm cu hnh v qun l ring. Nh sn xut cu hnh AP vi mt IP address trong cu hnh khi to. Nu admin cn thit lp li
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thit lp mc nh, thng th s c mt nt phc v chc nng ny nm bn ngoi AP. Cc chc nng trn AP l khc nhau. Tuy nhin, c mt iu l khng i: AP c cng nhiu tnh nng th gi ca n cng cao. V d, mt s AP SOHO s c WEP, MAC filter v thm ch l Web server. Nu cc tnh nng nh xem bng association, h tr 802.1x/EAP, VPN, Routing, Inter AP Protocol, RADIUS th gi ca n s gp nhiu ln so vi AP thng thng.
Thm ch cc tnh nng chun trn cc AP tng thch Wi-Fi i khi cng khc nhau ty nh sn xut. V d 2 dng SOHO AP khc nhau c th h tr MAC filter nhng ch mt trong s chng cho php bn permit hay deny c th mt trm no . Mt s AP h tr kt ni c dy full-duplex 10/100Mbps, trong khi mt s khc ch c kt ni 10BaseT half-duplex. Vic hiu tnh nng no l cn thit cho AP trong mi trng SOHO, mid-range, hay enterprise-level l mt iu quan trng nu bn mun tr thnh mt nh qun tr mng khng dy. Di y l danh sch cc tnh nng cn c cho mt AP trong mi trng SOHO v Enterprise. Danh sch ny khng c ngha l y bi v mt s nh sn xut c nhiu tnh nng mi. Danh sch ny ch cung cp mt im bt u chn AP cho SOHO. Small Office, Home Office (SOHO) + Mac filter + WEP (64 hay 128 bit) + Giao din cu hnh USB hay console + Giao din cu hnh Web n gin + Cc phn mm cu hnh n gin Enterprise + Phn mm cu hnh cao cp + Giao din cu hnh web cao cp
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+ Telnet + SNMP + 802.1x/EAP + RADIUS client + VPN client v server + Routing (dynamic hoc static) + Chc nng Repeater + Chc nng Bridge Vic s dng sch hng dn ca nh sn xut s cung cp nhiu thng tin chi tit cho mi dng sn phm. Nu bn l mt nh qun tr mng WLAN th bn nn bit mi trng hot ng ca bn tm kim nhng sn phm tha mn nhu cu s dng cng nh bo mt, sau hy so snh cc tinh nng ca 3 hay 4 nh sn xut khc nhau chn c thit b ti u. Qu trnh ny c th tn nhiu thi gian, nhng thi gian s dng hc v cc sn phm khc nhau trn th trng l rt hu ch. Cc ngun ti nguyn tt nht tm hiu v dng sn phm no trn th trng chnh l website ca nh sn xut. Khi chn mt AP, hy nh chn nh sn xut c h tr ngoi cc tnh nng v gi c.
3.3.2. WLAN v SSID Mng khng dy ni b theo chun IEEE 802.11 bo mt dng thng s cu hnh SSID (Service Set ID). K thut ny hot ng theo 2 ch + Ch khng bo mt th theo chu k thi gian Access Point gi Broadcast SSID ca mnh n cc my trm dng card mng wireless.M hnh ny thng dng cho cc im internet cng cng (Hot Post) + Ch th 2 l ch bo mt, Access Point khng gi SSID ca mnh cho my trm m my trm phi c cng thng s SSID (c cu hnh trong card wireless trn my trm) vi Access Point. M hnh ny thng s dng cho h thng mng cng ty)
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3.3.3. Cu hnh mt mng WLAN n gin Sinh vin thc hin bi lab cu hnh mng Wireless cho vn phng mt cng ty nh
Yu cu thit b Mt Modem ADSL Mt ng Internet Mt AccessPoint PC c card Wireless Cu hnh h thng Cu hnh s h thng theo hnh Cu hnh AccessPoint Wireless cho cc PC c card mng khng dy kt ni c Internet
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Bi 4: C bn v cu hnh nh tuyn 4.1. Cc giao thc nh tuyn Trong ngnh mng my tnh, nh tuyn (ting Anh: routing hay routeing) l qu trnh chn la cc ng i trn mt mng my tnh gi d liu qua . Vic nh tuyn c thc hin cho nhiu loi mng, trong c mng in thoi, lin mng, Internet, mng giao thng. Routing ch ra hng, s di chuyn ca cc gi (d liu) c nh a ch t mng ngun ca chng, hng n ch cui thng qua cc node trung gian; thit b phn cng chuyn dng c gi l router (b nh tuyn). Tin trnh nh tuyn thng ch hng i da vo bng nh tuyn, l bng cha nhng l trnh tt nht n cc ch khc nhau trn mng. V vy vic xy dng bng nh tuyn, c t chc trong b nh ca router, tr nn v cng quan trng cho vic nh tuyn hiu qu. Routing khc vi bridging (bc cu) ch trong nhim v ca n th cc cu trc a ch gi nn s gn gi ca cc a ch tng t trong mng, qua cho php nhp liu mt bng nh tuyn n m t l trnh n mt nhm cc a ch. V th, routing lm vic tt hn bridging trong nhng mng ln, v n tr thnh dng chim u th ca vic tm ng trn mng Internet. Cc mng nh c th c cc bng nh tuyn c cu hnh th cng, cn nhng mng ln hn c topo mng phc tp v thay i lin tc th xy dng th cng cc bng nh tuyn l v cng kh khn. Tuy nhin, hu ht mng in thoi chuyn mch chung (public switched telephone network - PSTN) s dng bng nh tuyn c tnh ton trc, vi nhng tuyn d tr nu cc l trnh trc tip u b nghn. nh tuyn ng (dynamic routing) c gng gii quyt vn ny
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bng vic xy dng bng nh tuyn mt cch t ng, da vo nhng thng tin c giao thc nh tuyn cung cp, v cho php mng hnh ng gn nh t tr trong vic ngn chn mng b li v nghn. nh tuyn ng chim u th trn Internet. Tuy nhin, vic cu hnh cc giao thc nh tuyn thng i hi nhiu kinh nghim; ng nn ngh rng k thut ni mng pht trin n mc hon thnh t ng vic nh tuyn. Cch tt nht l nn kt hp gia nh tuyn th cng v t ng. Nhng mng trong cc gi thng tin c vn chuyn, v d nh Internet, chia d liu thnh cc gi, ri dn nhn vi cc ch n c th v mi gi c lp l trnh ring bit. Cc mng xoay vng, nh mng in thoi, cng thc hin nh tuyn tm ng cho cc vng (v d nh cuc gi in thoi) chng c th gi lng d liu ln m khng phi tip tc lp li a ch ch. nh tuyn IP truyn thng vn cn tng i n gin v n dng cch nh tuyn bc k tip (next-hop routing), router ch xem xt n s gi gi thng tin n u, v khng quan tm ng i sau ca gi trn nhng bc truyn cn li. Tuy nhin, nhng chin lc nh tuyn phc tp hn c th c, v thng c dng trong nhng h thng nh MPLS, ATM hay Frame Relay, nhng h thng ny i khi c s dng nh cng ngh bn di h tr cho mng IP. Thut ton vector (distance-vector routing protocols) Thut ton ny dng thut ton Bellman-Ford. Phng php ny ch nh mt con s, gi l chi ph (hay trng s), cho mi mt lin kt gia cc node trong mng. Cc node s gi thng tin t im A n im B qua ng i mang li tng chi ph thp nht (l tng cc chi ph ca cc kt ni gia cc node c dng).
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Thut ton hot ng vi nhng hnh ng rt n gin. Khi mt node khi ng ln u, n ch bit cc node k trc tip vi n, v chi ph trc tip i n (thng tin ny, danh sch ca cc ch, tng chi ph ca tng node, v bc k tip gi d liu n to nn bng nh tuyn, hay bng khong cch). Mi node, trong mt tin trnh, gi n tng hng xm tng chi ph ca n i n cc ch m n bit. Cc node hng xm phn tch thng tin ny, v so snh vi nhng thng tin m chng ang bit; bt k iu g ci thin c nhng thng tin chng ang c s c a vo cc bng nh tuyn ca nhng hng xm ny. n khi kt thc, tt c node trn mng s tm ra bc truyn k tip ti u n tt c mi ch, v tng chi ph tt nht. Khi mt trong cc node gp vn , nhng node khc c s dng node hng ny trong l trnh ca mnh s loi b nhng l trnh , v to nn thng tin mi ca bng nh tuyn. Sau chng chuyn thng tin ny n tt c node gn k v lp li qu trnh trn. Cui cng, tt c node trn mng nhn c thng tin cp nht, v sau s tm ng i mi n tt c cc ch m chng cn ti c. Thut ton trng thi kt ni (Link-state routing protocols) Khi p dng cc thut ton trng thi kt ni, mi node s dng d liu c s ca n nh l mt bn ca mng vi dng mt th. lm iu ny, mi node pht i ti tng th mng nhng thng tin v cc node khc m n c th kt ni c, v tng node gp thng tin mt cch c lp vo bn . S dng bn ny, mi router sau s quyt nh v tuyn ng tt nht t n n mi node khc. Thut ton lm theo cch ny l Dijkstra, bng cch xy dng cu trc d liu khc, dng cy, trong node hin ti l gc, v cha mi noded khc trong mng. Bt u vi mt cy ban u ch cha chnh n. Sau ln lt t tp cc
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node cha c thm vo cy, n s thm node c chi ph thp nht n mt node c trn cy. Tip tc qu trnh n khi mi node u c thm. Cy ny sau phc v xy dng bng nh tuyn, a ra bc truyn k tip tt u, t mt node n bt k node khc trn mng. So snh cc thut ton nh tuyn Cc giao thc nh tuyn vi thut ton vector t ra n gin v hiu qu trong cc mng nh, v i hi t (nu c) s gim st. Tuy nhin, chng khng lm vic tt, v c ti nguyn tp hp t i, dn n s pht trin ca cc thut ton trng thi kt ni tuy phc tp hn nhng tt hn dng trong cc mng ln. Giao thc vector km hn vi rc ri v m n v tn. u im chnh ca nh tuyn bng trng thi kt ni l phn ng nhanh nhy hn, v trong mt khong thi gian c hn, i vi s thay i kt ni. Ngoi ra, nhng gi c gi qua mng trong nh tuyn bng trng thi kt ni th nh hn nhng gi dng trong nh tuyn bng vector. nh tuyn bng vector i hi bng nh tuyn y phi c truyn i, trong khi nh tuyn bng trng thi kt ni th ch c thng tin v hng xm ca node c truyn i. V vy, cc gi ny dng ti nguyn mng mc khng ng k. Khuyt im chnh ca nh tuyn bng trng thi kt ni l n i hi nhiu s lu tr v tnh ton chy hn nh tuyn bng vector. Giao thc c nh tuyn v giao thc nh tuyn S nhm ln thng xy ra gia giao thc c nh tuyn v giao thc nh tuyn (routed protocols v routing protocols).
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Giao thc c nh tuyn (routed protocols hay routable protocols ) Mt giao thc c nh tuyn l bt k mt giao thc mng no cung cp y thng tin trong a ch tng mng ca n cho php mt gi tin c truyn i t mt my ch (host) n my ch khc da trn s sp xp v a ch, khng cn bit n ng i tng th t ngun n ch. Giao thc c nh tuyn nh ngha khun dng v mc ch ca cc trng c trong mt gi. Cc gi thng thng c vn chuyn t h thng cui n mt h thng cui khc. Hu nh tt c giao thc tng 3 cc giao thc khc cc tng trn u c th c nh tuyn, IP l mt v d. Ngha l gi tin uc nh hng (c a ch r rng )ging nh l th c ghi a ch r ch cn ch routing (tm ng i n a ch ) Cc giao thc tng 2 nh Ethernet l nhng giao thc khng nh tuyn c, v chng ch cha a ch tng lin kt, khng nh tuyn: mt s giao thc tng cao da trc tip vo y m khng c thm a ch tng mng, nh NetBIOS, cng khng nh tuyn c. Giao thc nh tuyn (routing protocols) Giao thc nh tuyn c dng trong khi thi hnh thut ton nh tuyn thun tin cho vic trao i thng tin gia cc mng, cho php cc router xy dng bng nh tuyn mt cch linh hot. Trong mt s trng hp, giao thc nh tuyn c th t chy ln giao thc c nh tuyn: v d, BGP chy trn TCP: cn ch l trong qu trnh thi hnh h thng khng to ra s l thuc gia giao thc nh tuyn v c nh tuyn. Danh sch cc giao thc nh tuyn Giao thc nh tuyn trong
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