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Frequency Hopping

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Frequency Hopping
Burst 4
Burst 1

A
Burst 2

Frequency 1

A
Burst 3

Frequency 2

HFS

Frequency 3

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Effect on the Air Interface

Interference averaging Gain depends on transceiver distribution and frequency Frequency diversity Gain depends on number of frequencies and the bandwidth

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Frequency Hopping

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C/I Distributions
MS distribution FHOP+BTSPC FHOP+BTSPC+DTX

FHOP

Nothing

C/I
Acceptable C/I FHOP
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Acceptable C/I no FHOP

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Achievements
More uniform speech quality A more dependable and predictable radio environment Increased capacity (tighter frequency re-use enabled)

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Performance of Frequency Hopping

Hopping on many frequencies gives better frequency diversity and interference averaging. However the relative benefit by adding yet another frequency will diminish. Hopping over a wide band decreases the correlation between the fading dips of different frequencies thus improving the frequency diversity. A high traffic load will reduce the gain of interference averaging. Usage of DTX and dynamic power control will increase the gain of interference averaging.
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A Higher RxQual Can Be Tolerated

Maximum RxQual providing acceptable speech quality
(approx.) No frequency hopping No DTX Frequency hopping No DTX

4.5 5-6

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Hopping Sequences - Cyclic and Random

Cyclic sequence (HSN = 0)
... , f4, f1, f2, f3, f4, f1, f2, f3, f4, f1, f2, ...

A cyclic sequence is the best sequence for combating consecutive fading dips.

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Random sequences (HSN = 1 - 63)

... , f1, f4, f4, f3, f1, f2, f4, f1, f3, f3, f2, ...

The period of a (pseudo) random sequence is 6 minutes long. Random sequences give better interference averaging (if the network is planned using frequency groups.) Different random sequences (different HSNs) should be assigned to nearby cells having the same frequencies.

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Orthogonal Sequences
... , f1, f4, f4, f3, f1, f2, f4, f1, f3, f3, f2, ... ... , f2, f1, f1, f4, f2, f3, f1, f2, f4, f4, f3, ... ... , f3, f2, f2, f1, f3, f4, f2, f3, f1, f1, f4, ... ... , f4, f3, f3, f2, f4, f1, f3, f4, f2, f2, f1, ...

The transmitters in a channel group never use the same frequency simultaneously.

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Two Hopping Modes

Baseband hopping (FHOP = BB)

Synthesizer hopping (FHOP = SY)

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Baseband Hopping
TRX1 TRX2 TRX3 TRX4
controller transmitter f0 transmitter f1 transmitter f2 transmitter f3 filter combiner controller

controller

controller

bus for routing of bursts

Baseband hopping : Each transmitter transmits on a fixed frequency.

The bursts from the transceiver controller are routed to the different transmitters by a bus.

+ A narrow-band filter combiner can be used. To this combiner it is

possible to connect up to 6 TRX:s without more than 3dB combiner loss.

- It is impossible to hop on more frequencies than there are TX:s.

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Synthesizer hopping
TRX1 TRX2 TRX3 TRX4
controller controller controller controller transmitter f1... fn transmitter f1... fn transmitter f1... fn transmitter f1... fn

hybrid combiner

hybrid combiner

Synthesizer hopping: The transmitters change frequency for every burst. + It is possible to hop on more frequencies than there are transmitters. - Hybrid combiners must be used. When connecting many transmitters the
loss will be big.

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Co Filling at Baseband Hopping

TRX1 TRX2 TRX3 TRX4
controller transmitter f0 transmitter f1 transmitter f2 transmitter f3 filter combiner controller

controller

controller

bus for routing of bursts

TS f0 f1 f2 f3

TS c0

TS c0

TS3
filling
TCH TCH TCH TCH

TS c0

TS c0

TS c0

TS c0

BCCH

filling
SDCCH TCH TCH TCH

filling
TCH TCH TCH TCH

c0

filling
TCH TCH TCH TCH

filling
TCH TCH TCH TCH

filling
TCH TCH TCH TCH

filling
TCH TCH TCH TCH

TCH TCH TCH

30 TCH:s and hopping on the BCCH frequency.

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Co Filling at Synthesizer Hopping With an Extra Transmitter

f0 f0 transmitter f0 transmitter f1... fn transmitter f1... fn transmitter f1... fn hybrid combiner

TRX1 TRX2 TRX3

controller f0 controller f0 controller

hybrid combiner

TS f0 f1 f2 f3 ... fn

BCCH

filling

TS 1 c0

TS 2 c0

filling

TS3 c0

filling

TS 4 c0

filling

filling

TS 5 c0

filling

TS 6 c0

TS c0

filling

TCH TCH

SDCCH TCH TCH

TCH TCH TCH

TCH TCH TCH

TCH TCH TCH

TCH TCH TCH

TCH TCH TCH

TCH TCH TCH

22 TCHs and hopping on BCCH frequency. One transmitter acting only as Co filler. All traffic bursts that are to be sent on Co are routed to Co transmitter.
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Co Filling at Synthesizer Hopping With an Extra Transmitter and BCCH Controller

TRX1 TRX2 TRX3 TRX4
TS0 f0 f1 f2 f3 ... fn
TCH TCH TCH SDCCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH BCCH

BCCH controller f0 controller f0 controller f0 controller

f0

transmitter f0 transmitter f1... fn transmitter f1... fn transmitter f1... fn

hybrid combiner

hybrid combiner

filling

TS1 c0

filling

TS2 c0

TS3 c0

filling

TS4 c0

filling

filling

TS5 c0

filling

TS6 c0

TS7
filling

c0

23 TCHs and hopping on BCCH frequency One transmitter acting only as Co filler and one BCCH controller
makes it possible to use one more TCH compared to the prior case.

All traffic bursts that are to be sent on Co are routed to this

transmitter.
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Co Filling at Synthesizer Hopping With Two Channel Groups

TRX1 TRX2 TRX3 TRX4
controller transmitter f1... fn transmitter f1... fn transmitter f1... fn transmitter f1... fn hybrid combiner controller

controller

hybrid combiner

controller

TS f0 f1 f2 f3 ... fn

TS

TS

TS3
filling

TS

TS c 0 TCH

TS c 0 TCH

TS7
filling

BCCH

filling

c 0 TCH

filling

c 0 TCH

c 0 TCH

filling

c 0 TCH

filling

filling

c 0 TCH

SDCCH TCH TCH

TCH TCH TCH

TCH TCH TCH

TCH TCH TCH

TCH TCH TCH

TCH TCH TCH

TCH TCH TCH

TCH TCH TCH

30 TCHs and a non-hopping BCCH frequency. If utilization of hardware is more important than it is to hop on the
BCCH frequency.
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Parameter Summary
HOP is the switch for tuning frequency hopping on or off, defined per channel group. HOP defines whether all channels except the broadcast channel hop ( HOP = ON), all traffic channels hop (i.e. all channels except the broadcast channels and the SDCCHs (HOP = TCH), or no channels at all hop (HOP = OFF). HSN is the hopping sequence number, defined per CHGR. This parameter specifies which hopping sequence to be used. All timeslots in one channel group are configured with the same HSN. HSN = 0 yields a cyclic sequence. HSN = 1 to 63 yields pseudo-random sequences.

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Parameters
FHOP selects which hopping method to be used, baseband (FHOP = BB) or synthesizer ( FHOP = SY) hopping. It is defined per TG. COMB specifies which combiner type that has been connected, a wide-band hybrid combiner (COMB = HYB) or a narrow-band filter combiner (COMB = FLT). It is defined per TG. If a filter combiner is connected, only baseband hopping can be used.

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Parameters
MAIO is a parameter that will allow the operator to specify a list of up to 32 MAIO values, in the order in which they are to be allocated to a channel group. This parameter can also be set to DEFAULT, which removes the manual MAIO list in favour for the default MAIO list.

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Value Ranges and Default Values

Parameter Default Recommended name value value MAIO Default HOP HSN FHOP COMB OFF ON Value range 0-31 or Default OFF, TCH,ON Unit -

Use the same HSN 0-63 for synchronized co-sited cells SY BB, SY HYB HYB, FLT

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