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Kautilya's Arthashastra: Book I, " o!cer!i!" #iscipli!e"

CHAPTER I. THE LIFE OF A KING. $m. %alutatio! to Sukra a!d Brihaspati. &his Arthasstra is made as a compe!dium o' almost all the Arthasstras, which, i! (iew o' ac)uisitio! a!d mai!te!a!ce o' the earth, ha(e *ee! composed *y a!cie!t teachers. +' this work, the 'ollowi!" are the co!te!ts *y sectio!s a!d *ooks: BOOK I. Concerning Discipline. &he e!d o' %cie!ces, associatio! with the a"ed, restrai!t o' the or"a!s o' se!se, the creatio! o' mi!isters, the creatio! o' cou!cillors a!d priests, ascertai!i!" *y temptatio!s purity or impurity i! the character o' mi!isters, the i!stitutio! o' spies. -rotectio! o' parties 'or or a"ai!st o!e's ow! cause i! o!e's ow! state, wi!!i!" o(er the 'actio!s 'or or a"ai!st a! e!emy's cause i! a! e!emy's state, the *usi!ess o' cou!cil meeti!", the missio! o' e!(oys, protectio! o' pri!ces, the co!duct o' a pri!ce kept u!der restrai!t, treatme!t o' a pri!ce kept u!der restrai!t, the duties o' a ki!", duty towards the harem, perso!al sa'ety. BOOK II. The Duties o Go!ern"ent #uperinten$ents. .ormatio! o' (illa"es, di(isio! o' la!d, co!structio! o' 'orts, *uildi!"s withi! the 'ort, the duty o' the cham*erlai!, the *usi!ess o' collectio! o' re(e!ue *y the collector/ "e!eral, the *usi!ess o' keepi!" up accou!ts i! the o''ice o' accou!ta!ts, detectio! o' what is em*e00led *y "o(er!me!t ser(a!ts out o' state/re(e!ue, e1ami!atio! o' the co!duct o' 2o(er!me!t ser(a!ts, the procedure o' 'ormi!" royal writs, the superi!te!de!t o' the treasury, e1ami!atio! o' "ems that are to *e e!tered i!to the treasury, co!ducti!" mi!i!" operatio!s a!d ma!u'acture, the superi!te!de!t o' "old, the duties o' the state "oldsmith i! the hi"h road, the superi!te!de!t o' store/house, the superi!te!de!t o' commerce, the superi!te!de!t o' 'orest produce, the superi!te!de!t o' the armoury, the superi!te!de!t o' wei"hts a!d measures, measureme!t o' space a!d time, the superi!te!de!t o' tolls, the superi!te!de!t o' wea(i!", the superi!te!de!t o' a"riculture, the superi!te!de!t o' li)uor, the superi!te!de!t o' slau"hter/house, the superi!te!de!t o' prostitutes, the superi!te!de!t o' ships, the superi!te!de!t o' cows, the

superi!te!de!t o' horses, the superi!te!de!t o' elepha!ts, the superi!te!de!t o' chariots, the superi!te!de!t o' i!'a!try, the duty o' the comma!der/ i!/chie' , the superi!te!de!t o' passports, the superi!te!de!t o' pasture la!ds, the duty o' re(e!ue collectors, spies i! the "uise o' householders, mercha!ts, a!d ascetics, the duty o' a city superi!te!de!t. BOOK III. Concerning L%&. #etermi!atio! o' 'orms o' a"reeme!ts, determi!atio! o' le"al disputes, co!cer!i!" marria"e, di(isio! o' i!herita!ce, *uildi!"s, !o!/per'orma!ce o' a"reeme!ts, reco(ery o' de*ts, co!cer!i!" deposits, rules re"ardi!" sla(es a!d la*ourers, co/operati(e u!dertaki!"s, rescisio! o' purchase a!d sale, resumptio! o' "i'ts, a!d sale without ow!ership, ow!ership, ro**ery, de'amatio!, assault, "am*li!" a!d *etti!", a!d miscella!eous. BOOK I'. Re"o!%l o Thorns. -rotectio! o' artisa!s, protectio! o' mercha!ts, remedies a"ai!st !atio!al calamities, suppressio! o' the wicked li(i!" *y 'oul mea!s, detectio! o' youths o' crimi!al te!de!cy *y ascetic spies, sei0ure o' crimi!als o! suspicio! or i! the (ery act, e1ami!atio! o' sudde! death, trial a!d torture to elicit co!'essio!, protectio! o' all ki!ds o' "o(er!me!t departme!ts, 'i!es i! lieu o' mutilatio! o' lim*s, death with or without torture, se1ual i!tercourse with immature "irls, ato!eme!t 'or (iolati!" justice. BOOK '. Con$uct o Courtiers. o!cer!i!" the awards o' pu!ishme!ts, reple!ishme!t o' the treasury, co!cer!i!" su*siste!ce to "o(er!me!t ser(a!ts, the co!duct o' a courtier, time/ser(i!", co!solidatio! o' the ki!"dom a!d a*solute so(erei"!ty. BOOK 'I. The #ource o #o!ereign #t%tes. &he eleme!ts o' so(erei"!ty, co!cer!i!" peace a!d e1ertio!. BOOK 'II. The En$ o #i( ol$ Polic). &he si1'old policy, determi!atio! o' deterioratio!, sta"!atio!, a!d pro"ress, the !ature o' allia!ce, the character o' e)ual, i!'erior a!d superior ki!"s, 'orms o' a"reeme!t made *y a! i!'erior ki!", !eutrality a'ter proclaimi!" war or a'ter co!cludi!" a treaty o' peace, marchi!" a'ter proclaimi!" war or a'ter maki!" peace, the march o' com*i!ed powers, co!sideratio!s a*out marchi!" a"ai!st a! assaila*le e!emy a!d a stro!" e!emy, causes leadi!" to the dwi!dli!", "reed a!d disloyalty o' the army, co!sideratio!s a*out the com*i!atio! o' powers, the march o' com*i!ed powers, a"reeme!t o' peace with or without de'i!ite terms, a!d peace with re!e"ades, peace a!d war *y adopti!" the dou*le policy, the attitude o' a! assaila*le e!emy, 'rie!ds that deser(e help, a"reeme!t 'or the ac)uisitio! o' a 'rie!d or "old, a"reeme!t o' peace 'or the ac)uisitio! o' la!d, a"reeme!t 'or u!dertaki!" a work, co!sideratio!s a*out a! e!emy i! the rear, recruitme!t o' lost

power, measures co!duci(e to peace with a stro!" a!d pro(oked e!emy, the attitude o' a co!)uered e!emy, the attitude o' a co!)uered ki!", maki!" peace a!d *reaki!" it, the co!duct o' a Madhyama ki!", o' a !eutral ki!" a!d o' a circle o' states. BOOK 'III. Concerning 'ices %n$ C%l%"ities. &he a""re"ate o' the calamities o' the eleme!ts o' so(erei"!ty, co!sideratio!s a*out the trou*les o' the ki!" a!d his ki!"dom, the a""re"ate o' the trou*les o' me!, the "roup o' molestatio!s, the "roup o' o*structio!s, a!d the "roup o' 'i!a!cial trou*les, the "roup o' trou*les o' the army, a!d the "roup o' trou*les o' a 'rie!d. BOOK I*. The +or, o %n In!%$er. &he k!owled"e o' power, place, time, stre!"th a!d weak!ess, the time o' i!(asio!, the time 'or recruiti!" the army, the 'orm o' e)uipme!t, the work o' arrayi!" a ri(al 'orce, co!sideratio!s o' a!!oya!ce i! the rear, remedies a"ai!st i!ter!al a!d e1ter!al trou*les, co!sideratio! a*out loss o' me!, wealth a!d pro'it. I!ter!al a!d e1ter!al da!"ers, perso!s associated with traitors a!d e!emies, dou*ts a*out wealth a!d harm, a!d success to *e o*tai!ed *y the employme!t o' alter!ati(e strate"ic mea!s. BOOK *. Rel%ting to +%r. 3!campme!t, march o' the camp, protectio! o' the army i! times o' distress a!d attack, 'orms o' treacherous 'i"hts, e!coura"eme!t to o!e's ow! army, the 'i"ht *etwee! o!e's ow! a!d e!emy's armies, *attle/'ields, the work o' i!'a!try, ca(alry, chariots a!d elepha!ts, disti!cti(e array o' troops i! respect o' wi!"s, 'la!ks a!d 'ro!t, disti!ctio! *etwee! stro!" a!d weak troops, *attles with i!'a!try, ca(alry, chariots a!d elepha!ts, the array o' the army like a sta'', a s!ake, a circle or i! detached order, the array o' the army a"ai!st that o' a! e!emy. BOOK *I. The Con$uct o Corpor%tions. auses o' disse!sio!, secret pu!ishme!t. BOOK *II. Concerning % Po&er ul Ene"). &he duties o' a messe!"er, *attle o' i!tri"ue, slayi!" the comma!der/i!/chie', a!d i!citi!" a circle o' states, spies with weapo!s, 'ire, a!d poiso!, destructio! o' supply o' stores, a!d o' "ra!aries, capture o' the e!emy *y mea!s o' secret co!tri(a!ces or *y mea!s o' the army, a!d complete (ictory. BOOK *III. #tr%tegic -e%ns to C%pture % Fortress. %owi!" the seeds o' disse!sio!, e!ticeme!t o' ki!"s *y secret co!tri(a!ces, the work o' spies i! a sie"e, the operatio! o' a sie"e, restoratio! o' peace i! a co!)uered cou!try.

BOOK *I'. #ecret -e%ns. 4ea!s to i!jure a! e!emy, wo!der'ul a!d delusi(e co!tri(a!ces, remedies a"ai!st the i!juries o' o!e's ow! army. BOOK *'. The Pl%n o % Tre%tise. -ara"raphical di(isio!s o' this treatise. %uch are the co!te!ts o' this %cie!ce. &here are o! the whole 56 *ooks, 567 chapters, 587 sectio!s a!d 9,777 slokas. &his Sstra, *ere't o' u!due e!lar"eme!t a!d easy to "rasp a!d u!dersta!d, has *ee! composed *y Kautilya i! words the mea!i!" o' which has *ee! de'i!itely settled. :&hus e!ds hapter I, ";i'e o' a Ki!"" i! Book I, " o!cer!i!" #iscipli!e" o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya.< CHAPTER II. THE END OF #CIENCE#. Determination of the place of Anvikshaki. ANVIKS AKI, the triple V=das >!rayi?, Vrta >a"riculture, cattle/*reedi!" a!d trade?, a!d Danda/Niti >scie!ce o' "o(er!me!t? are what are called the 'our scie!ces. &he school o' 4a!u >Manava? hold that there are o!ly three scie!ces: the triple Vedas, Varta a!d the scie!ce o' "o(er!me!t, i!asmuch as the scie!ce o' Anvikshaki is !othi!" *ut a special *ra!ch o' the Vedas. &he school o' Brihaspati say that there are o!ly two scie!ces: Varta a!d the scie!ce o' "o(er!me!t, i!asmuch as the &riple Vedas are merely a! a*rid"me!t >Samvarana, prete1t@? 'or a ma! e1perie!ced i! a''airs temporal >"okayatravidah?. &he school o' #sanas declare that there is o!ly o!e scie!ce, a!d that the scie!ce o' "o(er!me!t, 'or, they say, it is i! that scie!ce that all other scie!ces ha(e their ori"i! a!d e!d. But Kautilya holds that 'our a!d o!ly 'our are the scie!ces, where'ore it is 'rom these scie!ces that all that co!cer!s ri"hteous!ess a!d wealth is lear!t, there'ore they are so called. Anvikshaki comprises the -hilosophy o' Sankhya, $o%a, a!d "okayata >Atheism @?. Ai"hteous a!d u!ri"hteous acts >Dharmadharmau? are lear!t 'rom the triple Vedas, wealth a!d !o!/wealth 'rom Varta, the e1pedie!t a!d the i!e1pedie!t >Nayanayau?, as well as pote!cy a!d impote!cy >Bala&ale? 'rom the scie!ce o' "o(er!me!t.

Bhe! see! i! the li"ht o' these scie!ces, the scie!ce o' Anvikshaki is most *e!e'icial to the world, keeps the mi!d steady a!d 'irm i! weal a!d woe alike, a!d *estows e1celle!ce o' 'oresi"ht, speech a!d actio!. ;i"ht to all ki!ds o' k!owled"e, easy mea!s to accomplish all ki!ds o' acts a!d receptacle o' all ki!ds o' (irtues, is the %cie!ce o' Anvikshaki e(er held to *e. :&hus e!ds hapter II, "#etermi!atio! o' the place o' A!(ikshaki" amo!" %cie!ces i! Book I, " o!cer!i!" #iscipli!e" o' the ArthasCstra o' Kautilya.<

CHAPTER III. THE END OF #CIENCE#. Determination of the place of the !riple Vedas. &D3 three Vedas, Sama, 'ik a!d $a(us, co!stitute the triple Vedas. &hese to"ether with Atharvaveda a!d the Itihasaveda are >k!ow! as? the Vedas. Siksha >-ho!etics?, Kalpa >ceremo!ial i!ju!ctio!s?, Vyakarana >"rammar?, Nirukta >"lossarial e1pla!atio! o' o*scure Vedic terms?, )handas >-rosody?, a!d Astro!omy 'orm the An%as. As the triple Vedas de'i!itely determi!e the respecti(e duties o' the 'our castes a!d o' the 'our orders o' reli"ious li'e, they are the most use'ul. &he duty o' the Brahma! is study, teachi!", per'orma!ce o' sacri'ice, o''iciati!" i! others' sacri'icial per'orma!ce a!d the "i(i!" a!d recei(i!" o' "i'ts. &hat o' a Kshatriya is study, per'orma!ce o' sacri'ice, "i(i!" "i'ts, military occupatio!, a!d protectio! o' li'e. &hat o' a Vaisya is study, per'orma!ce o' sacri'ice, "i(i!" "i'ts, a"riculture, cattle *reedi!", a!d trade. &hat o' a Sudra is the ser(i!" o' twice/*or! >dvi(ati?, a"riculture, cattle/*reedi!", a!d trade >varta?, the pro'essio! o' arti0a!s a!d court/*ards >karukusilavakarma?. &he duty o' a householder is ear!i!" li(elihood *y his ow! pro'essio!, marria"e amo!" his e)uals o' di''ere!t a!cestral 'ishis, i!tercourse with his wedded wi'e a'ter her mo!thly a*lutio!, "i'ts to "ods, a!cestors, "uests, a!d ser(a!ts, a!d the eati!" o' the remai!der. &hat o' a stude!t >Brahmacharin? is lear!i!" the Vedas, 'ire/worship, a*lutio!, li(i!" *y *e""i!", a!d de(otio! to his teacher e(e! at the cost o' his ow! li'e, or i! the a*se!ce o' his teacher, to the teacher's so!, or to a! elder classmate.

&hat o' a Vanaprastha >'orest/recluse? is o*ser(a!ce o' chastity, sleepi!" o! the *are "rou!d, keepi!" twisted locks, weari!" deer/ski!, 'ire/worship, a*lutio!, worship o' "ods, a!cestors, a!d "uests, a!d li(i!" upo! 'ood stu''s procura*le i! 'orests. &hat o' a! ascetic retired 'rom the world >*arivra(aka? is complete co!trol o' the or"a!s o' se!se, a*stai!i!" 'rom all ki!ds o' work, disow!i!" mo!ey, keepi!" 'rom society, *e""i!" i! ma!y places, dwelli!" i! 'orests, a!d purity *oth i!ter!al a!d e1ter!al. Darmless!ess, truth'ul!ess, purity, 'reedom 'rom spite, a*sti!e!ce 'rom cruelty, a!d 'or"i(e!ess are duties commo! to all. &he o*ser(a!ce o' o!e's ow! duty leads o!e to Svar%a a!d i!'i!ite *liss >Anantya?. Bhe! it is (iolated, the world will come to a! e!d owi!" to co!'usio! o' castes a!d duties. De!ce the ki!" shall !e(er allow people to swer(e 'rom their duties, 'or whoe(er upholds his ow! duty, e(er adheri!" to the customs o' the Aryas, a!d 'ollowi!" the rules o' caste a!d di(isio!s o' reli"ious li'e, will surely. *e happy *oth here a!d herea'ter. .or the world, whe! mai!tai!ed i! accorda!ce with i!ju!ctio!s o' the triple Vedas, will surely pro"ress, *ut !e(er perish. :&hus e!ds hapter III, "#etermi!atio! o' the place o' the &riple Vedas" amo!" %cie!ces i! Book I, " o!cer!i!" #iscipli!e" o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya.<

CHAPTER I'. THE END OF #CIENCE#. Varta and Dandaniti. A2AI E;&EA3, cattle/*reedi!" a!d trade co!stitute Varta. It is most use'ul i! that it *ri!"s i! "rai!s, cattle, "old, 'orest produce >kupya?, a!d 'ree la*our >vishti?. It is *y mea!s o' the treasury a!d the army o*tai!ed solely throu"h Varta that the ki!" ca! hold u!der his co!trol *oth his a!d his e!emy's party. &hat sceptre o! which the well/*ei!" a!d pro"ress o' the scie!ces o' Anvikshaki, the triple Vedas, a!d Varta depe!d is k!ow! as Danda >pu!ishme!t?. &hat which treats o' Danda is the law o' pu!ishme!t or scie!ce o' "o(er!me!t >dandaniti?. It is a mea!s to make ac)uisitio!s, to keep them secure, to impro(e them, a!d to distri*ute amo!" the deser(ed the pro'its o'. impro(eme!t. It is o! this scie!ce o' "o(er!me!t that the course o' the pro"ress o' the world depe!ds.

"De!ce," says my teacher, "whoe(er is desirous o' the pro"ress o' the world shall e(er hold the sceptre raised >udyatadanda?. Fe(er ca! there *e a *etter i!strume!t tha! the sceptre to *ri!" people u!der co!trol." "Fo," says Kautilya, 'or whoe(er imposes se(ere pu!ishme!t *ecomes repulsi(e to the people, while he who awards mild pu!ishme!t *ecomes co!tempti*le. But whoe(er imposes pu!ishme!t as deser(ed *ecomes respecta*le. .or pu!ishme!t >danda? whe! awarded with due co!sideratio!, makes the people de(oted to ri"hteous!ess a!d to works producti(e o' wealth a!d e!joyme!t, while pu!ishme!t, whe! ill/awarded u!der the i!'lue!ce o' "reed a!d a!"er or owi!" to i"!ora!ce, e1cites 'ury e(e! amo!" hermits a!d ascetics dwelli!" i! 'orests, !ot to speak o' householders. But whe! the law o' pu!ishme!t is kept i! a*eya!ce, it "i(es rise to such disorder as is implied i! the pro(er* o' 'ishes >matsyanyayamud&havayati?, 'or i! the a*se!ce o' a ma"istrate >dandadhara&have?, the stro!" will swallow the weak, *ut u!der his protectio!, the weak resist the stro!". &his people >loka? co!sisti!" o' 'our castes a!d 'our orders o' reli"ious li'e, whe! "o(er!ed *y the ki!" with his sceptre, will keep to their respecti(e paths, e(er de(otedly adheri!" to their respecti(e duties a!d occupatio!s. :&hus e!ds hapter IV, "#etermi!atio! o' the -lace o' Varta a!d o' #a!da!iti" amo!" %cie!ces i! Book I, " o!cer!i!" #iscipli!e" o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. "&he 3!d o' %cie!ces" is completed.<

CHAPTER '. A##OCIATION +ITH THE AGED. D3F 3 the >'irst? three scie!ces >out o' the 'our? are depe!de!t 'or their well/*ei!" o! the scie!ce o' "o(er!me!t. Danda, pu!ishme!t, which alo!e ca! procure sa'ety a!d security o' li'e is, i! its tur!, depe!de!t o! discipli!e >vinaya?. #iscipli!e is o' two ki!ds: arti'icial a!d !atural, 'or i!structio! >kriya? ca! re!der o!ly a docile *ei!" co!'orma*le to the rules o' discipli!e, a!d !ot a! u!docile *ei!" >adravyam?. &he study o' scie!ces ca! tame o!ly those who are possessed o' such me!tal 'aculties as o*edie!ce, heari!", "raspi!", rete!ti(e memory, discrimi!atio!, i!'ere!ce, a!d deli*eratio!, *ut !ot others de(oid o' such 'aculties. %cie!ces shall *e studied a!d their precepts strictly o*ser(ed u!der the authority o' specialist teachers. Da(i!" u!der"o!e the ceremo!y o' to!sure, the stude!t shall lear! the alpha*et >lipi? a!d arithmetic. A'ter i!(estiture with sacred thread, he shall study the triple Vedas, the scie!ce o' A!(ikshaki u!der teachers o' ack!owled"ed authority >sishta?, the scie!ce o'

Vatra u!der "o(er!me!t superi!te!de!ts, a!d the scie!ce o' Dandaniti u!der theoretical a!d practical politicia!s >vaktriprayoktri&hyah?. De >the pri!ce? shall o*ser(e celi*acy till he *ecomes si1tee! years old. &he! he shall o*ser(e the ceremo!y o' to!sure >%odana? a!d marry. I! (iew o' mai!tai!i!" e''icie!t discipli!e, he shall e(er a!d i!(aria*ly keep compa!y with a"ed pro'essors o' scie!ces i! whom alo!e discipli!e has its 'irm root. De shall spe!d the 'ore!oo! i! recei(i!" lesso!s i! military arts co!cer!i!" elepha!ts, horses, chariots, a!d weapo!s, a!d the a'ter!oo! i! heari!" the Itihasa. *urana, Itivritta >history?, Akhyayika >tales?, #daharana >illustrati(e stories?, Dharmasastra, a!d Arthasastra are >k!ow! *y the !ame? Itihasa. #uri!" the rest o' the day a!d !i"ht, he shall !ot o!ly recei(e !ew lesso!s a!d re(ise old lesso!s, *ut also hear o(er a!d a"ai! what has !ot *ee! clearly u!derstood. .or 'rom heari!" >sutra? e!sues k!owled"e, 'rom k!owled"e steady applicatio! >yo%a? is possi*le, a!d 'rom applicatio! sel'/possessio! >atmavatta? is possi*le. &his is what is mea!t *y e''icie!cy o' lear!i!" >vidhyasamarthyam?. &he ki!" who is well educated a!d discipli!ed i! scie!ces, de(oted to "ood 2o(er!me!t o' his su*jects, a!d *e!t o! doi!" "ood to all people will e!joy the earth u!opposed. :&hus e!ds hapter V, "Associatio! with the A"ed" i! Book I, " o!cer!i!" #iscipli!e" o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya.< CHAPTER 'I. RE#TRAINT OF THE ORGAN# OF #EN#E. !he Shakin% off of the A%%re%ate of the Si+ ,nemies. A3%&AAIF& o' the or"a!s o' se!se, o! which success i! study a!d discipli!e depe!ds ca! *e e!'orced *y a*a!do!i!" lust, a!"er, "reed, (a!ity >mna?, hau"hti!ess >mada?, a!d o(erjoy >harsha?. A*se!ce o' discrepa!cy >avipratipatti? i! the perceptio! o' sou!d, touch, colour, 'la(our, a!d sce!t *y mea!s o' the ear, the ski!, the eyes, the to!"ue, a!d the !ose, is what is mea!t *y the restrai!t o' the or"a!s o' se!se. %trict o*ser(a!ce o' the precepts o' scie!ces also mea!s the same, 'or the sole aim o' all the scie!ces is !othi!" *ut restrai!t o' the or"a!s o' se!se. Bhosoe(er is o' re(erse character, whoe(er has !ot his or"a!s o' se!se u!der his co!trol, will soo! perish, thou"h possessed o' the whole earth *ou!ded *y the 'our )uarters.

.or e1ample: Bho(a, k!ow! also *y the !ame, Dndakya, maki!" a lasci(ious attempt o! a Brhman maide!, perished alo!" with his ki!"dom a!d relatio!s, %o also Karla, the Vaideha. ;ikewise -aname(aya u!der the i!'lue!ce o' a!"er a"ai!st Brhmans, as well as !la(an%ha a"ai!st the 'amily o' Bhri%us. Aila i! his attempt u!der the i!'lue!ce o' "reed to make e1actio!s 'rom Brhmans, as well as A(a&indu, the Sauv.ra >i! a similar attempt?, 'vana u!willi!" u!der the i!'lue!ce o' (a!ity to restore a stra!"er's wi'e, as well as Duryodhana to part with a portio! o' his ki!"dom, Dam&hod&hava as well as Ar(una o' aihaya dy!asty *ei!" so hau"hty as to despise all people, Vtpi i! his attempt u!der the i!'lue!ce o' o(erjoy to attack A%astya, as well as the corporatio! o' the Vrishnis i! their attempt a"ai!st Dvaipyana. &hus these a!d other se(eral ki!"s, 'alli!" a prey to the a""re"ate o' the si1 e!emies a!d ha(i!" 'ailed to restrai! their or"a!s o' se!se, perished to"ether with their ki!"dom a!d relatio!s. Da(i!" dri(e! out the a""re"ate o' the si1 e!emies, as well as Am&ar.sha o' -mada%nya 'amous 'or his restrai!t o' the or"a!s o' se!se N&h%a lo!" e!joyed the earth. :&hus e!ds hapter VI, "&he %haki!" o'' o' the A""re"ate o' the %i1 3!emies" i! the sectio! o' the "Aestrai!t +' the +r"a!s o' %e!se" i! Book I, " o!cer!i!" #iscipli!e" o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya.<

CHAPTER 'II. RE#TRAINT OF THE ORGAN# OF #EN#E. !he "ife of a Saintly Kin%. D3F 3 *y o(erthrowi!" the a""re"ate o' the si1 e!emies, he shall restrai! the or"a!s o' se!se, ac)uire wisdom *y keepi!" compa!y with the a"ed, see throu"h his spies, esta*lish sa'ety a!d security *y *ei!" e(er acti(e, mai!tai! his su*jects i! the o*ser(a!ce o' their respecti(e duties *y e1ercisi!" authority, keep up his perso!al discipli!e *y recei(i!" lesso!s i! the scie!ces, a!d e!dear himsel' to the people *y *ri!"i!" them i! co!tact with wealth a!d doi!" "ood to them. &hus with his or"a!s o' se!se u!der his co!trol, he shall keep away 'rom hurti!" the wome! a!d property o' others, a(oid !ot o!ly lust'ul!ess, e(e! i! dream, *ut also 'alsehood, hau"hti!ess, a!d e(il procli(ities, a!d keep away 'rom u!ri"hteous a!d u!eco!omical tra!sactio!s. Fot (iolati!" ri"hteous!ess a!d eco!omy, he shall e!joy his desires. De shall !e(er *e de(oid o' happi!ess. De may e!joy i! a! e)ual de"ree the three pursuits o' li'e,

charity, wealth, a!d desire, which are i!ter/depe!de!t upo! each other. A!y o!e o' these three, whe! e!joyed to a! e1cess, hurts !ot o!ly the other two, *ut also itsel'. Kautilya holds that wealth a!d wealth alo!e is importa!t, i!asmuch as charity a!d desire depe!d upo! wealth 'or their realisatio!. &hose teachers a!d mi!isters who keep him 'rom 'alli!" a prey to da!"ers, a!d who, *y striki!" the hours o' the day as determi!ed *y measuri!" shadows >chhynlikpratodena? war! him o' his careless proceedi!"s e(e! i! secret shall i!(aria*ly *e respected. %o(erei"!ty >r(atva? is possi*le o!ly with assista!ce. A si!"le wheel ca! !e(er mo(e. De!ce he shall employ mi!isters a!d hear their opi!io!. :&hus e!ds hapter VII, G&he ;i'e o' a %ai!tly Ki!"H i! the sectio! o' the GAestrai!t o' the +r"a!s o' %e!se,H i! Book I, G o!cer!i!" #iscipli!eH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya, GAestrai!t o' the +r"a!s o' %e!se" is completed.< CHAPTER 'III. CREATION OF -INI#TER#. "&D3 Ki!"," says Bhradv(a, "shall employ his classmates as his mi!isters, 'or they ca! *e trusted *y him i!asmuch as he has perso!al k!owled"e o' their ho!esty a!d capacity." GFo,H says Vislksha, "'or, as they ha(e *ee! his playmates as well, they would despise him. But he shall employ as mi!isters those whose secrets, possessed o' i! commo!, are well k!ow! to him. -ossessed o' ha*its a!d de'ects i! commo!. with the ki!", they would !e(er hurt him lest he would *etray their secrets." G ommo! is this 'ear,H says *arsara, G'or u!der the 'ear o' *etrayal o' his ow! secrets, the ki!" may also 'ollow them i! their "ood a!d *ad acts. "E!der the co!trol o' as ma!y perso!s as are made aware *y the ki!" o' his ow! secrets, mi"ht he place himsel' i! all humility *y that disclosure. De!ce he shall employ as mi!isters those who ha(e pro(ed 'aith'ul to him u!der di''iculties 'atal to li'e a!d are o' tried de(otio!." "Fo,H says *isuna, G'or this is de(otio!, *ut !ot i!telli"e!ce >&uddhi%unah?. De shall appoi!t as mi!isters those who, whe! employed as 'i!a!cial matters, show as much as, or more tha!, the 'i1ed re(e!ue, a!d are thus o' tried a*ility.H "Fo," says Kaunapadanta, "'or such perso!s are de(oid o' other mi!isterial )uali'icatio!s, he shall, there'ore, employ as mi!isters those whose 'athers a!d "ra!d'athers had *ee! mi!isters *e'ore, such perso!s, i! (irtue o' their k!owled"e o' past e(e!ts a!d o' a! esta*lished relatio!ship with the ki!", will, thou"h o''e!ded, !e(er

desert him, 'or such 'aith'ul!ess is see! e(e! amo!" dum* a!imals, cows, 'or e1ample, sta!d aside 'rom stra!"e cows a!d e(er keep compa!y with accustomed herds." "Fo," says Vtavydhi, "'or such perso!s, ha(i!" ac)uired complete domi!io! o(er the ki!", *e"i! to play themsel(es as the ki!". De!ce he shall employ as mi!isters such !ew perso!s as are pro'icie!t i! the scie!ce o' polity. It is such !ew perso!s who will re"ard the ki!" as the real sceptre/*earer >dandadhara? a!d dare !ot o''e!d him." "Fo," says the so! o' Bhudant. >a woma!?, "'or a ma! possessed o' o!ly theoretical k!owled"e a!d ha(i!" !o e1perie!ce o' practical politics is likely to commit serious *lu!ders whe! e!"a"ed i! actual works. De!ce he shall employ as mi!isters such as are *or! o' hi"h 'amily a!d possessed o' wisdom, purity o' purpose, *ra(ery a!d loyal 'eeli!"s i!asmuch as mi!isterial appoi!tme!ts shall purely depe!d o! )uali'icatio!s." "&his," says Kautilya, "is satis'actory i! all respects, 'or a ma!'s a*ility is i!'erred 'rom his capacity show! i! work. A!d i! accorda!ce i! di''ere!ce i! the worki!" capacity, Da(i!" di(ided the spheres o' their powers a!d ha(i!" de'i!itely take! i!to co!sideratio! the place a!d time where a!d whe! they ha(e to work, such perso!s shall *e employed !ot as cou!cillors >ma!tri!ah? *ut as mi!isterial o''icers >amtyah?. :&hus e!ds hapter VIII, G reatio! o' 4i!istersH i! Book I, G o!cer!i!" #iscipli!eH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya.<

CHAPTER I*. THE CREATION OF CO.NCILLOR# AND PRIE#T#. FA&IV3, *or! o' hi"h 'amily, i!'lue!tial, well trai!ed i! arts, possessed o' 'oresi"ht, wise, o' stro!" memory, *old, elo)ue!t, skill'ul, i!telli"e!t, possessed o' e!thusiasm, di"!ity, a!d e!dura!ce, pure i! character, a''a*le, 'irm i! loyal de(otio!, e!dowed with e1celle!t co!duct, stre!"th, health a!d *ra(ery, 'ree 'rom procrasti!atio! a!d 'icklemi!ded!ess, a''ectio!ate, a!d 'ree 'rom such )ualities as e1cite hatred a!d e!mity// these are the )uali'icatio!s o' a mi!isterial o''icer >amtyasampat?. %uch as are possessed o' o!e/hal' or o!e/)uarter o' the a*o(e )uali'icatio!s come u!der middle a!d low ra!ks. +' these )uali'icatio!s, !ati(e *irth a!d i!'lue!tial positio! shall *e ascertai!ed 'rom relia*le perso!s, educatio!al )uali'icatio!s >silpa? 'rom pro'essors o' e)ual lear!i!", theoretical a!d practical k!owled"e, 'oresi"ht, rete!ti(e memory, a!d a''a*ility shall *e tested 'rom success'ul, applicatio! i! works, elo)ue!ce, skill'ul!ess a!d 'lashi!" i!telli"e!ce 'rom power show! i! !arrati!" stories >kathyo%eshu, i.e., i! co!(ersatio!?, e!dura!ce, e!thusiasm, a!d *ra(ery i! trou*les, purity o' li'e, 'rie!dly dispositio!, a!d loyal de(otio! *y 're)ue!t associatio!, co!duct, stre!"th, health, di"!ity, a!d 'reedom

'rom i!dole!ce a!d 'icklemi!ded!ess shall *e ascertai!ed 'rom their i!timate 'rie!ds, a!d a''ectio!ate a!d phila!throphic !ature *y perso!al e1perie!ce. &he works o' a ki!" may *e (isi*le, i!(isi*le >paroksha? a!d i!'ere!tial. &hat which he sees is (isi*le, a!d that which he is tau"ht *y a!other is i!(isi*le, a!d i!'ere!ce o' the !ature o' what is !ot accomplished 'rom what is accomplished is i!'ere!tial.. As works do !ot happe! to *e simulta!eous, are (arious i! 'orm, a!d pertai! to dista!t a!d di''ere!t localities, the ki!" shall, i! (iew o' *ei!" a*reast o' time a!d place, depute his mi!isters to carry them out. %uch is the work o' mi!isters. Dim whose 'amily a!d character are hi"hly spoke! o', who is well educated i! the Veds a!d the si1 An%as, is skill'ul i! readi!" porte!ts pro(ide!tial or accide!tal, is well (ersed i! the scie!ce o' "o(er!me!t, a!d who is o*edie!t a!d who ca! pre(e!t calamities pro(ide!tial or huma! *y per'ormi!" such e1piatory rites as are prescri*ed i! the Atharvaveda, the ki!" shall employ as hi"h priest. As a stude!t his teacher, a so! his 'ather, a!d a ser(a!t his master, the ki!" shall 'ollow him. &hat Kshatriya *reed which is *rou"ht up *y Brhmans, is charmed with the cou!sels o' "ood cou!cillors, a!d which 'aith'ully 'ollows the precepts o' the sstras *ecomes i!(i!ci*le a!d attai!s success thou"h u!aided with weapo!s. :&hus e!ds hapter IX, G reatio! o' ou!cillors a!d -riestsH i! Book I G o!cer!i!" #iscipli!eH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya.<

CHAPTER *. A#CERTAINING B/ TE-PTATION# P.RIT/ OR I-P.RIT/ IN THE CHARACTER OF -INI#TER#. A%%I%&3# *y his prime mi!ister >mantri? a!d his hi"h priest, the ki!" shall, *y o''eri!" temptatio!s, e1ami!e the character o' mi!isters >amtya? appoi!ted i! "o(er!me!t departme!ts o' ordi!ary !ature. &he ki!" shall dismiss a priest who, whe! ordered, re'uses to teach the Veds to a! outcaste perso! or to o''iciate i! a sacri'icial per'orma!ce >appare!tly? u!dertake! *y a! outcaste perso! >ay(ya?. &he! the dismissed priest shall, throu"h the medium o' spies u!der the "uise o' class/mates >satri?, i!sti"ate each mi!ister o!e a'ter a!other, sayi!" o! oath "this ki!" is u!ri"hteous, well let us set up i! his place a!other ki!" who is ri"hteous, or who is *or! o' the same 'amily as o' this ki!", or who is kept impriso!ed, or a !ei"h*ouri!" ki!" o' his 'amily a!d o' sel'/su''icie!cy >ekapra%raha?, or a wild chie' >atavika?, or a! upstart >aupapdika?, this attempt is to the liki!" o' all o' us, what dost thou thi!k @"

I' a!y o!e or all o' the mi!isters re'use to ac)uiesce i! such a measure, he or they shall *e co!sidered pure. &his is what is called reli"ious allureme!t. A comma!der o' the army, dismissed 'rom ser(ice 'or recei(i!" co!dem!a*le thi!"s >asatpra%raha? may, throu"h the a"e!cy o' spies u!der the "uise o' class/mates >satri?, i!cite each mi!ister to murder the ki!" i! (iew o' ac)uiri!" imme!se wealth, each mi!ister *ei!" asked "this attempt is to the liki!" o' all o' us, what dost thou thi!k@" I' they re'use to a"ree, they are to *e co!sidered pure. &his is what is termed mo!etary allureme!t. A woma!/spy u!der the "uise o' a! ascetic a!d hi"hly esteemed i! the harem o' the ki!" may allure each prime mi!ister >mahmtra? o!e a'ter a!other, sayi!" "the )uee! is e!amoured o' thee a!d has made arra!"eme!ts 'or thy e!tra!ce i!to her cham*er, *esides this, there is also the certai!ty o' lar"e ac)uisitio!s o' wealth." I' they discard the proposal, they are pure. &his is what is styled lo(e/allureme!t. Bith the i!te!tio! o' saili!" o! a commercial (essel >prahavananimittam?, a mi!ister may i!duce all other mi!isters to 'ollow him. Apprehe!si(e o' da!"er, the ki!" may arrest them all. A spy u!der the "uise o' a 'raudule!t disciple, prete!di!" to ha(e su''ered impriso!me!t may i!cite each o' the mi!isters thus depri(ed o' wealth a!d ra!k, sayi!", "the ki!" has *etake! himsel' to a! u!wise course, well, ha(i!" murdered him, let us put a!other i! his stead. Be all like this, what dost thou thi!k@" I' they re'use to a"ree, they are pure. &his is what is termed allureme!t u!der 'ear. +' these tried mi!isters, those whose character has *ee! tested u!der reli"ious allureme!ts shall *e employed i! ci(il a!d crimi!al courts >dharmasthan.yakantaka sodhaneshu?, those whose purity has *ee! tested u!der mo!etary allureme!ts shall *e employed i! the work o' a re(e!ue collector a!d cham*erlai!, those who ha(e *ee! tried u!der lo(e/allureme!ts shall *e appoi!ted to superi!te!d the pleasure/"rou!ds >vihra? *oth e1ter!al a!d i!ter!al, those who ha(e *ee! tested *y allureme!ts u!der 'ear shall *e appoi!ted to immediate ser(ice, a!d those whose character has *ee! tested u!der all ki!ds o' allureme!ts shall *e employed as prime mi!isters >mantrinah?, while those who are pro(ed impure u!der o!e or all o' these allureme!ts shall *e appoi!ted i! mi!es, tim*er a!d elepha!t 'orests, a!d ma!u'actories. &eachers ha(e decided that i! accorda!ce with ascertai!ed purity, the ki!" shall employ i! correspo!di!" works those mi!isters whose character has *ee! tested u!der the three pursuits o' li'e, reli"io!, wealth a!d lo(e, a!d u!der 'ear. Fe(er, i! the (iew o' Kautilya, shall the ki!" make himsel' or his )uee! a! o*ject >laksham, *utt? o' testi!" the character o' his cou!cillors, !or shall he (itiate the pure like water with poiso!.

%ometimes the prescri*ed medici!e may 'ail to reach the perso! o' moral disease, the mi!d o' the (alia!t, thou"h !aturally kept stead'ast, may !ot, whe! o!ce (itiated a!d repelled u!der the 'our ki!ds o' allureme!ts, retur! to a!d reco(er its ori"i!al 'orm. De!ce ha(i!" set up a! e1ter!al o*ject as the *utt 'or all the 'our ki!ds o' allureme!ts, the ki!" shall, throu"h the a"e!cy o' spies >satri?, 'i!d out the pure or impure character o' his mi!isters >amtya?. :&hus e!ds hapter X, GAscertai!i!" *y &emptatio!s -urity or Impurity i! the haracter o' 4i!isters,H i! Book I, G o!cer!i!" #iscipli!eH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya.<

CHAPTER *I. THE IN#TIT.TION OF #PIE#. A%%I%&3# *y the cou!cil o' his mi!isters tried u!der espio!a"e, the ki!" shall proceed to create spies: //%pies u!der the "uise o' a 'raudule!t disciple >kpatika/ chhtra?, a recluse >udsthita?, a householder >%rihapaitika?, a mercha!t >vaidehaka?, a! ascetic practisi!" austerities >tpasa?, a class/mate or a collea"ue >satri?, a 'ire/*ra!d >t.kshna?, a poiso!er >rasada?, a!d a me!dica!t woma! >&hikshuki?. A skill'ul perso! capa*le o' "uessi!" the mi!d o' others is a 'raudule!t disciple. Da(i!" e!coura"ed such a spy with ho!our a!d mo!ey rewards, the mi!ister shall tell him, "swor! to the ki!" a!d mysel', thou shalt i!'orm us o' whate(er wicked!ess thou 'i!dest i! others." +!e who is i!itiated i! asceticism a!d is possessed o' 'oresi"ht a!d pure character is a recluse. &his spy, pro(ided with much mo!ey a!d ma!y disciples, shall carry o! a"riculture, cattle/reari!", a!d trade >vrtakarma? o! the la!ds allotted to him 'or the purpose. +ut o' the produce a!d pro'its thus ac)uired, he shall pro(ide all ascetics with su*siste!ce, clothi!" a!d lod"i!", a!d se!d o! espio!a"e such amo!" those u!der his protectio! as are desirous to ear! a li(elihood >vrittikma?, orderi!" each o' them to detect a particular ki!d o' crime committed i! co!!ectio! with the ki!"'s wealth a!d to report o' it whe! they come to recei(e their su*siste!ce a!d wa"es. All the ascetics >u!der the recluse? shall se(erally se!d their 'ollowers o! similar erra!ds. A culti(ator, 'alle! 'rom his pro'essio!, *ut possessed o' 'oresi"ht a!d pure character is termed a householder spy. &his spy shall carry o! the culti(atio! o' la!ds allotted to him 'or the purpose, a!d mai!tai! culti(ators, etc.//as *e'ore. A trader, 'alle! 'rom his pro'essio!, *ut possessed o' 'oresi"ht a!d pure character, is a mercha!t spy. &his spy shall carry o! the ma!u'acture o' mercha!dise o! la!ds allotted to him 'or the purpose, etc.,//as *e'ore. A ma! with sha(ed head >munda? or *raided hair >(atila? a!d desirous to ear! li(elihood is a spy u!der the "uise o' a! ascetic practisi!" austerities. %uch a spy

surrou!ded *y a host o' disciples with sha(ed head or *raided hair may take his a*ode i! the su*ur*s o' a city, a!d prete!d as a perso! *arely li(i!" o! a ha!d'ul o' (e"eta*les or meadow "rass >yavasamushti? take! o!ce i! the i!ter(al o' a mo!th or two, *ut he may take i! secret his 'a(ourite 'ood/stu''s >%0dhamishtamhram?. 4ercha!t spies prete!di!" to *e his disciples may worship him as o!e possessed o' preter!atural powers. Dis other disciples may widely proclaim that "this ascetic is a! accomplished e1pert o' preter!atural powers." Ae"ardi!" those perso!s who, desirous o' k!owi!" their 'uture, thro!" to him, he may, throu"h palmistry, 'oretell such 'uture e(e!ts as he ca! ascertai! *y the !ods a!d si"!s o' his disciples >an%avidyay sishyasan(n&hischa? co!cer!i!" the works o' hi"h/ *or! people o' the cou!try,// vi1.2 small pro'its, destructio! *y 'ire, 'ear 'rom ro**ers, the e1ecutio! o' the seditious, rewards 'or the "ood, 'orecast o' 'orei"! a''airs >videsa pravrittivi(nnam?, sayi!", Gthis will happe! to/day, that to/morrow, a!d that this ki!" will do.H %uch assertio!s o' the ascetic his disciples shall corro*orate >*y adduci!" 'acts a!d 'i"ures?. De shall also 'oretell !ot o!ly the rewards which perso!s possessed o' 'oresi"ht, elo)ue!ce, a!d *ra(ery are likely to recei(e at the ha!ds o' the ki!", *ut also pro*a*le cha!"es i! the appoi!tme!ts o' mi!isters. &he ki!"'s mi!ister shall direct his a''airs i! co!'ormity to the 'orecast made *y the ascetic. De shall appease with o''er o' wealth a!d ho!our those who ha(e had some well k!ow! cause to *e disa''ected, a!d impose pu!ishme!ts i! secret o! those who are 'or !o reaso! disa''ected or who are plotti!" a"ai!st the ki!". Do!oured *y the ki!" with awards o' mo!ey a!d titles, these 'i(e i!stitutes o' espio!a"e >samsthh? shall ascertai! the purity o' character o' the ki!"'s ser(a!ts. :&hus e!ds hapter XI, "&he I!stitutio! o' %pies" i! Book I, G o!cer!i!" #iscipli!eH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya.<

CHAPTER *II. IN#TIT.TION OF #PIE#. )reation of 3anderin% Spies. &D+%3 orpha!s >asam&andhinah? who are to *e !ecessarily 'ed *y the state a!d are put to study scie!ce, palmistry >an%avidya?, sorcery >my%ata?, the duties o' the (arious orders o' reli"ious li'e, le"erdemai! >(am&hakavidya?, a!d the readi!" o' ome!s a!d au"ury >antara/chakra?, are classmate spies or spies lear!i!" *y social i!tercourse >samsar%avidyasatrinah?.

%uch *ra(e desperados o' the cou!try who, reckless o' their ow! li'e, co!'ro!t elepha!ts or ti"ers i! 'i"ht mai!ly 'or the purpose o' ear!i!" mo!ey are termed 'ire/ *ra!ds or 'iery spies >t.kshna?. &hose who ha(e !o trace o' 'ilial a''ectio! le't i! them a!d who are (ery cruel a!d i!dole!t are poiso!ers >rasada?. A poor widow o' Brhman caste, (ery cle(er, a!d desirous to ear! her li(elihood is a woma! ascetic >parivr(ik?. Do!oured i! the ki!"'s harem, such a woma! shall 're)ue!t the reside!ces o' the ki!"'s prime mi!isters >mahmtrakulni?. &he same rule shall apply to wome! with sha(ed head >munda?, as well as to those o' s0dra caste. All these are wa!deri!" spies >sanchrh?. +' these spies, those who are o' "ood 'amily, loyal, relia*le, well/trai!ed i! the art o' putti!" o! dis"uises appropriate to cou!tries a!d trades, a!d possessed o' k!owled"e o' ma!y la!"ua"es a!d arts shall *e se!t *y the ki!" to espy i! his ow! cou!try the mo(eme!ts o' his mi!isters, priests, comma!ders o' the army, the heir/appare!t, the door/keepers, the o''icer i! char"e o' the harem, the ma"istrate >prasstri?, the collector/ "e!eral >samhartri?, the cham*erlai! >sannidhtri?, the commissio!er >pradeshtri?, the city co!sta*le >nyaka?, the o''icer i! char"e o' the city >paura?, the superi!te!de!t o' tra!sactio!s >vyvahrika?, the superi!te!de!t o' ma!u'actories >karmntika?, the assem*ly o' cou!cillors >mantriparishad?, heads o' departme!ts >adhyakshh?, the commissary/"e!eral >dandapla?, a!d o''icers i! char"e o' 'orti'icatio!s, *ou!daries, a!d wild tracts. .iery spies, such as are employed to hold the royal um*rella, (ase, 'a!, a!d shoes, or to atte!d at the thro!e, chariot, a!d co!(eya!ce shall espy the pu*lic character >&hyam chram? o' these >o''icers?. lassmate spies shall co!(ey this i!'ormatio! >i.e., that "athered *y the 'iery spies? to the i!stitutes o' espio!a"e >samsthsvarpayeyuh?. -oiso!ers such as a sauce/maker >s0da?, a cook >arlika?, procurer o' water 'or *athi!" >snpaka? shampooer, the spreader o' *ed >staraka?, a *ar*er >kalpaka?, toilet/ maker >prasdaka?, a water/ser(a!t, ser(a!ts such as ha(e take! the appeara!ce o' a hump/*acked perso!, a dwar', a pi"my >kirta?, the dum*, the dea', the idiot, the *li!d, artisa!s such as actors, da!cers, si!"ers, players o! musical i!strume!ts, *u''oo!s, a!d a *ard, as well as wome! shall espy the pri(ate character o' these o''icers. A me!dica!t woma! shall co!(ey this i!'ormatio! to the i!stitute o' espio!a"e. &he immediate o''icers o' the i!stitutes o' espio!a"e >samsthnmantevsinah? shall *y maki!" use o' si"!s or writi!" >sam(nlipi&hih? set their ow! spies i! motio! >to ascertai! the (alidity o' the i!'ormatio!?.

Feither the i!stitutes o' espio!a"e !or they >the wa!deri!" spies? shall k!ow each other. I' a me!dica!t woma! is stopped at the e!tra!ce, the li!e o' door/keepers., spies u!der the "uise o' 'ather a!d mother >mtpitri vyan(anh?, wome! artisa!s, court/*ards, or prostitutes shall, u!der the prete1t o' taki!" i! musical i!strume!ts, or throu"h cipher/ writi!" >%udhalekhya?, or *y mea!s o' si"!s, co!(ey the i!'ormatio! to its desti!ed place >chram nirhareyuh.? >%pies o' the i!stitutes o' espio!a"e? may sudde!ly "o out u!der the prete1t o' lo!" sta!di!" disease, or lu!acy, or *y setti!" 'ire >to somethi!"? or *y admi!isteri!" poiso! >to some o!e?. Bhe! the i!'ormatio! thus recei(ed 'rom these three di''ere!t sources is e1actly o' the same (ersio!, it shall *e held relia*le. I' they >the three sources? 're)ue!tly di''er, the spies co!cer!ed shall either *e pu!ished i! secret or dismissed. &hose spies who are re'erred to i! Book IV, "Aemo(al o' &hor!s," shall recei(e their salaries 'rom those ki!"s >para, i.e.2 'orei"!? with whom they li(e as ser(a!ts, *ut whe! they aid *oth the states i! the work o' catchi!" hold o' ro**ers, they shall *ecome recipie!ts o' salaries 'rom *oth the states >u&hayavetanh?. &hose whose so!s a!d wi(es are kept >as hosta"es? shall *e made recipie!ts o' salaries 'rom two states a!d co!sidered as u!der the missio! o' e!emies. -urity o' character o' such perso!s shall *e ascertai!ed throu"h perso!s o' similar pro'essio!. &hus with re"ard to ki!"s who are i!imical, 'rie!dly, i!termediate, o' low ra!k, or !eutral, a!d with re"ard to their ei"htee! "o(er!me!t departme!ts >ashtldasa/t.rtha?, spies shall *e set i! motio!. &he hump/*acked, the dwar', the eu!uch, wome! o' accomplishme!ts, the dum*, a!d (arious "rades o' Mlechcha caste shall *e spies i!side their houses. 4ercha!t spies i!side 'orts, sai!ts a!d ascetics i! the su*ur*s o' 'orts, the culti(ator a!d the recluse i! cou!try parts, herdsme! i! the *ou!daries o' the cou!try, i! 'orests, 'orest/dwellers, sramans, a!d chie's o' wild tri*es, shall *e statio!ed to ascertai! the mo(eme!ts o' e!emies. All these spies shall *e (ery )uick i! the dispatch o' their work. %pies set up *y 'orei"! ki!"s shall also *e 'ou!d out *y local spies, spies *y spies o' like pro'essio!. It is the i!stitutes o' espio!a"e, secret or a(owed, that set spies i! motio!. &hose chie's whose i!imical desi"! has *ee! 'ou!d out *y spies supporti!" the ki!"'s cause shall, i! (iew o' a''ordi!" opportu!ity to detect the spies o' 'orei"! ki!"s, *e made to li(e o! the *ou!daries o' the state.

:&hus e!ds hapter XII, G reatio! o' Ba!deri!" %piesH i! the sectio! o' G&he I!stitutio! o' %pies,H i! Book I. G o!cer!i!" #iscipli!eH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya.<

CHAPTER *III. PROTECTION OF PARTIE# FOR OR AGAIN#T ONE0# O+N CA.#E IN ONE0# O+N #TATE. DAVIF2 set up spies o(er his prime mi!isters >mahmtra?, the ki!" shall proceed to espy *oth citi0e!s a!d cou!try people. lassmate spies >satri? 'ormed as opposi!" 'actio!s shall carry o! disputatio!s i! places o' pil"rima"e >t.rtha?, i! assem*lies, houses, corporatio!s >p0%a?, a!d amid co!"re"atio!s o' people. +!e spy may say:// "&his ki!" is said to *e e!dowed with all desira*le )ualities, he seems to *e a stra!"er to such te!de!cies as would lead him to oppress citi0e!s a!d cou!try people *y le(yi!" hea(y 'i!es a!d ta1es." A"ai!st those who seem to comme!d this opi!io!, a!other spy may i!terrupt the speaker a!d say:// "-eople su''eri!" 'rom a!archy as illustrated *y the pro(er*ial te!de!cy o' a lar"e 'ish swallowi!" a small o!e >mtsyanyy&hi&h0tah pra(h?, 'irst elected Manu, the Vaivasvata, to *e their ki!", a!d allotted o!e/si1th o' the "rai!s "row! a!d o!e/te!th o' mercha!dise as so(erei"! dues. .ed *y this payme!t, ki!"s took upo! themsel(es the respo!si*ility o' mai!tai!i!" the sa'ety a!d security o' their su*jects >yo%akshemavahh?, a!d o' *ei!" a!swera*le 'or the si!s o' their su*jects whe! the pri!ciple o' le(yi!" just pu!ishme!ts a!d ta1es has *ee! (iolated. De!ce hermits, too, pro(ide the ki!" with o!e/ si1th o' the "rai!s "lea!ed *y them, thi!ki!" that Iit is a ta1 paya*le to him who protects us.J It is the ki!" i! whom the duties o' *oth Indra >the rewarder? a!d $ama >the pu!isher? are *le!ded, a!d he is a (isi*le dispe!ser o' pu!ishme!ts a!d rewards >heda/ prasda?, whoe(er disre"ards ki!"s will *e (isited with di(i!e pu!ishme!ts, too. De!ce ki!"s shall !e(er *e despised." &hus treacherous oppo!e!ts o' so(erei"!ty shall *e sile!ced. %pies shall also k!ow the rumours pre(ale!t i! the state. %pies with sha(ed heads or *raided hair shall ascertai! whether there pre(ails co!te!t or disco!te!t amo!" those who li(e upo! the "rai!s, cattle, a!d "old o' the ki!", amo!" those who supply the same >to the ki!"? i! weal or woe, those who keep u!der restrai!t a disa''ected relati(e o' the ki!" or a re*ellious district, as well as those who dri(e away a! i!(adi!" e!emy or a wild tri*e. &he "reater the co!te!tme!t o' such perso!s, the more shall *e the ho!our show! to them, while those who are disa''ected shall *e i!"ratiated *y rewards or co!ciliatio!, or disse!sio! may *e sow! amo!" them so that they may alie!ate themsel(es 'rom each other, 'rom a !ei"h*ouri!" e!emy, 'rom a wild tri*e, or 'rom a *a!ished or impriso!ed

pri!ce. .aili!" this measure, they may *e so employed i! collecti!" 'i!es a!d ta1es as to i!cur the displeasure o' the people. &hose who are i!e*riated with 'eeli!"s o' e!mity may *e put dow! *y pu!ishme!t i! secret or *y maki!" them i!cur the displeasure o' the whole cou!try. +r ha(i!" take! the so!s a!d wi(es o' such treacherous perso!s u!der %tate protectio!, they may *e made to li(e i! mi!es, lest they may a''ord shelter to e!emies. &hose that are a!"ry, those that are "reedy, those that are alarmed, as well as those that despise the ki!" are the i!strume!ts o' e!emies. %pies u!der the "uise o' astrolo"ers a!d tellers o' ome!s a!d au"ury shall ascertai! the relatio!ship o' such perso!s with each other a!d with 'orei"! ki!"s. Do!ours a!d rewards shall *e co!'erred upo! those that are co!te!ted, while those that are disa''ected shall *e *rou"ht rou!d *y co!ciliatio!, *y "i'ts, or *y sowi!" disse!sio!, or *y pu!ishme!t. &hus i! his ow! state a wise ki!" shall "uard 'actio!s amo!" his people, 'rie!dly or hostile, power'ul or powerless a"ai!st the i!tri"ue o' 'orei"! ki!"s. :&hus e!ds hapter XIII, G-rotectio! o' -arties 'or or a"ai!st +!e's +w! ause i! +!e's +w! %tate,H i! Book I, G o!cer!i!" #iscipli!eH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya.<

CHAPTER *I'. +INNING O'ER FACTION# FOR OR AGAIN#T AN ENE-/0# CA.#E IN AN ENE-/0# #TATE. -A+&3 &I+F o' parties 'or or a"ai!st o!e's ow! cause i! o!e's ow! state has *ee! dealt with. %imilar measures i! co!!ectio! with parties i! a 'orei"! state are to *e treated o'. &hose who are deluded with 'alse promise o' lar"e rewards, those o' whom o!e party, thou"h e)ually skill'ul as a!other party i! artistic work or i! tur!i!" out producti(e or *e!e'icial works, is sli"hted *y *estowi!" lar"er rewards o! its ri(al party, those who are harassed *y courtiers >Valla&h/varuddhh?, those who are i!(ited to *e sli"hted, those who are harassed *y *a!ishme!t, those who i! spite o' their lar"e outlay o' mo!ey ha(e 'ailed i! their u!dertaki!"s, those who are pre(e!ted 'rom the e1ercise o' their ri"hts or 'rom taki!" possessio! o' their i!herita!ce, those who ha(e 'alle! 'rom their ra!k a!d ho!ours i! "o(er!me!t ser(ice, those who are sho(ed to the cor!er *y their ow! ki!sme!, those whose wome! are (iole!tly assaulted, those who are throw! i! jail, those who are pu!ished i! secret, those who are war!ed o' their misdeeds, those whose property has *ee! wholly co!'iscated, those who ha(e lo!" su''ered 'rom impriso!me!t, those whose relati(es are *a!ished///all these come u!der the "roup o' pro(oked perso!s. De who has 'alle! a (ictim to mis'ortu!e *y his ow! misdeeds, he who is o''e!ded >*y the ki!"?, he whose si!'ul deeds are *rou"ht to li"ht, he who is alarmed at the award

o' pu!ishme!t o! a ma! o' like "uilt, he whose la!ds ha(e *ee! co!'iscated, he whose re*ellious spirit is put dow! *y coerci(e measures, he who, as a superi!te!de!t o' all "o(er!me!t departme!ts, has sudde!ly amassed a lar"e amou!t o' wealth, he who, as a relati(e o' such a rich ma! aspires to i!herit his wealth, he who is disliked *y the ki!", a!d he who hates the ki!",//all these come u!der the "roup o' perso!s alarmed. De who is impo(erished, he who has lost much wealth, he who is !i""ardly, he who is addicted to e(il prope!sities, a!d he who is e!"a"ed i! da!"erous tra!sactio!s,///all these co!stitute the "roup o' am*itious perso!s. De who is sel'/su''icie!t, he who is 'o!d o' ho!ours, he who is i!tolera!t o' his ri(al's ho!our, he who is esteemed low, he who is o' a 'iery spirit, he who is 'oolhardy as well as he who is !ot co!te!t with what he has *ee! e!joyi!",//all these come u!der the "roup o' hau"hty perso!s. +' these, he who cli!"s to a particular 'actio! shall *e so deluded *y spies with sha(ed head or *raided hair as to *elie(e that he is i!tri"ui!" with that party. -artisa!s u!der pro(ocatio!, 'or e1ample, may *e wo! o(er *y telli!" that Ijust as a! elepha!t i! rut a!d mou!ted o(er *y a dri(er u!der i!to1icatio! tramples u!der its 'oot whate(er it comes across, so this ki!", dispossessed o' the eye o' scie!ce, *li!dly attempts to oppress *oth citi0e!s a!d cou!try people, it is possi*le to restrai! him *y setti!" up a ri(al elepha!t a"ai!st him, so ha(e 'or*eara!ce e!ou"h >to wait?.J ;ikewise alarmed perso!s may *e wo! o(er *y telli!" that Ijust as a hidde! s!ake *ites a!d emits poiso! o(er whate(er alarms it, so this ki!" apprehe!si(e o' da!"er 'rom thee will ere lo!" emit the poiso! o' his rese!tme!t o! thee, so thou mayest *etter "o elsewhere.J %imilarly am*itious perso!s may *e wo! o(er *y telli!" that Ijust as a cow reared *y do"/keepers "i(es milk to do"s, *ut !ot to Brhmans, so this ki!" "i(es milk >rewards? to those who are de(oid o' (alour, 'oresi"ht, elo)ue!ce a!d *ra(ery, *ut !ot to those who are possessed o' !o*le character, so the other ki!" who is possessed o' power to discrimi!ate me! 'rom me! may *e courted.J I! like ma!!er hau"hty perso!s may *e wo! o(er *y telli!" that Ijust as a reser(oir o' water *elo!"i!" to )hndlas is ser(icea*le o!ly to )hndlas, *ut !ot to others, so this ki!" o' low/*irth co!'ers his patro!a"e o!ly o! low/*or! people, *ut !ot o! Aryas like thee, so the other ki!" who is possessed o' power to disti!"uish *etwee! me! a!d me! may *e courted.J All these disa''ected perso!s, whe! ac)uiesci!" to the a*o(e proposals, may *e made u!der a solum! compact >panakarman? to 'orm a com*i!atio! to"ether with the spies to achie(e their e!d.

;ikewise 'rie!ds o' a 'orei"! ki!" may also *e wo! o(er *y mea!s o' persuatio! a!d rewards, while implaca*le e!emies may *e *rou"ht rou!d *y sowi!" disse!sio!s, *y threats, a!d *y poi!ti!" out the de'ects o' their master. :&hus e!ds hapter XIV, "Bi!!i!" o(er .actio!s 'or or a"ai!st a! 3!emy's ause i! a! 3!emyJs %tate," i! Book I, " o!cer!i!" #iscipli!e" o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya.<

CHAPTER *'. THE B.#INE## OF CO.NCIL -EETING. DAVIF2 "ai!ed a 'irm hold o! the a''ectio! o' *oth local a!d 'orei"! parties *oth i! his ow! a!d e!emy's state, the ki!" shall proceed to thi!k o' admi!istrati(e measures. All ki!ds o' admi!istrati(e measures are preceded *y deli*eratio!s i! a well/'ormed cou!cil. &he su*ject matter o' a cou!cil shall *e e!tirely secret a!d deli*eratio!s i! it shall *e so carried that e(e! *irds ca!!ot see them, 'or it is said that the secrecy o' cou!sels was di(ul"ed *y parrots, mi!as, do"s a!d other low creatures o' mea! *irth. De!ce without pro(idi!" himsel' with su''icie!t sa'e"uard a"ai!st disclosure, he shall !e(er e!ter i!to deli*eratio!s i! a cou!cil. Bhoe(er discloses cou!sels shall *e tor! to pieces. &he disclosure o' cou!sels may *e detected *y o*ser(i!" cha!"es i! the attitude a!d cou!te!a!ce o' e!(oys, mi!isters, a!d masters. ha!"e i! co!duct is cha!"e i! attitude >in%itamanyathvrittih?, a!d o*ser(atio! o' physical appeara!ce is cou!te!a!ce >kriti%rahanamkrah?. 4ai!te!a!ce o' the secrecy o' a cou!cil/matter, a!d keepi!" "uard o(er o''icers that ha(e take! part i! the deli*eratio! o(er it >shall *e strictly o*ser(ed? till the time o' starti!" the work so co!sidered approaches. areless!ess, i!to1icatio!, talki!" i! sleep, lo(e a!d other e(il ha*its o' cou!cillors are the causes o' the *etrayal o' cou!sels. Bhoe(er is o' hidde! !ature or is disre"arded will disclose cou!sels. De!ce steps shall *e take! to sa'e"uard cou!sels a"ai!st such da!"ers. #isclosure o' cou!sels is ad(a!ta"eous to perso!s other tha! the ki!" a!d his o''icers. "De!ce," says Bhradv(a, "the ki!" shall si!"ly deli*erate o(er secret matters, 'or mi!isters ha(e their ow! mi!isters, a!d these latter some o' their ow!, this ki!d o' successi(e li!e o' mi!isters te!ds to the disclosure o' cou!sels. "De!ce !o outside perso! shall k!ow a!ythi!" o' the work which the ki!" has i! (iew. +!ly those who are employed to carry it out shall k!ow it either whe! it is *e"u! or whe! accomplished."

GFo deli*eratio!,H says Vislksha, Gmade *y a si!"le perso! will *e success'ul, the !ature o' the work which a so(erei"! has to do is to *e i!'erred 'rom the co!sideratio! o' *oth the (isi*le a!d i!(isi*le causes. &he perceptio! o' what is !ot or ca!!ot *e see!, the co!clusi(e decisio! o' whate(er is see!, the cleara!ce o' dou*ts as to whate(er is suscepti*le o' two opi!io!s, a!d the i!'ere!ce o' the whole whe! o!ly a part is see!//all this is possi*le o' decisio! o!ly *y mi!isters. De!ce he shall sit at deli*eratio! with perso!s o' wide i!tellect. De shall despise !o!e, *ut hear the opi!io!s o' all. A wise ma! shall make use o' e(e! a child's se!si*le uttera!ce. "&his is," says *arsara "ascertai!i!" the opi!io!s o' others, *ut !ot keepi!" cou!sels. De shall ask his mi!isters 'or their opi!io!, o! a work similar to the o!e he has i! (iew, telli!" them that "this is the work, it happe!ed thus, what is to *e do!e i' it will tur! out thus", a!d he shall do as they decide. I' it is do!e thus, *oth the ascertai!me!t o' opi!io!s a!d mai!te!a!ce o' secrecy ca! *e attai!ed." GFot so,H says *isuna, G'or mi!isters, whe! called 'or their opi!io!s re"ardi!" a dista!t u!dertaki!", or a! accomplished or a! u!accomplished work, either approach the su*ject with i!di''ere!ce or "i(e their opi!io!s hal'/heartedly. &his is a serious de'ect. De!ce he shall co!sult such perso!s as are *elie(ed to *e capa*le o' "i(i!" decisi(e opi!io! re"ardi!" those works a*out which he seeks 'or ad(ice. I' he co!sults thus, he ca! secure "ood ad(ice as well as secrecy o' cou!sel." "Fot so," says Kautilya, "'or this >ki!d o' seeki!" 'or ad(ice? is i!'i!ite a!d e!dless. De shall co!sult three or 'our mi!isters. o!sultatio! with a si!"le >mi!ister? may !ot lead to a!y de'i!ite co!clusio! i! cases o' complicated issues. A si!"le mi!ister proceeds will'ully a!d without restrai!t. I! deli*erati!" with two mi!isters, the ki!" may *e o(erpowered *y their com*i!ed actio!, or imperiled *y their mutual disse!sio!. But with three or 'our mi!isters he will !ot come to a!y serious "rie', *ut will arri(e at satis'actory results. Bith mi!isters more tha! 'our i! !um*er, he will ha(e to come to a decisio! a'ter a "ood deal o' trou*le, !or will secrecy o' cou!sel *e mai!tai!ed without much trou*le. I! accorda!ce with the re)uireme!ts o' place, time, a!d !ature o' the work i! (iew, he may, as he deems it proper, deli*erate with o!e or two mi!isters or *y himsel'. 4ea!s to carry out works, comma!d o' ple!ty o' me! a!d wealth, allotme!t o' time a!d place, remedies a"ai!st da!"ers, a!d 'i!al success are the 'i(e co!stitue!ts o' e(ery cou!cil/deli*eratio!. &he ki!" may ask his mi!isters 'or their opi!io! either i!di(idually or collecti(ely, a!d ascertai! their a*ility *y jud"i!" o(er the reaso!s they assi"! 'or their opi!io!s. De shall lose !o time whe! the opportu!ity waited 'or arri(es, !or shall he sit lo!" at co!sultatio! with those whose parties he i!te!ds to hurt.

&he school o' 4a!u say that the assem*ly o' mi!isters >mantriparishad? shall *e made to co!sist o' twel(e mem*ers. &he school o' Brihaspathi say that it shall co!sist o' si1tee! mem*ers. &he school o' #sanas say that it shall co!sist o' twe!ty mem*ers. But Kautilya holds that it shall co!sist o' as ma!y mem*ers as the !eeds o' his domi!io! re)uire >yathsmarthyam?. &hose mi!isters shall ha(e to co!sider all that co!cer!s the parties o' *oth the ki!" a!d his e!emy. &hey shall also set themsel(es to start the work that is !ot yet *e"u!, to complete what has *ee! *e"u!, to impro(e what has *ee! accomplished, a!d to e!'orce strict o*edie!ce to orders >niyo%asampadam?. De shall super(ise works i! compa!y with his o''icers that are !ear >sannaih?, a!d co!sult *y se!di!" writs >patrasampreshanena? those that are >!ot? !ear >sanna?. +!e thousa!d sa"es 'orm I!dra's assem*ly o' mi!isters >mantriparishad?. &hey are his eyes. De!ce he is called thousa!d/eyed thou"h he possesses o!ly two eyes. I! works o' emer"e!cy, he shall call *oth his mi!isters a!d the assem*ly o' mi!isters >mantrino mantriparishadam cha?, a!d tell them o' the same. De shall do whate(er the majority >&h0yishthh? o' the mem*ers su""est or whate(er course o' actio! leadi!" to success >kryasiddhikaram va? they poi!t out. A!d while doi!" a!y work, Fo!e o' his e!emies >pare? shall k!ow his secret, *ut he shall k!ow the weak poi!ts o' his e!emy. ;ike a tortoise he shall draw i! his lim*s that are stretched out. Kust as *alls o' meal o''ered to a!cestors *y a perso! !ot lear!ed i! the Vedas are u!'it to *e eate! *y wise me!, so whoe(er is !ot well (ersed i! scie!ces shall *e u!'it to hear o' cou!cil deli*eratio!s. :&hus e!ds hapter XV, "&he Busi!ess o' ou!cil/meeti!"" i! Book I, G o!cer!i!" #iscipli!eH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya.<

CHAPTER *'I. THE -I##ION OF EN'O/#. BD+3V3A has succeeded as a cou!cillor is a! e!(oy. Bhoe(er possesses mi!isterial )uali'icatio!s is a char%4/d5affaires >nisrishtrthah?. Bhoe(er possesses the same )uali'icatio!s less *y o!e/)uarter is a! a"e!t e!trusted with a de'i!ite missio! >parimitrthah?.

Bhoe(er possesses the same )uali'icatio!s less *y o!e/hal' is a co!(eyer o' royal writs >ssanaharah?. Da(i!" made e1celle!t arra!"eme!ts 'or carria"e, co!(eya!ce, ser(a!ts a!d su*siste!ce, he >a! e!(oy? shall start o! his missio!, thi!ki!" that "the e!emy shall *e told thus: the e!emy >para? will say, thus, this shall *e the reply to him, a!d thus he shall *e imposed upo!." &he e!(oy shall make 'rie!dship with the e!emy's o''icers such as those i! char"e o' wild tracts, o' *ou!daries, o' cities, a!d o' cou!try parts. De shall also co!trast the military statio!s, si!ews o' war, a!d stro!"/holds o' the e!emy with those o' his ow! master. De shall ascertai! the si0e a!d area o' 'orts a!d o' the state, as well as stro!"holds o' precious thi!"s a!d assaila*le a!d u!assaila*le poi!ts. Da(i!" o*tai!ed permissio!, he shall e!ter i!to the capital o' the e!emy a!d state the o*ject o' the missio! as e1actly as e!trusted to him e(e! at the cost o' his ow! li'e. Bri"ht!ess i! the to!e, 'ace, a!d eyes o' the e!emy, respect'ul receptio! o' the missio!, e!)uiry a*out the health o' 'rie!ds, taki!" part i! the !arratio! o' (irtues, "i(i!" a seat close to the thro!e, respect'ul treatme!t o' the e!(oy, remem*ra!ce o' 'rie!ds, closi!" the missio! with satis'actio!,//all these shall *e !oted as i!dicati!" the "ood "races o' the e!emy a!d the re(erse his displeasure. A displeased e!emy may*e told:// "4esse!"ers are the mouth/pieces o' ki!"s, !ot o!ly o' thysel', *ut o' all, he!ce messe!"ers who, i! the 'ace o' weapo!s raised a"ai!st them, ha(e to e1press their missio! as e1actly as they are e!trusted with do !ot, thou"h outcasts, deser(e death, where is the! reaso! to put messe!"ers o' Brhman caste to death@ &his is a!other's speech. &his >i.e.2 deli(ery o' that speech (er*atim? is the duty o' messe!"ers." Fot pu''ed up with the respects show! to him, he shall stay there till he is allowed to depart. De shall !ot care 'or the mi"hti!ess o' the e!emy, shall strictly a(oid wome! a!d li)uor, shall take *ed si!"le, 'or it is well/k!ow! that the i!te!tio!s o' e!(oys are ascertai!ed while they are asleep or u!der the i!'lue!ce o' li)uor. De shall, throu"h the a"e!cy o' ascetic a!d mercha!t spies or throu"h their disciples or throu"h spies u!der the dis"uise o' physicia!s, a!d heretics, or throu"h recipie!ts o' salaries 'rom two states >u&hayav4tana?, ascertai! the !ature o' the i!tri"ue pre(ale!t amo!" parties 'a(oura*ly disposed to his ow! master, as well as the co!spiracy o' hostile 'actio!s, a!d u!dersta!d the loyalty or disloyalty o' the people to the e!emy *esides a!y assaila*le poi!ts. I' there is !o possi*ility o' carryi!" o! a!y such co!(ersatio! >co!(ersatio! with the people re"ardi!" their loyalty?, he may try to "ather such i!'ormatio! *y o*ser(i!" the talk o' *e""ars, i!to1icated a!d i!sa!e perso!s or o' perso!s *a**li!" i! sleep, or *y

o*ser(i!" the si"!s made i! places o' pil"rima"e a!d temples or *y decipheri!" pai!ti!"s a!d secret writi!"s >chitra/%0dha/l4khya/sam(6/&hih?. Bhate(er i!'ormatio! he thus "athers he shall try to test *y i!tri"ues. De shall !ot check the estimate which the e!emy makes o' the eleme!ts o' so(erei"!ty o' his ow! master, *ut he shall o!ly say i! reply, IAll is k!ow! to thee.J For shall he disclose the mea!s employed >*y his master? to achie(e a! e!d i! (iew. I' he has !ot succeeded i! his missio!, *ut is still detai!ed, he shall proceed to i!'er thus:// Bhether seei!" the immi!e!t da!"er i!to which my master is likely to 'all a!d desirous o' a(erti!" his ow! da!"er, whether i! (iew o' i!citi!" a"ai!st my master a! e!emy threate!i!" i! the rear or a ki!" whose domi!io! i! the rear is separated *y other i!ter(e!i!" states, whether i! (iew o' causi!" i!ter!al re*ellio! i! my master's state, or o' i!citi!" a wild chie' >tavika? a"ai!st my master, whether i! (iew o' destroyi!" my master *y employi!" a 'rie!d or a ki!" whose domi!io! stretches out i! the rear o' my master's state >kranda?, whether with the i!te!tio! o' a(erti!" the i!ter!al trou*le i! his ow! state or o' pre(e!ti!" a 'orei"! i!(asio! or the i!roads o' a wild chie', whether i! (iew o' causi!" the approachi!" time o' my master's e1peditio! to lapse, whether with the desire o' collecti!" raw materials a!d mercha!dise, or o' repairi!" his 'orti'icatio!s, or o' recruiti!" a stro!" army capa*le to 'i"ht, whether waiti!" 'or the time a!d opportu!ity !ecessary 'or the complete trai!i!" o' his ow! army, or whether i! (iew o' maki!" a desira*le allia!ce i! order to a(ert the prese!t co!tempt *rou"ht a*out *y his ow! careless!ess, this ki!" detai!s me thus@ &he! he may stay or "et out as he deems it desira*le, or he may dema!d a speedy settleme!t o' his missio!. +r ha(i!" i!timated a! u!'a(oura*le order >ssana? to the e!emy, a!d prete!di!" apprehe!sio! o' impriso!me!t or death, he may retur! e(e! without permissio!, otherwise he may *e pu!ished. &ra!smissio! o' missio!s, mai!te!a!ce o' treaties, issue o' ultimatum >pratpa?, "ai!i!" o' 'rie!ds, i!tri"ue, sowi!" disse!sio! amo!" 'rie!ds, 'etchi!" secret 'orce, carryi!" away *y stealth relati(es a!d "ems, "atheri!" i!'ormatio! a*out the mo(eme!ts o' spies, *ra(ery, *reaki!" o' treaties o' peace, wi!!i!" o(er the 'a(our o' the e!(oy a!d "o(er!me!t o''icers o' the e!emy,///these are the duties o' a! e!(oy >d0ta?. &he ki!" shall employ his ow! e!(oys to carry o! works o' the a*o(e descriptio!, a!d "uard himsel' a"ai!st >the mischie' o'? 'orei"! e!(oys *y employi!" cou!ter e!(oys, spies, a!d (isi*le a!d i!(isi*le watchme!. :&hus e!ds hapter XVI, G&he 4issio! o' 3!(oysH i! Book I, G o!cer!i!" #iscipli!eH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya.<

CHAPTER *'II. PROTECTION OF PRINCE#. *rotection of *rinces DAVIF2 secured his ow! perso!al sa'ety 'irst 'rom his wi(es a!d so!s, the ki!" ca! *e i! a positio! to mai!tai! the security o' his ki!"dom a"ai!st immediate e!emies as well as 'orei"! ki!"s. Be shall treat o' "-rotectio! o' Bi(es" i! co!!ectio! with "#uties toward's the Darem." 3(er si!ce the *irth o' pri!ces, the ki!" shall take special care o' them. G.or,H says Bhradv(a, Gpri!ces like cra*s ha(e a !otorious te!de!cy o' eati!" up their *e"etter. Bhe! they are wa!ti!" i! 'ilial a''ectio!, they shall *etter *e pu!ished i! secret >upmsudandah?.H "&his is,H says Vislksha, Gcruelty, destructio! o' 'ortu!e, a!d e1tirpatio! o' the seed o' the race o' Kshattriyas. De!ce it is *etter to keep them u!der "uard i! a de'i!ite place.H G&his,H say the school o' *arsara, Gis aki! to the 'ear 'rom a lurki!" s!ake >ahi&hayam?, 'or a pri!ce may thi!k that apprehe!si(e o' da!"er, his 'ather has locked him up, a!d may attempt to put his ow! 'ather o! his lap. De!ce it is *etter to keep a pri!ce u!der the custody o' *ou!dary "uards or i!side a 'ort." "&his," says *isuna, Gis aki! to the 'ear >'rom a wol' i! the midst? o' a 'lock o' sheep >aura&hrakam &hayam?, 'or a'ter u!dersta!di!" the cause o' his rusticatio!, he may a(ail himsel' o' the opportu!ity to, make a! allia!ce with the *ou!dary "uards >a"ai!st his 'ather?. De!ce it is *etter to throw him i!side a 'ort *elo!"i!" to a 'orei"! ki!" 'ar away 'rom his ow! state." G&his,H says Kaunapadanta, Gis aki! to the positio! o' a cal' >vatsasthnam?, 'or just as a ma! milks a cow with the help o' its cal', so the 'orei"! ki!" may milk >reduce? the pri!ce's 'ather. De!ce it is *etter to make a pri!ce li(e with his mater!al relatio!s." G&his,H says Vtavydhi Gis aki! to the positio! o' a 'la" >dhva(asthnam4tat?: 'or as i! the case o' Aditi a!d Kausika, the pri!ce's mater!al relatio!s may, u!'urli!" this 'la", "o o! *e""i!". De!ce pri!ces may *e su''ered to dissipate their li(es *y se!sual e1cesses >%rmyadharma? i!asmuch as re(elli!" so!s do !ot dislike their i!dul"e!t 'ather." "&his," says Kautilya, "is death i! li'e, 'or !o soo!er is a royal 'amily with a pri!ce or pri!ces "i(e! to dissipatio! attacked, tha! it perishes like a worm/eate! piece o' wood. De!ce whe! the )uee! attai!s the a"e 'a(oura*le 'or procreatio!, priests shall o''er to

Indra a!d Brihaspati the re)uisite o*latio!s. Bhe! she is *i" with a child, the ki!" shall o*ser(e the i!structio!s o' midwi'ery with re"ard to "estatio! a!d deli(ery. A'ter deli(ery, the priests shall per'orm the prescri*ed puri'icatory ceremo!ials. Bhe! the pri!ce attai!s the !ecessary a"e, adepts shall trai! him u!der proper discipli!e." "A!y o!e o' the classmate spies," say >politicia!s k!ow! as? Am&h.yas, "may allure the pri!ce towards hu!ti!", "am*li!", li)uor, a!d wome!, a!d i!sti"ate him to attack his ow! 'ather a!d s!atch the rei!s o' "o(er!me!t i! his ow! ha!ds. A!other spy shall pre(e!t him 'rom such acts." "&here ca! *e," says Kautilya, "!o "reater crime or si! tha! maki!" wicked impressio!s o! a! i!!oce!t mi!d, just as a 'resh o*ject is stai!ed with whate(er it is *rou"ht i! close associatio!, so a pri!ce with 'resh mi!d is apt to re"ard as scie!ti'ic i!ju!ctio!s all that he is told o'. De!ce he shall *e tau"ht o!ly o' ri"hteous!ess a!d o' wealth >artha?, *ut !ot o' u!ri"hteous!ess a!d o' !o!/wealth. lassmate spies shall *e so courteous towards him as to say "thi!e are we." Bhe! u!der the temptatio! o' youth, he tur!s his eye towards wome!, impure wome! u!der the dis"uise o' Aryas shall, at !i"ht a!d i! lo!ely places, terri'y him, whe! 'o!d o' li)uor, he shall *e terri'ied *y maki!" him dri!k such li)uor as is adulterated with !arcotics >y7%apna?, whe! 'o!d o' "am*li!", he shall *e terri'ied *y spies u!der the dis"uise o' 'raudule!t perso!s, whe! 'o!d o' hu!ti!", he shall *e terri'ied *y spies u!der the dis"uise o' hi"hway ro**ers, a!d whe! desirous o' attacki!" his ow! 'ather, he shall, u!der the prete!ce o' complia!ce, *e "radually persuaded o' the e(il co!se)ue!ces o' such attempts, *y telli!": a ki!" is !ot made *y a mere wish, 'ailure o' thy attempt will *ri!" a*out thy ow! death, success makes thee 'all i!to hell a!d causes the people to lame!t >'or thy 'ather? a!d destroy the o!ly clod >ekal7shtavadhascha, i.e., thysel'?." Bhe! a ki!" has a! o!ly so! who is either de(oid o' worldly pleasures or is a 'a(ourite child, the ki!" may keep him u!der chai!s. I' a ki!" has ma!y so!s, he may se!d some o' them to where there is !o heir appare!t, !or a child either just *or! or i! the em*ryo. Bhe! a pri!ce is possessed o' "ood a!d amica*le )ualities, he may *e made the comma!der/i!/chie' or i!stalled as heir appare!t. %o!s are o' three ki!ds: those o' sharp i!telli"e!ce, those o' sta"!a!t i!telli"e!ce, a!d those o' per(erted mi!d. Bhoe(er carries i!to practice whate(er he is tau"ht co!cer!i!" ri"hteous!ess a!d wealth is o!e o' sharp i!telli"e!ce, whoe(er !e(er carries i!to practice the "ood i!structio!s he has im*i*ed is o!e o' sta"!a!t i!telli"e!ce, a!d whoe(er e!ta!"les himsel' i! da!"ers a!d hates ri"hteous!ess a!d wealth is o!e o' per(erted mi!d. I' a ki!" has a! o!ly so! >o' the last type?, attempts shall *e made to procreati!" a so! to him, or so!s may *e *e"otte! o! his dau"hters.

Bhe! a ki!" is too old or diseased >to *e"et so!s?, he may appoi!t a mater!al relatio! or a *lood relatio! >kulya? o' his or a!y o!e o' his !ei"h*ouri!" ki!"s possessed o' "ood a!d amica*le )ualities to sow the seed i! his ow! 'ield >ksh4tre&.(am, i.e., to *e"et a so! o! his wi'e.? But !e(er shall a wicked a!d a! o!ly so! *e i!stalled o! the royal thro!e. A royal 'ather who is the o!ly prop 'or ma!y >people? shall *e 'a(oura*ly disposed towards his so!. 31cept i! da!"ers, so(erei"!ty 'alli!" to the lot o' the eldest >so!? is always respected. %o(erei"!ty may >sometimes? *e the property o' a cla!, 'or the corporatio! o' cla!s is i!(i!ci*le i! its !ature a!d *ei!" 'ree 'rom the calamities o' a!archy, ca! ha(e a perma!e!t e1iste!ce o! earth. :&hus e!ds hapter XVII, G-rotectio! o' -ri!cesH i! Book I, G o!cer!i!" #iscipli!eH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya.<

CHAPTER *'III. THE COND.CT OF A PRINCE KEPT .NDER RE#TRAINT AND THE TREAT-ENT OF A RE#TRAINED PRINCE. A -AIF 3, thou"h put to trou*les a!d employed i! a! u!e)ual task, shall yet 'aith'ully 'ollow his 'ather u!less that task costs his li'e, e!ra"es the people, or causes a!y other serious calamities. I' he is employed i! a "ood or meritorious work, he shall try to wi! the "ood "races o' the superi!te!de!t o' that work, carry the work to a pro'ita*le e!d *eyo!d e1pectatio!, a!d prese!t his 'ather with the proportio!al pro'it deri(ed 'rom that work as well as with the e1cessi(e pro'it due to his skill. I' the ki!" is !ot still pleased with him a!d shows u!due partiality to a!other pri!ce a!d other wi(es, he may re)uest the ki!" to permit him 'or a 'orest/li'e. +r i' he apprehe!ds impriso!me!t or death, he may seek re'u"e u!der a !ei"h*ouri!" ki!" who is k!ow! to *e ri"hteous, charita*le, truth'ul, a!d !ot "i(e! to cu!!i!", *ut also welcomes a!d respects "uests o' "ood character. Aesidi!" therei! he may pro(ide himsel' with me! a!d mo!ey, co!tract marria"e/co!!ectio! with i!'lue!tial perso!a"es, a!d !ot o!ly make allia!ce with wild tri*es, *ut wi! o(er the parties >i! his 'ather's state?. +r mo(i!" alo!e, he may ear! his li(elihood *y worki!" i! "old mi!es or ru*y mi!es or *y ma!u'acturi!" "old a!d sil(er or!ame!ts or a!y other commercial commodities. Da(i!" ac)uired close i!timacy with heretics >pshanda?, rich widows, or mercha!ts carryi!" o! ocea! tra''ic he may, *y maki!" use o' poiso! >madanarasa?, ro* them o' their wealth as well as the wealth o' "ods u!less the latter is e!joya*le *y Brhmans lear!ed i! the Vedas. +r he may adopt such measures as are employed to capture the (illa"es o' a 'orei"! ki!". +r he may proceed >a"ai!st his 'ather? with the help o' the ser(a!ts o' his mother.

+r ha(i!" dis"uised himsel' as a pai!ter, a carpe!ter, court/*ard, a physicia!, a *u''oo!, or a heretic, a!d assisted *y spies u!der similar dis"uise, he may, whe! opportu!ity a''ords itsel', prese!t himsel' armed with weapo!s a!d poiso! *e'ore the ki!", a!d address him :// "I am the heir/appare!t, it does !ot *ecome thee to e!joy the state alo!e whe! it is e!joya*le *y *oth o' us, or whe! others justly desire such e!joyme!t, I ou"ht !ot to *e kept away *y awardi!" a! allowa!ce o' dou*le the su*siste!ce a!d salary." &hese are the measures that a pri!ce kept u!der restrai!t has to take. %pies or his mother, !atural or adopti(e, may reco!cile a! heir/appare!t u!der restrai!t a!d *ri!" him to the court. +r secret emissaries armed with weapo!s a!d poiso! may kill a! a*a!do!ed pri!ce. I' he is !ot a*a!do!ed, he may *e cau"ht hold o' at !i"ht *y employi!" wome! e)ual to the occasio!, or *y maki!" use o' li)uor, or o! the occasio! o' hu!ti!", a!d *rou"ht *ack >to the court?. Bhe! thus *rou"ht *ack, he shall *e co!ciliated *y the ki!" with promise o' so(erei"!ty Ia'ter meJ >i.e., a'ter the ki!"'s death?, a!d kept u!der "uard, i! a de'i!ite locality. +r i' the ki!" has ma!y so!s, a! u!ruly pri!ce may *e *a!ished. :&hus e!ds hapter XVIII, G&he o!duct o' a -ri!ce kept u!der Aestrai!t a!d the &reatme!t o' a Aestrai!ed -ri!ce,H i! Book I, G o!cer!i!" #iscipli!eH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya.<

CHAPTER *I*. THE D.TIE# OF A KING. I. a ki!" is e!er"etic, his su*jects will *e e)ually e!er"etic. I' he is reckless, they will !ot o!ly *e reckless likewise, *ut also eat i!to his works. Besides, a reckless ki!" will easily 'all i!to the ha!ds o' his e!emies. De!ce the ki!" shall e(er *e wake'ul. De shall di(ide *oth the day a!d the !i"ht i!to ei"ht nlikas >5L hours?, or accordi!" to the le!"th o' the shadow >cast *y a "!omo! sta!di!" i! the su!?: the shadow o' three purushs >M9 an%uls or i!ches?, o' o!e purush >5N i!ches?, o' 'our an%uls >O i!ches?, a!d a*se!ce o' shadow de!oti!" midday are the 'our o!e/ei"hth di(isio!s o' the 'ore!oo!, like di(isio!s >i! the re(erse order? i! the a'ter!oo!. +' these di(isio!s, duri!" the 'irst o!e/ei"hth part o' the day, he shall post watchme! a!d atte!d to the accou!ts o' receipts a!d e1pe!diture, duri!" the seco!d part, he shall look to the a''airs o' *oth citi0e!s a!d cou!try people, duri!" the third, he shall !ot o!ly *athe a!d di!e, *ut also study, duri!" the 'ourth, he shall !ot o!ly recei(e re(e!ue i! "old >hiranya?, *ut also atte!d to the appoi!tme!ts o' superi!te!de!ts, duri!"

the 'i'th, he shall correspo!d i! writs >patrasampreshanena? with the assem*ly o' his mi!isters, a!d recei(e the secret i!'ormatio! "athered *y his spies, duri!" the si1th, he may e!"a"e himsel' i! his 'a(ourite amuseme!ts or i! sel'/deli*eratio!, duri!" the se(e!th, he shall superi!te!d elepha!ts, horses, chariots, a!d i!'a!try, a!d duri!" the ei"hth part, he shall co!sider (arious pla!s o' military operatio!s with his comma!der/i!/ chie'. At the close o' the day, he shall o*ser(e the e(e!i!" prayer >sandhya?. #uri!" the 'irst o!e/ei"hth part o' the !i"ht, he shall recei(e secret emissaries, duri!" the seco!d, he shall atte!d to *athi!" a!d supper a!d study, duri!" the third, he shall e!ter the *ed/cham*er amid the sou!d o' trumpets a!d e!joy sleep duri!" the 'ourth a!d 'i'th parts, ha(i!" *ee! awake!ed *y the sou!d o' trumpets duri!" the si1th part, he shall recall to his mi!d the i!ju!ctio!s o' scie!ces as well as the day's duties, duri!" the se(e!th, he shall sit co!sideri!" admi!istrati(e measures a!d se!d out spies, a!d duri!" the ei"hth di(isio! o' the !i"ht, he shall recei(e *e!edictio!s 'rom sacri'icial priests, teachers, a!d the hi"h priest, a!d ha(i!" see! his physicia!, chie' cook a!d astrolo"er, a!d ha(i!" saluted *oth a cow with its cal' a!d a *ull *y circumam*ulati!" rou!d them, he shall "et i!to his court. +r i! co!'ormity to his capacity, he may alter the timeta*le a!d atte!d to his duties. Bhe! i! the court, he shall !e(er cause his petitio!ers to wait at the door, 'or whe! a ki!" makes himsel' i!accessi*le to his people a!d e!trusts his work to his immediate o''icers, he may *e sure to e!"e!der co!'usio! i! *usi!ess, a!d to cause there*y pu*lic disa''ectio!, a!d himsel' a prey to his e!emies. De shall, there'ore, perso!ally atte!d to the *usi!ess o' "ods, o' heretics, o' Brhmans lear!ed i! the Vedas, o' cattle, o' sacred places, o' mi!ors, the a"ed, the a''licted, a!d the helpless, a!d o' wome!,///all this i! order >o' e!umeratio!? or accordi!" to the ur"e!cy or pressure o' those works. All ur"e!t calls he shall hear at o!ce, *ut !e(er put o'', 'or whe! postpo!ed, they will pro(e too hard or impossi*le to accomplish. Da(i!" seated himsel' i! the room where the sacred 'ire has *ee! kept, he shall atte!d to the *usi!ess o' physicia!s a!d ascetics practisi!" austerities, a!d that i! compa!y with his hi"h priest a!d teacher a!d a'ter prelimi!ary salutatio! >to the petitio!ers?. Accompa!ied *y perso!s pro'icie!t i! the three scie!ces >trividya? *ut !ot alo!e lest the petitio!ers *e o''e!ded, he shall look to the *usi!ess o' those who are practisi!" austerities, as well as o' those who are e1perts i! witchcra't a!d $7%a.

+' a ki!", the reli"ious (ow is his readi!ess to actio!, satis'actory dischar"e o' duties is his per'orma!ce o' sacri'ice, e)ual atte!tio! to all is the o''er o' 'ees a!d a*lutio! towards co!secratio!. I! the happi!ess o' his su*jects lies his happi!ess, i! their wel'are his wel'are, whate(er pleases himsel' he shall !ot co!sider as "ood, *ut whate(er pleases his su*jects he shall co!sider as "ood. De!ce the ki!" shall e(er *e acti(e a!d dischar"e his duties, the root o' wealth is acti(ity, a!d o' e(il its re(erse. I! the a*se!ce o' acti(ity ac)uisitio!s prese!t a!d to come will perish, *y acti(ity he ca! achie(e *oth his desired e!ds a!d a*u!da!ce o' wealth. :&hus e!ds hapter XIX, G&he #uties o' a Ki!"H i! Book I. G o!cer!i!" #iscipli!eH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya.<

CHAPTER **. D.T/ TO+ARD# THE HARE-. +F a site !aturally *est 'itted 'or the purpose, the ki!" shall co!struct his harem co!sisti!" o' ma!y compartme!ts, o!e withi! the other, e!closed *y a parapet a!d a ditch, a!d pro(ided with a door. De shall co!struct his ow! reside!tial palace a'ter the model o' his treasury/house, or he may ha(e his reside!tial a*ode i! the ce!tre o' the delusi(e cham*er >m7hana%riha?, pro(ided with secret passa"es made i!to the walls, or i! a! u!der"rou!d cham*er pro(ided with the 'i"ures o' "oddesses a!d o' altars >chaitya? car(ed o! the woode! door/'rame, a!d co!!ected with ma!y u!der"rou!d passa"es 'or e1it, or i! a! upper storey pro(ided with a staircase hidde! i! a wall, with a passa"e 'or e1it made i! a hollow pillar, the whole *uildi!" *ei!" so co!structed with mecha!ical co!tri(a!ce as to *e caused to 'all dow! whe! !ecessary. +r co!sideri!" the da!"er 'rom his ow! classmates >sahdhyyi?, such co!tri(a!ces as the a*o(e, mai!ly i!te!ded as sa'e"uards a"ai!st da!"er, may *e made o! occasio!s o' da!"er or otherwise as he deems 'it. Fo other ki!d o' 'ire ca! *ur! that harem which is thrice circumam*ulated 'rom ri"ht to le't *y a 'ire o' huma! make >manush4n%nina?, !or ca! there *e ki!dled a!y other 'ire. For ca! 'ire destroy that harem the walls o' which are made o' mud mi1ed with ashes produced *y li"ht!i!", a!d wetted i! hail/water >karaka/vri?. -oiso!ous s!akes will !ot dare to e!ter i!to such *uildi!"s as are pro(ided with -.vanti >89deria 8:tida?, sv4ta >Aconitum 8ero+?, mushkakapushpa >@?, a!d vandka

>,pidendrum !esselatum?, a!d as are protected *y the *ra!ches o' p4(ta >@? a!d o' asvattha >8icus 'eli%iosa?. ats, peacocks, ma!"ooses, a!d the spotted deer eat up s!akes. -arrots, mi!as >srika?, a!d 4al*ar *irds >&hrin%ar(a? shriek whe! they percei(e the smell o' s!ake/poiso!. &he hero! >crauncha? swoo!s i! the (ici!ity o' poiso!, the pheasa!t >(.van(.vaka? 'eels distress, the youth'ul cuckoo >mattak7kila? dies, the eyes o' partrid"e >chak7ra? are redde!ed. &hus remedies shall *e applied a"ai!st 'ire a!d poiso!. +! o!e side i! the rear o' the harem, there shall *e made 'or the reside!ce o' wome! compartme!ts pro(ided !ot o!ly with all ki!ds o' medici!es use'ul i! midwi'ery a!d diseases, *ut also with well k!ow! pot/her*s >prakhytasamsthvriksha?, a!d a water/ reser(oir, outside these compartme!ts, the reside!ces o' pri!ces a!d pri!cesses, i! 'ro!t >o' the latter *uildi!"?, the toilet/"rou!d >alankra &h0mih?, the cou!cil/"rou!d >mantra&h0mi&?, the court, a!d the o''ices o' the heir/appare!t a!d o' superi!te!de!ts. I! the i!ter(e!i!" places *etwee! two compartme!ts, the army o' the o''icer i! char"e o' the harem shall *e statio!ed. Bhe! i! the i!terior o' the harem, the ki!" shall see the )uee! o!ly whe! her perso!al purity is (ouchsa'ed *y a! old maid/ser(a!t. De shall !ot touch a!y woma! >u!less he is apprised o' her perso!al purity?, 'or hidde! i! the )uee!'s cham*er, his ow! *rother slew ki!" Bhadrasena, hidi!" himsel' u!der the *ed o' his mother, the so! killed ki!" Krusa, mi1i!" 'ried rice with poiso!, as thou"h with ho!ey, his ow! )uee! poiso!ed Ksir(a, with a! a!klet pai!ted with poiso!, his ow! )uee! killed Vairantya, with a "em o' her 0o!e *edau*ed with poiso!, his ow! )uee! killed Sauv.ra, with a looki!" "lass pai!ted with poiso!, his ow! )uee! killed -l0tha, a!d with a weapo! hidde! u!der her tu't o' hair, his ow! )uee! slew Vid0ratha. De!ce the ki!" shall always *e care'ul to a(oid such lurki!" da!"ers. De shall keep away his wi(es 'rom the society o' ascetics with sha(ed head or *raided hair, o' *u''oo!s, a!d o' outside prostitutes >dsi?. For shall wome! o' hi"h *irth ha(e occasio! to see his wi(es e1cept appoi!ted midwi(es. -rostitutes >r0p(.va? with perso!al clea!li!ess e''ected *y 'resh *ath a!d with 'resh "arme!ts a!d or!ame!ts shall atte!d the harem. 3i"hty me! a!d 'i'ty wome! u!der the "uise o' 'athers a!d mothers, a!d a"ed perso!s, a!d eu!uchs shall !ot o!ly ascertai! purity a!d impurity i! the li'e o' the i!mates o' the harem, *ut also so re"ulate the a''airs as to *e co!duci(e to the happi!ess o' the ki!".

3(ery perso! i! the harem shall li(e i! the place assi"!ed to him, a!d shall !e(er mo(e to the place assi"!ed to others. Fo o!e o' the harem shall at a!y time keep compa!y with a!y outsider. &he passa"e o' all ki!ds o' commodities 'rom or i!to the harem shall *e restricted a!d shall, a'ter care'ul e1ami!atio!, *e allowed to reach their desti!atio! either i!side or outside the harem as i!dicated *y the seal/mark >mudr?. :&hus e!ds hapter XX, G#uty towards the DaremH i! Book I, G o!cer!i!" #iscipli!eH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya.<

CHAPTER **I. PER#ONAL #AFET/. +F "etti!" up 'rom the *ed, the ki!" shall *e recei(ed *y troops o' wome! armed with *ows. I! the seco!d compartme!t, he shall *e recei(ed *y the Kanchuki >prese!ter o' the ki!"'s coat?, the #shnisi >prese!ter o' ki!"'s head/dress?, a"ed perso!s, a!d other harem atte!da!ts. I! the third compartme!t, he shall *e recei(ed *y crooked a!d dwar'ish perso!s, i! the 'ourth, *y prime mi!isters, ki!sme!, a!d door/keepers with *ar*ed missiles i! their ha!d. &he ki!" shall employ as his perso!al atte!da!ts those whose 'athers a!d "ra!d'athers had *ee! royal ser(a!ts, those who *ear close relatio!ship to the ki!", those who are well trai!ed a!d loyal, a!d those who ha(e re!dered "ood ser(ice. Feither 'orei"!ers, !or those who ha(e ear!ed !either rewards !or ho!our *y re!deri!" "ood ser(ice, !or e(e! !ati(es 'ou!d e!"a"ed i! i!imical works shall 'orm the *ody"uard o' the ki!" or the troops o' the o''icers i! char"e o' the harem. I! a well/"uarded locality, the head/cook >mhnasika? shall super(ise the preparatio! o' (arieties o' relishi!" dishes. &he ki!" shall partake o' such 'resh dishes a'ter maki!" a! o*latio! out o' them 'irst to the 'ire a!d the! to *irds. Bhe! the 'lame a!d the smoke tur! *lue a!d crackle, a!d whe! *irds >that eat the o*latio!? die, prese!ce o' poiso! >i! the dish? shall *e i!'erred. Bhe! the (apour arisi!" 'rom cooked rice possesses the colour o' the !eck o' a peacock, a!d appears chill as i' sudde!ly cooled, whe! (e"eta*les possess a! u!!atural colour, a!d are watery a!d harde!ed, a!d appear to ha(e sudde!ly tur!ed dry, *ei!" possessed o' *roke! layers o' *lackish 'oam, a!d *ei!" de(oid o' smell, touch a!d taste !atural to them, whe! ute!sils re'lect li"ht either more or less tha! usual, a!d are co(ered with a layer o' 'oam at their ed"es, whe! a!y li)uid preparatio! possesses streaks o! its sur'ace, whe! milk *ears a *luish streak i! the ce!tre o' its sur'ace, whe! li)uor a!d water possess reddish streaks, whe! curd is marked with *lack a!d dark streaks, a!d ho!ey with white streaks, whe!

watery thi!"s appear parched as i' o(ercooked a!d look *lue a!d swolle!, whe! dry thi!"s ha(e shri!ked a!d cha!"ed i! their colour, whe! hard thi!"s appear so't, a!d so't thi!"s hard, whe! mi!ute a!imalculP die i! the (ici!ity o' the dishes, whe! carpets a!d curtai!s possess *lackish circular spots, with their threads a!d hair 'alle! o'', whe! metallic (essels set with "ems appear tar!ished as thou"h *y roasti!", a!d ha(e lost their polish, colour, shi!e, a!d so't!ess o' touch, prese!ce o' poiso! shall *e i!'erred. As to the perso! who has admi!istered poiso!, the marks are parched a!d dry mouth, hesitatio! i! speaki!", hea(y perspiratio!, yaw!i!", too much *odily tremour, 're)ue!t tum*li!", e(asio! o' speech, careless!ess i! work, a!d u!willi!"!ess to keep to the place assi"!ed to him. De!ce physicia!s a!d e1perts capa*le o' detecti!" poiso! shall e(er atte!d upo! the ki!". Da(i!" take! out 'rom the store/room o' medici!es that medici!e the purity o' which has *ee! pro(ed *y e1perime!t, a!d ha(i!" himsel' to"ether with the decoctio!er a!d the pur(eyor >pchaka a!d p7shaka? tasted it, the physicia! shall ha!d o(er the medici!e to the ki!". &he same rule shall apply to li)uor a!d other *e(era"es. Da(i!" clea!ed their perso! a!d ha!ds *y 'resh *ath a!d put o! !ewly/washed "arme!t, ser(a!ts i! char"e o' dresses, a!d toilets shall ser(e the ki!" with dresses a!d toilets recei(ed u!der seal 'rom the o''icer i! char"e o' the harem. -rostitutes shall do the duty o' *ath/room ser(a!ts, shampooers, *eddi!"/room ser(a!ts, washerme!, a!d 'lower "arla!d/makers, while prese!ti!" to the ki!" water, sce!ts, 'ra"ra!t powders, dress a!d "arla!ds, ser(a!ts alo!" with the a*o(e prostitutes shall 'irst touch these thi!"s *y their eyes, arms a!d *reast. &he same rule shall apply to whate(er has *ee! recei(ed 'rom a! outside perso!. 4usicia!s shall e!tertai! the ki!" with those ki!ds o' amuseme!ts i! which weapo!s, 'ire, a!d poiso! are !ot made use o'. 4usical i!strume!ts as well as the or!ame!ts o' horses, chariots, a!d elepha!ts shall i!(aria*ly *e kept i!side >the harem?. &he ki!" shall mou!t o(er chariots or *easts o' *urde! o!ly whe! they are 'irst mou!ted o(er *y his hereditary dri(er or rider. De shall "et i!to a *oat o!ly whe! it is piloted *y a trustworthy sailor a!d is co!joi!ed to a seco!d *oat. De shall !e(er sail o! a!y ship which had o!ce *ee! weather*eate!, a!d >while *oati!" o! a "ood ship? his army shall all the while sta!d o! the *a!k or the shore. De shall "et i!to such water as is 'ree 'rom lar"e 'ishes >matsya? a!d crocodiles. De shall ram*le o!ly i! such 'orests as are 'reed 'rom s!akes a!d crocodiles >%rha?.

Bith a (iew o' ac)uiri!" e''icie!cy i! the skill o' shooti!" arrows at mo(i!" o*jects, he shall e!"a"e himsel' i! sports i! such 'orests as are cleared *y hu!ters a!d hou!d/keepers 'rom the 'ear o' hi"h/way/ro**ers, s!akes, a!d e!emies. Atte!ded *y trustworthy *ody"uard armed with weapo!s, he shall "i(e i!ter(iew to sai!ts a!d ascetics. %urrou!ded *y his assem*ly o' mi!sters, he shall recei(e the e!(oys o' 'orei"! states. Attired i! military dress a!d ha(i!" mou!ted a horse, a chariot, or a! elepha!t, he shall "o see his army e)uipped i! military array. +! the occaisio! o' "oi!" out o', a!d comi!" i!to >the capital?, the ki!"Js road shall o! *oth sides *e well "uarded *y sta''/*earers a!d 'reed 'rom the prese!ce o' armed perso!s, ascetics, a!d the cripple >(ya!"a?. De shall "o to wit!ess 'esti(e trai!s, 'airs >ytra?, processio!, or sacri'icial per'orma!ces o!ly whe! they are policed *y *a!ds o' I&he &e! ommu!ities.J >dasavar%ikadhishthitni?. Kust as he atte!ds to the perso!al sa'ety o' others throu"h the a"e!cy o' spies, so a wise ki!" shall also take care to secure his perso! 'rom e1ter!al da!"ers. :&hus e!ds hapter XX, G-erso!al %a'etyH i! Book I, G o!cer!i!" #iscipli!eH o' the ArthasCstra o' Kautilya. Bith this, the Book I, G o!cer!i!" #iscipli!eH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya, has e!ded.<

.rom: Kautilya. Arthashastra. &ra!slated *y A. %hamasastry. Ba!"alore: 2o(er!me!t -ress, 5Q56, 5/67.

Kautilya's Arthashastra: Book II,"&he #uties o' 2o(er!me!t %uperi!te!de!ts"

CHAPTER I. FOR-ATION OF 'ILLAGE#. 3I&D3A *y i!duci!" 'orei"!ers to immi"rate >paradesapravhanena? or *y causi!" the thickly/populated ce!tres o' his ow! ki!"dom to se!d 'orth the e1cessi(e populatio! >svad4s&hishyandavman4na v?, the ki!" may co!struct (illa"es either o! !ew sites or o! old rui!s >&h0tap0rvama v?. Villa"es co!sisti!" each o' !ot less tha! a hu!dred 'amilies a!d o' !ot more tha! 'i(e/hu!dred 'amilies o' a"ricultural people o' s0dra caste, with *ou!daries e1te!di!" as

'ar as a kr7sa >NN67 yds.? or two, a!d capa*le o' protecti!" each other shall *e 'ormed. Bou!daries shall *e de!oted *y a ri(er, a mou!tai!, 'orests, *ul*ous pla!ts >%rishti?, ca(es, arti'icial *uildi!"s >s4tu&andha?, or *y trees such as slmali >silk cotto! tree?, samR >Acacia Suma?, a!d kshRra(riksha >milky trees?. &here shall *e set up a sthn.ya >a 'ortress o' that !ame? i! the ce!tre o' ei"ht/ hu!dred (illa"es, a drS!amukha i! the ce!tre o' 'our/hu!dred (illa"es, a khCr(Ctika i! the ce!tre o' two/hu!dred (illa"es a!d sa!"raha!a i! the midst o' a collectio! o' te! (illa"es. &here shall *e co!structed i! the e1tremities o' the ki!"dom 'orts ma!!ed *y *ou!dary/"uards >antapla? whose duty shall *e to "uard the e!tra!ces i!to the ki!"dom. &he i!terior o' the ki!"dom shall *e watched *y trap/keepers >v%urika?, archers >s&ara?, hu!ters >pulinda?, cha!dClas, a!d wild tri*es >aranyachra?. &hose who per'orm sacri'ices >ritvik?, spiritual "uides, priests, a!d those lear!ed i! the Vedas shall *e "ra!ted Brahmadaya la!ds yieldi!" su''icie!t produce a!d e1empted 'rom ta1es a!d 'i!es >adandkarni?. %uperi!te!de!ts, Accou!ta!ts, 2opas, %thC!ikas, Veteri!ary %ur"eo!s >An.kastha?, physicia!s, horse/trai!ers, a!d messe!"ers shall also *e e!dowed with la!ds which they shall ha(e !o ri"ht to alie!ate *y sale or mort"a"e. ;a!ds prepared 'or culti(atio! shall *e "i(e! to ta1/ payers >karada? o!ly 'or li'e >ekapurushikni?. E!prepared la!ds shall !ot *e take! away 'rom those who are prepari!" them 'or culti(atio!. ;a!ds may *e co!'iscated 'rom those who do !ot culti(ate them, a!d "i(e! to others, or they may *e culti(ated *y (illa"e la*ourers >%rma&hritaka? a!d traders >vaidehaka?, lest those ow!ers who do !ot properly culti(ate them mi"ht pay less >to the "o(er!me!t?. I' culti(ators pay their ta1es easily, they may *e 'a(oura*ly supplied with "rai!s, cattle, a!d mo!ey. &he ki!" shall *estow o! culti(ators o!ly such 'a(our a!d remissio! >anu%rahaparihrau? as will te!d to swell the treasury, a!d shall a(oid such as will deplete it. A ki!" with depleted treasury will eat i!to the (ery (itality o' *oth citi0e!s a!d cou!try people. 3ither o! the occasio! o' ope!i!" !ew settleme!ts or o! a!y other emer"e!t occasio!s, remissio! o' ta1es shall *e made. De shall re"ard with 'atherly ki!d!ess those who ha(e passed the period o' remissio! o' ta1es.

De shall carry o! mi!i!" operatio!s a!d ma!u'actures, e1ploit tim*er a!d elepha!t 'orests, o''er 'acilities 'or cattle*reedi!" a!d commerce, co!struct roads 'or tra''ic *oth *y la!d a!d water, a!d set up market tow!s >panyapattana?. De shall also co!struct reser(oirs >s4tu? 'illed with water either pere!!ial or draw! 'rom some other source. +r he may pro(ide with sites, roads, tim*er, a!d other !ecessary thi!"s those who co!struct reser(oirs o' their ow! accord. ;ikewise i! the co!structio! o' places o' pil"rima"e >punyasthna? a!d o' "ro(es. Bhoe(er stays away 'rom a!y ki!d o' cooperati(e co!structio! >sam&h0ya setu&handht? shall se!d his ser(a!ts a!d *ullocks to carry o! his work, shall ha(e a share i! the e1pe!diture, *ut shall ha(e !o claim to the pro'it. &he ki!" shall e1ercise his ri"ht o' ow!ership >s;myam? with re"ard to 'ishi!", 'erryi!" a!d tradi!" i! (e"eta*les >haritapanya? i! reser(oirs or lakes >s4tushu?. &hose who do !ot heed the claims o' their sla(es >dsa?, hireli!"s >hitaka?, a!d relati(es shall *e tau"ht their duty. &he ki!" shall pro(ide the orpha!s, >&la?, the a"ed, the i!'irm, the a''licted, a!d the helpless with mai!te!a!ce. De shall also pro(ide su*siste!ce to helpless wome! whe! they are carryi!" a!d also to the childre! they "i(e *irth to. 3lders amo!" the (illa"ers shall impro(e the property o' *erea(ed mi!ors till the latter attai! their a"e, so also the property o' 2ods. Bhe! a capa*le perso! other tha! a! apostate >patita? or mother !e"lects to mai!tai! his or her child, wi'e, mother, 'ather, mi!or *rothers, sisters, or widowed "irls >kany vidhavscha?, he or she shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' twel(e pa!as. Bhe!, without maki!" pro(isio! 'or the mai!te!a!ce o' his wi'e a!d so!s, a!y perso! em*races ascetism, he shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t, likewise a!y perso! who co!(erts a woma! to ascetism >pravr(ayatah?. Bhoe(er has passed the a"e o' copulatio! may *ecome a! ascetic a'ter distri*uti!" the properties o' his ow! ac)uisitio! >amo!" his so!s?, otherwise, he will *e pu!ished. Fo ascetic other tha! a vnaprastha >'orest/hermit?, !o compa!y other tha! the o!e o' local *irth >sa(tdanyassan%hah?, a!d !o "uilds o' a!y ki!d other tha! local cooperati(e "uilds >smutthyik/ danyassamaynu&andhah? shall 'i!d e!tra!ce i!to the (illa"es o' the ki!"dom. For shall there *e i! (illa"es *uildi!"s >slh? i!te!ded 'or sports a!d plays. For, i! (iew o' procuri!" mo!ey, 'ree la*our, commodities, "rai!s, a!d li)uids i! ple!ty, shall actors, da!cers, si!"ers, drummers, *u''oo!s >v%(.vana?, a!d *ards >kus.lava? make a!y distur*a!ce to the work o' the (illa"ers, 'or helpless (illa"ers are always depe!de!t a!d *e!t upo! their 'ields.

&he ki!" shall a(oid taki!" possessio! o' a!y cou!try which is lia*le to the i!roads o' e!emies a!d wild tri*es a!d which is harassed *y 're)ue!t (isitatio!s o' 'ami!e a!d pestile!ce. De shall also keep away 'rom e1pe!si(e sports. De shall protect a"riculture 'rom the molestatio! o' oppressi(e 'i!es, 'ree la*our, a!d ta1es >dandavishtikar&dhaih?, herds o' cattle 'rom thie(es, ti"ers, poiso!ous creatures a!d cattle/disease. De shall !ot o!ly clear roads o' tra''ic 'rom the molestatio!s o' courtiers >valla&ha?, o' workme! >krmika?, o' ro**ers, a!d o' *ou!dary/"uards, *ut also keep them 'rom *ei!" destroyed *y herds o' cattle. &hus the ki!" shall !ot o!ly keep i! "ood repair tim*er a!d elepha!t 'orests, *uildi!"s, a!d mi!es created i! the past, *ut also set up !ew o!es. :&hus e!ds hapter I, ".ormatio! o' Villa"esH i! Book II, G&he #uties o' 2o(er!me!t %uperi!te!de!ts,H o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' twe!ty/seco!d chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER II. DI'I#ION OF LAND. &D3 Ki!" shall make pro(isio! 'or pasture "rou!ds o! u!culti(a*le tracts. BrChma!s shall *e pro(ided with 'orests 'or sSma pla!tatio!, 'or reli"ious lear!i!", a!d 'or the per'orma!ce o' pe!a!ce, such 'orests *ei!" re!dered sa'e 'rom the da!"ers 'rom a!imate or i!a!imate o*jects, a!d *ei!" !amed a'ter the tri*al !ame >%7tra? o' the BrChma!s reside!t therei!. A 'orest as e1te!si(e as the a*o(e, pro(ided with o!ly o!e e!tra!ce re!dered i!accessi*le *y the co!structio! o' ditches all rou!d, with pla!tatio!s o' delicious 'ruit trees, *ushes, *owers, a!d thor!less trees, with a! e1pa!si(e lake o' water 'ull o' harmless a!imals, a!d with ti"ers >vyla?, *easts o' prey >mr%yuka?, male a!d 'emale elepha!ts, you!" elepha!ts, a!d *iso!sTall depri(ed o' their claws a!d teethTshall *e 'ormed 'or the ki!"'s sports. +! the e1treme limit o' the cou!try or i! a!y other suita*le locality, a!other "ame/ 'orest with "ame/*easts, ope! to all, shall also *e made. I! (iew o' procuri!" all ki!ds o' 'orest/produce descri*ed elsewhere, o!e or se(eral 'orests shall *e specially reser(ed. 4a!u'actories to prepare commodities 'rom 'orest produce shall also *e set up. Bild tracts shall *e separated 'rom tim*er/'orests. I! the e1treme limit o' the cou!try, elepha!t 'orests, separated 'rom wild tracts, shall *e 'ormed.

&he superi!te!de!t o' 'orests with his reti!ue o' 'orest "uards shall !ot o!ly mai!tai! the up/keep o' the 'orests, *ut also ac)uai!t himsel' with all passa"es 'or e!tra!ce i!to, or e1it 'rom such o' them as are mou!tai!ous or *o""y or co!tai! ri(ers or lakes. Bhoe(er kills a! elepha!t shall *e put to death. Bhoe(er *ri!"s i! the pair o' tusks o' a! elepha!t, dead 'rom !atural causes, shall recei(e a reward o' 'our/a!d/a/hal' pa!as. 2uards o' elepha!t 'orests, assisted *y those who rear elepha!ts, those who e!chai! the le"s o' elepha!ts, those who "uard the *ou!daries, those who li(e i! 'orests, as well as *y those who !urse elepha!ts, shall, with the help o' 'i(e or se(e! 'emale elepha!ts to help i! tetheri!" wild o!es, trace the wherea*outs o' herds o' elepha!ts *y 'ollowi!" the course o' uri!e a!d du!"s le't *y elepha!ts a!d alo!" 'orest/tracts co(ered o(er with *ra!ches o' BhallCtaki >Semicarpus Anacardium?, a!d *y o*ser(i!" the spots where elepha!ts slept or sat *e'ore or le't du!"s, or where they had just destroyed the *a!ks o' ri(ers or lakes. &hey shall also precisely ascertai! whether a!y mark is due to the mo(eme!ts o' elepha!ts i! herds, o' a! elepha!t roami!" si!"le, o' a stray elepha!t, o' a leader o' herds, o' a tusker, o' a ro"ue elepha!t, o' a! elepha!t i! rut, o' a you!" elepha!t, or o' a! elepha!t that has escaped 'rom the ca"e. 31perts i! catchi!" elepha!ts shall 'ollow the i!structio!s "i(e! to them *y the elepha!t doctor >an.kastha? a!d catch such elepha!ts as are possessed o' auspicious characteristics a!d "ood character. &he (ictory o' ki!"s >i! *attles? depe!ds mai!ly upo! elepha!ts, 'or elepha!ts, *ei!" o' lar"e *odily 'rame, are capa*le !ot o!ly to destroy the arrayed army o' a! e!emy, his 'orti'icatio!s, a!d e!campme!ts, *ut also to u!dertake works that are da!"erous to li'e. 3lepha!ts *red i! cou!tries, such as KCli!"a, A!"a, KarUsa, a!d the 3ast are the *est, those o' the #asCr!a a!d wester! cou!tries are o' middle )uality, a!d those o' %aurCshtra a!d -a!chaja!a cou!tries are o' low )uality. &he mi"ht a!d e!er"y o' all ca!, howe(er, *e impro(ed *y suita*le trai!i!". :&hus e!ds hapter II, G#i(isio! o' ;a!dH i! Book II, G&he #uties o' 2o(er!me!t %uperi!te!de!tsH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' twe!ty/third chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER III. CON#TR.CTION OF FORT# +F all the 'our )uarters o' the *ou!daries o' the ki!"dom, de'e!si(e 'orti'icatio!s a"ai!st a! e!emy i! war shall *e co!structed o! "rou!ds *est 'itted 'or the purpose: a water/'orti'icatio! >audaka? such as a! isla!d i! the midst o' a ri(er, or a plai!

surrou!ded *y low "rou!d, a mou!tai!ous 'orti'icatio! >prvata? such as a rocky tract or a ca(e, a desert >dhnvana? such as a wild tract de(oid o' water a!d o(er"row! with thicket "rowi!" i! *arre! soil, or a 'orest 'orti'icatio! >vanadur%a? 'ull o' wa"tail >kha(ana?, water a!d thickets. +' these, water a!d mou!tai! 'orti'icatio!s are *est suited to de'e!d populous ce!tres, a!d desert a!d 'orest 'orti'icatio!s are ha*itatio!s i! wilder!ess >atav.sthnam?. +r with ready preparatio!s 'or 'li"ht the ki!" may ha(e his 'orti'ied capital >sthn.ya? as the seat o' his so(erei"!ty >samudaysthnam? i! the ce!tre o' his ki!"dom: i! a locality !aturally *est 'itted 'or the purpose, such as the *a!k o' the co!'lue!ce o' ri(ers, a deep pool o' pere!!ial water, or o' a lake or ta!k, a 'ort, circular, recta!"ular, or s)uare i! 'orm, surrou!ded with a! arti'icial ca!al o' water, a!d co!!ected with *oth la!d a!d water paths >may *e co!structed?. Aou!d this 'ort, three ditches with a! i!termediate space o' o!e da!da >9 't.? 'rom each other, 'ourtee!, twel(e a!d te! da!das respecti(ely i! width, with depth less *y o!e )uarter or *y o!e/hal' o' their width, s)uare at their *ottom a!d o!e/third as wide as at their top, with sides *uilt o' sto!es or *ricks, 'illed with pere!!ial 'lowi!" water or with water draw! 'rom some other source, a!d possessi!" crocodiles a!d lotus pla!ts shall *e co!structed. At a dista!ce o' 'our da!das >NO 't.? 'rom the >i!!ermost? ditch, a rampart si1 da!das hi"h a!d twice as much *road shall *e erected *y heapi!" mud upwards a!d *y maki!" it s)uare at the *ottom, o(al at the ce!tre pressed *y the trampli!" o' elepha!ts a!d *ulls, a!d pla!ted with thor!y a!d poiso!ous pla!ts i! *ushes. 2aps i! the rampart shall *e 'illed up with 'resh earth. A*o(e the rampart, parapets i! odd or e(e! !um*ers a!d with a! i!termediate, space o' 'rom 5N to NO hastas 'rom each other shall *e *uilt o' *ricks a!d raised to a hei"ht o' twice their *readth. &he passa"e 'or chariots shall *e made o' tru!ks o' palm trees or o' *road a!d thick sla*s o' sto!es with spheres like the head o' a mo!key car(ed o! their sur'ace, *ut !e(er o' wood as 'ire 'i!ds a happy a*ode i! it. &owers, s)uare throu"hout a!d with mo(ea*le staircase or ladder e)ual to its hei"ht, shall also *e co!structed. I! the i!termediate space measuri!" thirty da!das *etwee! two towers, there shall *e 'ormed a *road street i! two compartme!ts co(ered o(er with a roo' a!d two/a!d/ hal' times as lo!" as it is *road. Betwee! the tower a!d the *road street there shall *e co!structed a! I!drakSsa which is made up o' co(eri!" pieces o' woode! pla!ks a''ordi!" seats 'or three archers.

&here shall also *e made a road 'or 2ods which shall measure two hastas i!side >the towers @?, 'our times as much *y the sides, a!d ei"ht hastas alo!" the parapet. -aths >chrya, to asce!d the parapet @? as *road as a da!da >9 't.? or two shall also *e made. I! a! u!assaila*le part >o' the rampart?, a passa"e 'or 'li"ht >pradhvitikm?, a!d a door 'or e1it >nishkurad;ram? shall *e made. +utside the rampart, passa"es 'or mo(eme!ts shall *e closed *y 'ormi!" o*structio!s such as a k!ee/*reaker >(nu&han(an.?, a tride!t, mou!ds o' earth, pits, wreaths o' thor!s, i!strume!ts made like the tail o' a s!ake, palm lea', tria!"le, a!d o' do"'s teeth, rods, ditches 'illed with thor!s a!d co(ered with sa!d, 'ryi!" pa!s a!d water/ pools. Da(i!" made o! *oth sides o' the rampart a circular hole o' a da!da/a!d/a/hal' i! diametre, a! e!tra!ce "ate >to the 'ort? o!e/si1th as *road as the width o' the street shall *e 'i1ed. A s)uare >chatursra? is 'ormed *y successi(e additio! o' o!e da!da up to ei"ht da!das comme!ci!" 'rom 'i(e, or i! the proportio!, o!e/si1th o' the le!"th up to o!e/ ei"hth. &he rise i! le(el >talotsedhah? shall *e made *y successi(e additio! o' o!e hasta up to 58 hastas comme!ci!" 'rom 56 hastas. I! 'i1i!" a pillar, si1 parts are to 'orm its hei"ht, o! the 'loor, twice as much >5N parts? to *e e!tered i!to the "rou!d, a!d o!e/'ourth 'or its capital. +' the 'irst 'loor, 'i(e parts >are to *e take!? 'or the 'ormatio! o' a hall >sl?, a well, a!d a *ou!dary/house, two/te!ths o' it 'or the 'ormatio! o' two plat'orms opposite to each other >pratimanchau?, a! upper storey twice as hi"h as its width, car(i!"s o' ima"es, a! upper/most storey, hal' or three/'ourths as *road as the 'irst 'loor, side walls *uilt o' *ricks, o! the le't side, a staircase circumam*ulati!" 'rom le't to ri"ht, o! the ri"ht, a secret staircase hidde! i! the wall, a top/support o' or!ame!tal arches >toranasirah? projecti!" as 'ar as two hastas, two door/pa!els, >each? occupyi!" three/ 'ourths o' the space, two a!d two cross/*ars >pari%ha, to 'aste! the door?, a! iro!/*olt >indrakila? as lo!" as a! arat!i >NO a!"ulas?, a *ou!dary "ate >nidvram? 'i(e hastas i! width, 'our *eams to shut the door a"ai!st elepha!ts, a!d turrets >hastinakha? >outside the rampart? raised up to the hei"ht o' the 'ace o' a ma!, remo(a*le or irremo(a*le, or made o' earth i! places de(oid o' water. A turret a*o(e the "ate a!d starti!" 'rom the top o' the parapet shall *e co!structed, its 'ro!t resem*li!" a! alli"ator up to three/'ourths o' its hei"ht.

I! the ce!tre o' the parapets, there shall *e co!structed a deep lotus pool, a recta!"ular *uildi!" o' 'our compartme!ts, o!e withi! the other, a! a*ode o' the 2oddess Kumiri >Kumr.puram?, ha(i!" its e1ter!al area o!e/a!d/a/hal' times as *road as that o' its i!!ermost room, a circular *uildi!" with a! arch way, a!d i! accorda!ce with a(aila*le space a!d materials, there shall also *e co!structed ca!als >kuly? to hold weapo!s a!d three times as lo!" as *road. I! those ca!als, there shall *e collected sto!es, spades >kuddla?, a1es >kuthri?, (arieties o' sta''s, cud"el >musrinthi?, hammers >mud%ara?, clu*s, discus, machi!es >yantra?, a!d such weapo!s as ca! destroy a hu!dred perso!s at o!ce >sata%hni?, to"ether with spears, tride!ts, *am*oo/sticks with poi!ted ed"es made o' iro!, camel/!ecks, e1plosi(es >a%nisamy7%as?, a!d whate(er else ca! *e de(ised a!d 'ormed 'rom a(aila*le materials. :&hus e!ds hapter III, " o!structio! o' .orts,H i! Book II, G&he #uties o' 2o(er!me!t %uperi!te!de!tsH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' twe!ty/'ourth chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER I'. B.ILDING# +ITHIN THE FORT. #34AA A&I+F o' the "rou!d i!side the 'ort shall *e made 'irst *y ope!i!" three royal roads 'rom west to east a!d three 'rom south to !orth. &he 'ort shall co!tai! twel(e "ates, pro(ided with *oth a la!d a!d water/way kept secret. hariot/roads, royal roads, a!d roads leadi!" to drS!amukha, sthC!Rya, cou!try parts, a!d pasture "rou!ds shall each *e 'our da!das >NO 't.? i! width. Aoads leadi!" to sayS!Rya >@?, military statio!s >vy0ha?, *urial or crematio! "rou!ds, a!d to (illa"es shall *e ei"ht da!das i! width. Aoads to "arde!s, "ro(es, a!d 'orests shall *e 'our da!das. Aoads leadi!" to elepha!t 'orests shall *e two da!das. Aoads 'or chariots shall *e 'i(e arat!is >VL 't.?. Aoads 'or cattle shall measure 'our arat!is, a!d roads 'or mi!or )uadrupeds a!d me! two arat!is. Aoyal *uildi!"s shall *e co!structed o! stro!" "rou!ds. I! the midst o' the houses o' the people o' all the 'our castes a!d to the !orth 'rom the ce!tre o' the "rou!d i!side the 'ort, the ki!"Js palace, 'aci!" either the !orth or the

east shall, as descri*ed elsewhere > hapter XX, Book I?, *e co!structed occupyi!" o!e/ !i!th o' the whole site i!side the 'ort. Aoyal teachers, priests, sacri'icial place, water/reser(oir a!d mi!isters shall occupy sites east *y !orth to the palace. Aoyal kitche!, elepha!t sta*les, a!d the store/house shall *e situated o! sites east *y south. +! the easter! side, mercha!ts tradi!" i! sce!ts, "arla!ds, "rai!s, a!d li)uids, to"ether with e1pert artisa!s a!d the people o' Kshatriya caste shall ha(e their ha*itatio!s. &he treasury, the accou!ta!tJs o''ice, a!d (arious ma!u'actories >karmanishadyscha? shall *e situated o! sites south *y east. &he store/house o' 'orest produce a!d the arse!al shall *e co!structed o! sites south *y west. &o the south, the superi!te!de!ts o' the city, o' commerce, o' ma!u'actories, a!d o' the army as well as those who trade i! cooked rice, li)uor, a!d 'lesh, *esides prostitutes, musicia!s, a!d the people o' Vaisya caste shall li(e. &o the west *y south, sta*les o' asses, camels, a!d worki!" house. &o the west *y !orth, sta*les o' co!(eya!ces a!d chariots. &o the west, artisa!s ma!u'acturi!" worsted threads, cotto! threads, *am*oo/mats, ski!s, armours, weapo!s, a!d "lo(es as well as the people o' %Udra caste shall ha(e their dwelli!"s. &o the !orth *y west, shops a!d hospitals. &o the !orth *y east, the treasury a!d the sta*les o' cows a!d horses. &o the !orth, the royal tutelary deity o' the city, iro!smiths, artisa!s worki!" o! precious sto!es, as well as BrChma!s shall reside. I! the se(eral cor!ers, "uilds a!d corporatio!s o' workme! shall reside. I! the ce!tre o' the city, the apartme!ts o' 2ods such as AparCjita, Apratihata, Kaya!ta, Vaijaya!ta, %i(a, Vaisra(a!a, As(i!a >di(i!e physicia!s?, a!d the ho!oura*le li)uor/house >Sr./madira%riham?, shall *e situated. I! the cor!ers, the "uardia! deities o' the "rou!d shall *e appropriately set up.

;ikewise the pri!cipal "ates such as BrChma, Ai!dra, WCmya, a!d %ai!Cpatya shall *e co!structed, a!d at a dista!ce o' 577 *ows >dha!us X 578 a!"ulas? 'rom the ditch >o! the cou!terscarp side?, places o' worship a!d pil"rima"e, "ro(es a!d *uildi!"s shall *e co!structed. 2uardia! deities o' all )uarters shall also *e set up i! )uarters appropriate to them. 3ither to the !orth or the east, *urial or crematio! "rou!ds shall *e situated, *ut that o' the people o' the hi"hest caste shall *e to the south >o' the city?. Violatio! o' this rule shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t. Deretics a!d ha!dClas shall li(e *eyo!d the *urial "rou!ds. .amilies o' workme! may i! a!y other way *e pro(ided with sites *e'itti!" with their occupatio! a!d 'ield work. Besides worki!" i! 'lower/"arde!s, 'ruit/"arde!s, (e"eta*le/"arde!s, a!d paddy/'ields allotted to them, they >'amilies? shall collect "rai!s a!d mercha!dise i! a*u!da!ce as authorised. &here shall *e a water/well 'or e(ery te! houses. +ils, "rai!s, su"ar, salt, medici!al articles, dry or 'resh (e"eta*les, meadow "rass, dried 'lesh, haystock, 'irewood, metals, ski!s, charcoal, te!do!s >snyu?, poiso!, hor!s, *am*oo, 'i*rous "arme!ts, stro!" tim*er, weapo!s, armour, a!d sto!es shall also *e stored >i! the 'ort? i! such )ua!tities as ca! *e e!joyed 'or years to"ether without 'eeli!" a!y wa!t. +' such collectio!, old thi!"s shall *e replaced *y !ew o!es whe! recei(ed. 3lepha!ts, ca(alry, chariots, a!d i!'a!try shall each *e o''icered with ma!y chie's i!asmuch as chie's, whe! ma!y, are u!der the 'ear o' *etrayal 'rom each other a!d scarcely lia*le to the i!si!uatio!s a!d i!tri"ues o' a! e!emy. &he same rule shall hold "ood with the appoi!tme!t o' *ou!dary, "uards, a!d repairers o' 'orti'icatio!s. Fe(er shall &hirikas who are da!"erous to the well *ei!" o' cities a!d cou!tries *e kept i! 'orts. &hey may either *e throw! i! cou!try parts or compelled to pay ta1es. :&hus e!ds hapter IV, G Buildi!"s withi! the .ortH i! Book II, G&he #uties o' the 2o(er!me!t %uperi!te!de!tsH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' twe!ty/'i'th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER '. THE D.TIE# OF THE CHA-BERLAIN.

&D3 ham*erlai! >sannidht X o!e who e(er atte!ds upo! the ki!"? shall see to the co!structio! o' the treasury/house, tradi!"/house, the store/house o' "rai!s, the store/ house o' 'orest produce, the armoury a!d the jail. Da(i!" du" up a s)uare well !ot too deep to *e moist with water, ha(i!" pa(ed *oth the *ottom a!d the sides with sla*s o' sto!e, he shall, *y usi!" stro!" tim*er, co!struct i! that well a ca"e/like u!der/"rou!d cham*er o' three stories hi"h, the top/most *ei!" o! a le(el with the sur'ace o' the "rou!d, with ma!y compartme!ts o' (arious desi"!, with 'loor plastered with small sto!es, with o!e door, with a mo(a*le staircase, a!d solem!ised with the prese!ce o' the "uardia! deity. A*o(e this cham*er, the treasury house closed o! *oth sides, with projecti!" roo's a!d e1te!si(ely ope!i!" i!to the store/house shall *e *uilt o' *ricks. De may employ outcast me! >a&hityakta/purusha? to *uild at the e1treme *ou!dary o' the ki!"dom a palacious ma!sio! to hold su*sta!tial treasure a"ai!st da!"ers a!d calamities. &he tradi!"/house shall *e a )uadra!"le e!closed *y 'our *uildi!"s with o!e door, with pillars *uilt o' *ur!t *ricks, with ma!y compartme!ts, a!d with a row o' pillars o! *oth sides kept apart. &he store/house shall co!sist o' ma!y spacious rooms a!d e!close withi! itsel' the store/house o' 'orest produce separated 'rom it *y mea!s o' wall a!d co!!ected with *oth the u!der"rou!d cham*er a!d the armoury. &he court >dharmasth.ya? a!d the o''ice o' the mi!isters >mahmtr.ya? shall *e *uilt i! a separate locality. -ro(ided with separate accommodatio! 'or me! a!d wome! kept apart a!d with ma!y compartme!ts well "uarded, a jail shall also *e co!structed. All these *uildi!"s shall *e pro(ided with halls >sla? pits >khtaTpri(y :@<?, water/ well, *ath/room, remedies a"ai!st 'ire a!d poiso!, with cats, ma!"ooses, a!d with !ecessary mea!s to worship the "uardia! "ods appropriate to each. I! >'ro!t o'? the store/house a *owl >kunda? with its mouth as wide as a! aratni >NO an%ula%? shall *e set up as rai!/"au"e >varshamna?. Assisted *y e1perts ha(i!" !ecessary )uali'icatio!s a!d pro(ided with tools a!d i!strume!ts, the cham*erlai! shall atte!d to the *usi!ess o' recei(i!" "ems either old or !ew, as well as raw materials o' superior or i!'erior (alue. I! cases o' deceptio! i! "ems, *oth the decei(er a!d the a*ettor shall *e pu!ished with the hi"hest amerceme!t, i! the case o' superior commodities, they shall *e pu!ished with the middle/most amerceme!t, a!d i! that o' commodities o' i!'erior (alue, they

shall *e compelled !ot o!ly to restore the same, *ut also pay a 'i!e e)ual to the (alue o' the articles. De shall recei(e o!ly such "old coi!s as ha(e *ee! declared to *e pure *y the e1ami!er o' coi!s. ou!ter'eit coi!s shall *e cut i!to pieces. Bhoe(er *ri!"s i! cou!ter'eit coi!s shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t. 2rai!s pure a!d 'resh shall *e recei(ed i! 'ull measures, otherwise a 'i!e o' twice the (alue o' the "rai!s shall *e imposed. &he same rule shall hold "ood with the receipt o' mercha!dise, raw materials, a!d weapo!s. I! all departme!ts, whoe(er, whether as a! o''icer >yukta?, a clerk >upayukta?, or a ser(a!t >tatpurusha?, misappropriates sums 'rom o!e to 'our pa!as or a!y other (alua*le thi!"s shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst, middlemost, a!d hi"hest amerceme!ts a!d death respecti(ely. I' the o''icer who is i! char"e o' the treasury causes loss i! mo!ey, he shall *e whipped >%htah?, while his a*ettors shall recei(e hal' the pu!ishme!t, i' the loss is due to i"!ora!ce, he shall *e ce!sured. I', with the i!te!tio! o' "i(i!" a hi!t, ro**ers are 'ri"hte!ed >*y the "uards?, >the latter? shall *e tortured to death. De!ce assisted *y trustworthy perso!s, the cham*erlai! shall atte!d to the *usi!ess o' re(e!ue collectio!. De shall ha(e so thorou"h a k!owled"e o' *oth e1ter!al a!d i!ter!al i!comes ru!!i!" e(e! 'or a hu!dred years that, whe! )uestio!ed, he ca! poi!t out without hesitatio! the e1act amou!t o' !et *ala!ce that remai!s a'ter e1pe!diture has *ee! met with. :&hus e!ds hapter V, "&he #uty o' the ham*erlai!" i! Book II, "&he #uties o' the 2o(er!me!t %uperi!te!de!tsH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' twe!ty/si1th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER 'I. THE B.#INE## OF COLLECTION OF RE'EN.E B/ THE COLLECTOR1GENERAL.

&D3 ollector/2e!eral shall atte!d to >the collectio! o' re(e!ue 'rom? 'orts >dur%a?, cou!try/parts >rshtra?, mi!es >khani?, *uildi!"s a!d "arde!s >setu?, 'orests >vana?, herds o' cattle >vra(a?, a!d roads o' tra''ic >vanikpatha?. &olls, 'i!es, wei"hts a!d measures, the tow!/clerk >n%araka?, the superi!te!de!t o' coi!a"e >lakshandhyakshah?, the superi!te!de!t o' seals a!d pass/ports, li)uor, slau"hter o' a!imals, threads, oils,. "hee, su"ar >kshra?, the state/"oldsmith >sauvarnika?, the warehouse o' mercha!dise, the prostitute, "am*li!", *uildi!" sites >vstuka?, the corporatio! o' artisa!s a!d ha!dicra'ts/me! >krusilpi%anah?, the superi!te!de!t o' "ods, a!d ta1es collected at the "ates a!d 'rom the people >k!ow! as? Bhirikas come u!der the head o' 'orts. -roduce 'rom crow!/la!ds >sita?, portio! o' produce paya*le to the "o(er!me!t >&h%a?, reli"ious ta1es >&ali?, ta1es paid i! mo!ey >kara?, mercha!ts, the superi!te!de!t o' ri(ers, 'erries, *oats, a!d ships, tow!s, pasture "rou!ds, road/cess >vartani?, ropes >ra((0? a!d ropes to *i!d thie(es >ch7rara((0? come u!der the head o' cou!try parts. 2old, sil(er, diamo!ds, "ems, pearls, corals, co!ch/shells, metals >loha?, salt, a!d other mi!erals e1tracted 'rom plai!s a!d mou!tai! slopes come u!der the head o' mi!es. .lower/"arde!s, 'ruit/"arde!s, (e"eta*le/"arde!s, wet 'ields, a!d 'ields where crops are "row! *y sowi!" roots 'or seeds >m0lavph, i.e., su"ar/ca!e crops, etc.? come u!der s4tu. 2ame/'orests, tim*er/'orests, a!d elepha!t/'orests are 'orests. ows, *u''aloes, "oats, sheep, asses, camels, horses, a!d mules come u!der the head o' herds. ;a!d a!d water ways are the roads o' tra''ic. All these 'orm the *ody o' i!come >yasar.ram?. apital >m0la?, share >&h%a?, premia >vy(i?, pari%ha >@? 'i1ed ta1es >klripta?, premia o! coi!s >r0pika?, a!d 'i1ed 'i!es >atyaya? are the se(eral 'orms o' re(e!ue >yamukha, i.e., the mouth 'rom which i!come is to issue?. &he cha!ti!" o' auspicious hym!s duri!" the worship o' "ods a!d a!cestors, a!d o! the occasio! o' "i(i!" "i'ts, the harem, the kitche!, the esta*lishme!t o' messe!"ers, the store/house, the armoury, the warehouse, the store/house o' raw materials, ma!u'actories >karmnta?, 'ree la*ourers >vishti?, mai!te!a!ce o' i!'a!try, ca(alry, chariots, a!d elepha!ts, herds o' cows, the museum o' *easts, deer, *irds, a!d s!akes, a!d stora"e o' 'irewood a!d 'odder co!stitute the *ody o' e1pe!diture >vyayasar.ram?. &he royal year, the mo!th, the paksha, the day, the daw! >vyushta?, the third a!d se(e!th pakshas o' >the seaso!s such as? the rai!y seaso!, the wi!ter seaso!, a!d the

summer short o' their days, the rest complete, a!d a separate i!tercalary mo!th are >the di(isio!s o' time?. De shall also pay atte!tio! to the work i! ha!d >karan.ya?, the work accomplished >siddham?, part o' a work i! ha!d >s4sha?, receipts, e1pe!diture, a!d !et *ala!ce. &he *usi!ess o' upkeepi!" the "o(er!me!t >samsthnam?, the routi!e work >prachrah?, the collectio! o' !ecessaries o' li'e, the collectio! a!d audit o' all ki!ds o' re(e!ue,Tthese co!stitute the work i! ha!d. &hat which has *ee! credited to the treasury, that which has *ee! take! *y the ki!", that which has *ee! spe!t i! co!!ectio! with the capital city !ot e!tered >i!to the re"ister? or co!ti!ued 'rom year *e'ore last, the royal comma!d dictated or orally i!timated to *e e!tered >i!to the re"ister?,Tall these co!stitute the work accomplished. -reparatio! o' pla!s 'or pro'ita*le works, *ala!ce o' 'i!es due, dema!d 'or arrears o' re(e!ue kept i! a*eya!ce, a!d e1ami!atio! o' accou!ts,Tthese co!stitute what is called part o' a work i! ha!d which may *e o' little or !o (alue. Aeceipts may *e >5? curre!t, >N? last *ala!ce, a!d >M? accide!tal >anya(tahX recei(ed 'rom e1ter!al source?. Bhat is recei(ed day a'ter day is termed curre!t >vartamna?. Bhate(er has *ee! *rou"ht 'orward 'rom year *e'ore last, whate(er is i! the ha!ds o' others, a!d whate(er has cha!"ed ha!ds is termed last *ala!ce >puryushita?. Bhate(er has *ee! lost a!d 'or"otte! >*y others?, 'i!es le(ied 'rom "o(er!me!t ser(a!ts, mar"i!al re(e!ue >prsva?, compe!satio! le(ied 'or a!y dama"e >prih.nikam?, prese!tatio!s to the ki!", the property o' those who ha(e 'alle! (ictims to epidemics >damara%atakasvam? lea(i!" !o so!s, a!d treasure/tro(es,///all these co!stitute accide!tal receipts. I!(estme!t o' capital >viksh4pa?, the relics o' a wrecked u!dertaki!", a!d the sa(i!"s 'rom a! estimated outlay are the mea!s to check e1pe!diture >vyayapratyayah?. &he rise i! price o' mercha!dise due to the use o' di''ere!t wei"hts a!d measures i! selli!" is termed vy(i, the e!ha!ceme!t o' price due to *iddi!" amo!" *uyers is also a!other source o' pro'it. 31pe!diture is o' two ki!dsTdaily e1pe!diture a!d pro'ita*le e1pe!diture. Bhat is co!ti!ued e(ery day is daily. Bhate(er is ear!ed o!ce i! a paksha, a mo!th, or a year is termed pro'it.

Bhate(er is spe!t o! these two heads is termed as daily e1pe!diture a!d pro'ita*le e1pe!diture respecti(ely. &hat which remai!s a'ter deducti!" all the e1pe!diture already i!curred a!d e1cludi!" all re(e!ue to *e realised is !et *ala!ce >n.vi? which may ha(e *ee! either just realised or *rou"ht 'orward. &hus a wise collector/"e!eral shall co!duct the work o' re(e!ue/collectio!, i!creasi!" the i!come a!d decreasi!" the e1pe!diture. :&hus e!ds hapter VI, G&he Busi!ess o' ollectio! o' Ae(e!ue *y the ollector/ 2e!eralH i! Book II, G&he #uties o' 2o(er!me!t %uperi!te!de!tsH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the twe!ty/se(e!th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER 'II. THE B.#INE## OF KEEPING .P ACCO.NT# IN THE OFFICE OF ACCO.NTANT#. &D3 superi!te!de!t o' accou!ts shall ha(e the accou!ta!t's o''ice co!structed with its door 'aci!" either the !orth or the east, with seats >'or clerks? kept apart a!d with shel(es o' accou!t/*ooks well arra!"ed. &herei! the !um*er o' se(eral departme!ts, the descriptio! o' the work carried o! a!d o' the results realised i! se(eral ma!u'actories >Karmnta?, the amou!t o' pro'it, loss, e1pe!diture, delayed ear!i!"s, the amou!t o' vy(i >premia i! ki!d or cash? realised, Tthe status o' "o(er!me!t a"e!cy employed, the amou!t o' wa"es paid, the !um*er o' 'ree la*ourers e!"a"ed >vishti? pertai!i!" to the i!(estme!t o' capital o! a!y work, likewise i! the case o' "ems a!d commodities o' superior or i!'erior (alue, the rate o' their price, the rate o' their *arter, the cou!terwei"hts >pratimna? used i! wei"hi!" them, their !um*er, their wei"ht, a!d their cu*ical measure, the history o' customs, pro'essio!s, a!d tra!sactio!s o' cou!tries, (illa"es, 'amilies, a!d corporatio!s, the "ai!s i! the 'orm o' "i'ts to the ki!"'s courtiers, their title to possess a!d e!joy la!ds, remissio! o' ta1es allowed to them, a!d payme!t o' pro(isio!s a!d salaries to them, the "ai!s to the wi(es a!d so!s o' the ki!" i! "ems, la!ds, prero"ati(es, a!d pro(isio!s made to remedy e(il porte!ts, the treaties with, issues o' ultimatum to, a!d payme!ts o' tri*ute 'rom or to, 'rie!dly or i!imical ki!"s,T all these shall *e re"ularly e!tered i! prescri*ed re"isters. .rom these *ooks the superi!te!de!t shall 'ur!ish the accou!ts as to the 'orms o' work i! ha!d, o' works accomplished, o' part o' works i! ha!d, o' receipts, o' e1pe!diture, o' !et *ala!ce, a!d o' tasks to *e u!dertake! i! each o' the se(eral departme!ts. &o super(ise works o' hi"h, middli!" a!d low descriptio!, superi!te!de!ts with correspo!di!" )uali'icatio!s shall *e employed.

&he ki!" will ha(e to su''er i! the e!d i' he curtails the 'i1ed amou!t o' e1pe!diture o! pro'ita*le works. >Bhe! a ma! e!"a"ed *y 2o(er!me!t 'or a!y work a*se!ts himsel'?, his sureties who co!joi!tly recei(ed >wa"es@? 'rom the "o(er!me!t, or his so!s, *rothers, wi(es, dau"hters or ser(a!ts li(i!" upo! his work shall *ear the loss caused to the 2o(er!me!t. &he work o' M6O days a!d !i"hts is a year. %uch a work shall *e paid 'or more or less i! proportio! to its )ua!tity at the e!d o' the mo!th, Ashdha >a*out the middle o' Kuly?. >&he work duri!"? the i!tercalary mo!th shall *e >separately? calculated. A "o(er!me!t o''icer, !ot cari!" to k!ow the i!'ormatio! "athered *y espio!a"e a!d !e"lecti!" to super(ise the despatch o' work i! his ow! departme!t as re"ulated, may occasio! loss o' re(e!ue to the "o(er!me!t owi!" to his i"!ora!ce, or owi!" to his idle!ess whe! he is too weak to e!dure the trou*le o' acti(ity, or due to i!ad(erte!ce i! percei(i!" sou!d a!d other o*jects o' se!se, or *y *ei!" timid whe! he is a'raid o' clamour, u!ri"hteous!ess, a!d u!toward results, or owi!" to sel'ish desire whe! he is 'a(oura*ly disposed towards those who are desirous to achie(e their ow! sel'ish e!ds, or *y cruelty due to a!"er, or *y lack o' di"!ity whe! he is surrou!ded *y a host o' lear!ed a!d !eedy sycopha!ts, or *y maki!" use o' 'alse *ala!ce, 'alse measures, a!d 'alse calculatio! owi!" to "reedi!ess. &he school o' 4a!u hold that a 'i!e e)ual to the loss o' re(e!ue a!d multiplied *y the serial !um*er o' the circumsta!ces o' the "uilt just !arrated i! order shall *e imposed upo! him. &he school o' *arsara hold that the 'i!e i! all the cases shall *e ei"ht times the amou!t lost. &he school o' Brihaspathi say that it shall *e te! times the amou!t. &he school o' #sanas say that it shall *e twe!ty times the amou!t. But Kautilya says that it shall *e proportio!al to the "uilt. Accou!ts shall *e su*mitted i! the mo!th o' Ashdha. Bhe! they >the accou!ta!ts o' di''ere!t districts? prese!t themsel(es with sealed *ooks, commodities a!d !et re(e!ue, they shall all *e kept apart i! o!e place so that they ca!!ot carry o! co!(ersatio! with each other. Da(i!" heard 'rom them the totals o' receipts, e1pe!diture, a!d !et re(e!ue, the !et amou!t shall *e recei(ed. By how much the superi!te!de!t o' a departme!t au"me!ts the !et total o' its re(e!ue either *y i!creasi!" a!y o!e o' the items o' its receipts or *y decreasi!" a!yo!e o' the items o' e1pe!diture, he shall *e rewarded ei"ht times that amou!t. But whe! it is

re(ersed >i.e., whe! the !et total is decreased?, the award shall also *e re(ersed >i.e., he shall *e made to pay ei"ht times the decrease?. &hose accou!ta!ts who do !ot prese!t themsel(es i! time or do !ot produce their accou!t *ooks alo!" with the !et re(e!ue shall *e 'i!ed te! times the amou!t due 'rom them. Bhe! a superi!te!de!t o' accou!ts >kranika? does !ot at o!ce proceed to recei(e a!d check the accou!ts whe! the clerks >krmika? are ready, he shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t. I! the re(erse case >i.e., whe! the clerks are !ot ready?, the clerks shall *e pu!ished with dou*le the 'irst amerceme!t. All the mi!isters >mahmras? shall to"ether !arrate the whole o' the actual accou!ts pertai!i!" to each departme!t. Bhoe(er o' these >mi!isters or clerks @? is o' u!di(ided cou!sel or keeps himsel' aloo', or utters 'alsehood shall *e pu!ished with the hi"hest amerceme!t. Bhe! a! accou!ta!t has !ot prepared the ta*le o' daily accou!ts >akrithor0paharam?, he may *e "i(e! a mo!th more >'or its preparatio!?. A'ter the lapse o' o!e mo!th he shall *e 'i!ed at the rate o' N77 panas 'or each mo!th >duri!" which he delays the accou!ts?. I' a! accou!ta!t has to write o!ly a small portio! o' the accou!ts pertai!i!" to !et re(e!ue, he may *e allowed 'i(e !i"hts to prepare it. &he! the ta*le o' daily accou!ts su*mitted *y him alo!" with the !et re(e!ue shall *e checked with re'ere!ce to the re"ulated 'orms o' ri"hteous tra!sactio!s a!d precede!ts a!d *y applyi!" such arithmetical processes as additio!, su*tractio!, i!'ere!ce a!d *y espio!a"e. It shall also *e (eri'ied with re'ere!ce to >such di(isio!s o' time as? days, 'i(e !i"hts, pakshs, mo!ths, 'our/mo!ths, a!d the year. &he receipt shall *e (eri'ied with re'ere!ce to the place a!d time pertai!i!" to them, the 'orm o' their collectio! >i.e., capital, share?, the amou!t o' the prese!t a!d past produce, the perso! who has paid it, the perso! who caused its payme!t, the o''icer who 'i1ed the amou!t paya*le, a!d the o''icer who recei(ed it. &he e1pe!diture shall *e (eri'ied with re'ere!ce to the cause o' the pro'it 'rom a!y source i! the place a!d time pertai!i!" to each item, the amou!t paya*le, the amou!t paid, the perso! who ordered the collectio!, the perso! who remitted the same, the perso! who deli(ered it, a!d the perso! who 'i!ally recei(ed it. ;ikewise the !et re(e!ue shall *e (eri'ied with re'ere!ce to the place, time, a!d source pertai!i!" to it, its sta!dard o' 'i!e!ess a!d )ua!tity, a!d the perso!s who are employed to "uard the deposits a!d ma"a0i!es >o' "rai!s, etc.?.

Bhe! a! o''icer >kranika? does !ot 'acilitate or pre(e!ts the e1ecutio! o' the ki!"'s order, or re!ders the receipts a!d e1pe!diture otherwise tha! prescri*ed, he shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t. A!y clerk who (iolates or de(iates 'rom the prescri*ed 'orm o' writi!" accou!ts, e!ters what is u!k!ow! to him, or makes dou*le or tre*le e!tries >punaruktam? shall *e 'i!ed 5N panas. De who scrapes o'' the !et total shall *e dou*ly pu!ished. De who eats it up shall *e 'i!ed ei"ht times. De who causes loss o' re(e!ue shall !ot o!ly pay a 'i!e e)ual to 'i(e times the amou!t lost >pancha&andha?, *ut also make "ood the loss. I! case o' utteri!" a lie, the pu!ishme!t le(ied 'or the't shall *e imposed. >Bhe! a! e!try lost or omitted? is made later or is made to appear as 'or"otte!, *ut added later o! recollectio!, the pu!ishme!t shall *e dou*le the a*o(e. &he ki!" shall 'or"i(e a! o''e!ce whe! it is tri'li!", ha(e satis'actio! e(e! whe! the re(e!ue is sca!ty, a!d ho!our with rewards >pra%raha? such o' his superi!te!de!ts as are o' imme!se *e!e'it to him. :&hus e!ds hapter VII, "&he Busi!ess o' Keepi!" up the Accou!ts i! the +''iceo' Accou!ta!ts," i! Book II, "&he #uties o' 2o(er!me!t %uperi!te!de!ts" o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' twe!ty/ei"hth chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER 'III. DETECTION OF +HAT I# E-BE22LED B/ GO'ERN-ENT #ER'ANT# O.T OF #TATE RE'EN.E. A;; u!dertaki!"s depe!d upo! 'i!a!ce. De!ce 'oremost atte!tio! shall *e paid to the treasury. -u*lic prosperity >prachrasamriddhih?, rewards 'or "ood co!duct >charitrnu%rahah?, capture o' thie(es, dispe!si!" with >the ser(ice o' too ma!y? "o(er!me!t ser(a!ts, a*u!da!ce o' har(est, prosperity o' commerce, a*se!ce o' trou*les a!d calamities >upasar%apramokshah?, dimi!utio! o' remissio! o' ta1es, a!d i!come i! "old >hirany7pyanam? are all co!duci(e to 'i!a!cial prosperity. +*structio! >prati&andha?, loa! >pray7%a?, tradi!" >vyavahra?, 'a*ricatio! o' accou!ts >avastra?, causi!" the loss o' re(e!ue >parihpana?, sel'/e!joyme!t >upa&h7%a?, *arter >parivartana?, a!d de'alcatio! >apahra? are the causes that te!d to deplete the treasury.

.ailure to start a! u!dertaki!" or to realise its results, or to credit its pro'its >to the treasury? is k!ow! as o*structio!. Derei! a 'i!e o' te! times the amou!t i! )uestio! shall *e imposed. ;e!di!" the mo!ey o' the treasury o! periodical i!terest is a loa!. arryi!" o! trade *y maki!" use o' "o(er!me!t mo!ey is tradi!". &hese two acts shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' twice the pro'it ear!ed. Bhoe(er makes as u!ripe the ripe time or as ripe the u!ripe time >o' re(e!ue collectio!? is "uilty o' 'a*ricatio!. Derei! a 'i!e o' te! times the amou!t >pancha&andha? shall *e imposed. Bhoe(er lesse!s a 'i1ed amou!t o' i!come or e!ha!ces the e1pe!diture is "uilty o' causi!" the loss o' re(e!ue. Derei! a 'i!e o' 'our times the loss shall *e imposed. Bhoe(er e!joys himsel' or causes others to e!joy whate(er *elo!"s to the ki!" is "uilty o' sel'/e!joyme!t. Derei! death/se!te!ce shall *e passed 'or e!joyi!" "ems, middlemost amerceme!t 'or e!joyi!" (alua*le articles, a!d restoratio! o' the articles to"ether with a 'i!e e)ual to their (alue shall *e the pu!ishme!t 'or e!joyi!" articles o' i!'erior (alue. &he act o' e1cha!"i!" "o(er!me!t articles 'or >similar? articles o' others is *arter. &his o''e!ce is e1plai!ed *y sel'/e!joyme!t. Bhoe(er does !ot take i!to the treasury the 'i1ed amou!t o' re(e!ue collected, or does !ot spe!d what is ordered to *e spe!t, or misreprese!ts the !et re(e!ue collected is "uilty o' de'alcatio! o' "o(er!me!t mo!ey. Derei! a 'i!e o' twel(e times the amou!t shall *e imposed. &here are a*out 'orty ways o' em*e00leme!t: what is realised earlier is e!tered later o!, what is realised later is e!tered earlier, what ou"ht to *e realised is !ot realised, what is hard to realise is show! as realised, what is collected is show! as !ot collected, what has !ot *ee! collected is show! as collected, what is collected i! part is e!tered as collected i! 'ull, what is collected i! 'ull is e!tered as collected i! part, what is collected is o' o!e sort, while what is e!tered is o' a!other sort, what is realised 'rom o!e source is show! as realised 'rom a!other, what is paya*le is !ot paid, what is !ot paya*le is paid, !ot paid i! time, paid u!timely, small "i'ts made lar"e "i'ts, lar"e "i'ts made small "i'ts, what is "i'ted is o' o!e sort while what is e!tered is o' a!other, the real do!ee is o!e while the perso! e!tered >i! the re"ister? as do!ee is a!other, what has *ee! take! i!to >the treasury? is remo(ed while what has !ot *ee! credited to it is show! as credited, raw materials that are !ot paid 'or are e!tered, while those that are paid 'or are !ot e!tered, a! a""re"ate is scattered i! pieces, scattered items are co!(erted i!to a! a""re"ate, commodities o' "reater (alue are *artered 'or those o' small (alue, what is o' smaller (alue is *artered 'or o!e o' "reater (alue, price o' commodities e!ha!ced, price o'

commodities lowered, !um*er o' !i"hts i!creased, !um*er o' !i"hts decreased, the year !ot i! harmo!y with its mo!ths, the mo!th !ot i! harmo!y with its days, i!co!siste!cy i! the tra!sactio!s carried o! with perso!al super(isio! >sam%amavishnah?, misreprese!tatio! o' the source o' i!come, i!co!siste!cy i! "i(i!" charities, i!co!"ruity i! represe!ti!" the work tur!ed out, i!co!siste!cy i! deali!" with 'i1ed items, misreprese!tatio! o' test marks or the sta!dard o' 'i!e!ess >o' "old a!d sil(er?, misreprese!tatio! o' prices o' commodities, maki!" use o' 'alse wei"ht a!d measures, deceptio! i! cou!ti!" articles, a!d maki!" use o' 'alse cu*ic measures such as &h(anT these are the se(eral ways o' em*e00leme!t. E!der the a*o(e circumsta!ces, the perso!s co!cer!ed such as the treasurer >nidhyaka?, the prescri*er >ni&andhaka?, the recei(er >prati%rhaka?, the payer >dyaka?, the perso! who caused the payme!t >dCpaka?, the mi!isterial ser(a!ts o' the o''icer >mantri/vaiyvrityakara? shall each *e separately e1ami!ed. I' a!y o!e o' these tells a lie, he shall recei(e the same pu!ishme!t as the chie'/o''icer, >yukta? who committed the o''e!ce. A proclamatio! i! pu*lic >prachra? shall *e made to the e''ect "whoe(er has su''ered at the ha!ds o' this o''e!der may make their "rie(a!ces k!ow! to the ki!"." &hose who respo!d to the call shall recei(e such compe!satio! as is e)ual to the loss they ha(e sustai!ed. Bhe! there are a !um*er o' o''e!ces i! which a si!"le o''icer is i!(ol(ed, a!d whe! his *ei!" "uilty o' par7kta i! a!y o!e o' those char"es has *ee! esta*lished, he shall *e a!swera*le 'or all those o''e!ces. +therwise >i.e.2 whe! it is !ot esta*lished?, he shall *e tried 'or each o' the char"es. Bhe! a "o(er!me!t ser(a!t has *ee! pro(ed to *e "uilty o' ha(i!" misappropriated part o' a lar"e sum i! )uestio!, he shall *e a!swera*le 'or the whole. A!y i!'orma!t >s0chaka? who supplies i!'ormatio! a*out em*e00leme!t just u!der perpetratio! shall, i' he succeeds i! pro(i!" it, "et as reward o!e/si1th o' the amou!t i! )uestio!, i' he happe!s to *e a "o(er!me!t ser(a!t >&hritaka?, he shall "et 'or the same act o!e/twel'th o' the amou!t. I' a! i!'orma!t succeeds i! pro(i!" o!ly a part o' a *i" em*e00leme!t, he shall, !e(ertheless, "et the prescri*ed share o' the part o' the em*e00led amou!t pro(ed. A! i!'orma!t who 'ails to pro(e >his assertio!? shall *e lia*le to mo!etary or corporal pu!ishme!t, a!d shall !e(er *e ac)uitted. Bhe! the char"e is pro(ed, the i!'orma!t may impute the tale/*eari!" to someo!e else or clear himsel' i! a!y other way 'rom the *lame. A!y i!'orma!t who withdraws his assertio! pre(ailed upo! *y the i!si!uatio!s o' the accused shall *e co!dem!ed to death.

:&hus e!ds hapter VIII, "#etectio! o' what is 3m*e00led *y 2o(er!me!t %er(a!ts out o' %tate Ae(e!ue," i! Book II, " &he #uties o' 2o(er!me!t %uperi!te!de!tsH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' twe!ty/!i!th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER I*. E*A-INATION OF THE COND.CT OF GO'ERN-ENT #ER'ANT#. &D+%3 who are possessed o' mi!isterial )uali'icatio!s shall, i! accorda!ce with their i!di(idual capacity, *e appoi!ted as superi!te!de!ts o' "o(er!me!t departme!ts. Bhile e!"a"ed i! work, they shall *e daily e1ami!ed, 'or me! are !aturally 'ickle/ mi!ded a!d like horses at work e1hi*it co!sta!t cha!"e i! their temper. De!ce the a"e!cy a!d tools which they make use o', the place a!d time o' the work they are e!"a"ed i!, as well as the precise 'orm o' the work, the outlay, a!d the results shall always *e ascertai!ed. Bithout disse!sio! a!d without a!y co!cert amo!" themsel(es, they shall carry o! their work as ordered. Bhe! i! co!cert, they eat up >the re(e!ue?. Bhe! i! disu!io!, they mar the work. Bithout *ri!"i!" to the k!owled"e o' their master >&hartri, the ki!"?, they shall u!dertake !othi!" e1cept remedial measures a"ai!st immi!e!t da!"ers. A 'i!e o' twice the amou!t o' their daily pay a!d o' the e1pe!diture >i!curred *y them? shall *e 'i1ed 'or a!y i!ad(erte!ce o! their part. Bhoe(er o' the superi!te!de!ts makes as much as, or more tha!, the amou!t o' 'i1ed re(e!ue shall *e ho!oured with promotio! a!d rewards. >4y? teacher holds that that o''icer who spe!ds too much a!d *ri!"s i! little re(e!ue eats it up, while he who pro(es the re(e!ue >i.e., *ri!"s i! more tha! he spe!ds? as well as the o''icer who *ri!"s i!asmuch as he spe!ds does !ot eat up the re(e!ue. But Kautilya holds that cases o' em*e00leme!t or !o em*e00leme!t ca! *e ascertai!ed throu"h spies alo!e. Bhoe(er lesse!s the re(e!ue eats the ki!"'s wealth. I' owi!" to i!ad(erte!ce he causes dimi!utio! i! re(e!ue, he shall *e compelled to make "ood the loss. Bhoe(er dou*les the re(e!ue eats i!to the (itality o' the cou!try. I' he *ri!"s i! dou*le the amou!t to the ki!", he shall, i' the o''e!ce is small, *e war!ed !ot to repeat the same, *ut i' the o''e!ce *e "ra(e he should proportio!ally *e pu!ished.

Bhoe(er spe!ds the re(e!ue >without *ri!"i!" i! a!y pro'it? eats up the la*our o' workme!. %uch a! o''icer shall *e pu!ished i! proportio! to the (alue o' the work do!e, the !um*er o' days take!, the amou!t o' capital spe!t, a!d the amou!t o' daily wa"es paid. De!ce the chie' o''icer o' each departme!t >adhikarana? shall thorou"hly scruti!ise the real amou!t o' the work do!e, the receipts realised 'rom, a!d the e1pe!diture i!curred i! that departme!tal work *oth i! detail a!d i! the a""re"ate. De shall also check >pratishedhayet? prodi"al, spe!d/thri't a!d !i""ardly perso!s. Bhoe(er u!justly eats up the property le't *y his 'ather a!d "ra!d'ather is a prodi"al perso! >m0lahara?. Bhoe(er eats all that he ear!s is a spe!dthri't >tdtvika?. Bhoe(er hordes mo!ey, e!taili!" hardship *oth o! himsel' a!d his ser(a!ts is !i""ardly. Bhoe(er o' these three ki!ds o' perso!s has the support o' a stro!" party shall !ot *e distur*ed, *ut he who has !o such support shall *e cau"ht hold o' >parydtavyah?. Bhoe(er is !i""ardly i! spite o' his imme!se property, hordes, deposits, or se!ds outThordes i! his ow! house, deposits with citi0e!s or cou!try people or se!ds out to 'orei"! cou!tries,Ta spy shall 'i!d out the ad(isers, 'rie!ds, ser(a!ts, relatio!s, partisa!s, as well as the i!come a!d e1pe!diture o' such a !i""ardly perso!. Bhoe(er i! a 'orei"! cou!try carries out the work o' such a !i""ardly perso! shall *e pre(ailed upo! to "i(e out the secret. Bhe! the secret is k!ow!, the !i""ardly perso! shall *e murdered appare!tly u!der the orders o' >his? a(owed e!emy. De!ce the superi!te!de!ts o' all the departme!ts shall carry o! their respecti(e works i! compa!y with accou!ta!ts, writers, coi!/e1ami!ers, the treasurers, a!d military o''icers >uttardhyaksha?. &hose who atte!d upo! military o''icers a!d are !oted 'or their ho!esty a!d "ood co!duct shall *e spies to watch the co!duct o' accou!ta!ts a!d other clerks. 3ach departme!t shall *e o''icered *y se(eral temporary heads. Kust as it is impossi*le !ot to taste the ho!ey or the poiso! that 'i!ds itsel' at the tip o' the to!"ue, so it is impossi*le 'or a "o(er!me!t ser(a!t !ot to eat up, at least, a *it o' the ki!"'s re(e!ue. Kust as 'ish mo(i!" u!der water ca!!ot possi*ly *e 'ou!d out either as dri!ki!" or !ot dri!ki!" water, so "o(er!me!t ser(a!ts employed i! the "o(er!me!t work ca!!ot *e 'ou!d out >while? taki!" mo!ey >'or themsel(es?.

It is possi*le to mark the mo(eme!ts o' *irds 'lyi!" hi"h up i! the sky, *ut !ot so is it possi*le to ascertai! the mo(eme!t o' "o(er!me!t ser(a!ts o' hidde! purpose. 2o(er!me!t ser(a!ts shall !ot o!ly *e co!'iscated o' their ill/ear!ed hordes, *ut also *e tra!s'erred 'rom o!e work to a!other, so that they ca!!ot either misappropriate 2o(er!me!t mo!ey or (omit what they ha(e eate! up. &hose who i!crease the ki!"'s re(e!ue i!stead o' eati!" it up a!d are loyally de(oted to him shall *e made perma!e!t i! ser(ice. :&hus e!ds hapter IX, "31ami!atio! o' the o!duct o' 2o(er!me!t %er(a!ts" i! Book II, "&he #uties o' 2o(er!me!t %uperi!te!de!ts" o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' thirtieth chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER *. THE PROCED.RE OF FOR-ING RO/AL +RIT#. >&3A D3A%? say that >the word? ssana, comma!d, >is applica*le o!ly to? royal writs >ssana?. Brits are o' "reat importa!ce to ki!"s i!asmuch as treaties a!d ultimate leadi!" to war depe!d upo! writs. De!ce o!e who is possessed o' mi!isterial )uali'icatio!s, ac)uai!ted with all ki!ds o' customs, smart i! compositio!, "ood i! le"i*le writi!", a!d sharp i! readi!" shall *e appoi!ted as a writer >l4khaka?. %uch a writer, ha(i!" atte!ti(ely liste!ed to the ki!"'s order a!d ha(i!" well thou"ht out the matter u!der co!sideratio!, shall reduce the order to writi!". As to a writ addressed to a lord >.svara?, it shall co!tai! a polite me!tio! o' his cou!try, his possessio!s, his 'amily a!d his !ame, a!d as to that addressed to a commo! ma! >anisvara?, it shall make a polite me!tio! o' his cou!try a!d !ame. Da(i!" paid su''icie!t atte!tio! to the caste, 'amily, social ra!k, a"e, lear!i!" >sruta?, occupatio!, property, character >s.la?, *lood/relatio!ship >yaunnu&andha? o' the addressee, as well as to the place a!d time >o' writi!"?, the writer shall 'orm a writ *e'itti!" the positio! o' the perso! addressed. Arra!"eme!t o' su*ject/matter >arthakrama?, rele(a!cy >sam&andha?, complete!ess, sweet!ess, di"!ity, a!d lucidity are the !ecessary )ualities o' a writ. &he act o' me!tio!i!" 'acts i! the order o' their importa!ce is arra!"eme!t.

Bhe! su*se)ue!t 'acts are !ot co!tradictory to 'acts just or pre(iously me!tio!ed, a!d so o! till the completio! o' the letter, it is termed rele(a!cy. A(oida!ce o' redu!da!cy or de'icie!cy i! words or letters, impressi(e descriptio! o' su*ject matter *y citi!" reaso!s, e1amples, a!d illustratio!s, a!d the use o' appropriate a!d suita*ly stro!" words >asrntapada? is complete!ess. &he descriptio! i! e1)uisite style o' a "ood purport with a pleasi!" e''ect is sweet!ess. &he use o' words other tha! collo)uial >a%rmya? is di"!ity. &he use o' well/k!ow! words is lucidity. &he alpha*etical letters *e"i!!i!" with Akra are si1ty/three. &he com*i!atio! o' letters is a word >pada?. &he word is o' 'our ki!dsT!ou!s, (er*s, pre'i1es o' (er*s, a!d particles >nipta?. A !ou! is that which si"!i'ies a! esse!ce >satva?. A (er* is that which has !o de'i!ite "e!der a!d si"!i'ies a! actio!. '*ra' a!d other words are the pre'i1es o' (er*s. ')ha' a!d other i!decli!a*le words are particles. A "roup o' words co!(eyi!" a complete se!se is a se!te!ce >vkya?. om*i!atio! o' words >var%a? co!sisti!" o' !ot more tha! three words a!d !ot less tha! o!e word shall *e so 'ormed as to harmo!ise with the mea!i!" o' immediately 'ollowi!" words. &he word, Iiti,J is used to i!dicate the completio! o' a writ, a!d also to i!dicate a! oral messa"e as i! the phrase Ivchikamasyeti,J a! oral messa"e alo!" with this >writ?. alum!iatio! >nind?, comme!datio!, i!)uiry, !arratio! re)uest, re'usal, ce!sure, prohi*itio!, comma!d, co!ciliatio!, promise o' help, threat, a!d persuasio! are the thirtee! purposes 'or which writs are issued. alum!iatio! >nind? co!sists i! speaki!" ill o' o!e's 'amily, *ody a!d acts. omme!datio! >prasams? co!sists i! praisi!" o!e's 'amily, perso!, a!d acts. &o i!)uire 'how is this@' is i!)uiry.

&o poi!t out the way as 'thus,' is !arratio! >khyna?. &o e!treat as '%ive,' is re)uest. &o say that 'I do !ot "i(e,' is re'usal. &o say that 'it is !ot worthy o' thee,' is ce!sure >uplam&hah?. &o say as 'do !ot do so,' is prohi*itio! >pratishedha?. &o say that 'this should *e do!e,' is comma!d >ch7dan?. &o say 'what I am, thou art that, whiche(er article is mi!e is thi!e also, is co!ciliatio! >sntvam?. &o hold out help i! trou*le is promise o' help >a&hyavapattih?. -oi!ti!" out the e(il co!se)ue!ces that may occur i! 'uture is threat >a&hi&artsanam?. -ersuasio! is o' three ki!ds: that made 'or the purpose o' mo!ey, that made i! case o' o!e's 'ailure to 'ul'ill a promise, a!d that made o! occasio! o' a!y trou*le. Also writs o' i!'ormatio!, o' comma!d, a!d o' "i't, likewise writs o' remissio!, o' lice!ce, o' "uida!ce, o' reply, a!d o' "e!eral proclamatio! are other (arieties. &hus says >the messe!"er?, so says >the ki!"?, i' there is a!y truth i! this >stateme!t o' the messe!"er?, the! the thi!" >a"reed to? should at o!ce *e surre!dered, >the messe!"er? has i!'ormed the ki!" o' all the deeds o' the e!emy. >*arakra?,Tthis is the writ o' i!'ormatio! which is held to *e o' (arious 'orms. Bhere(er a!d especially re"ardi!" 2o(er!me!t ser(a!ts the ki!"'s order either 'or pu!ishme!t or 'or rewards is issued, it is called writ o' comma!d >(nl4kha?. Bhere the *estowal o' ho!our 'or deser(i!" merit is co!templated either as help to alle(iate a''lictio! >dhi? or as "i't >paridna?, there are issued writs o' "i't >upa%rahalekha?. Bhate(er 'a(our >anu%raha? to special castes, cities, (illa"es, or cou!tries o' (arious descriptio! is a!!ou!ced i! o*edie!ce to the ki!"'s order, it is called writ o' remissio! >parihral4kha? *y those who k!ow it. ;ikewise lice!ce or permissio! >nisrishti? shall *e e!joi!ed either i! word or deed, accordi!"ly it is styled (er*al order or writ o' lice!ce.

Various ki!ds o' pro(ide!tial (isitatio!s or well ascertai!ed e(ils o' huma! make are *elie(ed to *e the cause 'or issui!" writs o' "uida!ce >pravrittil4kha? to attempt remedies a"ai!st them. Bhe! ha(i!" read a letter a!d discussed as to the 'orm o' reply thereto, a reply i! accorda!ce with the ki!"'s order is made, it is called a writ o' reply >pratil4kha?. Bhe! the ki!" directs his (iceroys >isvara? a!d other o''icers to protect a!d "i(e material help to tra(ellers either o! roads or i! the i!terior o' the cou!try, it is termed writ o' "e!eral proclamatio! >sarvatra%a lekha? Fe"otiatio!, *ri*ery, causi!" disse!sio!, a!d ope! attack are 'orms o' strata"em >upya?. Fe"otiatio! is o' 'i(e ki!ds:T -raisi!" the )ualities >o' a! e!emy?, !arrati!" the mutual relatio!ship, poi!ti!" out mutual *e!e'it, showi!" (ast 'uture prospects, a!d ide!tity o' i!terests. Bhe! the 'amily, perso!, occupatio!, co!duct, lear!i!", properties, etc. >o' a! e!emy? are comme!ded with due atte!tio! to their worth, it is termed praisi!" the )ualities >%unasank.rthana?. Bhe! the 'act o' ha(i!" a"!ates, *lood/relatio!s, teachers >maukha?, priestly heirarchy >srauva?, 'amily, a!d 'rie!ds i! commo! is poi!ted out, it is k!ow! as !arratio! o' mutual relatio!ship >sam&andh7pakhyna?. Bhe! *oth parties, the party o' a ki!" a!d that o' his e!emy are show! to *e help'ul to each other, it is k!ow! as poi!ti!" out mutual *e!e'it >paraspar7pakrasamdarsanam?. I!duceme!t such as 'this *ei!" do!e thus, such result will accrue to *oth o' us,' is showi!" (ast 'uture prospects >Aytipradarsanam?. &o say 'what I am, that thou art, thou mayest utili0e i! thy works whate(er is mi!e,' is ide!tity o' i!terests >tm7panidhnam?. +''eri!" mo!ey is *ri*ery >upapradna?. ausi!" 'ears a!d suspicio! as well as threate!i!" is k!ow! as sowi!" disse!sio!. Killi!", harassi!", a!d plu!deri!" is attack >danda?. lumsi!ess, co!tradictio!, repetitio!, *ad "rammar, a!d misarra!"eme!t are the 'aults o' a writ.

Black a!d u"ly lea', >klapatrakamachru? a!d u!e(e! a!d u!coloured >vir%a? writi!" cause clumsi!ess >aknti?. %u*se)ue!t portio! disa"reei!" with pre(ious portio! o' a letter, causes co!tradictio! >vy%hta?. %tati!" 'or a seco!d time what has already *ee! said a*o(e is repetitio!. Bro!" use o' words i! "e!der, !um*er, time a!d case is *ad "rammar >apasa&da?. #i(isio! o' para"raphs >var%a? i! u!suita*le places, omissio! o' !ecessary di(isio! o' para"raphs, a!d (iolatio! o' a!y other !ecessary )ualities o' a writ co!stitute misarra!"eme!t >samplava?. Da(i!" 'ollowed all scie!ces a!d ha(i!" 'ully o*ser(ed 'orms o' writi!" i! (o"ue, these rules o' writi!" royal writs ha(e *ee! laid dow! *y Kautilya i! the i!terest o' ki!"s. :&hus e!ds hapter X, "&he -rocedure o' .ormi!" Aoyal Brits," i! Book II, "&he #uties o' 2o(er!me!t %uperi!te!de!ts," o' the Arthasstra o' Kautil(a. 3!d o' thirty/'irst chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER *I. E*A-INATION OF GE-# THAT ARE TO BE ENTERED INTO THE TREA#.R/. &D3 %uperi!te!de!t o' the treasury shall, i! the prese!ce o' )uali'ied perso!s, admit i!to the treasury whate(er he ou"ht to, "ems >ratna? a!d articles o' superior or i!'erior (alue. !mraparnika, that which is produced i! the tmraparni, *ndyakavtaka, that which is o*tai!ed i! *ndyakavata, *sikya, that which is produced i! the *sa, Kauleya, that which is produced i! the k0la, )haurneya, that which is produced i! the )h0rna, Mah4ndra, that which is o*tai!ed !ear the mou!tai! o' Mah4ndra, Krdamika, that which is produced i! the Krdama, Srautas.ya, that which is produced i! the Sr7tasi, rd.ya, that which is produced i! >a deep pool o' water k!ow! as? rada, a!d aimavata, that which is o*tai!ed i! the (ici!ity o' the Dimalayas are the se(eral (arieties o' pearls. +yster/shells, co!ch/shells, a!d other miscella!eous thi!"s are the wom*s o' pearls. &hat which is like mas0ra >ervum hirsutam?, that which co!sists o' three joi!ts >triputaka?, that which is like a tortoise >k0rmaka?, that which is semi/circular, that which co!sists o' se(eral coati!"s, that which is dou*le >ymaka?, that which is scratched, that which is o' rou"h sur'ace, that which is possessed o' spots >siktakam?, that which is like

the water/pot used *y a! ascetic, that which is o' dark/*row! or *lue colour, a!d that which is *adly per'orated are i!auspicious. &hat which is *i", circular, without *ottom >nistalam?, *rillia!t, white, hea(y, so't to the touch, a!d properly per'orated is the *est. Sirshaka, upasirshaka, prakndaka, ava%htaka, a!d taralaprati&andha are se(eral (arieties o' pearl !ecklaces. +!e thousa!d a!d ei"ht stri!"s o' pearls 'orm the !ecklace, Indrachchhanda. Dal' o' the a*o(e is Vi(ayachchhanda. %i1ty/'our stri!"s make up Ardhahra. .i'ty/'our stri!"s make up 'asmikalpa. &hirty/two stri!"s make up <uchchha. &we!ty/se(e! stri!"s make up Nakshatramla. &we!ty/'our stri!"s make up Ardha%uchchha. &we!ty stri!"s make up Mnavaka. Dal' o' the a*o(e is Ardhamnavaka. &he same !ecklaces with a "em at the ce!tre are called *y the same !ames with the words 'Mnavaka' su''i1ed to their respecti(e !ames. Bhe! all the stri!"s maki!" up a !ecklace are o' sirshaka patter!, it is called pure !ecklace >suddhahra?, likewise with stri!"s o' other patter!. &hat which co!tai!s a "em i! the ce!tre is >also? called Ardhamnavaka. &hat which co!tai!s three sla*/like "ems >triphalaka? or 'i(e sla*/like "ems >panchaphalaka? i! the ce!tre is termed *halakahra. A! o!ly stri!" o' pearls is called pure ,kvali, the same with a "em i! the ce!tre is called $ashti, the same (arie"ated with "old "lo*ules is termed 'atnvali. A stri!" made o' pearls a!d "old "lo*ules alter!ately put is called Apavartaka. %tri!"s o' pearls with a "old wire *etwee! two stri!"s is called Sopnaka. &he same with a "em i! the ce!tre is called Manis7pnaka.

&he a*o(e will e1plai! the 'ormatio! o' head/stri!"s, *racelets, a!klets, waist/*a!ds, a!d other (arieties. Kauta, that which is o*tai!ed i! the K0ta, Mauleyaka, that which is 'ou!d i! the M0leya, a!d *rasamudraka, that which is 'ou!d *eyo!d the ocea! are se(eral (arieties o' "ems. &hat which possesses such pleasa!t colour as that o' the red lotus 'lower, or that o' the 'lower o' *ri(ta >,rithrina Indica?, or that o' the risi!" su! is the Sau%andhika "em. &hat which is o' the colour o' *lue lotus 'lower, or o' sir.sha >Acacia Sirisa?, or o' water, or o' 'resh *am*oo, or o' the colour o' the 'eathers o' a parrot is the Vaid0rya "em *ushyar%a, <7m0traka, a!d <7m4dika are other (arieties o' the same. &hat which is characterised with *lue li!es, that which is o' the colour o' the 'lower o' Kalya >a ki!d o' phraseolus?, or which is i!te!sely *lue, which possesses the colour o' -am&u 'ruit >rose apple?, or which is as *lue as the clouds is the Indran.la "em, Nandaka >pleasi!" "em?, Sravanmadhya >that which appears to pour water 'rom its ce!tre?, S.tavrishti >that which appears to pour cold shower?, a!d S0ryaknta >su!sto!e? are other 'orms o' "ems. 2ems are he1a"o!al, )uadra!"ular, or circular possessed o' da00li!" "low, pure, smooth, hea(y, *rillia!t, tra!spare!t >antar%atapra&ha? a!d illumi!ati!", such are the )ualities o' "ems. .ai!t colour, sa!dy layer, spots, holes, *ad per'oratio!, a!d scratches are the de'ects o' "ems. Vimalaka >pure?, sasyaka >pla!t/like?, An(anam0laka >deep/dark?, *ittaka >like the *ile o' a cow? Sula&haka >easily procura*le?, "ohitaka >red?, Amritmsuka >o' white rays?, -y7t.rasaka >"lowi!"?, Maileyaka, Ahichchhatraka , >procured i! the cou!try o' Ahichchhatra?, K0rpa, *0tik0rpa, a!d Su%andhik0rpa, Ksh.rapaka, Suktich0rnaka >like the powder o' a! oystershell?, Silpravlaka >like coral?, *ulaka, S0krapulaka are (arieties o' i!'erior "ems. &he rest are metalic *eads >kchamani?. Sa&hrshtraka, that which is 'ou!d i! the cou!try o' Sa&hrshtra, Madhyamarshtraka, that which is 'ou!d i! the e!tral -ro(i!ce, Ksmaka, that which is 'ou!d i! the cou!try o' Ksmaka, Sr.katanaka, that which is 'ou!d i! the (ici!ity o' the mou!tai!, Ved7tkata, Manimantaka, that which is 'ou!d !ear the mou!tai! Maniman or Manimanta, a!d Indravnak are diamo!ds. 4i!es, streams, a!d other miscella!eous places are their sources.

&he colour o' a diamo!d may *e like that o' a cat's eye, that o' the 'lower o' Sir.sha >Acacia Sir.sa?, the uri!e o' a cow, the *ile o' a cow, like alum >sphatika?, the 'lower o' Mlati, or like that o' a!y o' the "ems >descri*ed a*o(e?. &hat which is *i", hea(y, hard >prahrasaham, tolera!t o' hitti!"?, re"ular >samak7na?, capa*le o' scratchi!" o! the sur'ace o' (essels >&h(anal4khi?, re'racti(e o' li"ht >ku&rmi?, a!d *rillia!t is the *est. &hat which is de(oid o' a!"les, u!e(e! >nirasr.kam?, a!d *e!t o! o!e side >prsvpavrittam? is i!auspicious. Alakandaka, a!d Vaivarnaka are the two (arieties o' coral which is possessed o' ru*y/like colour, which is (ery hard, a!d which is 'ree 'rom the co!tami!atio! o' other su*sta!ces i!side. Stana is red a!d smells like the earth, <7sirshaka is dark red a!d smells like 'ish, arichandana is o' the colour o' the 'eathers o' a parrot a!d smells like tamari!d or ma!"o 'ruit, likewise !rnasa, <rmeruka is red or dark red a!d smells like the uri!e o' a "oat, Daivasa&heya is red a!d smells like a lotus 'lower, likewise Aupaka >-paka?, -on%aka a!d !aurupa are red or dark red a!d so't, Maleyaka is reddish white, Kuchandana is as *lack as A%aru >resi! o' the aloe? or red or dark red a!d (ery rou"h, Kla/parvataka is o' pleasa!t appeara!ce, Koskaraparvataka >that which is the product o' that mou!tai! which is o' the shape o' a *ud? is *lack or (arie"ated *lack, S.t7dak.ya is *lack a!d so't, a!d smells like a lotus/'lower, N%aparvataka >that which is the product o' Fa"a mou!tai!? is rou"h a!d is possessed o' the colour o' Saivala >Vallisneria?, a!d Skala is *row!. ;i"ht, so't, moist >asyna, !ot dry?, as "reasy as "hee, o' pleasa!t smell, adhesi(e to the ski!, o' mild smell, rete!ti(e o' colour a!d smell, tolera!t o' heat, a*sorpti(e o' heat, a!d com'orta*le to the ski!//these are the characteristics o' sa!dal >chandana?. >As to? A%aru >A%allochum, resi! o' aloe?:T -on%aka is *lack or (arie"ated *lack a!d is possessed o' (arie"ated spots, Don%aka is *lack, a!d *rasamudraka is o' (arie"ated colour a!d smells like cascus or like Navamlika >(asminum?. >A%aru is? hea(y, so't, "reasy, smells 'ar a!d lo!", *ur!s slowly, "i(es out co!ti!uous smoke while *ur!i!", is o' u!i'orm smell, a*sor*s heat, a!d is so adhesi(e to the ski! as !ot to *e remo(a*le *y ru**i!",Tthese are the characteristics o' A%aru. >As to? !ailaparnika:T As7ka%rmika, the product o' As7ka%rma, is o' the colour o' meat a!d smells like a lotus 'lower, -on%aka is reddish yellow a!d smells like a *lue lotus 'lower or like the uri!e o' a cow, <rameruka is "reasy a!d smells like a cow's uri!e, Sauvarnakudyaka,

product o' the cou!try o' Suvarnakudya, is reddish yellow a!d smells like Mtulun%a >the 'ruit o' citro! tree or sweet lime?, *0rnadvipaka, the product o' the isla!d, *0rnadviipa, smells like a lotus 'lower or like *utter, Bhadrasr.ya a!d *ralauhityaka are o' the colour o' !utme", Antarvatya is o' the colour o' cascus,///the last two smell like Kushtha >)ostus Speciosus?, Kaleyaka which is a product o' Svarna/&h0mi, "old/produci!" la!d, is yellow a!d "reasy, a!d Auttaraparvataka >a product o', the !orth mou!tai!? is reddish yellow. &he a*o(e >'ra"ra!t su*sta!ces? are commodities o' superior (alue >Sra?. &he smell o' the !ailaparnika su*sta!ces is lasti!", !o matter whether they are made i!to a paste or *oiled or *ur!t, also it is !either cha!"ed !or a''ected e(e! whe! mi1ed with other su*sta!ces, a!d these su*sta!ces resem*le sa!dal a!d A%allochum i! their )ualities. Kntanvaka, *raiyaka, a!d Auttara/parvataka are the (arieties o' ski!s. Kntanvaka is o' the colour o' the !eck o' the peacock, *raiyaka is (arie"ated with *lue, yellow, a!d white spots, these two are ei"ht an%ulas >i!ches? lo!". Also Bis. a!d Mah&is. are the products o' Dvdasa%rma, twel(e (illa"es. &hat which is o' i!disti!ct colour, hairy, a!d (arie"ated >with spots? is >called? Bis.. &hat which is rou"h a!d almost white is Mah&is. >"reat Bis.?, &hese two are twel(e a!"ulas lo!". Symika, Klika, Kadali, )handrottara, a!d Skul are >other ki!ds o' ski!s? procured 'rom Aroha >Aroha(a?. Symika is *row! a!d co!tai!s (arie"ated spots, Klika is *row! or o' the colour o' a pi"eo!, these two are ei"ht a!"ulas lo!". Kadali is rou"h a!d two 'eet lo!", whe! Kadali *ears (arie"ated moo!like spots, it is called )handrottarakadali a!d is o!e/third o' its le!"th, Skul is (arie"ated with lar"e rou!d spots similar to those that ma!i'est themsel(es i! a ki!d o' leprosy >kushtha?, or is 'ur!ished with te!drils a!d spotted like a deer's ski!. Sm0ra, )h.nasi, a!d Sm0li are >ski!s procured 'rom Bhlava, >Bahlaveya?. Sm0ra is thirty/si1 a!"ulas lo!" a!d *lack, )h.nasi is reddish *lack or *lackish white, Sm0li is o' the colour o' wheat. Stina, Nalat0la, a!d Vrittapuchchha are the ski!s o' a)uatic a!imals >Audra?. Stina is *lack, Nalat0la is o' the colour o' the 'i*re o' Nala, a ki!d o' "rass, a!d Vrittapuchchha >that which possesses a rou!d tail? is *row!.

&he a*o(e are the (arieties o' ski!s. +' ski!s, that which is so't, smooth a!d hairy is the *est. Bla!kets made o' sheep's wool may *e white, purely red, or as red as a lotus 'lower. &hey may *e made o' worsted threads *y sewi!" >khachita?, or may *e wo(e! o' woolle! threads o' (arious colour >vnachitra?, or may *e made o' di''ere!t pieces >khandasan%htya?, or may *e wo(e! o' u!i'orm woolle! threads >tantuvichchhinna?. Boolle! *la!kets are >o' te! ki!ds?:TKam&ala, Kauchapaka, Kulamitika, Saumitika, !ura%astarana, Varnaka, !alichchhaka, Vravna, *aristoma, a!d Samanta&hadraka. +' these, that which is slippery >pichchhila? as a wet sur'ace, possessed o' 'i!e hair, a!d so't, is the *est. &hat >*la!ket? which is made up o' ei"ht pieces a!d *lack i! colour is called Bhin%isi used as rai!/proo' , likewise is Apasraka, *oth are the products o' Fepal. Samputika, )haturasrika, "am&ara, Katavnaka, *ravraka, a!d Sattalika are >*la!kets made o'? the wool o' wild a!imals. &hat which is ma!u'actured i! the cou!try, Van%a >van%aka? is a white a!d so't 'a*ric >duk0la?, that o' *ndya ma!u'acture >*aundraka? is *lack a!d as so't as the sur'ace o' a "em, a!d that which is the product o' the cou!try, Suvarnakudya, is as red as the su!, as so't as the sur'ace o' the "em, wo(e! while the threads are (ery wet, a!d o' u!i'orm >chaturasra? or mi1ed te1ture >vymisravna?. %i!"le, hal', dou*le, tre*le a!d )uadruple "arme!ts are (arieties o' the same. &he a*o(e will e1plai! other ki!ds o' 'a*rics such as Ksika, Benarese products, a!d Kshauma which is ma!u'actured i! *ndya >*aundraka?. M%adhika >product o' the Ma%adha cou!try?, *aundraka, a!d Sauvarnakudyaka are 'i*rous "arme!ts. N%avriksha >a species o' a tree?, "ikucha >Artocarpus "akucha?, a!d Vakula >Mimusops ,len%i?, a!d Vata >8icus Indica? are the sources >o' their 'i*res?. &hat o' N%avriksha is yellow >pita?, that o' "ikucha is o' the colour o' wheat, that o' Vakula is white, a!d the rest is o' the colour o' *utter. +' these, that which is produced i! the cou!try o' Suvarnakudya is the *est. &he a*o(e will e1plai! the 'a*rics k!ow! as kauseya, silk/cloth, a!d chinapatta, 'a*rics o' hi!a ma!u'acture.

+' cotto! 'a*rics, those o' Madhura, o' Aparnta, wester! parts, o' Klin%a, o' Ksi, o' Van%a, o' Vatsa, a!d o' Mahisha are the *est. As to other ki!ds o' "ems >which are !ot treated o' here?, the superi!te!de!t shall ascertai! their si0e, their (alue, species, 'orm, utility, their treatme!t, the repair o' old o!es, a!y adulteratio! that is !ot easily detected, their wear a!d tear due to lapse o' time a!d place, as well as remedies a"ai!st those which are i!auspicious >himsra?. :&hus e!ds hapter XI, "31ami!atio! o' 2ems that are to *e e!tered i!to the &reasury," i! Book II, "&he #uties o' 2o(er!me!t %uperi!te!de!ts" o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' thirty/seco!d chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER *II. COND.CTING -INING OPERATION# AND -AN.FACT.RE. -+%%3%%3# o' the k!owled"e o' the scie!ce deali!" with copper a!d other mi!erals >Sul&dhtusstra?, e1perie!ced i! the art o' distillatio! a!d co!de!satio! o' mercury >rasapka? a!d o' testi!" "ems, aided *y e1perts i! mi!eralo"y a!d e)uipped with mi!i!" la*ourers a!d !ecessary i!strume!ts, the superi!te!de!t o' mi!es shall e1ami!e mi!es which, o! accou!t o' their co!tai!i!" mi!eral e1creme!t >kitta?, cruci*les, charcoal, a!d ashes, may appear to ha(e *ee! o!ce e1ploited or which may *e !ewly disco(ered o! plai!s or mou!tai!/slopes possessi!" mi!eral ores, the rich!ess o' which ca! *e ascertai!ed *y wei"ht, depth o' colour, pierci!" smell, a!d taste. ;i)uids which oo0e out 'rom pits, ea(es, slopes, or deep e1ca(atio!s o' well/k!ow! mou!tai!s, which ha(e the colour o' the 'ruit o' rose/apple >(am&u?, o' ma!"o, a!d o' fanpalm, which are as yellow as ripe turmeric, sulphurate o' arse!ic >haritla?, ho!ey/ com*, a!d (ermilio!, which are as resple!de!t as the petals o' a lotus, or the 'eathers o' a parrot or a peacock, which are adjace!t to >a!y mass o'? water or shru*s o' similar colour, a!d which are "reasy >chikkana?, tra!spare!t >visada?, a!d (ery hea(y are ores o' "old >knchanika?. ;ikewise li)uids which, whe! dropped o! water, spread like oil to which dirt a!d 'ilth adhere, a!d which amal"amate themsel(es more tha! ce!t per ce!t >satdupari veddhrah? with copper or sil(er. +' similar appeara!ce as the a*o(e >tatpratir0pakam?, *ut o' pierci!" smell a!d taste is Bitume!. &hose ores which are o*tai!ed 'rom plai!s or slopes o' mou!tai!s, which are either yellow or as red as copper or reddish yellow, which are disjoi!ed a!d marked with *lue li!es, which ha(e the colour o' *lack *ea!s >masha, *hraseolus 'adiatus?, "ree! *ea!s >mud%a, *hraseolus Mun%o?, a!d sesamum, which are marked with spots like a drop o' curd a!d resple!de!t as turmeric, yellow myro*ala!, petals o' a lotus, ac)uatic pla!t, the li(er or the splee!, which possess a sa!dy layer withi! them a!d are marked with 'i"ures o' a circle or a svastika, which co!tai! "lo*ular masses >sa%ulika?, a!d which, whe!

roasted do !ot split, *ut emit much 'oam a!d smoke are the ores o' "old >suvarnadhtavah?, a!d are used to 'orm amal"ams with copper or sil(er >prat.vprthast4 stmrar0pyavedharh?. &hose ores which ha(e the colour o' a co!ch/shell, camphor, alum, *utter, a pi"eo!, turtle/do(e, Vimalaka >a ki!d o' precious sto!e?, or the !eck o' a peacock, which are as resple!de!t as opal >sasyaka?, a"ate >%om4daka?, ca!e/su"ar >%uda?, a!d "ra!ulated su"ar >matsyandika? which has the colour o' the 'lower o' kovidra >Bauhinia Varie%ata?, o' lotus, o' patali >Bi%nonia Suaveolens?, o' kalaya >a ki!d o' phraseolus?, o' kshauma >'la1?, a!d o' atasi >Dinuin #sitatissimum?, which may *e i! com*i!atio! with lead or iro! >an(ana?, which smell like raw meat, are disjoi!ed "ray or *lackish white, a!d are marked with li!es or spots, a!d which, whe! roasted, do !ot split, *ut emit much 'oam a!d smoke are sil(er ores. &he hea(ier the ores, the "reater will *e the )ua!tity o' metal i! them >satvavriddhih?. &he impurities o' ores, whether super'icial or i!separa*ly com*i!ed with them ca! *e "ot rid o' a!d the metal melted whe! the ores are >chemically? treated with &iksh!a uri!e >m0tra? a!d alkalies >kshra?, a!d are mi1ed or smeared o(er with the mi1ture o' >the powder o'? 'a(avriksha >)litoria !ernatea?, Vata >8icus Indica?, a!d *elu >)arnea Ar&orea?, to"ether with cow's *ile a!d the uri!e a!d du!" o' a *u''alo, a! ass a!d a! elepha!t. >4etals? are re!dered so't whe! they are treated with >the powder o'? kandali >mushroom?, a!d va(rakanda, >A!ti)uorum? to"ether with the ashes o' *arley, *lack *ea!s, palsa >Butea 8rondosa?, a!d pelu >)arnea Ar&orea?, or with the milk o' *oth the cow a!d the sheep. Bhate(er metal is split i!to a hu!dred thousa!d parts is re!dered so't whe! it is thrice soaked i! the mi1ture made up o' ho!ey >madhu?, madhuka >Bassia "atifolia?, sheep's milk, sesamum oil, clari'ied *utter, ja""ery, kinva >'erme!t? a!d mushroom. -erma!e!t so't!ess >mridustam&hana? is also attai!ed whe! the metal is treated with the powder o' cow's teeth a!d hor!. &hose ores which are o*tai!ed 'rom plai!s or slopes o' mou!tai!s, a!d which are hea(y, "reasy, so't, taw!y, "ree!, dark, *luish/yellow >harita?, pale/red, or red are ores o' copper. &hose ores which ha(e the colour o' kkamechaka >Solanum Indica?, pi"eo!, or cowJs *ile, a!d which are marked with white li!es a!d smell like raw meat are the ores o' lead. &hose ores which are as (arie"ated i! colour as sali!e soil or which ha(e the colour o' a *ur!t lump o' earth are the ores o' ti!.

&hose ores which are o' ora!"e colour >kurum&a?, or pale/red >pndurohita?, or o' the colour o' the 'lower o' sinduvra >Vite+ !rifolia? are the ores o' t.kshna. &hose ores which are o' the colour o' the lea' o' knda >Artemisia Indica? or o' the lea' o' *irch are the ores o' vaikrintaka. -ure, smooth, e''lu"e!t, sou!di!" >whe! struck?, (ery hard >satat.vrah?, a!d o' little colour >tanur%a? are precious sto!es. &he yield o' mi!es may *e put to such uses as are i! (o"ue. ommerce i! commodities ma!u'actured 'rom mi!eral products shall *e ce!trali0ed a!d pu!ishme!t 'or ma!u'acturers, sellers, a!d purchasers o' such commodities outside the prescri*ed locality shall also *e laid dow!. A mi!e/la*ourer who steals mi!eral products e1cept precious sto!es shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' ei"ht times their (alue. A!y perso! who steals mi!eral products or carries o! mi!i!" operatio!s without lice!se shall *e *ou!d >with chai!s? a!d caused to work >as a priso!er?. 4i!es which yield such mi!erals as are made use o' i! prepari!" (essels >&hnda? as well as those mi!es which re)uire lar"e outlay to work out may *e leased out 'or a 'i1ed !um*er o' the shares o' the output or 'or a 'i1ed re!t >&h%ena prakrayena va? %uch mi!es as ca! *e worked out without much outlay shall *e directly e1ploited >*y 2o(er!me!t a"e!cy?. &he superi!te!de!t o' metals >l7hdhyakshah? shall carry o! the ma!u'acture o' copper, lead, ti!, vaikrintaka >mercury :@<?, rak0ta >*rass?, vritta>@?, kamsa >*ro!0e or *ell/metal?, tla >sulphurate o' arse!ic?, a!d lodhra >@?, a!d also o' commodities >&hnda? 'rom them. &he superi!te!de!t o' mi!t >lakshndhyakshah?, shall carry o! the ma!u'acture o' sil(er coi!s >r0pyar0pa? made up o' 'our parts o' copper a!d o!e/si1tee!th part >msha? o' a!y o!e o' the metals, tikshna, trapu, sisa, a!d an(ana. &here shall *e a pana, hal' a pana, a )uarter a!d o!e/ei"hth. opper coi!s >tmrar0pa? made up o' 'our parts o' a! alloy >pda(.vam?, shall *e a mshaka, hal' a mshaka, kkani a!d hal' a kkani. &he e1ami!er o' coi!s >r0padarsaka? shall re"ulate curre!cy *oth as a medium o' e1cha!"e >vyvahrikim? a!d as le"al te!der admissi*le i!to the treasury >kosapravesym?: &he premia le(ied o! coi!s paid i!to the treasury shall *e? 8 per ce!t, k!ow! as r0pika, 6 per ce!t k!ow! as vy(i, o!e/ei"hth pana per ce!t as pr.kshika >testi!" char"e?, *esides >cha? a 'i!e o' N6 pana to *e imposed o! o''e!ders other tha! the ma!u'acturer, the seller, the purchaser a!d the e1ami!er.

&he superi!te!de!t o' ocea!/mi!es >khanyadhyakshah? shall atte!d to the collectio! o' co!ch/shells, diamo!ds, precious sto!es, pearls, corals, a!d salt >kshra? a!d also re"ulate the commerce i! the a*o(e commodities. %oo! a'ter crystalisatio! o' salt is o(er, the superi!te!de!t o' salt shall i! time collect *oth the mo!ey/re!t >prakraya? a!d the )ua!tity o' the shares o' salt due to the "o(er!me!t, a!d *y the sale o' salt >thus collected as shares? he shall realise !ot o!ly its (alue >m0lyam?, *ut also the premium o' 'i(e per ce!t >vy(.m?, *oth i! cash >r0pa?. Imported salt >%antulavanam? shall pay o!e/si1th portio! >shad&h%a? to the ki!". &he sale o' this portio! >&h%avi&h%a? shall 'etch the premia o' 'i(e per ce!t >vy(i?, o' ei"ht per ce!t >r0pika? i! cash >r0pa?. &he purchasers shall pay !ot o!ly the toll >sulka?, *ut also the compe!satio! >vaidharana? e)ui(ale!t to the loss e!tailed o! the ki!"'s commerce. I! de'ault o' the a*o(e payme!t, he shall *e compelled to pay a 'i!e o' 977 panas. Adulteratio! o' salt shall *e pu!ished with the hi"hest amerceme!t, likewise perso!s other tha! hermits >vnaprastha? ma!u'acturi!" salt without lice!se. 4e! lear!ed i! the Vedas, perso!s e!"a"ed i! pe!a!ce, as well as la*ourers may take with them salt 'or 'ood, salt a!d alkalies 'or purposes other tha! this shall *e su*ject to the payme!t o' toll. &hus, *esides collecti!" 'rom mi!es the te! ki!ds o' re(e!ue, such as >5? (alue o' the out/put >m0lya?, >N? the share o' the out/put >vi&h%a?, >M? the premium o' 'i(e per ce!t >vy(i?, >O? the testi!" char"e o' coi!s >pari%ha?, >6? 'i!e pre(iously a!!ou!ced >atyaya?, >9? toll >sulka?, >V? compe!satio! 'or loss e!tailed o! the ki!"'s commerce >vaidharana?, >8? 'i!es to *e determi!ed i! proportio! to the "ra(ity o' crimes >danda?, >Q?, coi!a"e >r0pa?, >57? the premium o' ei"ht per ce!t >r0pika?, the "o(er!me!t shall keep as a state mo!opoly *oth mi!i!" a!d commerce >i! mi!erals?. &hus ta1es >mukhasan%raha? o! all commodities i!te!ded 'or sale shall *e prescri*ed o!ce 'or all. :&hus e!ds hapter XII, " o!ducti!" 4i!i!" +peratio!s a!d 4a!u'acture" i! Book II, "&he #uties o' 2o(er!me!t %uperi!te!de!ts" o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' thirty/third chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER *III. #.PERINTENDENT OF GOLD IN THE GOLD#-ITH0# OFFICE. IF order to ma!u'acture "old a!d sil(er jewellry, each *ei!" kept apart, the superi!te!de!t o' "old shall ha(e a "oldsmiths o''ice >akshasla? co!sisti!" o' 'our rooms a!d o!e door.

I! the ce!tre o' the hi"h road a trai!ed, skil'ul "oldsmith o' hi"h *irth a!d o' relia*le character shall *e appoi!ted to hold his shop. -m&0nada, that which is the product o' the ri(er, -am&u, Stakum&ha, that which is e1tracted 'rom the mou!tai! o' Satakum&a, taka, that which is e1tracted 'rom the mi!es k!ow! as taka, Vainava, that which is the product o' the mou!tai!, V4nu, a!d Srin%as0kti(a, that which is e1tracted 'rom srin%as0kti >@? are the (arieties o' "old. >2old may *e o*tai!ed? either pure or amal"amated with mercury or sil(er or alloyed with other impurities as mi!e "old >kar7d%ata?. &hat which is o' the colour o' the petals o' a lotus, ductile, "lossy, i!capa*le o' maki!" a!y co!ti!uous sou!d >andi?, a!d "litteri!" is the *est, that which is reddish yellow >raktap.ta? is o' middle )uality, a!d that which is red is o' low )uality. Impure "old is o' whitish colour. It shall *e 'used with lead o' 'our times the )ua!tity o' the impurity. Bhe! "old is re!dered *rittle owi!" to its co!tami!atio! with lead, it shall *e heated with dry cowdu!" >sushkapatala?. Bhe! it splits i!to pieces owi!" to hard!ess, it shall *e dre!ched >a'ter heati!"? i!to oil mi1ed with cowdu!" >taila/ %omaye?. 4i!e "old which is *rittle owi!" to its co!tami!atio! with lead shall *e heated wou!d rou!d with cloth >pkapatrni kritv?, a!d hammered o! a woode! a!(il. +r it may *e dre!ched i! the mi1ture made o' mushroom a!d va(rakhanda >Anti=uorum?. !utthod%ata, what which is e1tracted 'rom the mou!tai!, !uttha, %audika, that which is the product o' the cou!try k!ow! as <auda, km&uka, that which is e1tracted 'rom the mou!tai!, Kam&u, a!d chkravlika, that which is e1tracted 'rom the mou!tai! )hakravla are the (arieties o' sil(er. %il(er which is white, "lossy, a!d ductile is the *est, a!d that which is o' the re(erse )uality is *ad. Impure sil(er shall *e heated with lead o' o!e/'ourth the )ua!tity o' the impurity. &hat which *ecomes 'ull o' "lo*ules, white, "lowi!", a!d o' the colour o' curd is pure. Bhe! the streak o' pure "old >made o! touch/sto!e? is o' the colour o' turmeric, it is termed su(ar!a. Bhe! 'rom o!e to si1tee! kkanis o' "old i! a suvarna >o' si1tee! mshakas? are replaced *y 'rom o!e to si1tee! kkanis o' copper, so that the copper is i!separa*ly alloyed with the whole mass o' the remai!i!" )ua!tity o' the "old, the si1tee! (arieties >carats? o' the sta!dard o' the purity o' "old >shodasavarnakh? will *e o*tai!ed.

Da(i!" 'irst made a streak with su(ar!a o! a touchsto!e, the! >*y the side o' the streak? a streak with a piece o' the "old >to *e compared with it? shall *e made. Bhe!e(er a u!i'orm streak made o! the e(e! sur'ace o' a touch/sto!e ca! *e wiped o'' or swept away or whe! the streak is due to the spri!kli!" o' a!y "litteri!" powder >%airika? *y the !ail o! touch/sto!e, the! a! attempt 'or deceptio! ca! *e i!'erred. I', with the ed"e o' the palm dipped i! a solutio!, o' (ermilio! >(tihin%ulka? or o' sulphate o' iro! >pushpaks.sa? i! cow's uri!e, "old >su(ar!a? is touched, it *ecomes white. A touch/sto!e with so't a!d shi!i!" sple!dour is the *est. &he touch/sto!e o' the KCli!"a cou!try with the colour o' "ree! *ea!s is also the *est. A touch/sto!e o' e(e! or u!i'orm colour is "ood i! sale or purchase >o' "old?. &hat which possesses the colour o' a! elepha!t, ti!"ed with "ree! colour a!d capa*le o' re'lecti!" li"ht >pratir%i? is "ood i! selli!" "old. &hat which is hard, dura*le, a!d o' u!e(e! colour a!d !ot re'lecti!" li"ht, is "ood 'or purchasers >krayahitah?. &hat which is "rey, "reasy, o' u!i'orm colour, so't, a!d "lossy is the *est. &hat >"old? which, whe! heated, keeps the same colour >tpo &ahirantascha samah?, is as "litteri!" as te!der sprouts, or o' the colour o' the 'lower o' krandaka >@? is the *est. &hat which is *lack or *lue >i! "old? is the impurity >aprptaka?. Be shall deal with the *ala!ce a!d wei"hts u!der the "%uperi!te!de!t o' Bei"hts a!d 4easures" > hap. XIX, Book II?. I! accorda!ce with the i!structio!s "i(e! thereu!der sil(er a!d "old >r0pyasuvarnam? may *e "i(e! i! e1cha!"e. Fo perso! who is !ot a! employee shall e!ter the "old/smithsJ o''ice. A!y perso! who so e!ters shall *e *eheaded >uchchhedyah?. A!y workma! who e!ters the o''ice with "old or sil(er shall ha(e to 'or'eit the same. 2oldsmiths who are e!"a"ed to prepare (arious ki!ds o' or!ame!ts such as knchana >pure "old?, prishita >hollow or!ame!ts?, tvashtri >setti!" "ems i! "old? a!d tapan.ya, as well as *lowers a!d sweepers shall e!ter i!to or e1it 'rom the o''ice a'ter their perso! a!d dress are thorou"hly e1ami!ed. All o' their i!strume!ts to"ether with their u!'i!ished work shall *e le't where they ha(e *ee! at work. &hat amou!t o' "old which they ha(e recei(ed a!d the or!ame!tal work which they were doi!" shall *e put i! the ce!tre o' the o''ice. >.i!ished articles? shall *e e1ami!ed *oth mor!i!" a!d e(e!i!" a!d *e locked up with the seal o' *oth the ma!u'acturer a!d the superi!te!de!t >krayatri, the ow!er "etti!" the articles prepared?. Kshepana, %una, a!d kshudra ate three ki!ds o' or!ame!tal work.

%etti!" jewels >kcha, "lass *ead? i! "old is termed kshepana. &hread/maki!" or stri!" maki!" is called %una. %olid work >%hana?, hollow work >sushira?, a!d the ma!u'acture o' "lo*ules 'ur!ished with a rou!ded ori'ice is what is termed kshudra, low or ordi!ary work. .or setti!" jewels i! "old, 'i(e parts o' k6chana >pure "old? a!d te! parts o' "old alloyed with 'our parts o' copper or sil(er shall *e the re)uired )ua!tity >mna?. Dere the pure "old shall *e preser(ed 'rom the impure "old. .or setti!" jewels i! hollow or!ame!ts >prishitakcha karmanah?, three parts o' "old to hold the jewel a!d 'our parts 'or the *ottom >shall *e the re)uired )ua!tity?. .or the work o' tvashtri, copper a!d "old shall *e mi1ed i! e)ual )ua!tities. .or sil(er article either solid or hollow, sil(er may *e mi1ed with hal' o' the amou!t o' "old, or *y maki!" use o' the powder or solutio! o' (ermilio!, "old e)ual to o!e/ 'ourth the amou!t o' sil(er o' the or!ame!t may *e pai!ted >vsayet? o! it. -ure a!d "litteri!" "old is tapan.ya. &his com*i!ed with a! e)ual )ua!tity o' lead a!d heated with rock/salt >saindhav5ika? to melti!" poi!t u!der dry cowdu!" *ecomes the *asis o' "old alloys o' *lue, red, white, yellow >harita?, parrot a!d pid"eo! colours. &he colouri!" i!"redie!t o' "old is o!e kkan. o' t.kshna which is o' the colour o' the !eck o' a peacock, ti!"ed with white, a!d which is da00li!" a!d 'ull o' copper >pitap0rnitam?. -ure or impure sil(er >tra? may *e heated 'our times with asthituttha >copper sulphate mi1ed with powdered *o!e?, a"ai! 'our times with a! e)ual )ua!tity o' lead, a"ai! 'our times with dry copper sulphate >sushkatuttha? a"ai! three times i! skull >kapla?, a!d lastly twice i! cowdu!". &hus the sil(er acted upo! se(e!tee! times *y tuttha >shodasatutthtikrntam? a!d lastly heated to white li"ht with rock salt may *e made to alloy with suvarna to the e1te!t o' 'rom o!e kkani to two Mshas. &he! the suvarna attai!s white colour a!d is called sveta/tra. Bhe! three parts o' tapan.ya >pure "old? are melted with thirty/two parts o' sveta/ tra, the compou!d *ecomes reddish white >svetalohitakam?. Bhe! three parts o' tapan.ya are com*i!ed with thirty/two parts o' copper, the compou!d *ecomes yellow >p.ta, redY?. Also whe! three parts o' the colouri!" i!"redie!t >r%atri&h%a, i.e., t.kshna re'erred to a*o(e? are heated with tapan.ya, the compou!d *ecomes yellowish red >p.ta?. Bhe! two parts o' sveta/tra a!d o!e part o' tapan.ya are heated, the whole mass *ecomes as "ree! as mud%a >*hraseolus Mun%o?. Bhe! tapan.ya is dre!ched i! a solutio! o' hal' the )ua!tity o' *lack iro! >klyasa?, it *ecomes *lack.

Bhe! tapan.ya is twice dre!ched i! >the a*o(e? solutio! mi1ed with mercury >rasa?, it ac)uires the colour o' the 'eathers o' a parrot. Be'ore these (arieties o' "old are put to use, their test streak shall *e take! o! touch/ sto!e. &he process o' assayi!" t.kshna a!d copper shall *e well u!derstood. De!ce the (arious cou!terwei"hts >avaneyimna? used i! wei"hi!" diamo!ds, ru*ies, pearls, corals, a!d coi!s, >r0pa?, as well as the proportio!al amou!t o' "old a!d sil(er !ecessary 'or (arious ki!ds o' or!ame!ts ca! *e well u!derstood. E!i'orm i! colour, e)ual i! the colour o' test streak to the sta!dard "old, de(oid o' hollow *ul*s, ductile >sthira?, (ery smooth, 'ree 'rom alloys, pleasi!" whe! wor! as a! or!ame!t, !ot da00li!" thou"h "litteri!", sweet i! its u!i'ormity o' mass, a!d pleasi!" the mi!d a!d eyes,///these are the )ualities o' tapan.ya, pure "old. :&hus e!ds hapter XIII, "&he %uperi!te!de!t o' 2old i! the 2oldsmiths' +''ice," i! Book II, "&he #uties o' 2o(er!me!t %uperi!te!de!ts" o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' thirty/'ourth chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER *I'. THE D.TIE# OF THE #TATE GOLD#-ITH IN THE HIGH ROAD. &D3 %tate 2oldsmith shall employ artisa!s to ma!u'acture "old a!d sil(er coi!s >r0pyasuvarna? 'rom the *ullio! o' citi0e!s a!d cou!try people. &he artisa!s employed i! the o''ice shall do their work as ordered a!d i! time. Bhe! u!der the e1cuse that time a!d !ature o' the work has !ot *ee! prescri*ed, they spoil the work, they shall !ot o!ly 'or'eit their wa"es, *ut also pay a 'i!e o' twice the amou!t o' their wa"es. Bhe! they postpo!e work, they shall 'or'eit o!e/'ourth the amou!t o' their wa"es a!d pay a 'i!e o' twice the amou!t o' the 'or'eited wa"es. >&he "oldsmith o' the mi!t? shall retur! >to the ow!ers coi!s or or!ame!ts? o' the same wei"ht, a!d o' the same )uality >varna? as that o' the *ullio! >nikshepa? which they recei(ed >at the mi!t?. Bith the e1ceptio! o' those >coi!s? which ha(e *ee! wor! out or which ha(e u!der"o!e dimi!utio! >ksh.naparis.rna?, they shall recei(e the same coi!s >*ack i!to the mi!t? e(e! a'ter the lapse o' a !um*er o' years. &he state "oldsmith shall "ather 'rom the artisa!s employed i! the mi!t i!'ormatio! co!cer!i!" pure "old, metallic mass >pud%ala?, coi!s >lakshana?, a!d rate o' e1cha!"e >pray7%a?. I! "etti!" a suvarna coi! >o' 59 mshas? ma!u'actured 'rom "old or 'rom sil(er, o!e kkani >o!e/'ourth msha? wei"ht o' the metal more shall *e "i(e! to the mi!t towards the loss i! ma!u'acture.

&he colouri!" i!"redie!t >r%apraksh4pa? shall *e two kkanis o' t.kshna >copper sulphate @? o!e/si1th o' which will *e lost duri!" the ma!u'acture. Bhe! the )uality >varna? o' a coi! less tha! the sta!dard o' a msha is lowered, the artisa!s >co!cer!ed? shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t. Bhe! its wei"ht is less tha! the sta!dard wei"ht, they shall *e pu!ished with the middlemost amerceme!t. #eceptio! i! *ala!ce or wei"hts shall *e pu!ished with the hi"hest amerceme!t. #eceptio! i! the e1cha!"e o' ma!u'actured coi!s >krita&hndopadhau? shall also *e pu!ished with the hi"hest amerceme!t. Bhoe(er causes >"old or sil(er articles? to *e ma!u'actured i! a!y place other tha! the mi!t or without *ei!" !oticed *y the state "oldsmith shall *e 'i!ed 5N pans, while the artisa! who does that work shall, i' 'ou!d out, *e pu!ished with twice the a*o(e 'i!e. I' he is !ot 'ou!d out, measures such as are descri*ed i! Book IV shall *e take! to detect him. Bhe! thus detected, he shall *e 'i!ed N77 pans or shall ha(e his 'i!"ers cut o''. Bei"hi!" *ala!ce a!d cou!terwei"hts shall *e purchased 'rom the superi!te!de!t i! char"e o' them. +therwise a 'i!e o' 5N pans shall *e imposed. ompact work >%hana?, compact a!d hollow work >%hanasushira?, solderi!" >samy0hya?, amal"amatio! >avalepya?, e!closi!" >sam%htya?, a!d "ildi!" >vsitakam? are the (arious ki!ds o' artisa! work >krukasma?. .alse *ala!ces >tulvishama?, remo(al >apasrana?, droppi!" >visrvana?, 'oldi!" >petaka?, a!d co!'ou!di!" >pinka? are the se(eral mea!s employed *y "oldsmiths to decei(e the pu*lic. .alse *ala!ce areTthat o' *e!di!" arms >sannmini?, that o' hi"h helm or pi(ot >utkarnika?, that o' *roke! head >&hinnamastaka?, that o' hollow !eck >upakanthi?, that o' *ad stri!"s >kusikya?, that o' *ad cups or pa!s >sakatukakshya?, that which is crooked or shaki!" >privellya?, a!d that which is com*i!ed with a ma"!et >ayasknta?. Bhe!, *y what is called !riputaka which co!sists o' two parts o' sil(er a!d o!e part o' copper, a! e)ual portio! o' pure allu(ial "old is replaced, that deceit'ul act is termed copper/remo(al >triputak/ vasritam?, whe!, *y copper, a! e)ual portio! o' "old is replaced, that act is termed copper/remo(al >sul&vasritam?, whe! *y vellakaan e)ual portio! o' "old is replaced, it is termed vellaka/remo(al, a!d whe! pure allu(ial "old is replaced *y that "old hal' o' which is mi1ed with copper, it is termed "old remo(al >hemvasritam?. A cruci*le with a *ase metallic piece hidde! i! it, metallic e1creme!t, pi!cers, a pair o' to!"s, metallic pieces >(on%ani?, a!d *ora1 >sauvarchiklavanam?,Tthese are the se(eral thi!"s which are made use o' *y "oldsmiths i! steali!" "old. Bhe!, i!te!tio!ally causi!" the cruci*le >co!tai!i!" the *ullio!? to *urst, a 'ew sa!dlike particles o' the metal are picked up alo!" with other particles o' a *ase metal

pre(iously put therei!, a!d the whole is wrou"ht i!to a mass 'or the i!te!ded coi! or or!ame!t?, this act is termed droppi!" >visravana?, or whe! e1ami!i!" the 'olded or i!laid lea(es o' a! or!ame!t >chitakapatraparikshym? deceptio! is perpetrated *y su*stituti!" sil(er 'or "old, or whe! particles o' a *ase metal are su*stituted 'or those o' "old, it is termed droppi!" >visrvana? likewise. .oldi!" >petaka? either 'irm >%dha? or loose >a&hyuddhrya? is practiced i! solderi!", i! prepari!" amal"ams, a!d i! e!closi!" >a piece o' *ase metal with two pieces o' a superior metal?. Bhe! a lead piece >s.sar0pa//lead coi!? is 'irmly co(ered o(er with "old lea' *y mea!s o' wa1 >ashtaka?, that act is termed %dhapetaka, 'irm 'oldi!", a!d whe! the same is loosely 'olded, it is termed loose 'oldi!". I! amal"ams, a si!"le or dou*le layer >o' a superior metal? is made to co(er a piece >o' *ase metal?. opper or sil(er may also *e placed *etwee! two lea(es >o' a superior metal?. A copper piece >sul&ar0pya? may *e co(ered o(er with "old lea', the sur'ace a!d the ed"es *ei!" smoothe!ed, similarly a piece o' a!y *ase metal may *e co(ered o(er with dou*le lea' o' copper or sil(er, the sur'ace a!d the ed"es *ei!" smoothe!ed. &he two 'orms o' 'oldi!" may *e detected *y heati!", *y testi!" o! touch/sto!e >nikasha? or *y o*ser(i!" a*se!ce o' sou!d whe! it is ru**ed >nissa&dollekhana?. >&hey? 'i!d out loose 'oldi!" i! the acid juice o' &adarmla >8lacourtia )ataphracta or juju*e 'ruit? or i! salt water,Tso much 'or 'oldi!" >petaka?. I! a compact a!d hollow piece >%hana/sushire r0pe?, small particles o' "old/like mud >suvarnamrinvlukh? or *it o' (ermilio! >hin%ulakalkah? are so heated as to make them 'irmly adhere to the piece i!side. 3(e! i! a compact piece >dridhavstuke r0pe?, the wa1like mud o' <ndhra mi1ed with the particles o' "oldlike sa!d is so heated as to adhere to the piece. &hese two ki!ds o' impurities are "ot rid o' *y hammeri!" the pieces whe! red hot. I! a! or!ame!t or a coi! >sapari/&hnde v r0pe? salt mi1ed with hard sa!d >katusarkar? is so heated i! 'lame as to make it 'irmly adhere to >the or!ame!t or coi!?. &his >salt a!d sa!d? ca! *e "ot rid o' *y *oili!" >kvthana?. I! some pieces, mica may *e 'irmly 'i1ed i!side *y wa1 a!d co(ered o(er with a dou*le lea' >o' "old or sil(er?. Bhe! such a piece with mica or "lass i!side is suspe!ded i! water >udake? o!e o' its sides dips more tha! the other, or whe! pierced *y a pi!, the pi! "oes (ery easily i! the layers o' mica i! the i!terior >patalntareshu?. %purious sto!es a!d cou!ter'eit "old a!d sil(er may *e su*stituted 'or real o!es i! compact a!d hollow pieces >%hanasushira?. &hey are detected *y hammeri!" the pieces whe! red hot///so much 'or co!'ou!di!" >pinka?.

De!ce >the state "oldsmith? shall ha(e a thorou"h k!owled"e o' the species, characteristics, colour, wei"ht, a!d 'ormatio! >pud%ala/lakshana? o' diamo!ds, precious sto!es >mani?, pearls, corals a!d coi!s >r0pa?. &here are 'our ways o' deceptio! perpetrated whe! e1ami!i!" !ew pieces or repairi!" old o!es: they are hammeri!", cutti!", scratchi!" a!d ru**i!". Bhe!, u!der the e1cuse o' detecti!" the deceptio! k!ow! as 'oldi!" >petaka? i! hollow pieces or i! threads or i! cups >made o' "old or sil(er?, the articles i! )uestio! are hammered, that act is termed hammeri!". Bhe! a lead piece >co(ered o(er with "old or sil(er lea'? is su*stituted 'or a real o!e a!d its i!terior is cut o'', it is termed cutti!" >a(achchheda!am?. Bhe! compact pieces are scratched *y t.kshna >copper sulphate @?, that act is termed scratchi!" >ullekhana?. Bhe!, *y a piece o' cloth pai!ted with the powder o' sulphuret o' arse!ic >haritla?, red arse!ic >manassila?, or (ermilio! or with the powder o' kuruvinda >*lack salt @?, "old or sil(er articles are ru**ed, that act is termed ru**i!". By these acts, "old a!d sil(er articles >&hndni? u!der"o dimi!utio!, *ut !o other ki!d o' i!jury is do!e to them. I! all those pieces which are hammered, cut, scratched, or ru**ed the loss ca! *e i!'erred *y compari!" them with i!tact pieces o' similar descriptio!. I! amal"amated pieces >avalepya? which are cut o'', the loss ca! *e ascertai!ed *y cutti!" o'' a! e)ual portio! o' a similar piece. &hose pieces the appeara!ce o' which has cha!"ed shall *e o'te! heated a!d dre!ched i! water. >&he state "oldsmith? shall i!'er deceptio! >kcham vidyt? whe! :the artisa! prepari!" articles pays u!due atte!tio! to< throwi!" away, cou!ter/wei"ht, 'ire, a!(il >%andika?, worki!" i!strume!ts >&handika?, the seat >adhikarani?, the assayi!" *ala!ce, 'olds o' dress >chellachollakam?, his head, his thi"h, 'lies, ea"er!ess to look at his ow! *ody, the water/pot, a!d the 'irepot. Ae"ardi!" sil(er, *ad smell like that o' rotte! meat, hard!ess due to a!y alloy >mala?, projectio! >prast.na?, a!d *ad colour may *e co!sidered as i!dicati!" adulteratio!. &hus articles >o' "old a!d sil(er? !ew or old, or o' *ad or u!usual colour are to *e e1ami!ed a!d ade)uate 'i!es as descri*ed a*o(e shall *e imposed. :&hus e!ds hapter XIV, G&he #uties o' the %tate 2oldsmith i! the Di"h AoadH i! Book II, G&he #uties o' 2o(er!me!t %uperi!te!de!tsH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' thirty/'i'th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER *'. THE #.PERINTENDENT OF #TOREHO.#E. &D3 superi!te!de!t o' storehouse >Koshth%ra? shall super(ise the accou!ts o' a"ricultural produce >s.ta?, ta1es comi!" u!der 'shtra, cou!try/parts, commerce >krayima?, *arter >parivartna?, *e""i!" 'or "rai!s >prmityaka?, "rai!s *orrowed with promise to repay >pamityaka?, ma!u'acture o' rice, oils, etc. >simhanika?, accide!tal re(e!ue >anya(ta?, stateme!ts to check e1pe!diture >vyayapratyaya?, a!d reco(ery o' past arrears >upasthnam?. Bhate(er i! the shape o' a"ricultural produce is *rou"ht i! *y the superi!te!de!t o' a"riculture, >o' crow!/la!ds? is termed s.t. &he ta1es that are 'i1ed >pindakara?, ta1es that are paid i! the 'orm o' o!e/si1th o' produce >shad&h%a?, pro(isio! paid >*y the people? 'or the army >sen&hakta?, ta1es that are le(ied 'or reli"ious purposes >&ali?, ta1es or su*sidies that are paid *y (assal ki!"s a!d others >kara?, ta1es that are specially collected o! the occasio! o' the *irth o' a pri!ce >utsan%a?, ta1es that are collected whe! there is some mar"i! le't 'or such collectio! >prsva?, compe!satio! le(ied i! the shape o' "rai!s 'or a!y dama"e do!e *y cattle to crops >prih.naka?, prese!tatio! made to the ki!", >aupyanika?, a!d ta1es that are le(ied o! la!ds *elow ta!ks, lakes, etc., *uilt *y the ki!" >Kaushtheyaka?,//all these come u!der the head I'shtra.J %ale proceeds o' "rai!s, "rai!s purchased a!d the collectio! o' i!terest i! ki!d or "rai! de*ts >prayo%apratydna? are termed commerce. -ro'ita*le e1cha!"e o' "rai!s 'or "rai!s is termed *arter >parivarthana?. 2rai!s collected *y *e""i!" is termed prmityaka. 2rai!s *orrowed with promise to repay the same is termed pamityaka. -ou!di!" >rice, etc.?, di(idi!" >pulses, etc.?, 'ryi!" >cor!s a!d *ea!s?, ma!u'acture o' *e(era"es >suktakarma?, ma!u'acture o' 'lour *y employi!" those perso!s who li(e upo! such works, e1tracti!" oil *y employi!" shepherds a!d oil/makers, a!d ma!u'acture o' su"ar 'rom the juice o' su"ar/ca!e are termed simhanika. Bhate(er is lost a!d 'or"otte! >*y others? a!d the like 'orm accide!tal re(e!ue >anya(ta?. I!(estme!t, the relic o' a wrecked u!dertaki!", a!d sa(i!"s 'rom a! estimated outlay are the mea!s to check e1pe!diture >vyayapratyaya?. &hat amou!t or )ua!tity o' compe!satio! which is claimed 'or maki!" use o' a di''ere!t *ala!ce or 'or a!y error i! taki!" a ha!d'ul is termed vy(i.

ollectio! o' arrears is termed Iupasthna,J Ireco(ery o' past arrears.J +' "rai!s, oils, su"ar, a!d salt, all that co!cer!s "rai!s will *e treated o' i! co!!ectio! with the duties o' the I%uperi!te!de!t o' A"riculture.J lari'ied *utter, oil, serum o' 'lesh, a!d pith or sap >o' pla!ts, etc.?., are termed oils >sneha?. #ecoctio! >phnita?, ja""ory, "ra!ulated su"ar, a!d su"ar/ca!dy are termed kshra. Saindhava, that which is the product o' the cou!try o' Sindhu, Smudra, that which is produced 'rom seawater, Bida, $avakshara, nitre, Sauvarchala, that which is the product o' the cou!try o' suvarchala, a!d ud&heda(a, that which is e1tracted 'rom sali!e soil are termed lavana, salt. &he ho!ey o' the *ee as well as the juice e1tracted 'rom "rapes are called madhu. 4i1ture made *y com*i!i!" a!y o!e o' the su*sta!ces, such as the juice o' su"ar/ ca!e, ja""ory, ho!ey,. the, juice o' "rapes, the esse!ce o' the 'ruits o' (am&u >,u%inia -am&olana? a!d o' (aka treeTwith the esse!ce o' meshasrin%a >a ki!d o' pla!t? a!d lo!" pepper, with or without the additio! o' the esse!ce o' chir&hita >a ki!d o' "ourd?, cucum*er, su"ar/ca!e, ma!"o/'ruit a!d the 'ruit o' myro&alam, the mi1ture *ei!" prepared so as to last 'or a mo!th, or si1 mo!ths, or a year, co!stitute the "roup o' astri!"e!ts >sukta/var%a?. &he 'ruits o' those trees which *ear acid 'ruits, those o' karamarda >)arissa )arandas?, those o' vidalmalka >myro&alam?, those o' matulan%a >citro! tree?, those o' kola >small juju*a?, those o' &adara >8lacourtia )ataphracta?, those o' sauv.ra >*i" juju*a?, a!d those o' parushaka ><re;ia Asiatica? a!d the like come u!der the "roup o' acid 'ruits. urds, acid prepared 'rom "rai!s a!d the like are acids i! li)uid 'orm. ;o!" pepper, *lack pepper, "i!"er, cumi! seed, kiratatikta >A%athotes )hirayta?, white mustard, coria!der, choraka >a pla!t?, damanaka >Artemisia Indica?, maruvaka >Van%ueria Spinosa?, si%ru > yperanthera Morin%a?, a!d the like to"ether with their roots >knda? come u!der the "roup o' pu!"e!t su*sta!ces >tiktavar%a?. #ried 'ish, *ul*ous roots >kndam0la?, 'ruits a!d (e"eta*les 'orm the "roup o' edi*les >sakavar%a?. +' the store, thus, collected, hal' shall *e kept i! reser(e to ward o'' the calamities o' the people a!d o!ly the other hal' shall *e used. +ld collectio! shall *e replaced *y !ew supply.

&he superi!te!de!t shall also perso!ally super(ise the i!crease or dimi!utio! sustai!ed i! "rai!s whe! they are pou!ded >kshunna?, or 'rayed >%hrishta?, or reduced to 'lour >pishta?, or 'ried >&hrashta?, or dried a'ter soaki!" i! water. &he esse!tial part >sra, i.e., that which is 'it 'or 'ood? o' kodrava >*aspalam Scro&iculatum? a!d o' vrihi >rice? is o!e/hal', that o' sli >a ki!d o' rice? is >hal'? less *y o!e/ei"hth part, that o' varaka >*hraseolus !rilo&us? is >hal'? less *y o!e/third part, that o' priyan%u >pa!ic seed or millet? is o!e/hal' , that o' chamasi >*arley?, o' mud%a >*hraseolus Mun%o? a!d o' masha >*hraseolus 'adiatus? is >hal'? less *y o!e/ei"hth part, that o' sai&ya >sim&i? is o!e/hal', that o' mas0ra >,rvum irsutum? is >hal'? less *y o!e/third part >tha! the raw material or "rai!s 'rom which it is prepared?. Aaw 'lour a!d kulmasha >*oiled a!d 'orced rice? will *e as much as o!e a!d a hal' o' the ori"i!al )ua!tity o' the "rai!s. Barley "ruel as well as its 'lour *aked will *e twice the ori"i!al )ua!tity. Kodrava >*aspalam Scro&iculatum?, varaka >*hraseolus !rilo&us?, udraka >*anicum?, a!d priyan%u >millet? will i!crease three times the ori"i!al )ua!tity whe! cooked. Vr.hi >rice? will i!crease 'our times whe! cooked. Sli >a ki!d o' rice? will i!crease 'i(e times whe! cooked. 2rai!s will i!crease twice the ori"i!al )ua!tity whe! moiste!ed, a!d two a!d a hal' times whe! soaked to sprouti!" co!ditio!. 2rai!s 'ried will i!crease *y o!e/'i'th the ori"i!al )ua!tity, le"umi!ous seeds >kalya?, whe! 'ried, will i!crease twice the ori"i!al, likewise rice whe! 'ried. +il e1tracted 'rom atasi >li!seed? will *e o!e/si1th >o' the )ua!tity o' the seed?, that e1tracted 'rom the seeds, nim&a >A1adirachta Indica?, kusmra >@?, a!d Kapittha >8eronia ,lephantum? will *e o!e/'i'th, a!d that e1tracted 'rom tila >seasumum?, kusum&a >a sort o' kid!ey *ea!?, madh0ka >Bassia "atifolia?, a!d in%udi >!erminalia )atappa? will *e o!e/'ourth. .i(e palas o' krpsa >cotto!? a!d o' kshauma >'la1? will yield o!e pala o' threads. Aice prepared i! such a way that 'i(e dr7na o' sli yield te! dhakas o' rice will *e 'it to *e the 'ood o' you!" elepha!ts, ele(e! dhakas 'rom 'i(e dr7nas 'or elepha!ts o' *ad temper >vyla?, te! dhakas 'rom the same )ua!tity 'or elepha!ts trai!ed 'or ridi!", !i!e dhakas 'rom the same )ua!tity 'or elepha!ts used i! war, ei"ht dhakas 'rom the same 'or i!'a!try, ele(e! dhakas 'rom the same 'or chie's o' the army, si1 dhakas 'rom the same 'or )uee!s a!d pri!ces a!d 'i(e dhakas 'rom the same )ua!tity 'or ki!"s. +!e prastha o' rice, pure a!d u!split, o!e/'ourth prastha o' s0pa, a!d clari'ied *utter or oil e)ual to o!e/'ourth part o' >s0pa? will su''ice to 'orm o!e meal o' a! Arya.

+!e/si1th prastha o' s0pa 'or a ma!, a!d hal' the a*o(e )ua!tity o' oil will 'orm o!e meal 'or low castes >avara?. &he same ratio!s less *y o!e/'ourth the a*o(e )ua!tities will 'orm o!e meal 'or a woma!, a!d hal' the a*o(e ratio!s 'or childre!. .or dressi!" twe!ty palas o' 'lesh, hal' a kutum&a o' oil, o!e pala o' salt, o!e pala o' su"ar >kshra?, two dharanas o' pu!"e!t su*sta!ces >katuka, spices?, a!d hal' a prastha o' curd >will *e !ecessary?. .or dressi!" "reater )ua!tities o' 'lesh, the same i!"redie!ts ca! *e proportio!ally i!creased. .or cooki!" skas >dried 'ish a!d (e"eta*les?, the a*o(e su*sta!ces are to *e added o!e a!d a hal' times as much. .or dressi!" dried 'ish, the a*o(e i!"redie!ts are to *e added twice as much. 4easures o' ratio!s 'or elepha!ts a!d horses will *e descri*ed i! co!!ectio! with the "#uties o' &heir Aespecti(e %uperi!te!de!ts." .or *ullocks, o!e drona o' masha >*hraseolus 'adiatus? or o!e drona o' *arley cooked with other thi!"s, as prescri*ed 'or horses, is the re)uisite )ua!tity o' 'ood, *esides the special a!d additio!al pro(isio! o' o!e tula o' oilcakes >%hnapinyaka? or te! dhakas o' *ra! >kanakuttana/kundaka?. &wice the a*o(e )ua!tity 'or *u''aloes a!d camels. Dal' a drona 'or asses, red spotted deer a!d deer with white stripes. +!e dhaka 'or a! a!telope a!d *i" red deer. Dal' a! dhaka or o!e dhaka o' "rai! to"ether with *ra! 'or a "oat, a ram a!d a *oar. +!e prastha o' cooked rice 'or do"s. Dal' a prastha 'or a hamsa >"oose?, a krauncha >hero!? a!d a peacock. .rom the a*o(e, the )ua!tity o' ratio!s e!ou"h 'or o!e meal 'or other *easts, cattle, *irds, a!d ro"ue elepha!ts >vyla? may *e i!'erred. harcoal a!d cha'' may *e "i(e! o(er 'or iro! smelti!" a!d lime/kil! >&hittilepya?. Bra! a!d 'lour >knika? may *e "i(e! to sla(es, la*ourers, a!d cooks. &he surplus o' the a*o(e may *e "i(e! to those who prepare cooked rice, a!d rice/cakes.

&he wei"hi!" *ala!ce, wei"hts, measures, mill/sto!e >rochani?, pestle, mortar, woode! co!tri(a!ces 'or pou!di!" rice, etc., >kuttakayantra?, co!tri(a!ces 'or splitti!" seeds i!to pieces >rochakayantra?, wi!!owi!" 'a!s, sie(es >chlani? "rai!/*askets >kandoli?, *o1es, a!d *rooms are the !ecessary i!strume!ts. %weepers, preser(ers, those who wei"h thi!"s >dharaka?, those who measure "rai!s, etc., those who super(ise the work o' measuri!" "rai!s >mpaka?, those who super(ise the supply o' commodities to the store/house >dpaka?, those who supply commodities >dyaka?, those who are employed to recei(e compe!satio! 'or a!y real or supposed error i! measuri!" "rai!s, etc. >slkiprati%rhaka?, sla(es, a!d la*ourers,Tall these are called vishti. 2rai!s are heaped up o! the 'loor, ja""ory >kshra? is *ou!d rou!d i! "rass/rope >m0ta?, oils are kept i! earthe!ware or woode! (essels, a!d salt is heaped up o! the sur'ace o' the "rou!d. :&hus e!ds hapter XV, G&he %uperi!te!de!t o' %torehouse,H i! Book II, G&he #uties o' 2o(er!me!t %uperi!te!de!tsH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the thirty/si1th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER *'I. THE #.PERINTENDENT OF CO--ERCE. &D3 %uperi!te!de!t o' ommerce shall ascertai! dema!d or a*se!ce o' dema!d 'or, a!d rise or 'all i! the price o', (arious ki!ds o' mercha!dise which may *e the products either o' la!d or o' water a!d which may ha(e *ee! *rou"ht i! either *y la!d or *y water path. De shall also ascertai! the time suita*le 'or their distri*utio!, ce!tralisatio!, purchase, a!d sale. &hat mercha!dise which is widely distri*uted shall *e ce!tralised a!d its price e!ha!ced. Bhe! the e!ha!ced rate *ecomes popular, a!other rate shall *e declared. &hat mercha!dise o' the ki!" which is o' local ma!u'acture shall *e ce!tralised, imported mercha!dise shall *e distri*uted i! se(eral markets 'or sale. Both ki!ds o' mercha!dise shall *e 'a(oura*ly sold to the people. De shall a(oid such lar"e pro'its as will harm the people. &here shall *e !o restrictio! to the time o' sale o' those commodities 'or which there is 're)ue!t dema!d, !or shall they *e su*ject to the e(ils o' ce!tralisatio! >sankuladosha?. +r pedlars may sell the mercha!dise o' the ki!" at a 'i1ed price i! ma!y markets a!d pay !ecessary compe!satio! >vaidharana? proportio!al to the loss e!tailed upo! it >chhednur0pam?.

&he amou!t o' vy(i due o! commodities sold *y cu*ical measure is o!e/si1tee!th o' the )ua!tity >shodasa&h%o mnavy(i?, that o! commodities sold *y wei"hi!" *ala!ce is o!e/twe!tieth o' the )ua!tity, a!d that o! commodities sold i! !um*ers is o!e/ele(e!th o' the whole. &he superi!te!de!t shall show 'a(our to those who import 'orei"! mercha!dise: mari!ers >nvika? a!d mercha!ts who import 'orei"! mercha!dise shall *e 'a(oured with remissio! o' the trade/ta1es, so that they may deri(e some pro'it >yatikshamam parihram dadyt?. .orei"!ers importi!" mercha!dise shall *e e1empted 'rom *ei!" sued 'or de*ts u!less they are >local? associatio!s a!d part!ers >ana&hiyo%aschrthesshv%ant0nmanyatassa&hyopakri &hyah?. &hose who sell the mercha!dise o' the ki!" shall i!(aria*ly put their sale proceeds i! a woode! *o1 kept i! a 'i1ed place a!d pro(ided with a si!"le aperture o! the top. #uri!" the ei"hth part o' the day, they shall su*mit to the superi!te!de!t the sale report, sayi!" "this much has *ee! sold a!d this much remai!s," they shall also ha!d o(er the wei"hts a!d measures. %uch are the rules applica*le to local tra''ic. As re"ards the sale o' the ki!"'s mercha!dise i! 'orei"! cou!tries:/// Da(i!" ascertai!ed the (alue o' local produce as compared with that o' 'orei"! produce that ca! *e o*tai!ed i! *arter, the superi!te!de!t will 'i!d out >*y calculatio!? whether there is a!y mar"i! le't 'or pro'it a'ter meeti!" the payme!ts >to the 'orei"! ki!"? such as the toll >sulka?, road/cess >vartan.?, co!(eya!ce/cess >tivhika?, ta1 paya*le at military statio!s >%ulmadeya?, 'erry/char"es >taradeya?, su*siste!ce to the mercha!t a!d his 'ollowers >&hakta?, a!d the portio! o' mercha!dise paya*le to the 'orei"! ki!" >&h%a?. I' !o pro'it ca! *e realised *y selli!" the local produce i! 'orei"! cou!tries, he has to co!sider whether a!y local produce ca! *e pro'ita*ly *artered 'or a!y 'orei"! produce. &he! he may se!d o!e )uarter o' his (alua*le mercha!dise throu"h sa'e roads to di''ere!t markets o! la!d. I! (iew o' lar"e pro'its, he >the deputed mercha!t? may make 'rie!dship with the 'orest/"uards, *ou!dary/"uards, a!d o''icers i! char"e o' cities a!d o' cou!try/ parts >o' the 'orei"! ki!"?. De shall take care to secure his treasure >sra? a!d li'e 'rom da!"er. I' he ca!!ot reach the i!te!ded market, he may sell the mercha!dise >at a!y market? 'ree 'rom all dues >sarvadeyavisuddham?. +r he may take his mercha!dise to other cou!tries throu"h ri(ers >nad.patha?. De shall also "ather i!'ormatio! as to co!(eya!ce/char"es >yna&h%aka?, su*siste!ce o! the way >pathyadana?, (alue o' 'orei"! mercha!dise that ca! *e o*tai!ed i! *arter 'or local mercha!dise, occasio!s o' pil"rima"es >ytrakla?, mea!s that ca! *e

employed to ward o'' da!"ers >o' the jour!ey?, a!d the history o' commercial tow!s >panyapattanachritra?. Da(i!" "athered i!'ormatio! as to the tra!sactio! i! commercial tow!s alo!" the *a!ks o' ri(ers, he shall tra!sport his mercha!dise to pro'ita*le markets a!d a(oid u!pro'ita*le o!es. :&hus e!ds hapter XVI, G&he %uperi!te!de!t o' ommerceH i! Book II, G&he #uties o' 2o(er!me!t %uperi!te!de!tsH o' Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' thirty/se(e!th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER *'II. THE #.PERINTENDENT OF FORE#T PROD.CE. &D3 %uperi!te!de!t o' .orest -roduce shall collect tim*er a!d other products o' 'orests *y employi!" those who "uard producti(e 'orests. De shall !ot o!ly start producti(e works i! 'orests, *ut also 'i1 ade)uate 'i!es a!d compe!satio!s to *e le(ied 'rom those who cause a!y dama"e to producti(e 'orests e1cept i! calamities. &he 'ollowi!" are 'orest products. Ska >teak?, tinisa >#al*er"ia +u"ei!e!sis?, dhanvana >@?, ar(una >&ermi!alia Arju!a?, madh0ka >Bassia ;ati'olia?, tilaka >Barleria ristata?, tla >palmyra?, sims0pa >#al*er"ia %issu?, arimeda >.etid 4imosa?, r(dana >4imosops Kauki?, sirisha >4imosa %irRsha?, khadira >4imosa atechu?, sarala >-i!us ;o!"i'olia?, tlasar(a >sal tree or %horea Ao*esta?, asvakarna >Vatica Ao*esta?, somavalka >a ki!d o' white khad.ra?, kasmra >@?, priyaka >yellow sal tree?, dhava >4imosa De1a!dra?, etc., are the trees o' stro!" tim*er >sradruvar%a?. #ta(a, )himiya, )hava, V4nu, Vamsa, Stina, Kantaka, a!d Bhll0ka, etc., 'orm the "roup o' *am*oo. Vetra >ca!e?, sokavalli, vsi >Kusticia 2a!derussa @?, symalat >Ich!ocarpus?, n%alata >*etel?, etc., 'orm the "roup o' creepers. Mlati >Kasmi!um 2ra!di'lorum?, d0rv >pa!ic "rass?, arka > alotropis 2i"a!tea?, sana >hemp?, %avedhuka > oi1 Bar*ata?, atas. >;i!um Esitatis simum?, etc., 'orm the "roup o' 'i*rous pla!ts >valkavar%a?. Mun(a >%accharum 4u!ja?, &al&a(a >3leusi!e I!dica?, etc., are pla!ts which yield rope/maki!" material >ra((u&hnda?. !li > orypha &aliera?, tla >palmyra or Borassus .la*elli'ormis?, a!d &h0r(a >*irch? yield lea(es >patram?.

Kimsuka >Butea .ro!dosa?, kusum&ha > arthamus &i!ctorius?, a!d kumkuma > rocus %ati(us? yield 'lowers. Bul*ous roots a!d 'ruits are the "roup o' medici!es. Klak0ta, Vatsan&ha, lhala, Meshasrin%a, Must, > yperus Aotu!dus?, kushtha, mahvisha, vellitaka, %aurrdra, &laka, mrkata, haimavata, klin%aka, daradaka, kolasraka, ushtraka, etc., are poiso!s. ;ikewise s!akes a!d worms kept i! pots are the "roup o' poiso!s. %ki!s are those o' %odha >alli"ator?, seraka >@?, dv.pi >leopard?, simsumra >porpoise?, simha >lio!?, vy%hra >ti"er?, hasti, >elepha!t.?, mahisha >*u''alo?, chamara >*os "ru!!ie!s?, %omri%a >*os "a(aeus?, a!d %avaya >the %ayal?. Bo!es, *ile >pittha?, snyu >@?, teeth, hor!, hoo's, a!d tails o' the a*o(e a!imals as well as o' other *easts, cattle, *irds a!d s!akes >vyla?. Klyasa >iro!?, tmra >copper?, vritta >@?, kmsya >*ro!0e?, s.sa >lead?, trapu >ti!?, vaikrintaka >mercury @?, a!d rakuata >*rass?, are metals. Ete!sils >&handa?, are those made o' ca!e, *ark >vidala?, a!d clay >mrittik?. harcoal, *ra!, a!d ashes are other thi!"s. 4e!a"eries o' *easts, cattle, a!d *irds. ollectio! o' 'irewood a!d 'odder. &he superi!te!de!t o' 'orest produce shall carry o! either i!side or outside >the capital city? the ma!u'acture o' all ki!ds o' articles which are !ecessary 'or li'e or 'or the de'e!ce o' 'orts. :&hus e!ds hapter XVII, G&he %uperi!te!de!t o' .orest -roduceH i! Book II, G&he #uties o' 2o(er!me!t %uperi!te!de!tsH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' chapter thirty/ei"hth 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER *'III. THE #.PERINTENDENT OF THE AR-O.R/. &D3 %uperi!te!de!t o' the Armoury shall employ e1perie!ced workme! o' tried a*ility to ma!u'acture i! a "i(e! time a!d 'or 'i1ed wa"es wheels, weapo!s, mail armour, a!d other accessory i!strume!ts 'or use i! *attles, i! the co!structio! or de'e!ce o' 'orts, or i! destroyi!" the cities or stro!"holds o' e!emies.

All these weapo!s a!d i!strume!ts shall *e kept i! places suita*ly prepared 'or them. &hey shall !ot o!ly *e 're)ue!tly dusted a!d tra!s'erred 'rom o!e place to a!other, *ut also *e e1posed to the su!. %uch weapo!s as are likely to *e a''ected *y heat a!d (apour >0shmopasneha? a!d to *e eate! *y worms shall *e kept i! sa'e localities. &hey shall also *e e1ami!ed !ow a!d the! with re'ere!ce to the class to which they *elo!", their 'orms, their characteristics, their si0e, their source, their (alue, a!d their total )ua!tity. Sarvato&hadra, (amada%nya, &ahumukha, visvsa%hti, sam%hti, ynaka, par(anyaka, ardha&hu, a!d 0rdhva&hu are immo(ea*le machi!es >sthirayantrm?. *nchlika, devadanda, s0karika, musala, yashti, hastivraka, tlavrinta, mud%ara, %ada, spriktala, kuddla, sphtima, audh%htima, sata%hni, tris0la, a!d chakra are mo(ea*le machi!es. Sakti, prsa, kunta, htaka, &hindivla, s0la, tomara, varhakarna, kanaya, karpana, trsika, a!d the like are weapo!s with ed"es like a plou"hshare >halamukhni?. Bows made o' tla >palmyra?, o' chpa >a ki!d o' *am*oo?, o' dru >a ki!d o' wood?, a!d srin%a >*o!e or hor!? are respecti(ely called krmuka, kodanda, druna, a!d dhanus. Bow/stri!"s are made o' m0rva >%a!s(iera Ao1*ur"hia!a?, arka > atotropis 2i"a!tea?, sna >hemp?, %avedhu > oi1 Bar*ata?, venu >*am*oo *ark?, a!d snyu >si!ew?. Venu, sara, salka, dandsana, a!d nrcha are di''ere!t ki!ds o' arrows. &he ed"es o' arrows shall *e so made o' iro!, *o!e or wood as to cut, re!d or pierce. Nistrimsa, mandal%ra, a!d asiyashti are swords. &he ha!dles o' swords are made o' the hor! o' rhi!oceros, *u''alo, o' the tusk o' elepha!ts, o' wood, or o' the root o' *am*oo. *arasu, kuthra, pattasa, khanitra, kuddla, chakra, a!d kndachchhedana are ra0or/like weapo!s. $antrapshna, %oshpanapshna, mushtipshna, rochan. >mill/sto!e?, a!d sto!es are other weapo!s >yudhni?. "oha(lik, patta, kavacha, a!d s0traka are (arieties o' armour made o' iro! or o' ski!s with hoo's a!d hor!s o' porpoise, rhi!oceros, *iso!, elepha!t or cow. ;ikewise sirastrna >co(er 'or the head?, kanthatrna >co(er 'or the !eck? k0rpsa >co(er 'or the tru!k?, kanchuka >a coat e1te!di!" as 'ar as the k!ee joi!ts?, vravna >a coat e1te!di!" as 'ar as the heels?, patta, >a coat without co(er 'or the arms?, a!d n%odarik >"lo(es? are (arieties o' armour.

Veti, charma, hastikarna, tlam0la, dharmanika, kavta, kitika, apratihata, a!d valhaknta are i!strume!ts used i! sel'/de'e!ce >varanni?. +r!ame!ts 'or elepha!ts, chariots, a!d horses as well as "oads a!d hooks to lead them i! *attle/'ields co!stitute accessory thi!"s >upakaranni?. >Besides the a*o(e? such other delusi(e a!d destructi(e co!tri(a!ces >as are treated o' i! Book XIV? to"ether with a!y other !ew i!(e!tio!s o' e1pert workme! >shall also *e kept i! stock.? &he %uperi!te!de!t o' Armoury shall precisely ascertai! the dema!d a!d supply o' weapo!s, their applicatio!, their wear a!d tear, as well as their decay a!d loss. :&hus e!ds hapter XVIII, G&he %uperi!te!de!t o' the ArmouryH i! Book II, G&he #uties o' 2o(er!me!t %uperi!te!de!ts,H o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' thirty/!i!th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER *I*. THE #.PERINTENDENT OF +EIGHT# AND -EA#.RE#. &D3 %uperi!te!de!t o' Bei"hts a!d 4easures shall ha(e the same ma!u'actured. 57 seeds o' msha >*hraseolus 'adiatus? or 6 ,, %un(a >)a&rus *recatorius? 59 mshas O karshas 88 white mustard seeds 59 sil(er mashas or N7 sai&ya seeds N7 "rai!s o' rice

X 5 suvarna/msha. X 5 suvarna or karsha. X 5 pala. X 5 sil(er/msha. X 5 dharana. X 5 dharana o' a diamo!d.

Ardha/msha >hal' a msha?, o!e msha, two mshas, 'our mshas, ei"ht mshas, o!e suvarna, two suvarnas, 'our suvarnas, ei"ht suvarnas, te! suvarnas, twe!ty suvarnas, thirty suvarnas, 'orty suvarnas a!d o!e hu!dred suvarnas are di''ere!t u!its o' wei"hts. %imilar series o' wei"hts shall also *e made i! dharanas. Bei"hts >pratimnni? shall *e made o' iro! or o' sto!es a(aila*le i! the cou!tries o' 4a"adha a!d 4ekala, or o' such thi!"s as will !either co!tract whe! wetted, !or e1pa!d u!der the i!'lue!ce o' heat. Be"i!!i!" with a le(er o' si1 an%ulas i! le!"th a!d o' o!e pala i! the wei"ht o' its metallic mass, there shall *e made te! >di''ere!t? *ala!ces with le(ers successi(ely i!creasi!" *y o!e pala i! the wei"ht o' their metallic masses, a!d *y ei"ht an%ulas i! their le!"th. A scale/pa! shall *e attached to each o' them o! o!e or *oth sides.

A *ala!ce called samavritt, with its le(er VN/a!"ulas lo!" a!d wei"hi!" 6M palas i! its metallic mass shall also *e made. A scalepa! o' 6 palas i! the wei"ht o' its metallic mass *ei!" attached to its ed"e, the hori0o!tal positio! o' the le(er >samakarana? whe! wei"hi!" a karsha shall *e marked >o! that part o' the le(er where, held *y a thread, it sta!ds hori0o!tal?. &o the le't o' that mark, sym*ols such as 5 pala, 5N, 56 a!d N7 palas shall *e marked. A'ter that, each place o' te!s up to 577 shall *e marked. I! the place o' Akshas, the si"! o' Nndi shall *e marked. ;ikewise a *ala!ce called parimn. o' twice as much metallic mass as that o' samavritt a!d o' Q9 an%ulas i! le!"th shall *e made. +! its le(er, marks such as N7, 67 a!d 577 a*o(e its i!itial wei"ht o' 577 shall *e car(ed. N7 tulas 57 dharanas 577 such palas XX 5 &hra. XX 5 pala. XX 5 yamn. >measure o' royal i!come?.

-u*lic *ala!ce >vyvahrik?, ser(a!ts' *ala!ce >&h(in.?, a!d harem *ala!ce >antahpura&h(in.? successi(ely decrease *y 'i(e palas >compared with yamni?. A pala i! each o' the a*o(e successi(ely 'alls short o' the same i! yamni *y hal' a dharana. &he metallic mass o' the le(ers o' each o' the a*o(e successi(ely decreases i! wei"ht *y two ordi!ary palas a!d i! le!"th *y si1 an%ulas. 31cepti!" 'lesh, metals, salt, a!d precious sto!es, a! e1cess o' 'i(e palas >prayma? o' all other commodities >shall *e "i(e! to the ki!" ? whe! they are wei"hed i! the two 'irst/!amed *ala!ces. A woode! *ala!ce with a le(er 8 ha!ds lo!", with measuri!" marks a!d cou!terpoise wei"hts shall *e erected o! a pedestal like that o' a peacock. &we!ty/'i(e palas o' 'irewood will cook o!e prastha o' rice. &his is the u!it >'or the calculatio!? o' a!y "reater or less )ua!tity >o' 'irewood?. &hus wei"hi!" *ala!ce a!d wei"hts are comme!ted upo!. &he!, N77 palas i! the "rai!s o' msha 58VL ,, 5V6 ,, 59NL ,, 5 drona which is a! yamna, a measure o' royal i!come. 5 pu*lic drona. 5 &h(an.ya, ser(a!ts' measure 5 antahpura&h(an.ya, harem measure.

Adhaka, prastha, a!d kudum&a, are each Z o' the o!e pre(iously me!tio!ed.

59 dronas N7 ,, 57 kum&has

XX 5 vr.. XX 5 kum&ha. XX 5 vaha.

u*ic measures shall *e so made o' dry a!d stro!" wood that whe! 'illed with "rai!s, the co!ically heaped/up portio! o' the "rai!s sta!di!" o! the mouth o' the measure is e)ual to Zth o' the )ua!tity o' the "rai!s >so measured?, or the measures may also *e so made that a )ua!tity e)ual to the heaped/up portio! ca! *e co!tai!ed withi! >the measure?. But li)uids shall always *e measured le(el to the mouth o' the measure. Bith re"ard to wi!e, 'lowers, 'ruits, *ra!, charcoal a!d slaked lime, twice the )ua!tity o' the heaped/up portio! >i.e., Zth o' the measure? shall *e "i(e! i! e1cess. 5Z panas price o' [ pana 9 mshas 5 msha is the ,, ,, ,, a drona. a! dhaka. a prastha. a kudum&a.

&he price o' similar li)uid/measures is dou*le the a*o(e. N7 panas price o' 9\ panas is the ,, a set o' cou!ter/wei"hts. o' a tul >*ala!ce?.

&he %uperi!te!de!t shall char"e O mshas 'or stampi!" wei"hts or measures. A 'i!e o' NVZ panas shall *e imposed 'or usi!" u!stamped wei"hts or measures. &raders shall e(ery day pay o!e kkan. to the %uperi!te!de!t towards the char"e o' stampi!" the wei"hts a!d measures. &hose who trade i! clari'ied *utter, shall "i(e, >to purchasers? 5/MN part more as taptavy(i >i.e., compe!satio! 'or decrease i! the )ua!tity o' %hi owi!" to its li)uid co!ditio!?. &hose who trade i! oil shall "i(e 5/9O part more as taptavy(i. >Bhile selli!" li)uids, traders? shall "i(e 5/67 part more as mnasrva >i.e., compe!satio! 'or dimi!utio! i! the )ua!tity owi!" to its o(er'low or adhesio! to the measuri!" ca!?. Dal', o!e/'ourth, a!d o!e/ei"hth parts o' the measure, kum&ha, shall also *e ma!u'actured. 8O kudum&as o' clari'ied *utter are held a ;raka o' the same,

to *e e)ual to 9O kudum&as o' clari'ied *utter are held make o!e ;raka o' oil >taila?,a!dZ o' a ;raka to *e e)ual to is called %hatika, either o' %hi or o' oil. :&hus e!ds hapter XIX, "Bala!ce, Bei"hts a!d 4easures" i! Book II, "&he #uties o' 2o(er!me!t %uperi!te!de!ts" o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the 'ortieth chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER **. -EA#.RE-ENT OF #PACE AND TI-E. &D3 %uperi!te!de!t o' li!eal measure shall possess the k!owled"e o' measuri!" space a!d time. 8 atoms >paramnavah? are e)ual to 8 particles are e)ual to 8 likshs are e)ual to 8 y0kas are e)ual to 8 yavas are e)ual to 5 particle throw! o'' *y the wheel o' a chariot. 5 liksh. the middle o' a y0ka >louse? or a y0ka o' medium si0e. 5 yava >*arley? o' middle si0e.

5 an%ula >[ o' a! 3!"lish i!ch? or the middlemost joi!t o' the middle 'i!"er o' a ma! o' medium si0e may *e take! to *e e)ual to a! an%ula. O an%ulas are e)ual to 5 dhanur%raha. 8 an%ulas are e)ual to 5 dhanurmushti. 5N an%ulas are e)ual to 5 vitasti, or 5 chhypaurusha. 5O an%ulas are e)ual to 5 sama, sala, pariraya, or pada. N vitastis are e)ual to 5 aratni or 5 pr(patya hasta N vitastis plus 5 dhanur%raha are 5 hasta used i! measuri!" *ala!ces a!d cu*ic measures, e)ual to a!d pasture la!ds. N vitastis plus 5 dhanurmusti 5 kishku or 5 kamsa. ON an%ulas are e)ual to 6O an%ulas are e)ual to 8O an%ulas are e)ual to O aratnis are e)ual to 578 an%ulas are e)ual to 5 kishku accordi!" to sawyers a!d *lacksmiths a!d used i! measuri!" the "rou!ds 'or the e!campme!t o' the army, 'or 'orts a!d palaces. 5 hasta used i! measuri!" tim*er 'orests. 5 vyma, used i! measuri!" ropes a!d the depth o' di""i!", i! terms o' a ma!'s hei"ht. 5 danda, 5 dhanus, 5 nlika a!d 5 paurusha. 5 %arhapatya dhanus >i.e., a measure used *y carpe!ters called %rihapati?. &his measure is used i! measuri!" roads a!d 'ort/walls.

&he same >578 an%ulas? are e)ual to 9 kamsas or 5QN an%ulas are e)ual to 57 dandas are e)ual to N ra((us are e)ual to M ra((us are e)ual to &he same >M ra((us? plus N dandas o! o!e side o!ly are e)ual to 5777 dhanus are e)ual to O %orutas are e)ual to

5 paurusha, a measure used i! *uildi!" sacri'icial altars. 5 danda, used i! measuri!" such la!ds as are "i'ted to Brhmans. 5 ra((u. 5 paridesa >s)uare measure?. 5 nivartana >s)uare measure?. 5 &hu >arm?. 5 %oruta >sou!d o' a cow?. 5 yo(ana.

&hus are the li!eal a!d s)uare measures dealt with. &he! with re"ard to the measures o' time:/// >&he di(isio!s o' time are? a truti, lava, nimesha, kshth, kal, nlik, muh0rta, 'ore!oo!, a'ter!oo!, day, !i"ht, paksha, mo!th, ritu >seaso!?, ayana >solstice?, samvatsara >year?, a!d yu%a. N trutis are e)ual to 5 lava. N lavas are e)ual to 5 nimesha. 6 nimeshas are e)ual to 5 kshth. M7 kshths are e)ual to 5 kal. 5 nlik, or the time duri!" which o!e dhaka o' water passes O7 kals are e)ual to out o' a pot throu"h a! aperture o' the same diameter as that o' a wire o' O an%ulas i! le!"th a!d made o' O mshas o' "old. N nlikas are e)ual to 5 muh0rta. 56 muh0rtas are e)ual 5 day or 5 !i"ht. to %uch a day a!d !i"ht happe! i! the mo!ths o' )haitra a!d Asvayu(a. &he! a'ter the period o' si1 mo!ths it i!creases or dimi!ishes *y three muh0rtas. Bhe! the le!"th o' shadow is ei"ht paurushas >Q9 an%ulas?, it is 5/58th part o' the day. Bhe! it is 9 paurushas >VN an%ulas?, it is 5/5Oth part o' the day, whe! O paurushas, 5/8th part, whe! N paurushas, 5/9th part, whe! 5 paurusha, Zth part, whe! it is 8 an%ulas, M/57th part >trayodasa&h%ah?, whe! O an%ulas, M/8th part, a!d whe! !o shadow is cast, it is to *e co!sidered midday.

;ikewise whe! the day decli!es, the same process i! re(erse order shall *e o*ser(ed. It is i! the mo!th o' Ashdha that !o shadow is cast i! midday. A'ter Ashdha, duri!" the si1 mo!ths 'rom Srvana upwards, the le!"th o' shadow successi(ely i!creases *y two an%ulas a!d duri!" the !e1t si1 mo!ths 'rom M%ha upwards, it successi(ely decreases *y two an%ulas. .i'tee! days a!d !i"hts to"ether make up o!e paksha. &hat paksha duri!" which the moo! wa1es is white >sukla? a!d that paksha duri!" which the moo! wa!es is &ahula. &wo pakshas make o!e mo!th >msa?. &hirty days a!d !i"hts to"ether make o!e work/a/mo!th >prakarmamsah?. &he same >M7 days a!d !i"hts? with a! additio!al hal' a day makes o!e solar mo!th >saura?. &he same >M7? less *y hal' a day makes o!e lu!ar mo!th >chandramsa?. &we!ty/se(e! >days a!d !i"hts? make a sidereal mo!th >nakshatramsa?. +!ce i! thirty/two mo!ths there comes o!e malamsa pro'a!e mo!th, i.e., a! e1tra mo!th added to lu!ar year to harmo!ise it with the solar. +!ce i! thirty/'i(e mo!ths there comes a malamsa 'or Asvavhas. +!ce i! 'orty mo!ths there comes a malamsa 'or hastivhas. &wo mo!ths make o!e ritu >seaso!?. Srvana a!d proshthapada make the rai!y seaso! >varsh?. Asvayu(a a!d Krth.ka make the autum! >sarad?. Mr%as.rsha a!d *hausha make the wi!ter >hemanta?. M%ha a!d *hal%una make the dewy seaso! >sisira?. )haitra a!d Vaiskha make the spri!" >vasanta?. -yeshthm0l.ya a!d Ashdha make the summer >%rishma?. %easo!s 'rom sisira a!d upwards are the summer/solstice >uttaryana?, a!d >those? 'rom varsh a!d upwards are the wi!ter solstice >dakshinyana?. &wo solstices >ayanas? make o!e year >samvatsara?. .i(e years make o!e yu%a. &he su! carries o'' >harati? 5/97th o' a whole day e(ery day a!d thus makes o!e complete day i! e(ery two mo!ths >ritau?. ;ikewise the moo! >'alls *ehi!d *y 5/97th o' a

whole day e(ery day a!d 'alls *ehi!d o!e day i! e(ery two mo!ths?. &hus i! the middle o' e(ery third year, they >the su! a!d the moo!? make o!e adhimsa, additio!al mo!th, 'irst i! the summer seaso! a!d seco!d at the e!d o' 'i(e years. :&hus e!ds hapter XX, G4easureme!t o' %pace a!d &imeH i! Book II, G&he #uties o' 2o(er!me!t %uperi!te!de!tsH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the 'orty/'irst chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER **I. THE #.PERINTENDENT OF TOLL#. &D3 %uperi!te!de!t o' &olls shall erect !ear the lar"e "ate o' the city *oth the toll/ house a!d its 'la" 'aci!" either the !orth or the south. Bhe! mercha!ts with their mercha!dise arri(e at the toll/"ate, 'our or 'i(e collectors shall take dow! who the mercha!ts are, whe!ce they come, what amou!t o' mercha!dise they ha(e *rou"ht a!d where 'or the 'irst time the sealmark >a&hi(nnamudr? has *ee! made >o! the mercha!dise?. &hose whose mercha!dise has !ot *ee! stamped with sealmark shall pay twice the amou!t o' toll. .or cou!ter'eit seal they shall pay ei"ht times the toll. I' the sealmark is e''aced or tor!, >the mercha!ts i! )uestio!? shall *e compelled to sta!d i! %hatiksthna. Bhe! o!e ki!d o' seal is used 'or a!other or whe! o!e ki!d o' mercha!dise has *ee! otherwise !amed >nmakrite?, the mercha!ts shall pay a 'i!e o' 5Z pans 'or each load >sapdapanikam vahanam dpayet?. &he mercha!dise *ei!" placed !ear the 'la" o' the toll/house, the mercha!ts shall declare its )ua!tity a!d price, cry out thrice "who will purchase this )ua!tity o' mercha!dise 'or this amou!t o' price," a!d ha!d o(er the same to those who dema!d it >'or that price?. Bhe! purchasers happe! to *id 'or it, the e!ha!ced amou!t o' the price to"ether with the toll o! the mercha!dise shall *e paid i!to the ki!"'s treasury. Bhe! u!der the 'ear o' ha(i!" to pay a hea(y toll, the )ua!tity or the price o' mercha!dise is lowered, the e1cess shall *e take! *y the ki!" or the mercha!ts shall *e made to pay ei"ht times the toll. &he same pu!ishme!t shall *e imposed whe! the price o' the mercha!dise packed i! *a"s is lowered *y showi!" a! i!'erior sort as its sample or whe! (alua*le mercha!dise is co(ered o(er with a layer o' a! i!'erior o!e. Bhe! u!der the 'ear o' *idders >e!ha!ci!" the price?, the price o' a!y mercha!dise is i!creased *eyo!d its proper (alue, the ki!" shall recei(e the e!ha!ced amou!t or twice the amou!t o' toll o! it. &he same pu!ishme!t or ei"ht times the amou!t o' toll shall *e imposed o! the %uperi!te!de!t o' tolls i' he co!ceals >mercha!dise?. De!ce commodities shall *e sold o!ly a'ter they are precisely wei"hed, measured, or !um*ered.

Bith re"ard to i!'erior commodities as well as those which are to *e let o'' 'ree o' toll, the amou!t o' toll due shall *e determi!ed a'ter care'ul co!sideratio!. &hose mercha!ts who pass *eyo!d the 'la" o' the toll/house without payi!" the toll shall *e 'i!ed ei"ht times the amou!t o' the toll due 'rom them. &hose who pass *y to a!d 'rom >the city? shall ascertai! >whether or !ot toll has *ee! paid o! a!y mercha!dise "oi!" alo!" the road.? ommodities i!te!ded 'or marria"es, or take! *y a *ride 'rom her pare!ts' house to her hus*a!d's >anvyanam?, or i!te!ded 'or prese!tatio!, or take! 'or the purpose o' sacri'icial per'orma!ce, co!'i!eme!t o' wome!, worship o' "ods, ceremo!y o' to!sure, i!(estiture o' sacred thread, "i't o' cows >%odna, made *e'ore marria"e?, a!y reli"ious rite, co!secratio! ceremo!y >diksh?, a!d other special ceremo!ials shall *e let o'' 'ree o' toll. &hose who utter a lie shall *e pu!ished as thie(es. &hose who smu""le a part o' mercha!dise o! which toll has !ot *ee! paid with that o! which toll has *ee! paid as well as those who, with a (iew to smu""le with o!e pass a seco!d portio! o' mercha!dise, put it alo!" with the stamped mercha!dise a'ter *reaki!" ope! the *a" shall 'or'eit the smu""led )ua!tity a!d pay as much 'i!e as is e)ual to the )ua!tity so smu""led. De who, 'alsely sweari!" *y cowdu!", smu""les mercha!dise, shall *e pu!ished with the hi"hest amerceme!t. Bhe! a perso! imports such 'or*idde! articles as weapo!s >sastra?, mail armour, metals, chariots, precious sto!es, "rai!s a!d cattle, he shall !ot o!ly *e pu!ished as laid dow! elsewhere, *ut also *e made to 'or'eit his mercha!dise. Bhe! a!y o' such commodities has *ee! *rou"ht i! 'or sale, they shall *e sold, 'ree o' toll 'ar outside >the 'ort?. &he o''icer i! char"e o' *ou!daries >antapla? shall recei(e a pana/a!d/a/)uarter as roadcess >vartani? o! each load o' mercha!dise >panyavahanasya?. De shall le(y a pana o! a si!"le/hoo'ed a!imal, hal' a pana o! each head o' cattle, a!d a )uarter o! a mi!or )uadruped. De shall also recei(e a msha o! a head/load o' mercha!dise. De shall also make "ood whate(er has *ee! lost *y mercha!ts >i! the part o' the cou!try u!der his char"e?.

A'ter care'ully e1ami!i!" 'orei"! commodities as to their superior or i!'erior )uality a!d stampi!" them with his seal, he shall se!d the same to the superi!te!de!t o' tolls. +r he may se!d to the ki!" a spy i! the "uise o' a trader with i!'ormatio! as to the )ua!tity a!d )uality o' the mercha!dise. >Da(i!" recei(ed this i!'ormatio!,? the ki!" shall i! tur! se!d it to the superi!te!de!t o' tolls i! (iew o' e1hi*iti!" the ki!"'s om!iscie!t power. &he superi!te!de!t shall tell the mercha!ts >i! )uestio!? that such a!d such a mercha!t has *rou"ht such a!d such amou!t o' superior or i!'erior mercha!dise, which !o!e ca! possi*ly hide, a!d that that i!'ormatio! is due to the om!iscie!t power o' the ki!". .or hidi!" i!'erior commodities, ei"ht times the amou!t o' toll shall *e imposed, a!d 'or hidi!" or co!ceali!" superior commodities, they shall *e wholly co!'iscated. Bhate(er causes harm or is useless to the cou!try shall *e shut out, a!d whate(er is o' imme!se "ood as well as seeds !ot easily a(aila*le shall *e let i! 'ree o' toll. :&hus e!ds hapter XXI, G&he %uperi!te!de!t o' &ollsH i! Book II, G&he #uties o' 2o(er!me!t %uperi!te!de!tsH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the 'orty/seco!d chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".?

CHAPTER **II. REG.LATION OF TOLL1D.E#. 43A DAF#I%3, e1ter!al >&hyam, i.e., arri(i!" 'rom cou!try parts?, i!ter!al >&hyantaram, i.e., ma!u'actured i!side 'orts?, or 'orei"! >tithyani, i.e., imported 'rom 'orei"! cou!tries? shall all *e lia*le to the payme!t o' toll alike whe! e1ported >nishkrmya? a!d imported >prav4syam?. Imported commodities shall pay 5/6th o' their (alue as toll. +' 'lower, 'ruit, (e"eta*les >ska?, roots >m0la?, *ul*ous roots >kanda?, pallikya >@?, seeds, dried 'ish, a!d dried meat, the superi!te!de!t shall recei(e 5/9th as toll. As re"ards co!ch/shells, diamo!ds, precious sto!es, pearls, corals, a!d !ecklaces, e1perts ac)uai!ted with the time, cost, a!d 'i!ish o' the productio! o' such articles shall 'i1 the amou!t o' toll. +' 'i*rous "arme!ts >kshauma?, cotto! cloths >duk0la?, silk >krimitna?, mail armour >kankata?, sulphuret o' arse!ic >haritla?, red arse!ic >manassil?, (ermilio! >hin%ulaka?, metals >l7ha?, a!d colouri!" i!"redie!ts >varnadhtu?, o' sa!dal, *row! sa!dal >a%aru?, pu!"e!ts >katuka?, 'erme!ts >kinva?, dress >varana?, a!d the like, o' wi!e, i(ory, ski!s, raw materials used i! maki!" 'i*rous or cotto! "arme!ts, carpets, curtai!s >prvarana?,

a!d products yielded *y worms >krimi(ta?, a!d o' wool a!d other products yielded *y "oats a!d sheep, he shall recei(e 5/57th or 5/56th as toll. +' cloths >vastra?, )uadrupeds, *ipeds, threads, cotto!, sce!ts, medici!es, wood, *am*oo, 'i*res >valkala?, ski!s, a!d clay/pots, o' "rai!s, oils, su"ar >kshra?, salt, li)uor >madya? cooked rice a!d the like, he shall recei(e 5/N7th or 5/N6th as toll. 2ate/dues >dvrdeya? shall *e 5/6th o' toll dues, this ta1 may *e remitted i' circumsta!ces !ecessitate such 'a(our. ommodities shall !e(er *e sold where they are "row! or ma!u'actured. Bhe! mi!erals a!d other commodities are purchased 'rom mi!es, a 'i!e o' 977 pans shall *e imposed. Bhe! 'lower or 'ruits are purchased 'rom 'lower or 'ruit "arde!s, a 'i!e o' 6O panas shall *e imposed. Bhe! (e"eta*les, roots, *ul*ous roots are purchased 'rom (e"eta*le "arde!s, a 'i!e 65[ panas shall *e imposed. Bhe! a!y ki!d o' "rass or "rai! is purchased 'rom 'ield, a 'i!e o' 6M panas shall *e imposed. >-erma!e!t? 'i!es o' 5 pana a!d 5L panas shall *e le(ied o! a"ricultural produce >s.ttyayah?. De!ce i! accorda!ce with the customs o' cou!tries or o' commu!ities, the rate o' toll shall *e 'i1ed o! commodities, either old or !ew, a!d 'i!es shall *e 'i1ed i! proportio! to the "ra(ity o' o''e!ces. :&hus e!ds hapter XXII, "Ae"ulatio! o' &oll/dues," i! Book II, "&he #uties o' 2o(er!me!t %uperi!te!de!ts" o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the 'orty/third chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER **III. #.PERINTENDENT OF +EA'ING. &D3 %uperi!te!de!t o' Bea(i!" shall employ )uali'ied perso!s to ma!u'acture threads >s0tra?, coats >varma?, cloths >vastra?, a!d ropes. Bidows, cripple wome!, "irls, me!dica!t or ascetic wome! >pravra(it?, wome! compelled to work i! de'ault o' payi!" 'i!es >dandpratikrin.?, mothers o' prostitutes, old wome!/ser(a!ts o' the ki!", a!d prostitutes >devadsi? who ha(e ceased to atte!d temples o! ser(ice shall *e employed to cut wool, 'i*re, cotto!, pa!icle >t0la?, hemp, a!d 'la1.

Ba"es shall *e 'i1ed accordi!" as the threads spu! are 'i!e, coarse >sth0la, i.e., *i"? or o' middle )uality a!d i! proportio! to a "reater or less )ua!tity ma!u'actured, a!d i! co!sideratio! o' the )ua!tity o' thread spu!, those >who tur! out a "reater )ua!tity? shall *e prese!ted with oil a!d dried cakes o' myro&alan 'ruits >tailmalak7dvartanaih?. &hey may also *e made to work o! holidays >tithishu? *y payme!t o' special rewards >prativpadnamnaih?. Ba"es shall *e cut short, i' maki!" allowa!ce 'or the )uality o' raw material, the )ua!tity o' the threads spu! out is 'ou!d to 'all short. Bea(i!" may also *e do!e *y those artisa!s who are )uali'ied to tur! out a "i(e! amou!t o' work i! a "i(e! time a!d 'or a 'i1ed amou!t o' wa"es. &he superi!te!de!t shall closely associate with the workme!. &hose who ma!u'acture 'i*rous cloths, raime!ts, silk/cloths, woolle! cloths, a!d cotto! 'a*rics shall *e rewarded *y prese!tatio!s such as sce!ts, "arla!ds o' 'lowers, or a!y other pri0es o' e!coura"eme!t. Various ki!ds o' "arme!ts, *la!kets, a!d curtai!s shall *e ma!u'actured. &hose who are ac)uai!ted with the work shall ma!u'acture mail armour. &hose wome! who do !ot stir out o' their houses >anishksinyah?, those whose hus*a!ds are "o!e a*road, a!d those who are cripple or "irls may, whe! o*li"ed to work 'or su*siste!ce, *e pro(ided with work >spi!!i!" out threads? i! due courtesy throu"h the medium o' maid/ser(a!ts >o' the wea(i!" esta*lishme!t.? &hose wome! who ca! prese!t themsel(es at the wea(i!" house shall at daw! *e e!a*led to e1cha!"e their spi!!i!"s 'or wa"es >&hndavetanavinimayam?. +!ly so much li"ht as is e!ou"h to e1ami!e the threads shall *e kept. I' the superi!te!de!t looks at the 'ace o' such wome! or talks a*out a!y other work, he shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t. #elay i! payi!" the wa"es shall *e pu!ished with the middlemost amerceme!t. ;ikewise whe! wa"es are paid 'or work that is !ot completed. %he who, ha(i!" recei(ed wa"es, does !ot tur! out the work shall ha(e her thum* cut o''. &hose who misappropriate, steal, or ru! away with, >the raw material supplied to them? shall *e similarly pu!ished. Bea(ers, whe! "uilty, shall *e 'i!ed out o' their wa"es i! proportio! to their o''e!ces.

&he superi!te!de!t shall closely associate with those who ma!u'acture ropes a!d mail armour a!d shall carry o! the ma!u'acture o' straps >varatra? a!d other commodities. De shall carry o! the ma!u'acture o' ropes 'rom threads a!d 'i*res a!d o' straps 'rom ca!e a!d *am*oo *ark, with which *easts 'or drau"ht are trai!ed or tethered. :&hus e!ds hapter XXIII, "&he %uperi!te!de!t o' Bea(i!"" i! Book II, "&he #uties o' 2o(er!me!t %uperi!te!de!tsH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the 'orty/'ourth chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER **I'. THE #.PERINTENDENT OF AGRIC.LT.RE. -+%%3%%3# o' the k!owled"e o' the scie!ce o' a"riculture deali!" with the pla!tatio! o' *ushes a!d trees >krishitantra%ulmavrikshshyurveda(6ah?, or assisted *y those who are trai!ed i! such scie!ces, the superi!te!de!t o' a"riculture shall i! time collect the seeds o' all ki!ds o' "rai!s, 'lowers, 'ruits, (e"eta*les, *ul*ous roots, roots, pllikya >@?, 'i*re/produci!" pla!ts, a!d cotto!. De shall employ sla(es, la*ourers, a!d priso!ers >dandapratikartri? to sow the seeds o! crow!/la!ds which ha(e *ee! o'te! a!d satis'actorily plou"hed. &he work o' the a*o(e me! shall !ot su''er o! accou!t o' a!y wa!t i! plou"hs >karshanayantra? a!d other !ecessary i!strume!ts or o' *ullocks. For shall there *e a!y delay i! procuri!" to them the assiste!ce o' *lacksmiths, carpe!ters, *orers >medaka?, ropemakers, as well as those who catch s!akes, a!d similar perso!s. A!y loss due to the a*o(e perso!s shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e e)ual to the loss. &he )ua!tity o' rai! that 'alls i! the cou!try o' (n%ala is 59 dronas, hal' as much more i! moist cou!tries >an0pnm?, as to the cou!tries which are 'it 'or a"riculture >d4savpnam?,//5ML dronas i! the cou!try o' asmakas, NM dronas i! avant., a!d a! imme!se )ua!tity i! wester! cou!tries >aparntnm?, the *orders o' the Dimalayas, a!d the cou!tries where water cha!!els are made use o' i! a"riculture >kulyvpnm?. Bhe! o!e/third o' the re)uisite )ua!tity o' rai! 'alls *oth duri!" the comme!ceme!t a!d closi!" mo!ths o' the rai!y seaso! a!d two/thirds i! the middle, the! the rai!'all is >co!sidered? (ery e(e! >sushumr0pam?. A 'orecast o' such rai!'all ca! *e made *y o*ser(i!" the positio!, motio!, a!d pre"!a!cy >%ar&hdna? o' the Kupiter >Brihaspati?, the rise a!d set a!d motio! o' the Ve!us, a!d the !atural or u!!atural aspect o' the su!.

.rom the su!, the sprouti!" o' the seeds ca! *e i!'erred, 'rom >the positio! o'? the Kupiter, the 'ormatio! o' "rai!s >stam&akarita? ca! *e i!'erred, a!d 'rom the mo(eme!ts o' the Ve!us, rai!'all ca! *e i!'erred. &hree are the clouds that co!ti!uously rai! 'or se(e! days, ei"hty are they that pour mi!ute drops, a!d si1ty are they that appear with the su!shi!e//this is termed rai!'all. Bhere rai!, 'ree 'rom wi!d a!d u!mi!"led with su!shi!e, 'alls so as to re!der three tur!s o' plou"hi!" possi*le, there the reapi!" o' "ood har(est is certai!. De!ce, i.e., accordi!" as the rai!'all is more or less, the superi!te!de!t shall sow the seeds which re)uire either more or less water. Sli >a ki!d o' rice?, vr.hi >rice?, kodrava >-aspalum %cro*iculatum?, tila >sesamum?, priyan%u >pa!ic seeds?, draka >@?, a!d varaka >-hraseolus &rilo*us? are to *e sow! at the comme!ceme!t >p0rvvpah? o' the rai!y seaso!. Mud%a >-hraseolus 4u!"o?, msha >-hraseolus Aadiatus?, a!d sai&ya >@? are to *e sow! i! the middle o' the seaso!. Kusum&ha >sa''lower?, mas0ra >3r(um Dirsutum?, kuluttha >#olichos E!i'lorus?, yava >*arley?, %odh0ma >wheat?, kalya >le"umi!us seeds?, atasi >li!seed?, a!d sarshapa >mustard? are to *e sow! last. +r seeds may *e sow! accordi!" to the cha!"es o' the seaso!. .ields that are le't u!sow! >vptiriktam, i.e., owi!" to the i!ade)uacy o' ha!ds? may *e *rou"ht u!der culti(atio! *y employi!" those who culti(ate 'or hal' the share i! the produce >ardhas.tik?, or those who li(e *y their ow! physical e1ertio! >svav.ryopa(.vinah? may culti(ate such 'ields 'or Zth or 5/6th o' the produce "row!, or they may pay >to the ki!"? as much as they ca! without e!taili!" a!y hardship upo! themsel(es >anavasitam &h%am?, with the e1ceptio! o' their ow! pri(ate la!ds that are di''icult to culti(ate. &hose who culti(ate irri"ati!" *y ma!ual la*our >hastaprvartimam? shall pay 5/6th o' the produce as water/rate >udaka&h%am?, *y carryi!" water o! shoulders >skandhaprvartimam? Zth o' the produce, *y water/li'ts >srotoyantraprvartimam?, ]rd o' the produce, a!d *y raisi!" water 'rom ri(ers, lakes, ta!ks, a!d wells >nadisarastatkak0pod%htam?,]rd or Zth o' the produce. &he superi!te!de!t shall "row wet crops >kedra?, wi!ter/crops >haimana?, or summer crops >%raishmika? accordi!" to the supply o' workme! a!d water. Aice/crops a!d the like are the *est >(yshtha, i.e., to "row?, (e"eta*les >shanda? are o' i!termediate !ature, a!d su"arca!e crops >ikshu? are the worst >pratyavarah, i.e., (ery di''icult to "row?, 'or they are su*ject to (arious e(ils a!d re)uire much care a!d e1pe!diture to reap.

;a!ds that are *eate! *y 'oam >phen%htah, i.e., *a!ks o' ri(ers, etc.? are suita*le 'or "rowi!" vall.phala >pumpki!, "ourd a!d the like?, la!ds that are 're)ue!tly o(er'low! *y water >par.vhnta? 'or lo!" pepper, "rapes >mridv.k?, a!d su"arca!e, the (ici!ity o' wells 'or (e"eta*les a!d roots, low "rou!ds >harin.paryanth? 'or "ree! crops, a!d mar"i!al 'urrows *etwee! a!y two rows o' crops are suita*le 'or the pla!tatio! o' 'ra"ra!t pla!ts, medici!al her*s, cascus roots >us.nara?, h.ra >@?, &eraka >@?, a!d pindluka >lac? a!d the like. %uch medici!al her*s as "row i! marshy "rou!ds are to *e "row! !ot o!ly i! "rou!ds suita*le 'or them, *ut also i! pots >sthClyam?. &he seeds o' "rai!s are to *e e1posed to mist a!d heat >tushrapyanamushnam cha? 'or se(e! !i"hts, the seeds o' kosi are treated similarly 'or three !i"hts, the seeds o' su"arca!e a!d the like >knda&.(nam? are plastered at the cut e!d with the mi1ture o' ho!ey, clari'ied *utter, the 'at o' ho"s, a!d cowdu!", the seeds o' *ul*ous roots >kanda? with ho!ey a!d clari'ied *utter, cotto! seeds >asthi&.(a? with cow/du!", a!d water pits at the root o' trees are to *e *ur!t a!d ma!ured with the *o!es a!d du!" o' cows o! proper occasio!s. &he sprouts o' seeds, whe! "row!, are to *e ma!ured with a 'resh haul o' mi!ute 'ishes a!d irri"ated with the milk o' snuhi >3uphor*ia A!ti)uorum?. Bhere there is the smoke caused *y *ur!i!" the esse!ce o' cotto! seeds a!d the slou"h o' a s!ake, there s!akes will !ot stay. Always while sowi!" seeds, a ha!d'ul o' seeds *athed i! water with a piece o' "old shall *e sow! 'irst a!d the 'ollowi!" ma!tra recited:// G-rajCpatye KasyapCya d=(Cya !amah. %adC %RtC medhyatCm d=(R *Rj=shu cha dha!=shu cha. ha!da(Cta h=." G%alutatio! to 2od *ra(pati Kasyapa. A"riculture may always 'lourish a!d the 2oddess >may reside? i! seeds a!d wealth. )hanndavata he." -ro(isio!s shall *e supplied to watchme!, sla(es a!d la*ourers i! proportio! to the amou!t o' work do!e *y them. &hey shall *e paid a pana/a!d/a/)uarter per mensem. Artisa!s shall *e pro(ided with wa"es a!d pro(isio! i! proportio! to the amou!t o' work do!e *y them. &hose that are lear!ed i! the Vedas a!d those that are e!"a"ed i! maki!" pe!a!ce may take 'rom the 'ields ripe 'lowers a!d 'ruits 'or the purpose o' worshippi!" their "ods, a!d rice a!d *arley 'or the purpose o' per'ormi!" C"raya!a, a sacri'icial per'orma!ce at the comme!ceme!t o' har(est seaso!, also those who li(e *y "lea!i!" "rai!s i! 'ields may "ather "rai!s where "rai!s had *ee! accumulated a!d remo(ed 'rom.

2rai!s a!d other crops shall *e collected as o'te! as they are har(ested. Fo wise ma! shall lea(e a!ythi!" i! the 'ields, !or e(e! cha''. rops, whe! reaped, shall *e heaped up i! hi"h piles or i! the 'orm o' turrets. &he piles o' crops shall !ot *e kept close, !or shall their tops *e small or low. &he threshi!" 'loors o' di''ere!t 'ields shall *e situated close to each other. Borkme! i! the 'ields shall always ha(e water *ut !o 'ire. :&hus e!ds hapter XXIV, G&he %uperi!te!de!t o' A"ricultureH i! Book II, G&he #uties o' 2o(er!me!t %uperi!te!de!tsH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the 'orty/'i'th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER **'. THE #.PERINTENDENT OF LI3.OR. BW employi!" such me! as are ac)uai!ted with the ma!u'acture o' li)uor a!d 'erme!ts >kinva?, the %uperi!te!de!t o' ;i)uor shall carry o! li)uor/tra''ic !ot o!ly i! 'orts a!d cou!try parts, *ut also i! camps. I! accorda!ce with the re)uireme!ts o' dema!d a!d supply >krayavikrayavasena? he may either ce!trali0e or dece!trali0e the sale o' li)uor. A 'i!e o' 977 panas shall *e imposed o! all o''e!ders other tha! those who are ma!u'acturers, purchasers, or sellers i! li)uor/tra''ic. ;i)uor shall !ot *e take! out o' (illa"es, !or shall li)uor shops *e close to each other. ;est workme! spoil the work i! ha!d, a!d Aryas (iolate their dece!cy a!d (irtuous character, a!d lest 'ire*ra!ds commit i!discreet acts, li)uor shall *e sold to perso!s o' well k!ow! character i! such small )ua!tities as o!e/'ourth or hal'/a/kudum&a, o!e kudum&a, hal'/a/prastha, or o!e prastha. &hose who are well k!ow! a!d o' pure character may take li)uor out o' shop. +r all may *e compelled to dri!k li)uor withi! the shops a!d !ot allowed to stir out at o!ce i! (iew o' detecti!" articles such as sealed deposits, u!sealed deposits, commodities "i(e! 'or repair, stole! articles, a!d the like which the customer's may ha(e ac)uired *y 'oul mea!s. Bhe! they are 'ou!d to possess "old a!d other articles !ot their ow!, the superi!te!de!t shall co!tri(e to cause them to *e arrested outside the shop. ;ikewise those who are too e1tra(a"a!t or spe!d *eyo!d their i!come shall *e arrested. Fo 'resh li)uor other tha! *ad li)uor shall *e sold *elow its price. Bad li)uor may *e sold elsewhere or "i(e! to sla(es or workme! i! lieu o' wa"es, or it may 'orm the dri!k o' *easts 'or drau"ht or the su*siste!ce o' ho"s.

;i)uor shops shall co!tai! ma!y rooms pro(ided with *eds a!d seats kept apart. &he dri!ki!" room shall co!tai! sce!ts, "arla!ds o' 'lowers, water, a!d other com'orta*le thi!"s suita*le to the (aryi!" seaso!s. %pies statio!ed i! the shops shall ascertai! whether the e1pe!diture i!curred *y customers i! the shop is ordi!ary or e1traordi!ary a!d also whether there are a!y stra!"ers. &hey shall also ascertai! the (alue o' the dress, or!ame!ts, a!d "old o' the customers lyi!" there u!der i!to1icatio!. Bhe! customers u!der i!to1icatio! lose a!y o' their thi!"s, the mercha!ts o' the shop shall !ot o!ly make "ood the loss, *ut also pay a! e)ui(ale!t 'i!e. 4ercha!ts seated i! hal'/closed rooms shall o*ser(e the appeara!ce o' local a!d 'orei"! customers who, i! real or 'alse "uise o' Aryas lie dow! i! i!to1icatio! alo!" with their *eauti'ul mistresses. +' (arious ki!ds o' li)uor such as medaka, prasanna, sava, arista, maireya, a!d madhu:// Medaka is ma!u'actured with o!e drona o' water, hal', a! daka o' rice, a!d three prastha o' kinva >'erme!t?. &wel(e dhakas o' 'lour >pishta?, 'i(e prasthas o' kinva >'erme!t?, with the additio! o' spices >(tisam&hra? to"ether with the *ark a!d 'ruits o' putrak >a species o' tree? co!stitute prasann. +!e/hu!dred palas o' kapittha >.ero!ia 3lepha!tum? 677 palas o' phnita >su"ar?, a!d o!e prastha o' ho!ey >madhu? 'orm sava. Bith a! i!crease o' o!e/)uarter o' the a*o(e i!"redie!ts, a superior ki!d o' sava is ma!u'actured, a!d whe! the same i!"redie!ts are lesse!ed to the e1te!t o' o!e/)uarter each, it *ecomes o' a! i!'erior )uality. &he preparatio! o' (arious ki!ds o' arishta 'or (arious diseases are to *e lear!t 'rom physicia!s. A sour "ruel or decoctio! o' the *ark o' meshasrin%i >a ki!d o' poiso!? mi1ed with (a%%ery >%uda? a!d with the powder o' lo!" pepper a!d *lack pepper or with the powder o' triphala >5 &ermi!alia he*ula, N &ermi!alia Bellerica, a!d M -hylla!thus 3m*lica? 'orms Maireya. &o all ki!ds o' li)uor mi1ed with (a%%ery, the powder o' triphala is always added. &he juice o' "rapes is termed madhu. Its ow! !ati(e place >svadesa? is the comme!tary o! such o' its (arious 'orms as kpisyana a!d hrah0raka.

+!e drona o' either *oiled or u!*oiled paste o' msha >-hraseolus Aadiatus?, three parts more o' rice, a!d o!e karsha o' morata >Ala!"ium De1apetalum? a!d the like 'orm kinva >'erme!t?. I! the ma!u'acture o' medaka a!d prasanna, 'i(e karshas o' the powder o' >each o' pth > lypea Derma!di'olio?, lodhra >%ymplocos Aacemosa?, te(ovati >-iper ha*a?, elvluka >%ola!um 4elo!"e!a? ho!ey, the juice o' "rapes >madhurasa?, priyan%u >pa!ic seeds?, druharidra >a species o' turmeric? *lack pepper a!d lo!" pepper are added as sam&hra, re)uisite spices. &he decoctio! o' madh0ka >Bassia ;ati'olia? mi1ed with "ra!ulated su"ar >katasarkar?, whe! added to prasanna, "i(es it a pleasi!" colour. &he re)uisite )ua!tity o' spices to *e added to sava is o!e karsh o' the powder o' each o' chocha >*ark o' ci!!amo!?, chitraka >-lum*a"o ^eyla!ica?, vilan%a, a!d %a(apippal. >%ci!dapsus +''ici!alis?, a!d two karshas o' the powder o' each o' kramuka >*etel !ut?, madh0ka >Bassia ;ati'olia?, must > yprus Aotu!dus?, a!d lodhra >%ymlocos Aacemosa?. &he additio! o' o!e/te!th o' the a*o(e i!"redie!ts >i.e., chocha, kramuka, etc.?, is >termed? &.(a&andha. &he same i!"redie!ts as are added to prasann are also added to white li)uor >svetasur?. &he li)uor that is ma!u'actured 'rom ma!"o 'ruits >sahakrasur? may co!tai! a "reater proportio! o' ma!"o esse!ce >rasottara?, or o' spices >&.(ottara?. It is called mahsura whe! it co!tai!s sam&hra >spices as descri*ed a*o(e?. Bhe! a ha!d'ul >antarnakho mushtih, i.e., so much as ca! *e held i! the ha!d, the 'i!"ers *ei!" so *e!t that the !ails ca!!ot *e see!? o' the powder o' "ra!ulated su"ar dissol(ed i! the decoctio! o' morat >Ala!"ium De1apetalum?, palsa >Butea .ro!dosa?, datt0ra >#attura .astuosa?, karan(a >Ao*i!ia 4itis?, meshasrin%a >a ki!d o' poiso!? a!d the *ark o' milky trees >kshiravriksha? mi1ed with o!e/hal' o' the paste 'ormed *y com*i!i!" the powders o' lodhra >%ymplocos Aacemosa?, chitraka >-lum*a"o ^eyla!ica?, vilan%a, pth >clypea Derma!di'olia?, must >cyprus Aotu!dus?, kalya >le"umi!ous seeds?, druharidra >Amo!um Xa!thorrhi0o!?, ind.vara >*lue lotus?, satapushpa >A!ethum %owa?, apmr%a >Achyra!thes Aspera? saptaparna >3chites %cholaris?, a!d nim&a >Fim*a 4elia? is added to >e(e!? a kum&ha o' li)uor paya*le *y the ki!", it re!ders it (ery pleasa!t. .i(e palas o' phnita >su"ar? are added to the a*o(e i! order to i!crease its 'la(our. +! special occasio!s >krityeshu?, people >kutum&inah, i.e., 'amilies? shall *e allowed to ma!u'acture white li)uor >svetasura?, arishta 'or use i! diseases, a!d other ki!ds o' li)uor.

+! the occasio!s o' 'esti(als, 'airs >sam(a?, a!d pil"rima"e, ri"ht o' ma!u'acture o' li)uor 'or 'our days >chaturahassaurikah? shall *e allowed. &he %uperi!te!de!t shall collect the daily 'i!es >daivasikamatyayam, i.e., lice!se 'ees? 'rom those who o! these occasio!s are permitted to ma!u'acture li)uor. Bome! a!d childre! shall collect Isura,J a!d Ikinva,J I'erme!t.J &hose who deal with li)uor other tha! that o' the ki!" shall pay 'i(e perce!t as toll. Bith re"ard to sura, medaka, arishta, wi!e, phalmla >acid dri!ks prepared 'rom 'ruits?, a!d mlas.dhu >spirit distilled 'rom molasses?:// Da(i!" ascertai!ed the day's sale o' the a*o(e ki!ds o' li)uor, the di''ere!ce o' royal a!d pu*lic measures >mnavy(i?, a!d the e1cessi(e amou!t o' sale proceeds realised there*y, the %uperi!te!de!t shall 'i1 the amou!t o' compe!satio! >vaidharana? due to the ki!" >'rom local or 'orei"! mercha!ts 'or e!taili!" loss o! the ki!"'s li)uor tra''ic? a!d shall always adopt the *est course. :&hus e!ds hapter XXV, "&he %uperi!te!de!t o' ;i)uor" i! Book II, "&he #uties o' 2o(er!me!t %uperi!te!de!ts," o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the 'orty/si1th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER **'I. THE #.PERINTENDENT OF #LA.GHTER1HO.#E. BD3F a perso! e!traps, kills, or molests deer, *iso!, *irds, a!d 'ish which are declared to *e u!der %tate protectio! or which li(e i! 'orests u!der %tate/protectio! >a&hayranya?, he shall *e pu!ished with the hi"hest amerceme!t. Douseholders trespassi!" i! 'orest preser(es shall *e pu!ished with the middlemost amerceme!t. Bhe! a perso! e!traps, kills, or molests either 'ish or *irds that do !ot prey upo! other a!imals, he shall *e 'i!ed N9[ panas, a!d whe! he does the same to deer a!d other *easts, he shall *e 'i!ed twice as much. +' *easts o' prey that ha(e *ee! captured, the %uperi!te!de!t shall take o!e/si1th, o' 'ish a!d *irds >o' similar !ature?, he shall take o!e/te!th or more tha! o!e/te!th, a!d o' deer a!d other *easts >mri%apasu?, o!e/te!th or more tha! o!e/te!th as toll. +!e/si1th o' li(e a!imals such as *irds a!d *easts shall *e let o'' i! 'orests u!der %tate/protectio!.

3lepha!ts, horses or a!imals ha(i!" the 'orm o' a ma!, *ull or a! ass li(i!" i! ocea!s as well as 'ish i! ta!ks, lakes, cha!!els a!d ri(ers, a!d such "ame/*irds as krauncha >a ki!d o' hero!?, utkrosaka >osprey?, dty0ha >a sort o' cuckoo?, hamsa >'lami!"o?, chakravka >a *rahma!y duck?, (ivan(.vaka >a ki!d o' pheasa!t?, &hrin%ar(a >"anius Mala&aricus?, chakora >partrid"e?, mattakokila >cuckoo?, peacock, parrot, a!d mai!a >madanasrika? as well as other auspicious a!imals, whether *irds or *easts, shall *e protected 'rom all ki!ds o' molestatio!s. &hose who (iolate the a*o(e rule shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t. >Butchers? shall sell 'resh a!d *o!eless 'lesh o' *easts >mri%apasu? just killed. I' they sell *o!y 'lesh, they shall "i(e a! e)ui(ale!t compe!satio! >pratipkam?. I' there is a!y dimi!utio! i! wei"ht owi!" to the use o' a 'alse *ala!ce, they shall "i(e ei"ht times the dimi!utio!. attle such as a cal', a *ull, or a milch cow shall !ot *e slau"htered. De who slau"hters or tortures them to death shall *e 'i!ed 67 panas. &he 'lesh o' a!imals which ha(e *ee! killed outside the slau"hter/house >paris0nam?, headless, le"less a!d *o!eless 'lesh, rotte! 'lesh, a!d the 'lesh o' a!imals which ha(e sudde!ly died shall !ot *e sold. +therwise a 'i!e o' 5N panas shall *e imposed. attle, wild *easts, elepha!ts >vyala?, a!d 'ish li(i!" i! 'orests u!der %tate protectio! shall, i' they *ecome o' (icious !ature, *e e!trapped a!d killed outside the 'orest preser(e. :&hus e!ds hapter XXVI, "&he %uperi!te!de!t o' %lau"hter/house" i! Book II, "&he #uties o' 2o(er!me!t %uperi!te!de!ts" o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the 'orty/ se(e!th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER **'II. THE #.PERINTENDENT OF PRO#TIT.TE#. &D3 %uperi!te!de!t o' -rostitutes shall employ >at the ki!"'s court? o! a salary o' 5,777 panas >per a!!um? a prostitute >%anik?, whether *or! or !ot *or! o' a prostitute's 'amily, a!d !oted 'or her *eauty, youth, a!d accomplishme!ts. A ri(al prostitute >prati%anik? o! hal' the a*o(e salary >kutum*Crdh=!a? shall also *e appoi!ted.

Bhe!e(er such a prostitute "oes a*road or dies, her dau"hter or sister shall act 'or her a!d recei(e her property a!d salary. +r her mother may su*stitute a!other prostitute. I! the a*se!ce o' a!y o' these, the ki!" himsel' shall take the property. Bith a (iew to add to the sple!dour o' prostitutes holdi!" the royal um*rella, "olde! pitcher, a!d 'a!, a!d atte!di!" upo! the ki!" seated o! his royal litter, thro!e, or chariot, prostitutes shall *e classi'ied as o' 'irst, middle a!d hi"hest ra!k accordi!" to their *eauty a!d sple!did jewellery, likewise their salary shall *e 'i1ed *y thousa!ds. %he who has lost her *eauty shall *e appoi!ted as a !urse >mtrik?. A prostitute shall pay NO,777 panas as ra!som to re"ai! her li*erty, a!d a prostitute's so! 5N,777 panas. .rom the a"e o' ei"ht years, a prostitute shall hold musical per'orma!ce *e'ore the ki!". &hose prostitutes, 'emale sla(es, a!d old wome! who are i!capa*le o' re!deri!" a!y ser(ice i! the 'orm o' e!joyme!t >&ha%na&ho%h? shall work i! the storehouse or kitche! o' the ki!". A prostitute who, putti!" hersel' u!der the protectio! o' a pri(ate perso!, ceases to atte!d the ki!"'s court shall pay a pana/a!d/a/)uarter per mensem >to the 2o(er!me!t?. &he superi!te!de!t shall determi!e the ear!i!"s, i!herita!ce, i!come >ya?, e1pe!diture, a!d 'uture ear!i!"s >yati? o' e(ery prostitute. De shall also check their e1tra(a"a!t e1pe!diture. Bhe! a prostitute puts her jewellery i! the ha!ds o' a!y perso! *ut her mother, she shall *e 'i!ed OZ panas. I' she sells or mort"a"es her property >svapateyam?, she shall *e 'i!ed 67Z panas. A prostitute shall *e 'i!ed NO panas 'or de'amatio!, twice as much 'or causi!" hurt, a!d 67Z panas as well as 5L panas 'or cutti!" o'' the ear >o' a!y perso!?. Bhe! a ma! has co!!ectio! with a prostitute a"ai!st her will or with a prostitute "irl >kumri?, he shall *e pu!ished with the hi"hest amerceme!t. But whe! he has co!!ectio! with a willi!" prostitute, >u!der a"e?, he shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t. Bhe! a ma! keeps u!der co!'i!eme!t, or a*ducts, a prostitute a"ai!st her will, or dis'i"ures her *y causi!" hurt, he shall *e 'i!ed 5,777 panas or more risi!" up to twice the amou!t o' her ra!som >nishkraya? accordi!" to the circumsta!ces o' the crime a!d the positio! a!d the status o' the prostitute >sthnaviseshena?.

Bhe! a ma! causes hurt to a prostitute appoi!ted at the court >praptdhikram?, he shall *e 'i!ed thrice the amou!t o' her ra!som. Bhe! a ma! causes hurt to a prostitute's mother, to her you!" dau"hter, or to a r0padsi, he shall *e pu!ished with the hi"hest amerceme!t. I! all cases o' o''e!ces, pu!ishme!t 'or o''e!ces committed 'or the 'irst time shall *e the 'irst amerceme!t, twice as much 'or o''e!ces committed 'or a seco!d time, thrice as much 'or the third time, a!d 'or o''e!ces committed 'or the 'ourth time, the ki!" may impose a!y pu!ishme!t he likes. Bhe! a prostitute does !ot yield her perso! to a!y o!e u!der the orders o' the ki!", she shall recei(e 5777 lashes with a whip or pay a 'i!e o' 6,777 panas. Bhe! ha(i!" recei(ed the re)uisite amou!t o' 'ees, a prostitute dislikes to yield her perso!, she shall *e 'i!ed twice the amou!t o' the 'ees. Bhe!, i! her ow! house, a prostitute depri(es her paramour o' his e!joyme!t, she shall *e 'i!ed ei"ht times the amou!t o' the 'ees u!less the paramour happe!s to *e u!associa*le o! accou!t o' disease a!d perso!al de'ects. Bhe! a prostitute murders her paramour, she shall *e *ur!t ali(e or throw! i!to water. Bhe! a paramour steals the jewellery or mo!ey o', or decei(es to pay the 'ees due to, a prostitute, he shall *e 'i!ed ei"ht times that amou!t. 3(ery prostitute shall supply i!'ormatio! to the superi!te!de!t as to the amou!t o' her daily 'ees >&ho%a?, her 'uture i!come >yati?, a!d the paramour >u!der her i!'lue!ce?. &he same rules shall apply to a! actor, da!cer, si!"er, player o! musical i!strume!ts, a *u''oo! >v%(ivana?, a mimic player >kus.lava?, rope/da!cer >plavaka?, a ju""ler >sau&hika?, a wa!deri!" *ard or herald >chrana?, pimps, a!d u!chaste wome!. Bhe! perso!s o' the a*o(e descriptio! come 'rom 'orei"! cou!tries to hold their per'orma!ces, they shall pay 6 panas as lice!se 'ee >prekshvetana?. 3(ery prostitute >r0p(iv? shall pay e(ery mo!th twice the amou!t o' a day's ear!i!" >&ho%advi%unam? to the 2o(er!me!t. &hose who teach prostitutes, 'emale sla(es, a!d actresses, arts such as si!"i!", playi!" o! musical i!strume!ts, readi!", da!ci!", acti!", writi!", pai!ti!", playi!" o! the i!strume!ts like vina, pipe, a!d drum, readi!" the thou"hts o' others, ma!u'acture o' sce!ts a!d "arla!ds, shampooi!", a!d the art o' attracti!" a!d capti(ati!" the mi!d o' others shall *e e!dowed with mai!te!a!ce 'rom the %tate.

&hey >the teachers? shall trai! the so!s o' prostitutes to *e chie' actors >ran%opa(.vi? o! the sta"e. &he wi(es o' actors a!d others o' similar pro'essio! who ha(e *ee! tau"ht (arious la!"ua"es a!d the use o' si"!als >san(a? shall, alo!" with their relati(es, *e made use o' i! detecti!" the wicked a!d murderi!" or deludi!" 'orei"! spies. :&hus e!ds hapter XXVII, "&he %uperi!te!de!t o' -rostitutes" i! Book II, "&he #uties o' 2o(er!me!t %uperi!te!de!ts," o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the 'orty/ei"hth chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER **'III. THE #.PERINTENDENT OF #HIP#. &D3 %uperi!te!de!t o' %hips shall e1ami!e the accou!ts relati!" to !a(i"atio! !ot o!ly o! ocea!s a!d mouths o' ri(ers, *ut also o! lakes !atural or arti'icial, a!d ri(ers i! the (ici!ity o' sthn.ya a!d other 'orti'ied cities. Villa"es o! seashores or o! the *a!ks o' ri(ers a!d lakes shall pay a 'i1ed amou!t o' ta1 >kliptam?. .isherme! shall "i(e 5/9th o' their haul as 'ees 'or 'ishi!" lice!se >naukhtakam?. 4ercha!ts shall pay the customary toll le(ied i! port/tow!s. -asse!"ers arri(i!" o! *oard the ki!"'s ship shall pay the re)uisite amou!t o' saili!" 'ees >ytrvetanam?. &hose >who make use o' the ki!"Js *oats i!? 'ishi!" out co!ch/shells a!d pearls shall pay the re)uisite amou!t o' hire >Naukhtakam?, or they may make use o' their ow! *oats. &he duties o' the superi!te!de!t o' mi!es will e1plai! those o' the superi!te!de!t o' co!ch/shells a!d pearls. &he superi!te!de!t o' ships shall strictly o*ser(e the customs pre(ale!t i! commercial tow!s as well as the orders o' the superi!te!de!t o' tow!s >pattana, port tow!?. Bhe!e(er a weather*eate! ship arri(es at a port/tow!, he shall show 'atherly ki!d!ess to it. Vessels carryi!" o! mercha!dise spoiled *y water may either *e e1empted 'rom toll or may ha(e their toll reduced to hal' a!d let to sail whe! the time 'or setti!" sail approaches.

%hips that touch at har*ours o! their way may *e re)uested the payme!t o' toll. -irate ships >himsr.k?, (essels which are *ou!d 'or the cou!try o' a! e!emy, as well as those which ha(e (iolated the customs a!d rules i! 'orce i! port tow!s shall *e destroyed. I! those lar"e ri(ers which ca!!ot *e 'orded e(e! duri!" the wi!ter a!d summer seaso!s, there shall *e lau!ched lar"e *oats >mahnvah? pro(ided with a captai! >ssaka?, a steersma! >niymaka?, a!d ser(a!ts to hold the sickle a!d the ropes a!d to pour out water. %mall *oats shall *e lau!ched i! those small ri(ers which o(er'low duri!" the rai!y seaso!. .ordi!" or crossi!" the ri(ers >without permissio!? shall *e prohi*ited lest traitors may cross them >a!d escape?. Bhe! a perso! 'ords or crosses a ri(er outside the proper place a!d i! u!usual times, he shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t. Bhe! a ma! 'ords or crosses a ri(er at the usual place a!d time without permissio!, he shall *e 'i!ed N9[ panas. .isherme!, carriers o' 'irewood, "rass, 'lowers, a!d 'ruits, "arde!ers, (e"eta*le/ dealers, a!d herdsme!, perso!s pursui!" suspected crimi!als, messe!"ers 'ollowi!" other messe!"ers "oi!" i! ad(a!ce, ser(a!ts e!"a"ed to carry thi!"s, pro(isio!s, a!d orders to the army, those who use their ow! 'erries, as well as those who supply (illa"es o' marshy districts with seeds, !ecessaries o' li'e, commodities a!d other accessary thi!"s shall *e e1empted >to cross ri(ers at a!y time a!d place?. BrChma!s, ascetics >pravra(ita?, childre!, the a"ed, the a''licted, royal messe!"ers, a!d pre"!a!t wome! shall *e pro(ided *y the superi!te!de!t with 'ree passes to cross ri(ers. .orei"! mercha!ts who ha(e o'te! *ee! (isiti!" the cou!try as well as those who are well k!ow! to local mercha!ts shall *e allowed to la!d i! port/tow!s. A!y perso! who is a*ducti!" the wi'e or dau"hter o' a!other, o!e who is carryi!" o'' the wealth o' a!other, a suspected perso!, o!e who seems to *e o' pertur*ed appeara!ce, o!e who has !o *a""a"e, o!e who attempts to co!ceal, or e(ade the co"!isa!ce o' the (alua*le load i! o!e's ha!d, o!e who has just put o! a di''ere!t "ar*, o!e who has remo(ed or re!ou!ced o!e's usual "ar*, o!e who has just tur!ed out a! ascetic, o!e who prete!ds to *e su''eri!" 'rom disease, o!e who seems to *e alarmed, o!e who is stealthily carryi!" (alua*le thi!"s, or "oi!" o! a secret missio!, or carryi!" weapo!s or e1plosi(es >a%niyo%a?, o!e who holds poiso! i! o!e's ha!d, a!d o!e who has come 'rom a lo!" dista!ce without a pass shall all *e arrested.

A mi!or )uadruped as well as a ma! carryi!" some load shall pay o!e msha. A head/load, a load carried o! shoulders >kya&hrah?, a cow, a!d a horse shall each pay N mshas. A camel a!d a *u''alo shall each pay O mshas. A small cart >la%huyna? 6 mshas, a!d a cart >o' medium si0e? draw! *y *ulls >%olin%am? shall pay 9 mshas a!d a *i" cart >sakata? V mshas. A head/load o' mercha!dise Z msha, this e1plai!s other ki!ds o' loads. I! *i" ri(ers, 'erry/'ees are dou*le the a*o(e. Villa"es !ear marshy places shall "i(e >to the 'erry/me!? the prescri*ed amou!t o' 'ood/stu'' a!d wa"es. I! *ou!daries, 'erry/me! shall recei(e the toll, carria"e/cess, a!d road/cess. &hey shall also co!'iscate the property o' the perso! tra(elli!" without a pass. &he %uperi!te!de!t o' Boats shall make "ood the loss caused *y the loss o' the *oat due to the hea(y load, saili!" i! improper time or place, wa!t o' 'erry/me!, or lack o' repair. Boats should *e lau!ched *etwee! the mo!ths o' Ashdha, the 'irst se(e! days *ei!" omitted, a!d Krtika, the e(ide!ce o' a 'erryma! should *e "i(e! a!d the daily i!come should *e remitted. :&hus e!ds hapter XXVIII, G&he %uperi!te!de!t o' %hipsH i! Book II, G&he #uties o' 2o(er!me!t %uperi!te!de!tsH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the 'orty/!i!th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER **I*. THE #.PERINTENDENT OF CO+#. &D3 %uperi!te!de!t o' cows shall super(ise >5? herds mai!tai!ed 'or wa"es >v4tan7pa%rhikam?, >N? herds surre!dered 'or a 'i1ed amou!t o' dairy produce >karapratikara?, >M? useless a!d a*a!do!ed herds >&ha%notsrishtakam?, >O? herds mai!tai!ed 'or a share i! dairy produce >&h%nupravishtam?, >6? classes o' herds >vra(aparya%ram?, >9? cattle that strayed >nashtam?, >V? cattle that are irreco(era*ly lost >vinashtam?, a!d >8? the amassed )ua!tity o' milk a!d clari'ied *utter. >5? Bhe! a cowherd, a *u''alo/herdsma!, a milker, a chur!er, a!d a hu!ter >lu&dhaka? 'ed *y wa"es "ra0e milch cows >dhenu? i! hu!dreds >satam satam?//'or i' they "ra0e the herds 'or the pro'it o' milk a!d %hi, they will star(e the cal(es to death,// that system o' reari!" the cattle is termed Iherds mai!tai!ed 'or wa"es.J >N? Bhe! a si!"le perso! rears a hu!dred heads >r0pasatam? made up o' e)ual !um*ers o' each o' a"ed cows, milch cows, pre"!a!t cows, hei'ers, a!d cal(es >vatsatari? a!d "i(es >to the ow!er? 8 vrakas o' clari'ied *utter per a!!um, as well as the *ra!ded

ski! >o' dead cows i' a!y?, that system is called Iherds surre!dered 'or a 'i1ed amou!t o' dairy produce.J >M? Bhe! those who rear a hu!dred heads made up o' e)ual !um*ers o' each o' a''licted cattle, crippled cattle, cattle that ca!!ot *e milked *y a!y o!e *ut the accustomed perso!, cattle that are !ot easily milked, a!d cattle that kill their ow! cal(es "i(e i! retur! >to the ow!er? a share i! dairy produce, it is termed Iuseless a!d a*a!do!ed herd.J >O? Bhe! u!der the 'ear o' cattle/li'ti!" e!emies >parachakrtavi&hayt?, cattle are kept u!der the care o' the superi!te!de!t, "i(i!" him 5/57th o' the dairy produce 'or his protectio!, it is termed "herds mai!tai!ed 'or a share i! dairy produce." >6? Bhe! the superi!te!de!t classi'ies cattle as cal(es, steers, tamea*le o!es, drau"ht o1e!, *ulls that are to *e trai!ed to yoke, *ulls kept 'or crossi!" cows, cattle that are 'it o!ly 'or the supply o' 'lesh, *u''aloes a!d drau"ht *u''aloes, 'emale cal(es, 'emale steer, hei'er, pre"!a!t cows, milch cattle, *arre! cattle///either cows or *u''aloes, cal(es that are a mo!th or two old as well as those which are still you!"er, a!d whe!, as he ou"ht to, he *ra!ds them all i!clusi(e o' their cal(es o' o!e or two mo!ths old alo!" with those stray cattle which ha(e remai!ed u!claimed i! the herds 'or a mo!th or two, a!d whe! he re"isters the *ra!ded marks, !atural marks, colour a!d the dista!ce 'rom o!e hor! to a!other o' each o' the cattle, that system is k!ow! as Iclass o' herds.J >9? Bhe! a! a!imal is carried o'' *y thie(es or 'i!ds itsel' i!to the herds o' others or strays u!k!ow!, it is called Ilost.J >V? Bhe! a! a!imal is e!ta!"led i! a )ua"mire or precipice or dies o' disease or o' old a"e, or drow!ed i! water: or whe! it is killed *y the 'all o' a tree or o' ri(er *a!k, or is *eate! to death with a sta'' or sto!e, or is struck *y li"hte!i!" >.sna?, or is de(oured *y a ti"er or *itte! *y a co*ra, or is carried o'' *y a crocodile, or is i!(ol(ed i! the midst o' a 'orest 'ire, it is termed as Girreco(era*ly lost.H owherds shall e!dea(our to keep them away 'rom such da!"ers. Bhoe(er hurts or causes a!other to hurt, or steals or causes a!other to steal a cow, should *e slai!. Bhe! a perso! su*stitutes a! a!imal >r0pa? *eari!" the royal *ra!d mark 'or a pri(ate o!e, he shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t. Bhe! a perso! reco(ers a local cattle 'rom thie(es, he shall recei(e the promised reward >panitam r0pam?, a!d whe! a ma! rescues a 'orei"! cattle >'rom thie(es?, he shall recei(e hal' its (alue. owherds shall apply remedies to cal(es or a"ed cows or cows su''eri!" 'rom diseases.

&hey shall "ra0e the herds i! 'orests which are se(erally allotted as pasture "rou!ds 'or (arious seaso!s a!d 'rom which thie(es, ti"ers a!d other molesti!" *easts are dri(e! away *y hu!ters aided *y their hou!ds. Bith a (iew to scare out s!akes a!d ti"ers a!d as a de'i!ite mea!s o' k!owi!" the wherea*outs o' herds, sou!di!" *ells shall *e attached to >the !eck o'? timid cattle. owherds shall allow their cattle to e!ter i!to such ri(ers or lakes as are o' e)ual depth all rou!d, *road, a!d 'ree 'rom mire a!d crocodiles, a!d shall protect them 'rom da!"ers u!der such circumsta!ces. Bhe!e(er a! a!imal is cau"ht hold o' *y a thie', a ti"er, a s!ake, or a crocodile, or whe! it is too i!'irm owi!" to a"e or disease, they shall make a report o' it, otherwise they shall *e compelled to make "ood the loss. Bhe! a! a!imal dies a !atural death, they shall surre!der the ski! with the *ra!d mark, i' it is a cow or a *u''alo, the ski! to"ether with the ear >karnalakshanam? i' it is a "oat or sheep, the tail with the ski! co!tai!i!" the *ra!d mark, i' it is a! ass or a camel, the ski!, i' it is a you!" o!e, *esides the a*o(e, >they shall also restore? the 'at >vasti?, *ile, marrow >snyu?, teeth, hoo's, hor!s, a!d *o!es. &hey >the cowherds? may sell either 'resh 'lesh or dried 'lesh. &hey shall "i(e *uttermilk as dri!k to do"s a!d ho"s, a!d reser(e a little >*uttermilk? i! a *ro!0e (essel to prepare their ow! dish: they may also make use o' coa"ulated milk or cheese >k.lta? to re!der their oilcakes relishi!" >%hnapinyka/kledartha?. De who sells his cow >'rom amo!" the herds? shall pay >to the ki!"? Zth r0pa >(alue o' the cow?. #uri!" the rai!y, autum!al, a!d the 'irst part o' wi!ter >hemanta? seaso!s, they shall milk the cattle *oth the times >mor!i!" a!d e(e!i!"?, a!d duri!" the latter part o' wi!ter a!d the whole o' the spri!" a!d summer seaso!s, they shall milk o!ly o!ce >i.e., o!ly i! the mor!i!"?. &he cowherd who milks a cow a seco!d time duri!" these seaso!s shall ha(e his thum* cut o''. I' he allows the time o' milki!" to lapse, he shall 'or'eit the pro'it thereo' >i.e., the milk?. &he same rule shall hold "ood i! case o' !e"li"e!ce o' the opportu!e mome!t 'or putti!" a stri!" throu"h the !ose o' a *ull a!d other a!imals, a!d 'or tami!" or trai!i!" them to the yoke. +!e drona o' a cow's milk will, whe! chur!ed, yield o!e prastha o' *utter, the same )ua!tity o' a *u''alo's milk will yield 5/Vth prastha more, a!d the same )ua!tity o' milk o' "oats a!d sheep will produce L prastha more.

I! all ki!ds o' milk, the e1act )ua!tity o' *utter shall *e ascertai!ed *y chur!i!", 'or i!crease i! the supply o' milk a!d *utter depe!ds o! the !ature o' the soil a!d the )ua!tity a!d )uality o' 'odder a!d water. Bhe! a perso! causes a *ull attached to a herd to 'i"ht with a!other *ull, he shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t, whe! a *ull is i!jured >u!der such circumsta!ces?, he shall *e pu!ished with the hi"hest amerceme!t. attle shall *e "rouped i! herds o' te! each o' similar colour, while they are *ei!" "ra0ed. Accordi!" to the protecti(e stre!"th o' the cowherds the capacity o' the cattle to "o 'ar a!d wide to "ra0e, cowherds shall take their cattle either 'ar or !ear. +!ce i! si1 mo!ths, sheep a!d other a!imals shall *e shor! o' their wool. &he same rules shall apply to herds o' horses, asses, camels, a!d ho"s. .or *ulls which are pro(ided with !ose/ri!"s, a!d which e)ual horses i! speed a!d i! carryi!" loads, hal' a &hra o' meadow "rass >yavasa?, twice the a*o(e )ua!tity o' ordi!ary "rass >trina?, o!e tul >577 palas? o' oil cakes, 57 dhakas o' *ra!, 6 palas o' salt >mukhalavanam?, o!e kudum&a o' oil 'or ru**i!" o(er the !ose >nasya?, 5 prastha o' dri!k >pna?, o!e tul o' 'lesh, 5 dhaka o' curis, 5 drona o' *arley or o' cooked msha >-hraseolus Aadiatus?, 5 drona o' milk, or hal' a! dhaka o' sur >li)uor?, 5 prastha o' oil or %hi >sneha? 57 palas o' su"ar or ja""ery, 5 pala o' the 'ruit o' srin%i&era >"i!"er? may *e su*stituted 'or milk >pratipna?. &he same commodities less *y o!e )uarter each will 'orm the diet 'or mules, cows, a!d asses, twice the )ua!tity o' the a*o(e thi!"s 'or *u''aloes a!d camels. #rau"ht o1e! a!d cows, supplyi!" milk >payah?, shall *e pro(ided with su*siste!ce i! proportio! to the duratio! o' time the o1e! are kept at work, a!d the )ua!tity o' milk which the cows supply. All cattle shall *e supplied with a*u!da!ce o' 'odder a!d water. &hus the ma!!er o' reari!" herds o' cattle has *ee! dealt with. A herd o' 577 heads o' asses a!d mules shall co!tai! 6 male a!imals, that o' "oats a!d sheep te!, a!d a herd o' te! heads o' either cows or *u''aloes shall co!tai! 'our male a!imals. :&hus e!ds hapter XXIX, "&he %uperi!te!de!t o' owsH i! Book II, G&he #uties o' 2o(er!me!t %uperi!te!de!tsH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the 'i'tieth chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER ***. THE #.PERINTENDENT OF HOR#E#. &D3 %uperi!te!de!t o' Dorses shall re"ister the *reed, a"e, colour, marks, "roup or classes, a!d the !ati(e place o' horses, a!d classi'y as >5? those that are kept i! sale/house 'or sale >pany%rikam?, >N? those that are rece!tly purchased >krayop%atam?, >M? those that ha(e *ee! captured i! wars >havala&dham?, >O? those that are o' local *reed >(tam?, >6? those that are se!t thither 'or help >shyyak%atam?, >9? those that are mort"a"ed >panasthitam?, a!d >V? those that are temporarily kept i! sta*les >yvatklikam?. De shall make a report >to the ki!"? o' such a!imals as are i!auspicious, crippled, or diseased. 3(ery horsema! shall k!ow how to make a! eco!omic use o' whate(er he has recei(ed 'rom the ki!"'s treasury a!d storehouse. &he superi!te!de!t shall ha(e a sta*le co!structed as spacious as re)uired *y the !um*er o' horses to *e kept therei! twice as *road as the le!"th o' a horse, with 'our doors 'aci!" the 'our )uarters, with its ce!tral 'loor suited 'or the rolli!" o' horses, with projected 'ro!t pro(ided with woode! seats at the e!tra!ce, a!d co!tai!i!" mo!keys, peacocks, red spotted deer >prishata?, ma!"oose, partrid"es >chakora?, parrots, a!d mai!a *irds >srika?, the room 'or e(ery horse shall *e 'our times as *road or lo!" as the le!"th o' a horse, with its ce!tral 'loor pa(ed with smoothe!ed woode! pla!ks, with separate compartme!ts 'or 'odder >khdanakoshthakam?, with passa"es 'or the remo(al o' uri!e a!d du!", a!d with a door 'aci!" either the !orth or the east. &he disti!ctio! o' )uarters >di%vi&h%a? may *e made as a matter o' 'act or relati(ely to the situatio! o' the *uildi!". %teeds, stallio!s a!d colts shall *e separately kept. A steed that has just "i(e! *irth to a colt shall *e pro(ided 'or the 'irst three days with a dri!k o' 5 prastha o' clari'ied *utter, a'terwards it shall *e 'ed with a prastha o' 'lour >saktu? a!d made to dri!k oil mi1ed with medici!e 'or te! !i"hts, a'ter that time, it shall ha(e cooked "rai!s, meadow "rass, a!d other thi!"s suited to the seaso! o' the day. A colt, te! days old, shall *e "i(e! a kudum&a o' 'lour mi1ed with Zth kudum&a o' clari'ied *utter, a!d 5 prastha o' milk till it *ecomes si1 mo!ths old, the! the a*o(e ratio!s shall *e i!creased hal' as much duri!" each succeedi!" mo!th, with the additio! o' 5 prastha o' *arley till it *ecomes three years old, the! o!e drona o' *arley till it "rows 'our years old, at the a"e o' 'our or 'i(e, it attai!s its 'ull de(elopme!t a!d *ecomes ser(icea*le. &he 'ace >mukha? o' the *est horse measures MN an%ulas, its le!"th is 6 times its 'ace, its sha!k is N7 an%ulas, a!d its hei"ht is O times its sha!k.

Dorses o' medium a!d lower si0es 'all short o' the a*o(e measureme!t *y two a!d three an%ulas respecti(ely. &he circum'ere!ce >par.nha? o' the *est horse measures 577 an%ulas, a!d horses o' medium a!d lower si0es 'all short o' the a*o(e measureme!t *y 'i(e parts >pancha&h%varam?. .or the *est horse >the diet shall *e? N dronas o' a!y o!e o' the "rai!s, rice >sli, vr.hi,? *arley, pa!ic seeds >priyan%u? soaked or cooked, cooked mud%a >-hraseolus 4u!"a? or msha >-hraseolus Aadiatus?, o!e prastha o' oil, 6 palas o' salt, 67 palas o' 'lesh, 5 dhaka o' *roth >rasa? or N dhakas o' curd, 6 palas o' su"ar >kshra?, to make their diet relishi!", 5 prastha o' s0r, li)uor, or N prasthas o' milk. &he same )ua!tity o' dri!k shall *e specially "i(e! to those horses which are tired o' lo!" jour!ey or o' carryi!" loads. +!e prastha o' oil 'or "i(i!" e!ema >anuvsana?, 5 kudum&a o' oil 'or ru**i!" o(er the !ose, 5,777 palas o' meadow "rass, twice as much o' ordi!ary "rass >trina?, a!d hay/ stalk or "rass shall *e spread o(er a! area o' 9 aratnis. &he same )ua!tity o' ratio!s less *y o!e/)uarter 'or horses o' medium a!d lower si0e. A drau"ht horse or stallio! o' medium si0e shall *e "i(e! the same )ua!tity as the *est horse, a!d similar horses o' lower si0e shall recei(e the same )ua!tity as a horse o' medium si0e. %teeds a!d prasamas shall ha(e o!e )uarter less o' ratio!s. Dal' o' the ratio!s "i(e! to steeds shall *e "i(e! to colts. &hus is the distri*utio! o' ratio! dealt with. &hose who cook the 'ood o' horses, "rooms, a!d (eteri!ary sur"eo!s shall ha(e a share i! the ratio!s >pratisvda&ha(ah?. %tallio!s which are i!capacitated owi!" to old a"e, disease or hardships o' war, a!d, *ei!" there'ore re!dered u!'it 'or use i! war li(e o!ly to co!sume 'ood shall i! the i!terests o' citi0e!s a!d cou!try people *e allowed to cross steeds. &he *reed o' Km&ho(a, Sindhu, Aratta, a!d Vanyu cou!tries are the *est, those o' Bhl.ka, *peya, Sauvira, a!d !aitala, are o' middle )uality, a!d the rest ordi!ary >avarh?. &hese three sorts may *e trai!ed either 'or war or 'or ridi!" accordi!" as they are 'urious >t.kshna?, mild >&hadra?, or stupid or slow >manda?.

&he re"ular trai!i!" o' a horse is its preparatio! 'or war >snnhyam karma?. ircular mo(eme!t >val%ana?, slow mo(eme!t >n.chair%ata?, jumpi!" >lan%hana?, "allop >dhorana?, a!d respo!se to si"!als >nroshtra? are the se(eral 'orms o' ridi!" >aupavhya?. Aupavenuka, vardhmnaka, yamaka, l.dhapluta, vrithatta a!d trivachli are the (arieties o' circular mo(eme!t >val%ana?. &he same ki!d o' mo(eme!ts with the head a!d ear kept erect are called slow mo(eme!ts. &hese are per'ormed i! si1tee! ways:/// *rak.rnaka, prak.rnottara, nishanna, prsvnuvritta, 0rmimr%a, sara&hakr.dita, sara&hapluta, tritla, &hynuvritta, panchapni, simhyata, svdh0ta, klishta, sl%hita, &rimhita, pushp&hik.rna. Kumpi!" like a mo!key >kapipluta?, jumpi!" like a 'ro" >&hekapluta?, sudde! jump >ekapluta?, jumpi!" with o!e le" >ekapdapluta?, leapi!" like a cuckoo >kokila/ samchri?, dashi!" with its *reast almost touchi!" the "rou!d >urasya?, a!d leapi!" like a cra!e >&akasamchari? are the se(eral 'orms o' jumpi!". .lyi!" like a (ulture >knka?, dashi!" like a water/duck >vriknaka?, ru!!i!" like a peacock >my0ra? halt the speed o' a peacock >ardhmy0ra?, dashi!" like a ma!"oose >nkula?, hal' the speed o' a ma!"oose >ardha/nkula?, ru!!i!" like a ho" >vrha? a!d hal' the speed o' a ho" >ardha/ vrha? are the se(eral 'orms o' "allop. 4o(eme!t 'ollowi!" a si"!al is termed nroshtra. %i1, !i!e, a!d twel(e yo(anas >a day? are the dista!ces >to *e tra(ersed? *y carria"e/ horses. .i(e, ei"ht, a!d te! yo(anas are the dista!ces >to *e tra(ersed? *y ridi!" horses >prishthavhya?. &rotti!" accordi!" to its stre!"th >vikrama?, trotti!" with "ood *reathi!" >&hadrsvsa?, a!d paci!" with a load o! its *ack are the three ki!ds o' trot. &rotti!" accordi!" to stre!"th >vikrama?, trot com*i!ed with circular mo(eme!t >val%ita?, ordi!ary trot >upakantha?, middlemost speed >upa(ava?, a!d ordi!ary speed are also the se(eral ki!ds o' trot >dhr?. _uali'ied teachers shall "i(e i!structio!s as to the ma!u'acture o' proper ropes with which to tether the horses.

harioteers shall see to the ma!u'acture o' !ecessary war accoutreme!ts o' horses. Veteri!ary sur"eo!s shall apply re)uisite remedies a"ai!st u!due "rowth or dimi!utio! i! the *ody o' horses a!d also cha!"e the diet o' horses accordi!" to cha!"es i! seaso!s. &hose who mo(e the horses >s0tra%rhaka?, those whose *usi!ess is to tether them i! sta*les, those who supply meadow/"rass, those who cook the "rai!s 'or the horses, those who keep watch i! the sta*les, those who "room them a!d those who apply remedies a"ai!st poiso! shall satis'actorily dischar"e their speci'ied duties a!d shall, i! de'ault o' it, 'or'eit their daily wa"es. &hose who take out 'or the purpose o' ridi!" such horses as are kept i!side >the sta*les? either 'or the purpose o' wa(i!" li"hts >nir(ana? or 'or medical treatme!t shall *e 'i!ed 5N panas. Bhe!, owi!" to de'ects i! medici!e or careless!ess i! the treatme!t, the disease >'rom which a horse is su''eri!"? *ecomes i!te!se, a 'i!e o' twice the cost o' the treatme!t shall *e imposed, a!d whe!, owi!" to de'ects i! medici!e, or !ot admi!isteri!" it, the result *ecomes )uite the re(erse, a 'i!e e)ual to the (alue o' the a!imal >patram0lya? shall *e imposed. &he same rule shall apply to the treatme!t o' cows, *u''aloes, "oats, a!d sheep. Dorses shall *e washed, *edau*ed with sa!dal powder, a!d "arla!ded twice a day. +! !ew moo! days sacri'ice to Bh0tas, a!d o! 'ull moo! days the cha!ti!" o' auspicious hym!s shall *e per'ormed. Fot o!ly o! the !i!th day o' the mo!th o' Asvayu(a, *ut also *oth at the comme!ceme!t a!d close o' jour!eys >ytra? as well as i! the time o' disease shall a priest wa(e li"hts i!(oki!" *lessi!"s o! the horses. :&hus e!ds hapter XXX, "&he %uperi!te!de!t o' Dorses" i! Book II, "&he #uties o' 2o(er!me!t %uperi!te!de!ts," o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the 'i'ty/'irst chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER ***I. THE #.PERINTENDENT OF ELEPHANT#. &D3 %uperi!te!de!t o' elepha!ts shall take proper steps to protect elepha!t/'orests a!d super(ise the operatio!s with re"ard to the sta!di!" or lyi!" i! sta*les o' elepha!ts, male, 'emale, or you!", whe! they are tired a'ter trai!i!", a!d e1ami!e the proportio!al )ua!tity o' ratio!s a!d "rass, the e1te!t o' trai!i!" "i(e! to them, their accoutreme!ts a!d or!ame!ts, as well as the work o' elepha!t/doctors, o' trai!ers o' elepha!ts i! warlike 'eats, a!d o' "rooms, such as dri(ers, *i!ders a!d others.

&here shall *e co!structed a! elepha!t sta*le twice as *road a!d twice as hi"h as the le!"th >yma? o' a! elepha!t, with separate apartme!ts 'or 'emale elepha!ts, with projected e!tra!ce >sapra%r.vm?, with posts called kumri, a!d with its door 'aci!" either the east or the !orth. &he space i! 'ro!t o' the smooth posts >to which elepha!ts are tied? shall 'orm a s)uare, o!e side o' which is e)ual to the le!"th o' a! elepha!t a!d shall *e pa(ed with smooth woode! pla!ks a!d pro(ided with holes 'or the remo(al o' uri!e a!d du!". &he space where a! elepha!t lies dow! shall *e as *road as the le!"th o' a! elepha!t a!d pro(ided with a 'lat 'orm raised to hal' the hei"ht o' a! elepha!t 'or lea!i!" o!. 3lepha!ts ser(icea*le i! war or 'or ridi!" shall *e kept i!side the 'ort, a!d those that are still *ei!" tamed or are o' *ad temper shall *e kept outside. &he 'irst a!d the se(e!th o' the ei"ht di(isio!s o' the day are the two *athi!" times o' elepha!ts, the time su*se)ue!t to those two periods is 'or their 'ood, 'ore!oo! is the time 'or their e1ercise, a'ter!oo! is the time 'or dri!k, two >out o' ei"ht? parts o' the !i"ht are the time 'or sleep, o!e/third o' the !i"ht is spe!t i! taki!" wake'ul rest. &he summer is the seaso! to capture elepha!ts. &hat which is N7 years old shall *e captured. Wou!" elepha!ts >&ikka?, i!'atuated elepha!ts >mu%dha?, elepha!ts without tusks, diseased elepha!ts, elepha!ts which suckle their you!" o!es >dhenuk?, a!d 'emale elepha!ts >hastin.? shall !ot *e captured. >&hat which is? se(e! aratnis i! hei"ht, !i!e aratnis i! le!"th, te! aratnis i! circum'ere!ce a!d is >as ca! *e i!'erred 'rom such measureme!t?, O7 years old, is the *est. &hat which is M7 years old is o' middle class, a!d that which is N6 years old is o' the lowest class. &he diet >'or the last two classes? shall *e lesse!ed *y o!e/)uarter accordi!" to the class. &he ratio!s 'or a! elepha!t >o' se(e! aratnis i! hei"ht? shall *e 5 drona o' rice, L dhaka o' oil, M prasthas o' %hi, 57 palas o' salt, 67 palas o' 'lesh, 5 dhaka o' *roth >rasa? or twice the )ua!tity >i.e., N dhakas? o' curd, i! order to re!der the dish taste'ul, 57 palas o' su"ar >kshra?, 5 dhaka o' li)uor, or twice the )ua!tity o' milk >payah? , 5 prastha o' oil 'or smeari!" o(er the *ody, 5/8 prastha >o' the same? 'or the head a!d 'or keepi!" a li"ht i! the sta*les, N &hras o' meadow "rass, NZ &hras o' ordi!ary "rass >sashpa?, a!d NL &hras o' dry "rass a!d a!y )ua!tity o' stalks o' (arious pulses >kadankara?.

A! elepha!t i! rut >atyarla? a!d o' 8 aratnis i! hei"ht shall ha(e e)ual ratio!s with that o' V aratnis i! hei"ht. &he rest o' 9 or 6 aratnis i! hei"ht shall *e pro(ided with ratio!s proportio!al to their si0e. A you!" elepha!t >&ikka? captured 'or the mere purpose o' sporti!" with it shall *e 'ed with milk a!d meadow "rass. &hat which is *lood/red >sam(tal7hita?, that which is 'leshed, that which has its sides e(e!ly "row! >samaliptapaksh?, that which has its "irths 'ull or e)ual >samakakshy?, that whose 'lesh is e(e!ly spread, that which is o' e(e! sur'ace o! its *ack >samatalpatala? a!d that which is o' u!e(e! sur'ace >(tadr7nik? are the se(eral ki!ds o' physical sple!dour o' elepha!ts. %uita*ly to the seaso!s as well as to their physical spe!dour, elepha!ts o' sharp or slow se!se >&hadra a!d mandra? as well as elepha!ts possessed o' the characteristics o' other *easts shall *e trai!ed a!d tau"ht suita*le work. :&hus e!ds hapter XXXI, G&he %uperi!te!de!t o' 3lepha!tsH i! Book II, G&he #uties o' 2o(er!me!t %uperi!te!de!tsH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the 'i'ty/seco!d chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER ***II. TRAINING OF ELEPHANT#. 3;3-DAF&% are classi'ied i!to 'our ki!ds i! accorda!ce with the trai!i!" they are "i(e!: that which is tamea*le >damya?, that which is trai!ed 'or war >snnhya?, that which is trai!ed 'or ridi!" >aupavhya?, a!d ro"ue elepha!ts >vyla?. &hose which are tamea*le 'all u!der 'i(e "roups: that which su''ers a ma! to sit o! its withers >skandha%ata?, that which allows itsel' to *e tethered to a post >stam&ha%ata?, that which ca! *e take! to water >vri%ata?, that which lies i! pits >apapta%ata?, a!d that which is attached to its herd >y0tha%ata?. All these elepha!ts shall *e treated with as much care as a you!" elepha!t >&ikka?. 4ilitary trai!i!" is o' se(e! ki!ds: #rill >upasthna?, tur!i!" >samvartana?, ad(a!ci!" >samyna?, trampli!" dow! a!d killi!" >vadhvadha?, 'i"hti!" with other elepha!ts >hastiyuddha?, assaili!" 'orts a!d cities >n%aryanam?, a!d war'are. Bi!di!" the elepha!ts with "irths >kakshykarma?, putti!" o! collars >%raiveyakakarma?, a!d maki!" them work i! compa!y with their herds >y0thakarma? are the 'irst steps >upa/vichara? o' the a*o(e trai!i!".

3lepha!ts trai!ed 'or ridi!" 'all u!der se(e! "roups: that which su''ers a ma! to mou!t o(er it whe! i! compa!y with a!other elepha!t >kun(aropavhya?, that which su''ers ridi!" whe! led *y a warlike elepha!t >snnhyopavhya?, that which is tau"ht trotti!" >dhorana?, that which is tau"ht (arious ki!ds o' mo(eme!ts >dhna%atika?, that which ca! *e made to mo(e *y usi!" a sta'' >yashtyupavhya?, that which ca! *e made to mo(e *y usi!" a! iro! hook >totropavhya?, that which ca! *e made to mo(e without whips >suddhopavhya?, a!d that which is o' help i! hu!ti!". Autum!al work >sradakarma?, mea! or rou"h work >h.nakarma?, a!d trai!i!" to respo!d to si"!als are the 'irst steps 'or the a*o(e trai!i!". Ao"ue elepha!ts ca! *e trai!ed o!ly i! o!e way. &he o!ly mea!s to keep them u!der co!trol is pu!ishme!t. It has a suspicious a(ersio! to work, is o*sti!ate, o' per(erse !ature, u!steady, will'ul, or o' i!'atuated temper u!der the i!'lue!ce o' rut. Ao"ue elepha!ts whose trai!i!" pro(es a 'ailure may *e purely ro"uish >suddha?, cle(er i! ro"uery >suvrata?, per(erse >vishama?, or possessed o' all ki!ds o' (ice. &he 'orm o' 'etters a!d other !ecessary mea!s to keep them u!der co!trol shall *e ascertai!ed 'rom the doctor o' elepha!ts. &etherposts >lna?, collars, "irths, *ridles, le"chai!s, 'ro!tal 'etters are the se(eral ki!ds o' *i!di!" i!strume!ts. A hook, a *am*oo sta'', a!d machi!es >yantra? are i!strume!ts. Fecklaces such as vai(avant. a!d kshurapramla, a!d litter a!d housi!"s are the or!ame!ts o' elepha!ts. 4ail/armour >varma?, clu*s >totra?, arrow/*a"s, a!d machi!es are war/ accoutreme!ts. 3lepha!t doctors, trai!ers, e1pert riders, as well as those who "room them, those who prepare their 'ood, those who procure "rass 'or them, those who tether them to posts, those who sweep elepha!t sta*les, a!d those who keep watch i! the sta*les at !i"ht, are some o' the perso!s that ha(e to atte!d to the !eeds o' elepha!ts. 3lepha!t doctors, watchme!, sweepers, cooks a!d others shall recei(e >'rom the storehouse,? 5 prastha o' cooked rice, a ha!d'ul o' oil, la!d N palas o' su"ar a!d o' salt. 31cepti!" the doctors, others shall also recei(e 57 palas o' 'lesh. 3lepha!t doctors shall apply !ecessary medici!es to elepha!ts which, while maki!" a jour!ey, happe! to su''er 'rom disease, o(erwork, rut, or old a"e. Accumulatio! o' dirt i! sta*les, 'ailure to supply "rass, causi!" a! elepha!t to lie dow! o! hard a!d u!prepared "rou!d, striki!" o! (ital parts o' its *ody, permissio! to a

stra!"er to ride o(er it, u!timely ridi!", leadi!" it to water throu"h impassa*le places, a!d allowi!" it to e!ter i!to thick 'orests are o''e!ces pu!isha*le with 'i!es. %uch 'i!es shall *e deducted 'rom the ratio!s a!d wa"es due to the o''e!ders. #uri!" the period o' )hturmsya >the mo!ths o' Kuly, Au"ust, %eptem*er a!d +cto*er? a!d at the time whe! two seaso!s meet, wa(i!" o' li"hts shall *e per'ormed thrice. Also o! !ew/moo! a!d 'ull/moo! days, comma!ders shall per'orm sacri'ices to Bh0tas 'or the sa'ety o' elepha!ts. ;ea(i!" as much as is e)ual to twice the circum'ere!ce o' the tusk !ear its root, the rest o' the tusks shall *e cut o'' o!ce i! NL years i! the case o' elepha!ts *or! i! cou!tries irri"ated *y ri(ers >nadi(a?, a!d o!ce i! 6 years i! the case o' mou!tai! elepha!ts. :&hus e!ds hapter XXXII, G&he &rai!i!" o' 3lepha!tsH i! Book II, G&he #uties o' 2o(er!me!t %uperi!te!de!tsH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the 'i'ty/third chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER ***III. THE #.PERINTENDENT OF CHARIOT#4 THE #.PERINTENDENT OF INFANTR/ AND THE D.T/ OF THE CO--ANDER1 IN1CHIEF. &D3 'u!ctio!s o' the %uperi!te!de!t o' horses will e1plai! those o' the %uperi!te!de!t o' chariots. &he %uperi!te!de!t o' chariots shall atte!d to the co!structio! o' chariots. &he *est chariot shall measure 57 purushas i! hei"ht >2i.e.2 5N7 an%ulas?, a!d 5N purushas i! width. A'ter this model, V more chariots with width decreasi!" *y o!e purusha successi(ely dow! to a chariot o' 9 purushas i! width shall *e co!structed. De shall also co!struct chariots o' "ods >devaratha?, 'estal chariots >pushyaratha?, *attle chariots >sn%rmika?, tra(elli!" chariots >priynika?, chariots used i! assaili!" a! e!emy's stro!"/holds >parapura&hiynika?, a!d trai!i!" chariots. De shall also e1ami!e the e''icie!cy i! the trai!i!" o' troops i! shooti!" arrows, i! hurli!" clu*s a!d cud"els, i! weari!" mail armour, i! e)uipme!t, i! charioteeri!", i! 'i"hti!" seated o! a chariot, a!d i! co!trolli!" chariot horses. De shall also atte!d to the accou!ts o' pro(isio! a!d wa"es paid to those who are either perma!e!tly or temporarily employed >to prepare chariots a!d other thi!"s?. Also he shall take steps to mai!tai! the employed co!te!ted a!d happy *y ade)uate reward >yo%yarakshanushthnam?, a!d ascertai! the dista!ce o' roads. &he same rules shall apply to the superi!te!de!t o' i!'a!try.

&he latter shall k!ow the e1act stre!"th or weak!ess o' hereditary troops >maula?, hired troops >&hrita?, the corporate *ody o' troops >sreni?, as well as that o' the army o' 'rie!dly or u!'rie!dly ki!"s a!d o' wild tri*es. De shall *e thorou"hly 'amiliar with the !ature o' 'i"hti!" i! low "rou!ds, o' ope! *attle, o' 'raudule!t attack, o' 'i"hti!" u!der the co(er o' e!tre!chme!t >khanakayuddha?, or 'rom hei"hts >ksayuddha?, a!d o' 'i"hti!" duri!" the day a!d !i"ht, *esides the drill !ecessary 'or such war'are. De shall also k!ow the 'it!ess or u!'it!ess o' troops o! emer"e!t occasio!s. Bith a! eye to the positio! which the e!tire army >chaturan%a&ala? trai!ed i! the skill'ul ha!dli!" o' all ki!ds o' weapo!s a!d i! leadi!" elepha!ts, horses, a!d chariots ha(e occupied a!d to the emer"e!t call 'or which they ou"ht to *e ready, the comma!der/ i!/chie' shall *e so capa*le as to order either ad(a!ce or retreat >yo%amay7%am cha?. De shall also k!ow what ki!d o' "rou!d is more ad(a!ta"eous to his ow! army, what time is more 'a(oura*le, what the stre!"th o' the e!emy is, how to sow disse!sio! i! a! e!emy's army o' u!ited mi!d, how to collect his ow! scattered 'orces, how to scatter the compact *ody o' a! e!emy's army, how to assail a 'ortress, a!d whe! to make a "e!eral ad(a!ce. Bei!" e(er mi!d'ul o' the discipli!e which his army has to mai!tai! !ot merely i! campi!" a!d marchi!", *ut i! the thick o' *attle, he shall desi"!ate the re"ime!ts >vy0ha? *y the !ames o' trumpets, *oards, *a!!ers, or 'la"s. :&hus e!ds hapter XXXIII, "&he %uperi!te!de!t o' hariots, the %uperi!te!de!t o' I!'a!try, a!d the #uties o' the omma!der/i!/ hie' " i! Book II, "&he #uties o' 2o(er!me!t %uperi!te!de!ts" o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the 'i'ty/'ourth chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER ***I'. THE #.PERINTENDENT OF PA##PORT#. &D3 %uperi!te!de!t o' -assports shall issue passes at the rate o' a masha per pass. Bhoe(er is pro(ided with a pass shall *e at li*erty to e!ter i!to, or "o out o', the cou!try. Bhoe(er, *ei!" a !ati(e o' the cou!try e!ters i!to or "oes out o' the cou!try without a pass shall *e 'i!ed 5N panas. De shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t 'or produci!" a 'alse pass. A 'orei"!er "uilty o' the same o''e!ce shall *e pu!ished with the hi"hest amerceme!t. &he superi!te!de!t o' pasture la!ds shall e1ami!e passes. -asture "rou!ds shall *e ope!ed *etwee! a!y two da!"erous places.

Valleys shall *e cleared 'rom the 'ear o' thie(es, elepha!ts, a!d other *easts. I! *arre! tracts o' the cou!try, there shall *e co!structed !ot o!ly ta!ks, *uildi!"s 'or shelter, a!d wells, *ut also 'lower "arde!s a!d 'ruit "arde!s. Du!ters with their hou!ds shall reco!!oitre 'orests. At the approach o' thie(es or e!emies, they shall so hide themsel(es *y asce!di!" trees or mou!tai!s as to escape 'rom the thie(es, a!d *low co!ch/shells or *eat drums. As to the mo(eme!ts o' e!emies or wild tri*es, they may se!d i!'ormatio! *y 'lyi!" the pi"eo!s o' royal household with passes >mudr? or causi!" 'ire a!d smoke at successi(e dista!ces. It shall *e his duty to protect tim*er a!d elepha!t 'orests, to keep roads i! "ood repair, to arrest thie(es, to secure the sa'ety o' merca!tile tra''ic, to protect cows, a!d to co!duct the tra!sactio! o' the people. :&hus e!ds hapter XXXIV, "&he %uperi!te!de!t o' -assports, a!d the %uperi!te!de!t o' -asture ;a!ds," i! Book II, "&he #uties o' 2o(er!me!t %uperi!te!de!ts," o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the 'i'ty/'i'th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER ***'. THE D.T/ OF RE'EN.E1COLLECTOR#4 #PIE# IN THE G.I#E OF HO.#EHOLDER#5 -ERCHANT# AND A#CETIC#. DAVIF2 di(ided the ki!"dom >(anapada? i!to 'our districts, a!d ha(i!" also su*di(ided the (illa"es >%rma? as o' 'irst, middle a!d lowest ra!k, he shall *ri!" them u!der o!e or a!other o' the 'ollowi!" heads:///Villa"es that are e1empted 'rom ta1atio! >parihraka?, those that supply soldiers >yudh.ya?, those that pay their ta1es i! the 'orm o' "rai!s, cattle, "old >hiranya?, or raw material >kupya?, a!d those that supply 'ree la*our >vishti?, a!d dairy produce i! lieu o' ta1es >karapratikara?. It is the duty o' <opa, (illa"e accou!ta!t, to atte!d to the accou!ts o' 'i(e or te! (illa"es as ordered *y the ollector/2e!eral. By setti!" up *ou!daries to (illa"es, *y !um*eri!" plots o' "rou!ds as culti(ated, u!culti(ated, plai!s, wet la!ds, "arde!s, (e"eta*le "arde!s, 'e!ces >vta?, 'orests, altars, temples o' "ods, irri"atio! works, crematio! "rou!ds, 'eedi!" houses >sattra?, places where water is 'reely supplied to tra(ellers >prap?, places o' pil"rima"e, pasture "rou!ds a!d roads, a!d there*y 'i1i!" the *ou!daries o' (arious (illa"es, o' 'ields, o' 'orests, a!d o' roads, he shall re"ister "i'ts, sales, charities, a!d remissio! o' ta1es re"ardi!" 'ields. Also ha(i!" !um*ered the houses as ta1payi!" or !o!/ta1payi!", he shall !ot o!ly re"ister the total !um*er o' the i!ha*ita!ts o' all the 'our castes i! each (illa"e, *ut also keep a! accou!t o' the e1act !um*er o' culti(ators, cow/herds, mercha!ts, arti0a!s, la*ourers, sla(es, a!d *iped a!d )uadruped a!imals, 'i1i!" at the same time the amou!t o' "old, 'ree la*our, toll, a!d 'i!es that ca! *e collected 'rom it >each house?.

De shall also keep a! accou!t o' the !um*er o' you!" a!d old me! that reside i! each house, their history >charitra?, occupatio! >(.va?, i!come >ya?, a!d e1pe!diture >vyaya?. ;ikewise Sthnika, district o''icer, shall atte!d to the accou!ts o' o!e )uarter o' the ki!"dom. I! those places which are u!der the jurisdictio! o' <opa a!d Sthnika, commissio!ers >prodeshtrah? specially deputed *y the ollector/"e!eral shall !ot o!ly i!spect the work do!e a!d the mea!s employed *y the (illa"e a!d district o''icers, *ut also collect the special reli"ious ta1 k!ow! as &ali >&alipra%raham kuryuh?. %pies u!der the dis"uise o' householders >%rihapatika, culti(ators? who shall *e deputed *y the collector/"e!eral 'or espio!a"e shall ascertai! the (alidity o' the accou!ts >o' the (illa"e a!d district o''icers? re"ardi!" the 'ields, houses a!d 'amilies o' each (illa"e///the area a!d output o' produce re"ardi!" 'ields, ri"ht o' ow!ership a!d remissio! o' ta1es with re"ard to houses, a!d the caste a!d pro'essio! re"ardi!" 'amilies. &hey shall also ascertai! the total !um*er o' me! a!d *easts >(an%h%ra? as well as the amou!t o' i!come a!d e1pe!diture o' each 'amily. &hey shall also 'i!d out the causes o' emi"ratio! a!d immi"ratio! o' perso!s o' mi"ratory ha*it, the arri(al a!d departure o' me! a!d wome! o' co!dem!a*le >anarthya? character, as well as the mo(eme!ts o' >'orei"!? spies. ;ikewise spies u!der the "uise o' mercha!ts shall ascertai! the )ua!tity a!d price o' the royal mercha!dise such as mi!erals, or products o' "arde!s, 'orests, a!d 'ields or ma!u'actured articles. As re"ards 'orei"! mercha!dise o' superior or i!'erior )uality arri(i!" thither *y la!d or *y water, they shall ascertai! the amou!t o' toll, road/cess, co!(eya!ce/cess, military cess, 'erry/'are, a!d o!e/si1th portio! >paid or paya*le *y the mercha!ts?, the char"es i!curred *y them 'or their ow! su*siste!ce, a!d 'or the accommodatio! o' their mercha!dise i! warehouse >pany%ra?. %imilarly spies u!der the "uise o' ascetics shall, as ordered *y the ollector/"e!eral, "ather i!'ormatio! as to the proceedi!"s, ho!est or disho!est, o' culti(ators, cow/herds, mercha!ts, a!d heads o' 2o(er!me!t departme!ts. I! places where altars are situated or where 'our roads meet, i! a!cie!t rui!s, i! the (ici!ity o' ta!ks, ri(ers, *athi!" places, i! places o' pil"rima"e a!d hermita"e, a!d i! desert tracts, mou!tai!s, a!d thick "row! 'orests, spies u!der the "uise o' old a!d !otorious thie(es with their stude!t *a!ds shall ascertai! the causes o' arri(al a!d departure, a!d halt o' thie(es, e!emies, a!d perso!s o' u!due *ra(ery.

&he ollector/"e!eral shall thus e!er"etically atte!d to the a''airs o' the ki!"dom. Also his su*ordi!ates co!stituti!" his (arious esta*lishme!ts o' espio!a"e shall alo!" with their collea"ues a!d 'ollowers atte!d to their duties likewise. :&hus e!ds hapter XXXV, "&he #uty o' re(e!ue collectors, spies u!der the "uise o' house/holders, mercha!ts, a!d ascetics," i! Book II, "&he #uties o' 2o(er!me!t %uperi!te!de!ts" o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the 'i'ty/si1th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER ***'I. THE D.T/ OF A CIT/ #.PERINTENDENT. ;IK3 the ollector/"e!eral, the +''icer i! char"e o' the apital ity >N%araka? shall look to the a''airs o' the capital. A <opa shall keep the accou!ts o' te! households, twe!ty households, or 'orty households. De shall !ot o!ly k!ow the caste, %otra, the !ame, a!d occupatio! o' *oth me! a!d wome! i! those households, *ut also ascertai! their i!come a!d e1pe!diture. ;ikewise, the o''icer k!ow! as Sthnika shall atte!d to the accou!ts o' the 'our )uarters o' the capital. 4a!a"ers o' charita*le i!stitutio!s shall se!d i!'ormatio! >to <opa or Sthnika? as to a!y heretics >*shanda? a!d tra(ellers arri(i!" to reside therei!. &hey shall allow ascetics a!d me! lear!ed i! the Vedas to reside i! such places o!ly whe! those perso!s are k!ow! to *e o' relia*le character. Artisa!s a!d other ha!dicra'tsme! may, o! their ow! respo!si*ility, allow others o' their ow! pro'essio! to reside where they carry o! their ow! work >i.e., i! their ow! houses?. %imilarly mercha!ts may o! their ow! respo!si*ility allow other mercha!ts to reside where they themsel(es carry o! their merca!tile work >i.e., their ow! houses or shops?. &hey >the mercha!ts? shall make a report o' those who sell a!y mercha!dise i! 'or*idde! place or time, as well as o' those who are i! possessio! o' a!y mercha!dise other tha! their ow!. Vi!t!ers, sellers o' cooked 'lesh a!d cooked rice as well as prostitutes may allow a!y other perso! to reside with them o!ly whe! that perso! is well/k!ow! to them. &hey >(i!t!ers, etc.? shall make a report o' spe!dthri'ts a!d 'ool/hardy perso!s who e!"a"e themsel(es i! risky u!dertaki!"s.

A!y physicia! who u!dertakes to treat i! secret a patie!t su''eri!" 'rom ulcer or e1cess o' u!wholesome 'ood or dri!k, as well as the master o' the house >wherei! such treatme!t is attempted? shall *e i!!oce!t o!ly whe! they >the physicia! a!d the master o' the house? make a report o' the same to either <opa or Sthnika, otherwise *oth o' them shall *e e)ually "uilty with the su''erer. 4asters o' houses shall make a report o' stra!"ers arri(i!" at, or departi!" 'rom their houses, otherwise they shall *e "uilty o' the o''e!ce >the't, etc.? committed duri!" that !i"ht. 3(e! duri!" sa'e !i"hts >i.e.2 !i"hts whe! !o the't, etc., seems to ha(e *ee! committed?, they shall *e 'i!ed M panas >'or !ot maki!" such a report?. Bay'arers "oi!" alo!" a hi"h road or *y a 'oot path shall catch hold o' a!y perso! whom they 'i!d to *e su''eri!" 'rom a wou!d or ulcer, or possessed o' destructi(e i!strume!ts, or tired o' carryi!" a hea(y load, or timidly a(oidi!" the prese!ce o' others, or i!dul"i!" i! too much sleep, or 'ati"ued 'rom a lo!" jour!ey, or who appears to *e a stra!"er to the place i! localities such as i!side or outside the capital, temples o' "ods, places o' pil"rima"e, or *urial "rou!ds. >%pies? shall also make a search 'or suspicious perso!s i! the i!terior o' deserted houses, i! the workshops or houses o' (i!t!ers a!d sellers o' cooked rice a!d 'lesh, i! "am*li!" houses, a!d i! the a*ode o' heretics. Ki!dli!" o' 'ire shall *e prohi*ited duri!" the two middlemost parts o' day/time di(ided i!to 'our e)ual parts duri!" the summer. A 'i!e o' 5/8th o' a pana shall *e imposed 'or ki!dli!" 'ire at such a time. 4asters o' houses may carry o! cooki!" operatio!s outside their houses. >I' a house/ow!er is !ot 'ou!d to ha(e ready with him? 'i(e water/pots >pancha %hat.nm?, a kum&ha, a dr7na, a ladder, a! a1e, a wi!!owi!" *asket, a hook >such as is used to dri(e a! elepha!t?, pi!cers, >kacha%rhini?, a!d a leather *a" >driti?, he shall *e 'i!ed Zth o' a pana. &hey shall also remo(e thatched roo's. &hose who work *y 'ire >*lacksmiths? shall all to"ether li(e i! a si!"le locality. 3ach houseow!er shall e(er *e prese!t >at !i"ht? at the door o' his ow! house. Vessels 'illed with water shall *e kept i! thousa!ds i! a row without co!'usio! !ot o!ly i! *i" streets a!d at places where 'our roads meet *ut also i! 'ro!t o' the royal *uildi!"s >ra(apri%raheshu?. A!y house/ow!er who does !ot ru! to "i(e his help i! e1ti!"uishi!" the 'ire o' whate(er is *ur!i!" shall *e 'i!ed 5N panas, a!d a re!ter >avakrayi, i.e., o!e who has occupied a house 'or re!t? !ot ru!!i!" to e1ti!"uish 'ire shall *e 'i!ed 9 panas.

Bhoe(er carelessly sets 'ire >to a house? shall *e 'i!ed 6O panas, *ut he who i!te!tio!ally sets 'ire >to a house? shall *e throw! i!to 'ire. Bhoe(er throws dirt i! the street shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' 5/8th o' a pana, whoe(er causes mire or water to collect i! the street shall *e 'i!ed Zth o' a pana, whoe(er commits the a*o(e o''e!ces i! the ki!"'s road >r(amr%a? shall *e pu!ished with dou*le the a*o(e 'i!es. Bhoe(er e1cretes 'aeces i! places o' pil"rima"e, reser(oirs o' water, temples, a!d royal *uildi!"s shall *e pu!ished with 'i!es risi!" 'rom o!e pana a!d upwards i! the order o' the o''e!ces, *ut whe! such e1cretio!s are due to the use o' medici!e or to disease !o pu!ishme!t shall *e imposed. Bhoe(er throws i!side the city the carcass o' a!imals such as a cat, do", ma!"oose, a!d a s!ake shall *e 'i!ed M panas, o' a!imals such as a! ass, a camel, a mule, a!d cattle shall *e 'i!ed 9 panas, a!d huma! corpse shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' 67 panas. Bhe! a dead *ody is take! out o' a city throu"h a "ate other tha! the usual or prescri*ed o!e or throu"h a path other tha! the prescri*ed path, the 'irst amerceme!t shall *e imposed, a!d those who "uard the "ates >throu"h which the dead *ody is take! out? shall *e 'i!ed N77 panas. Bhe! a dead *ody is i!terred or cremated *eyo!d the *urial or crematio! "rou!ds, a 'i!e o' 5N panas shall *e imposed. &he i!ter(al *etwee! si1 nlikas >N N/6 hours? a'ter the 'all o' !i"ht a!d si1 nlikas *e'ore the daw! shall *e the period whe! a trumpet shall *e sou!ded prohi*iti!" the mo(eme!t o' the people. &he trumpet ha(i!" *ee! sou!ded, whoe(er mo(es i! the (ici!ity o' royal *uildi!"s duri!" the 'irst or the last yma >M hours @? o' the period shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' o!e pana a!d a )uarter, a!d duri!" the middlemost ymas, with dou*le the a*o(e 'i!e, a!d whoe(er mo(es outside >the royal *uildi!"s or the 'ort? shall *e pu!ished with 'our times the a*o(e 'i!e. Bhoe(er is arrested i! suspicious places or as the perpetrator o' a crimi!al act shall *e e1ami!ed. Bhoe(er mo(es i! the (ici!ity o' royal *uildi!"s or asce!ds the de'e!si(e 'orti'icatio!s o' the capital shall *e pu!ished with the middlemost amerceme!t. &hose who "o out at !i"ht i! order to atte!d to the work o' midwi'ery or medical treatme!t, or to carry o'' a dead *ody to the crematio! or *urial "rou!ds, or those who "o out with a lamp i! ha!d at !i"ht, as well as those who "o out to (isit the o''icer i! char"e o' the city, or to 'i!d out the cause o' a trumpet sou!d >turyapreksha?, or to e1ti!"uish the out*reak o' 'ire or u!der the authority o' a pass shall !ot *e arrested.

#uri!" the !i"hts o' 'ree mo(eme!t >chrartrishu? those who mo(e out u!der dis"uise, those who stir out thou"h 'or*idde! >pravar(itah?, as well as those who mo(e with clu*s a!d other weapo!s i! ha!d shall *e pu!ished i! proportio! to the "ra(ity o' their "uilt. &hose watchme! who stop whome(er they ou"ht !ot to stop, or do !ot stop whome(er they ou"ht to stop shall *e pu!ished with twice the amou!t o' 'i!e le(ied 'or u!timely mo(eme!t. Bhe! a watchma! has car!al co!!ectio! with a sla(e woma!, he shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t, with a 'ree woma! middlemost amerceme!t, with a woma! arrested 'or u!timely mo(eme!t, the hi"hest amerceme!t, a!d a woma! o' hi"h *irth >kulastr.?, he shall *e put to death. Bhe! the o''icer i! char"e o' the city >n%araka? does !ot make a report >to the ki!"? o' whate(er !octur!al !uisa!ce o' a!imate or i!a!imate !ature >chetan?chetana? has occurred, or whe! he shows careless!ess >i! the dischar"e o' his duty?, he shall *e pu!ished i! proportio! to the "ra(ity o' his crime. De shall make a daily i!spectio! o' reser(oirs o' water, o' roads, o' the hidde! passa"e 'or "oi!" out o' the city, o' 'orts, 'ortwalls, a!d other de'e!si(e works. De shall also keep i! his sa'e custody o' whate(er thi!"s he comes across as lost, 'or"otte! or le't *ehi!d *y others. +! the days to which the *irth star o' the ki!" is assi"!ed, as well as o! 'ull moo! days, such priso!ers as are you!", old, diseased, or helpless >antha? shall *e let out 'rom the jail >&andhan?%?ra?, or those who are o' charita*le dispositio! or who ha(e made a!y a"reeme!t with the priso!ers may li*erate them *y payi!" a! ade)uate ra!som. +!ce i! a day or o!ce i! 'i(e !i"hts, jails may *e emptied o' priso!ers i! co!sideratio! o' the work they ha(e do!e, or o' whippi!" i!'licted upo! them, or o' a! ade)uate ra!som paid *y them i! "old. Bhe!e(er a !ew cou!try is co!)uered, whe! a! heir appare!t is i!stalled o! the thro!e, or whe! a pri!ce is *or! to the ki!", priso!ers are usually set 'ree. :&hus e!ds hapter XXXVI, G&he #uty o' a ity %uperi!te!de!tH i! Book II, G&he #uties o' "o(er!me!t %uperi!te!de!ts,H o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the 'i'ty/ se(e!th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!". Bith this e!ds the %eco!d Book G&he #uties o' 2o(er!me!t %uperi!te!de!tsH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya.<

.rom: Kautilya. Arthashastra. &ra!slated *y A. %hamasastry. Ba!"alore: 2o(er!me!t -ress, 5Q56, 65/586.

Kautilya's Arthashastra: Book III, " o!cer!i!" ;aw"

CHAPTER I. DETER-INATION OF FOR-# OF AGREE-ENT4 DETER-INATION OF LEGAL DI#P.TE#. IF the cities o' %a!"raha!a, #ro!amukha, a!d %thC!Rya, a!d at places where districts meet, three mem*ers ac)uai!ted with %acred ;aw >dharmasthas? a!d three mi!isters o' the ki!" >amtyas? shall carry o! the admi!istratio! o' Kustice. >Valid and Invalid !ransactions.@ &hey shall hold as (oid a"reeme!ts >vyavahra? e!tered i!to i! seclusio!, i!side the houses, i! the dead o' !i"ht, i! 'orests, i! secret, or with 'raud. &he proposer a!d the accessory shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t :A 'i!e ra!"i!" 'rom O8 to Q9 panas is called 'irst amerceme!t, 'rom N77 to 677 panas, the middlemost, a!d 'rom 677 to 5,777 panas the hi"hest amerceme!t. %ee hap. XVII, Book III<, the wit!esses >srotri X (olu!tary hearers? shall each *e pu!ished with hal' o' the a*o(e 'i!e, a!d accepters shall su''er the loss they may ha(e sustai!ed. But a"reeme!ts e!tered i!to withi! the heari!" o' others, as well as those !ot otherwise co!dem!a*le shall *e (alid. &hose a"reeme!ts which relate to the di(isio! o' i!herita!ce, sealed or u!sealed deposits, or marria"e, or those i! which are co!cer!ed wome! who are either a''licted with disease or who do !ot stir out, as well as those e!tered i!to *y perso!s who are !ot k!ow! to *e o' u!sou!d mi!d shall *e (alid thou"h they mi"ht *e e!tered i!to i!side houses. &ra!sactio!s relati!" to ro**ery, duel, marria"e, or the e1ecutio! o' the ki!"'s order, as well as a"reeme!ts e!tered i!to *y perso!s who usually do their *usi!ess duri!" the 'irst part o' the !i"ht shall *e (alid thou"h they mi"ht *e do!e at !i"ht. Bith re"ard to those perso!s who li(e most part o' their li'e i! 'orests, whether as mercha!ts, cowherds, hermits, hu!ters, or spies, their a"reeme!ts thou"h e!tered i!to i! 'orests shall *e (alid. I' 'raudule!t a"reeme!ts, o!ly such shall *e (alid as are e!tered i!to *y spies. A"reeme!ts e!tered i!to *y mem*ers o' a!y associatio! amo!" themsel(es shall *e (alid thou"h e!tered i!to i! pri(ate.

%uch a"reeme!ts >i.e.2 those e!tered i!to i! seclusio!, etc.? e1cept as detailed a*o(e shall *e (oid. %o also a"reeme!ts e!tered i!to *y depe!de!t or u!authorised perso!s, such as a 'ather's mother, a so!, a 'ather ha(i!" a so!, a! outcast *rother, the you!"est *rother o' a 'amily o' u!di(ided i!terests, a wi'e ha(i!" her hus*a!d or so!, a sla(e, a hired la*ourer, a!y perso! who is too you!" or too old to carry o! *usi!ess, a co!(ict >a&hisasta?, a cripple, or a! a''licted perso!, shall !ot *e (alid. But it would *e otherwise i' he were authorised. 3(e! a"reeme!ts e!tered i!to *y a! authorised perso! shall *e (oid i' he was at the time >o' maki!" the a"reeme!ts? u!der pro(ocatio!, a!1iety, or i!to1icatio!, or i' he was a lu!atic or a hau!ted perso!. I! all these cases, the proposer, his accessory, a!d wit!esses shall each *e pu!ished as speci'ied a*o(e. But such a"reeme!ts as are e!tered i!to i! perso! *y a!y o!e with others o' his ow! commu!ity i! suita*le place a!d time are (alid pro(ided the circumsta!ces, the !ature, the descriptio!, a!d the )ualities o' the case are credi*le. %uch a"reeme!ts with the e1ceptio! o' orders >AdesaXpro*a*ly a *ill o' e1cha!"e? a!d hypothecatio!s may *e *i!di!" thou"h e!tered i!to *y a third perso!. &hus the determi!atio! o' the 'orms o' a"reeme!t. >!he !rial.@ &he year, the seaso!, the mo!th, the 'ort!i"ht >paksha?, the date, the !ature a!d place o' the deed, the amou!t o' the de*t as well as the cou!try, the reside!ce, the caste, the %otra, the !ame a!d occupatio! o' *oth the plai!ti'' a!d the de'e!da!t *oth o' whom must *e 'it to sue a!d de'e!d >kritasamarthvasthayoh?, ha(i!" *ee! re"istered 'irst, the stateme!ts o' the parties shall *e take! dow! i! such order as is re)uired *y the case. &hese stateme!ts shall the! *e thorou"hly scruti!ised. >!he offence of *arokta.@ ;ea(i!" out the )uestio! at issue, either o' the parties takes resort to a!other, his pre(ious stateme!t is !ot co!siste!t with his su*se)ue!t o!e, he i!sists o! the !ecessity o' co!sideri!" the opi!io! o' a third perso!, thou"h it is !ot worthy o' a!y such co!sideratio!, ha(i!" comme!ced to a!swer the )uestio! at issue, he *reaks o'' at o!ce, e(e! thou"h he is ordered to co!ti!ue, he i!troduces )uestio!s other tha! those speci'ied *y himsel', he withdraws his ow! stateme!t, he does !ot accept what his ow! wit!esses ha(e deposed to, a!d he holds secret co!(ersatio! with his wit!esses where he ou"ht !ot to do so. &hese co!stitute the o''e!ce o' *arokta.

>*unishment for *arokta.@ .i!e 'or parokta is 'i(e times the amou!t >paroktadandah pancha&andah?. .i!e 'or sel' assertio! >svayamvdi X asserti!" without e(ide!ce? is te! times the amou!t >dasa&andha.? >*ayments for 3itnesses.@ .ees 'or wit!esses >purusha&hritih? shall co(er 5/8th o' the amou!t >astn%a?. -ro(isio! proportio!al to the amou!t sued 'or may also *e made 'or the e1pe!ses i!curred *y wit!esses i! their jour!ey. &he de'eated party shall pay these two ki!ds o' costs. >)ountersuits.@ I! cases other tha! duel, ro**ery, as well as disputes amo!" mercha!ts or trade/ "uilds, the de'e!da!t shall 'ile !o cou!tercase a"ai!st the plai!ti''. For ca! there *e a cou!tercase 'or the de'e!da!t. >Ad(ournments.@ &he plai!ti'' shall >Irejoi!J? reply soo! a'ter the de'e!da!t has a!swered the )uestio!s at issue. 3lse he shall *e "uilty o' parokta, 'or the plai!ti'' k!ows the determi!i!" 'actors o' the case. But the de'e!da!t does !ot do so. &he de'e!da!t may *e allowed three or se(e! !i"hts to prepare his de'e!ce. I' he is !ot ready with his de'e!ce withi! that time, he shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e ra!"i!" 'rom M to 5N panas. I' he does !ot a!swer e(e! a'ter three 'ort!i"hts, he shall *e 'i!ed 'or parokta, a!d the plai!ti'' shall reco(er out o' the de'e!da!t's property the amou!t o' the case. But i' the plai!ti'' sues 'or a mere retur! o' "ratitude >pratyupakarana?, the! !o >decree shall *e passed?. &he same pu!ishme!t shall *e meted out to such o' the de'e!da!ts as 'ail i! their de'e!ce. I' the plai!ti'' 'ails to pro(e his case, he shall >also? *e "uilty o' parokta. I' he 'ails to su*sta!tiate his case a"ai!st a dead or diseased de'e!da!t, he shall pay a 'i!e a!d per'orm the >'u!eral? ceremo!ies o' the de'e!da!t, as determi!ed *y the wit!esses. I' he pro(es his case, he may *e permitted to take possessio! o' the property hypothecated to him. But i' he is !ot a Brhman, he may, o! his 'ailure to pro(e his case, *e caused to per'orm such ceremo!ials as dri(e out demo!s >raksho%hna rakshitakam.? ` I! (irtue o' his power to uphold the o*ser(a!ce o' the respecti(e duties o' the 'our castes a!d o' the 'our di(isio!s o' reli"ious li'e, a!d i! (irtue o' his power to "uard

a"ai!st the (iolatio! o' the Dharmas, the ki!" is the 'ou!tai! o' justice >dharmapravartaka.? ` %acred law >Dharma?, e(ide!ce >Vyavahra?, history >)haritra?, a!d edicts o' ki!"s >'(assana? are the 'our le"s o' ;aw. +' these 'our i! order, the later is superior to the o!e pre(iously !amed. ` Dharma is eter!al truth holdi!" its sway o(er the world, Vyavahra, e(ide!ce, is i! wit!esses, )haritra, history, is to *e 'ou!d i! the traditio! >san%raha?, o' the people, a!d the order o' ki!"s is what is called ssana. ` As the duty o' a ki!" co!sists i! protecti!" his su*jects with justice, its o*ser(a!ce leads him to hea(e!. De who does !ot protect his people or upsets the social order wields his royal sceptre >danda? i! (ai!. ` It is power a!d power >danda? alo!e which, o!ly whe! e1ercised *y the ki!" with impartiality a!d i! proportio! to "uilt either o(er his so! or his e!emy, mai!tai!s *oth this world a!d the !e1t. ` &he ki!" who admi!isters justice i! accorda!ce with sacred law >Dharma?, e(ide!ce >vyavahra?, history >samsth? a!d edicts o' ki!"s >Nyya? which is the 'ourth will *e a*le to co!)uer the whole world *ou!ded *y the 'our )uarters >)haturantm mah.m?. ` Bhe!e(er there is disa"reeme!t *etwee! history a!d sacred law or *etwee! e(ide!ce a!d sacred law, the! the matter shall *e settled i! accorda!ce with sacred law. ` But whe!e(er sacred law >sstra? is co!'lict with ratio!al law >DharmanyyaXki!"s' law?, the! reaso! shall *e held authoritati(e, 'or there the ori"i!al te1t >o! which the sacred law has *ee! *ased? is !ot a(aila*le. ` %el'/assertio! >svayamvda? o! the part o' either o' the parties has o'te! *ee! 'ou!d 'aulty. 31ami!atio! >anuyo%a?, ho!esty >r(ava?, e(ide!ce >hetu? a!d asse(eratio! *y oath >sapatha?///these alo!e ca! e!a*le a ma! to wi! his cause. ` Bhe!e(er *y mea!s o' the depositio! o' wit!esses, the stateme!ts o' either o' the parties are 'ou!d co!tradictory, a!d whe!e(er the cause o' either o' the parties is 'ou!d throu"h the ki!"'s spies to *e 'alse, the! the decree shall *e passed a"ai!st that party. :&hus e!ds hapter I, G#etermi!atio! o' 'orms o' A"reeme!t, #etermi!atio! o' ;e"al #isputesH i! Book III, G o!cer!i!" ;aw,H o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the 'i'ty/ei"hth chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER II. CONCERNING -ARRIAGE. THE D.T/ OF -ARRIAGE5 THE PROPERT/ OF A +O-AN5 AND CO-PEN#ATION# FOR RE-ARRIAGE. 4AAAIA23 precedes the other calls o' li'e >vyavahra.? &he "i(i!" i! marria"e o' a maide! well/ador!ed is called Brhma/marria"e. &he joi!t/per'orma!ce o' sacred duties >*y a ma! a!d a woma!? is k!ow! as pr(patya marria"e. >&he "i(i!" i! marria"e o' a maide!? 'or a couple o' cows is called Arsha. >&he "i(i!" i! marria"e o' a maide!? to a! o''iciati!" priest i! a sacri'ice is called Daiva. &he (olu!tary u!io! o' a maide! with her lo(er is called <ndharva. 2i(i!" a maide! a'ter recei(i!" ple!ty o' wealth >s0lka? is termed Asura. &he a*ductio! o' a maide! is called 'kshasa. &he a*ductio! o' a maide! while she is asleep a!d i! i!to1icatio! is called *aischa marrai"e. +' these, the 'irst 'our are a!cestral customs o' old a!d are (alid o! their *ei!" appro(ed o' *y the 'ather. &he rest are to *e sa!ctio!ed *y *oth the 'ather a!d the mother, 'or it is they that recei(e the mo!ey >s0lka? paid *y the *ride"room 'or their dau"hter. I! case o' the a*se!ce *y death o' either the 'ather or the mother, the sur(i(or will recei(e the s0lka. I' *oth o' them are dead, the maide! hersel' shall recei(e it. A!y ki!d o' marria"e is appro(a*le, pro(ided it pleases all those >that are co!cer!ed i! it.? >*roperty of 3omen.@ 4ea!s o' su*siste!ce >vritti? or jewellery >&adhya? co!stitutes what is called the property o' a woma!. 4ea!s o' su*siste!ce (alued at a*o(e two thousa!d shall *e e!dowed >o! her !ame?. &here is !o limit to jewellery. It is !o "uilt 'or the wi'e to make use o' this property i! mai!tai!i!" her so!, her dau"hter/i!/law or hersel' whe!e(er her a*se!t hus*a!d has made !o pro(isio! 'or her mai!te!a!ce. I! calamities, disease a!d 'ami!e, i! wardi!" o'' da!"ers a!d i! charita*le acts, the hus*a!d, too, may make use o' this property. Feither shall there *e a!y complai!t a"ai!st the e!joyme!t o' this property *y mutual co!se!t *y a couple who ha(e *rou"ht 'orth a twi!. For shall there *e a!y complai!t i' this property has *ee! e!joyed 'or three years *y those who are wedded i! accorda!ce with the customs o' the 'irst 'our ki!ds o' marria"e. But the e!joyme!t o' this property i! the cases o' <ndharva a!d Asura marria"es shall *e lia*le to *e restored to"ether with i!terest o! it. I! the case o' such marria"es as are called 'kshasa a!d *aisacha, the use o' this property shall *e dealt with as the't. &hus the duty o' marria"e is dealt with. +! the death o' her hus*a!d a woma!, desirous to lead a pious li'e, shall at o!ce recei(e !ot o!ly her e!dowme!t a!d jewellery >sthpy&haranam?, *ut also the *ala!ce o' s0lka due to her. I' *oth o' these two thi!"s are !ot actually i! her possessio!, thou"h !omi!ally "i(e! to her, she shall at o!ce recei(e *oth o' them to"ether with i!terest >o! their (alue.? I' she is desirous o' a seco!d marria"e >kutum&akma?, she shall *e "i(e! o! the occasio! o' her remarria"e >nivesakle? whate(er either her 'ather/i!/law or her hus*a!d or *oth had "i(e! to her. &he time at which wome! ca! remarry shall *e e1plai!ed i! co!!ectio! with the su*ject o' lo!" sojour! o' hus*a!ds.

I' a widow marries a!y ma! other tha! o' her 'ather/i!/law's selectio! >svasuraprtilo/ myenanivisht?, she shall 'or'eit whate(er had *ee! "i(e! to her *y her 'ather/i!/law a!d her hus*a!d. &he ki!sme! >%ntis? o' a woma! shall retur! to her whate(er property o' her ow! she had placed i! their custody. Bhoe(er justly takes a woma! u!der his protectio! shall e)ually protect her property. Fo woma! shall succeed i! her attempt to esta*lish her title to the property o' her hus*a!d. I' she li(es a pious li'e, she may e!joy it >dharmakm &hun(.ta?. Fo woma! with a so! or so!s shall *e at li*erty to make 'ree use o' her ow! property >str.dhana?, 'or that property o' hers her so!s shall recei(e. I' a woma! attempts to take possessio! o' her ow! property u!der the plea o' mai!tai!i!" her so!s, she shall *e made to e!dow it i! their !ame. I' a woma! has ma!y male childre!, the! she shall co!ser(e her ow! property i! the same co!ditio! as she had recei(ed 'rom her hus*a!d. 3(e! that property which has *ee! "i(e! her with 'ull powers o' e!joyme!t a!d disposal she shall e!dow i! the !ame o' her so!s. A *arre! widow who is 'aith'ul to the *ed o' her dead hus*a!d may, u!der the protectio! o' her teacher, e!joy her property as lo!" as she li(es: 'or it is to ward o'' calamities that wome! are e!dowed with property. +! her death, her property shall pass i!to the ha!ds o' her ki!sme! >dyda?. I' the hus*a!d is ali(e a!d the wi'e is dead, the! her so!s a!d dau"hters shall di(ide her property amo!" themsel(es. I' there are !o so!s, her dau"hters shall ha(e it. I! their a*se!ce her hus*a!d shall take that amou!t o' mo!ey >s0lka? which he had "i(e! her, a!d her relati(es shall retake whate(er i! the shape o' "i't or dowry they had prese!ted her. &hus the determi!atio! o' the property o' a woma! is dealt with. >'e/marria%e of Males.@ I' a woma! either *ri!"s 'orth !o >li(e? childre!, or has !o male issue, or is *arre!, her hus*a!d shall wait 'or ei"ht years, >*e'ore marryi!" a!other?. I' she *ears o!ly a dead child, he has to wait 'or te! years. I' she *ri!"s 'orth o!ly 'emales, he has to wait 'or twel(e years. &he! i' he is desirous to ha(e so!s, he may marry a!other. I! case o' (iolati!" this rule, he shall *e made to pay her !ot o!ly sulka, her property >str.dhana? a!d a! ade)uate mo!etary compe!satio! >dhivedanikamartham?, *ut also a 'i!e o' NO panas to the 2o(er!me!t. Da(i!" "i(e! the !ecessary amou!t o' sulka a!d property >str.dhana? e(e! to those wome! who ha(e !ot recei(ed such thi!"s o! the occasio! o' their marria"e with him, a!d also ha(i!" "i(e! his wi(es the proportio!ate compe!satio! a!d a! ade)uate su*siste!ce >vritti?, he may marry a!y !um*er o' wome!, 'or wome! are created 'or the sake o' so!s. I' ma!y or all o' them are at the same time i! me!ses, he shall lie with that woma! amo!" them, whom he married earlier or who has a li(i!" so!. I! case o' his co!ceali!" the 'act o' her *ei!" i! me!ses or !e"lecti!" to lie with a!y o' them a'ter her me!ses, he shall pay a 'i!e o' Q9 panas. +' wome! who either ha(e so!s or are pious or *arre!, or *ri!" 'orth o!ly a dead child or are *eyo!d the a"e o'

me!struatio!, !o!e shall *e associated with a"ai!st her liki!". I' a ma! has !o i!cli!atio!, he may !ot lie with his wi'e who is either a''licted with leprosy or is a lu!atic. But i' a woma! is desirous o' ha(i!" so!s, she may lie with me! su''eri!" 'rom such disease. ` I' a hus*a!d either is o' *ad character or is lo!" "o!e a*road or has *ecome a traitor to his ki!" or is likely to e!da!"er the li'e o' his wi'e or has 'alle! 'rom his caste or has lost (irility, he may *e a*a!do!ed *y his wi'e. :&hus e!ds hapter II, G&he #uty o' 4arria"e, the -roperty o' a Boma!, a!d ompe!satio! 'or Aemarria"e,H i! Book III, G o!cer!i!" ;aw,H o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the 'i'ty/!i!th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER III. THE D.T/ OF A +IFE4 -AINTENANCE OF A +O-AN4 CR.ELT/ TO +O-EN4 EN-IT/ BET+EEN H.#BAND AND +IFE4 A +IFE0s TRAN#GRE##ION4 HER KINDNE## TO ANOTHER4 AND FORBIDDEN TRAN#ACTION#. B+43F, whe! twel(e years old, attai! their majority >prptavyavahra? a!d me! whe! si1tee! years old. I' a'ter attai!i!" their majority, they pro(e diso*edie!t to law'ul authority >asusr0shym?, wome! shall *e 'i!ed 56 pa!as a!d me!, twice the amou!t. >Maintenance of a ;oman.@ A woma! who has a ri"ht to claim mai!te!a!ce 'or a! u!limited period o' time shall *e "i(e! as much 'ood a!d clothi!" >%rsacchdana? as is !ecessary 'or her or more tha! is !ecessary i! proportio! to the i!come o' the mai!tai!er >yatha/purushaparivpam v?. I' the period >'or which such thi!"s are to *e "i(e! to her? is limited, the! a certai! amou!t o' mo!ey 'i1ed i! proportio! to the i!come o' the mai!tai!er shall *e "i(e! to her, so also i' she has !ot *ee! "i(e! her sulka, property, a!d compe!satio! >due to her 'or allowi!" her hus*a!d to remarry?. I' a'ter parti!" with her hus*a!d, she places hersel' u!der the protectio! o' a!y o!e *elo!"i!" to her 'ather/i!/lawJs 'amily >svasrakula?, or i' she *e"i!s to li(e i!depe!de!tly, the! her hus*a!d shall !ot *e sued 'or >'or her mai!te!a!ce?. &hus the determi!atio! o' mai!te!a!ce is dealt with. >)ruelty to ;omen.@ Bome! o' re'racti(e !ature shall *e tau"ht ma!!ers *y usi!" such "e!eral e1pressio!s as I&hou, hal' !aked, thou, 'ully !aked, thou, cripple, thou, 'atherless, thou, motherless, >na%ne vina%ne nyan%e pitrke matrke vina%ne ityanirdesena vinaya%rahanam?. +r three *eats either with a *am*oo/*ark or with a rope or with the palm o' the ha!d may *e "i(e! o! her hips. Violatio! o' the a*o(e rules shall *e lia*le to hal' the pu!ishme!t le(ied 'or de'amatio! a!d crimi!al hurt. &he same ki!d o' pu!ishme!t shall *e meted out to a woma! who, mo(ed with jealousy or hatred, shows

cruelty to her hus*a!d. -u!ishme!ts 'or e!"a"i!" i! sports at the door o', or outside her hus*a!d's house shall *e as dealt with elsewhere. &hus cruelty to wome! is dealt with. >,nmity &et;een hus&and and ;ife.@ A woma!, who hates her hus*a!d, who has passed the period o' se(e! tur!s o' her me!ses, a!d who lo(es a!other shall immediately retur! to her hus*a!d *oth the e!dowme!t a!d jewellery she has recei(ed 'rom him, a!d allow him to lie dow! with a!other woma!. A ma!, hati!" his wi'e, shall allow her to take shelter i! the house o' a me!dica!t woma!, or o' her law'ul "uardia!s or o' her ki!sme!. I' a ma! 'alsely accuses his wi'e o' adultery with o!e o' her or his ki!sme! or with a spy//a! accusatio! which ca! o!ly *e pro(ed *y eyewit!esses >drishtilin%e?//or 'alsely accuses her o' her i!te!tio! to depri(e him o' her compa!y, he shall pay a 'i!e o' 5N panas. A woma!, hati!" her hus*a!d, ca! !ot dissol(e her marria"e with him a"ai!st his will. For ca! a ma! dissol(e his marria"e with his wi'e a"ai!st her will. But 'rom mutual e!mity, di(orce may *e o*tai!ed >parasparam dveshnmokshah?. I' a ma!, apprehe!di!" da!"er 'rom his wi'e desires di(orce >mokshamichhet?, he shall retur! to her whate(er she was "i(e! >o! the occasio! o' her marria"e?. I' a woma!, u!der the apprehe!sio! o' da!"er 'rom her hus*a!d, desires di(orce, she shall 'or'eit her claim to her property, marria"es co!tracted i! accorda!ce with the customs o' the 'irst 'our ki!ds o' marria"es ca!!ot *e dissol(ed. >!rans%ression.@ I' a woma! e!"a"es hersel' i! amorous sports, or dri!ki!" i! the 'ace o' a! order to the co!trary, she shall *e 'i!ed M panas. %he shall pay a 'i!e o' 9 panas 'or "oi!" out at day time to sports or to see a woma! or spectacles. %he shall pay a 'i!e o' 5N panas i' she "oes out to see a!other ma! or 'or sports. .or the same o''e!ces committed at !i"ht, the 'i!es shall *e dou*led. I' a woma! a*ducts a!other woma! while the latter is asleep or u!der i!to1icatio! >suptamatta/pravra(ane?, or i' she dra"s her hus*a!d as 'ar as the door o' the house, she shall *e 'i!ed 5N panas. I' a woma! lea(es her house at !i"ht, she shall pay dou*le the a*o(e 'i!e. I' a ma! a!d a woma! make si"!s to each other with a (iew to se!sual e!joyme!t, or carry o! secret co!(ersatio! >'or the same purpose?, the woma! shall pay a 'i!e o' NO panas, a!d the ma!, dou*le the amou!t. A woma!, holdi!" out her hair, the tie o' her dress rou!d her loi!s, her teeth or her !ails, shall pay the 'irst amerceme!t, a!d a ma!, doi!" the same, twice the 'irst amerceme!t. .or holdi!" co!(ersatio! i! suspicious places, whips may *e su*stituted 'or 'i!es. I! the ce!tre o' the (illa"e, a! outcaste perso! >chandla? may whip such wome! 'i(e times o! each o' the sides o' their *ody. %he may "et rid o' *ei!" whipped *y payi!" a pana 'or each whip >panikam v praharam mokshayet?. &hus tra!s"ressio! is dealt with. >8or&idden transactions.@ Bith re"ard to a ma! a!d a woma! who, thou"h 'or*idde! to carry o! a!y mutual tra!sactio!, help each other, the woma! shall *e 'i!ed 5N, NO a!d 6O panas respecti(ely accordi!" as the help co!sists o' >i? small thi!"s, o' >ii? hea(y thi!"s a!d >iii? o' "old or

"old/coi! >hiranyasuvarnayoh?, a!d the ma!, at dou*le the a*o(e rates. Bith re"ard to similar tra!sactio! *etwee! a ma! a!d a woma! who ca!!ot mi1 with each other >a%amvayoh?, hal' o' the a*o(e pu!ishme!t shall *e le(ied. %imilar pu!ishme!t shall *e meted out 'or a!y 'or*idde! tra!sactio! with a!y me!. &hus 'or*idde! tra!sactio!s are dealt with. ` &reaso!, tra!s"ressio! a!d wa!deri!" at will shall depri(e a woma! o' her claim !ot o!ly to >i? str.dhana, some 'orm o' su*siste!ce o' a*o(e N,777 panas a!d jewellery, >ii? a!d hita, compe!satio! she may ha(e o*tai!ed 'or allowi!" her hus*a!d to marry a!other woma!, *ut also >iii? to sulka, mo!ey which her pare!ts may ha(e recei(ed 'rom her hus*a!d. :&hus e!ds hapter III, G&he #uty o' a Bi'e, 4ai!te!a!ce o' a Boma!, 3!mity *etwee! Dus*a!d a!d Bi'e, a Bi'e's &ra!s"ressio!, a!d .or*idde! &ra!sactio!sH i! the sectio! G o!cer!i!" 4arria"e,H i! Book III, G o!cer!i!" ;awH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the si1tieth chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER I'. 'AGRANC/5 ELOPE-ENT AND #HORT AND LONG #O6O.RN-ENT#. I. u!der a!y other e1cuse tha! da!"er, a woma! "ets out o' her hus*a!d's house, she shall *e 'i!ed 9 panas. I' she "ets out a"ai!st the order >o' her hus*a!d? to the co!trary, she shall *e 'i!ed 5N panas. I' she "oes *eyo!d her !ei"h*ouri!" house >prativesa%rihati%atyah?, she shall *e 'i!ed 9 pa!as. I' she allows i!to her house her !ei"h*our, takes i!to her house the alms o' a!y me!dica!t, or the mercha!dise o' a!y mercha!t, she shall *e 'i!ed 5N panas. I' she deals as a*o(e thou"h e1pressly 'or*idde!, she shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t. I' she "oes out *eyo!d the surrou!di!" houses >pari%rihti%atyam?, she shall *e 'i!ed NO panas. I' u!der a!y other e1cuse tha! da!"er, she takes i!to her house the wi'e o' a!other ma!, she shall *e 'i!ed 577 panas. But she will !ot *e "uilty i' the e!tra!ce is e''ected without her k!owled"e or a"ai!st her orders to the co!trary. 4y teacher says://Bith a (iew to a(oid da!"er, it is !o o''e!ce 'or wome! to "o to a!y male perso! who is a ki!sma! o' her hus*a!d, or is a rich a!d prosperous "e!tlema! >sukhvastha?, or is the head/ma! o' the (illa"e or is o!e o' her "uardia!s >anvdhikula?, or who *elo!"s to the 'amily o' a me!dica!t woma!, or to a!y o!e o' her ow! ki!sme!. But Kautilya )uestio!s ://Dow is it possi*le 'or "ood wome! >sdhv.(ana? to k!ow at least this 'act that the 'amily o' her ow! ki!sme! co!sisti!" o' a !um*er o' males is "ood@ It is !o o''e!ce 'or wome! to "o to the houses o' ki!sme! u!der the circumsta!ces o' death, disease, calamities, a!d co!'i!eme!t o' wome!. Bhoe(er pre(e!ts her "oi!" u!der such circumsta!ces, shall *e 'i!ed 5N panas. I' a woma! co!ceals hersel' u!der such circumsta!ces, she shall 'or'eit her e!dowme!t. I' her ki!sme! co!ceal her >with a (iew to e1empt her 'rom "i(i!" her aid u!der such circumsta!ces?, they shall lose the

*ala!ce o' sulka, mo!ey due to them 'rom her hus*a!d 'or "i(i!" her i! marria"e. &hus (a"ra!cy is dealt with. >,lopement or )riminal 'ende1vous.@ I' lea(i!" her hus*a!d's house, a woma! "oes to a!other (illa"e, she shall !ot o!ly pay a 'i!e o' 5N panas, *ut also 'or'eit her e!dowme!t a!d jewels >sthpy&haranalopascha?. I' u!der a!y other e1cuse tha! recei(i!" her su*siste!ce or pil"rima"e >&harmdnatirtha%aman&hymanyatra?, a woma! "oes to a!y other place e(e! i! compa!y with a! associa*le ma!, she shall !ot o!ly pay a 'i!e o' NO panas, *ut also lose all ki!ds o' social pri(ile"es >sarvadharmalopascha?. But the ma! who allows such a woma! to accompa!y him i! his jour!ey shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t. I' *oth o' them >ma!, a!d woma!? ha(e similar ideals i! li'e >tulyasreyasoh? a!d are o' si!'ul li'e >ppiyasoh?, each o' them shall *e pu!ished with the middle/most amerceme!t. I' he whom a woma! accompa!ies i! her jour!ey is her !ear relati(e, he shall !ot *e pu!ished. I' a relati(e allows a woma! to accompa!y him, thou"h he is 'or*idde!, he shall *e pu!ished with hal' the a*o(e 'i!e >middlemost amerceme!t?. I' o! a road, or i! the middle o' a 'orest, or i! a!y other co!cealed places a woma! 'alls i!to the compa!y o' a!y other ma!, or i', with a (iew to e!joyme!t, she accompa!ies a suspicious or 'or*idde! ma!, she shall *e "uilty o' elopeme!t >san%rahanam vidyt?. It is !o o''e!ce 'or wome! to 'all i!to the compa!y o' actors, players, si!"ers, 'isherme!, hu!ters, herdsme!, (i!t!ers, or perso!s o' a!y other ki!d who usually tra(el with their wome!. I' a ma! takes a woma! with him o! his jour!ey, thou"h 'or*idde! to do so, or i' a woma! accompa!ies a ma! thou"h she is 'or*idde! to do so, hal' o' the a*o(e 'i!es shall *e meted out to them. &hus elopeme!t is dealt with. >'e/marria%e of ;omen.@ Bi(es who *elo!" to S0dra, Vaisya, Kshatriya or Brhman caste, a!d who ha(e !ot "i(e! *irth to childre! should wait as lo!" as a year 'or their hus*a!ds who ha(e "o!e a*road 'or a short time, *ut i' they are such as ha(e "i(e! *irth to childre!, they should wait 'or their a*se!t hus*a!ds 'or more tha! a year. I' they are pro(ided with mai!te!a!ce, they should wait 'or twice the period o' time just me!tio!ed. I' they are !ot so pro(ided with, their well/to/do %ntis should mai!tai! them either 'or 'our or ei"ht years. &he! the %ntis should lea(e them to marry a'ter taki!" what had *ee! prese!ted to them o! the occasio! o' their marria"es. I' the hus*a!d is a Brhman, studyi!" a*road, his wi'e who has !o issue should wait 'or him 'or te! years, *ut i' she has "i(e! *irth to childre!, she should wait 'or twel(e years. I' the hus*a!d is o' Kshatriya caste, his wi'e should wait 'or him till her death, *ut e(e! i' she *ears childre! to a savarna hus*a!d, >i.e., a seco!d hus*a!d *elo!"i!" to the same %otra as that o' the 'ormer hus*a!d? with a (iew to a(oid the e1ti!ctio! o' her race, she shall !ot *e lia*le to co!tempt thereo' >savarnatascha pra(t n pavdam la&heta?. I' the wi'e o' a! a*se!t hus*a!d lacks mai!te!a!ce a!d is deserted *y well/to/do %ntis, she may remarry o!e whom she likes a!d who is i! a positio! to mai!tai! her a!d relie(e her misery.

A you!" wi'e >kumr.? who is wedded i! accorda!ce with the customs o' the 'irst 'our ki!ds o' marria"e >dharmavivht?, a!d whose hus*a!d has "o!e a*road a!d is heard o' shall wait 'or him 'or the period o' se(e! me!ses >saptatirthnyknksheta?, pro(ided she has !ot pu*licly a!!ou!ced his !ame, *ut she shall wait 'or him a year i! case o' her ha(i!" a!!ou!ced the !ame o' her a*se!t hus*a!d who is heard o'. I! the case o' a hus*a!d who is "o!e a*road *ut who is !ot heard o', his wi'e shall wait 'or the period o' 'i(e me!ses, *ut i' the a*se!t hus*a!d is !ot heard o', his wi'e shall wait 'or him 'or the period o' te! me!ses. I! the case o' a hus*a!d who is "o!e a*road a!d is !ot heard o', his wi'e shall, i' she has recei(ed o!ly a part o' sulka 'rom him, wait 'or him 'or the period o' three me!ses, *ut i' he is heard o', she shall wait 'or him 'or the period o' se(e! me!ses. A you!" wi'e who has recei(ed the whole amou!t o' sulka shall wait 'or the period o' 'i(e me!ses 'or her a*se!t hus*a!d who is !ot heard o', *ut i' he is heard o', she shall wait 'or him 'or the period o' te! me!ses. &he! with the permissio! o' jud"es >dharma/sthairvisrisht?, she may marry o!e whom she likes, 'or !e"lect o' i!tercourse with wi'e a'ter her mo!thly a*lutio! is, i! the opi!io! o' Kautilya, a (iolatio! o' o!e's duty >tirthoparodho hi dharmavadha iti Kautilyah?. I! the case o' hus*a!ds who ha(e lo!" "o!e a*road >dir%rhapravsinah?, who ha(e *ecome ascetics, or who ha(e *ee! dead, their wi(es, ha(i!" !o issue, shall wait 'or them 'or the period o' se(e! me!ses, *ut i' they ha(e "i(e! *irth to childre!, they shall wait 'or a year. &he! >each o' these wome!? may marry the *rother o' her hus*a!d. I' there are a !um*er o' *rothers to her lost hus*a!d, she shall marry such a o!e o' them as is !e1t i! a"e to her 'ormer hus*a!d, or as is (irtuous a!d is capa*le o' protecti!" her, or o!e who is the you!"est a!d u!married. I' there are !o *rothers to her lost hus*a!d, she may marry o!e who *elo!"s to the same %otra as her hus*a!d's or relati(e. But i' there are ma!y such perso!s as ca! *e selected i! marria"e, she shall choose o!e who is a !earer relatio! o' her lost hus*a!d. ` I' a woma! (iolates the a*o(e rule *y remarryi!" o!e who is !ot a ki!sma! >dyda? o' her hus*a!d, the! the woma! a!d the ma! who remarry each other, those that ha(e "i(e! her i! remarria"e a!d those who ha(e "i(e! their co!se!t to it shall all *e lia*le to the pu!ishme!t 'or elopeme!t. :&hus e!ds hapter IV, GVa"ra!cy, 3lopeme!t, a!d %hort a!d ;o!" %ojour!me!ts,H i! the sectio! G o!cer!i!" 4arria"eH i! Book III, G o!cer!i!" ;awH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the %ectio! G o!cer!i!" 4arria"eH. 3!d o' the si1ty/'irst chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER '. DI'I#ION OF INHERITANCE. %+F% whose 'athers a!d mothers or a!cestors are ali(e ca!!ot *e i!depe!de!t >an.svarah?. A'ter their time, di(isio! o' a!cestral property amo!" desce!da!ts 'rom the same a!cestor shall take place, calculati!" per sterpes >accordi!" to 'athers?.

%el'/ac)uired property o' a!y o' the so!s with the e1ceptio! o' that ki!d o' property which is ear!ed *y mea!s o' pare!tal property is !ot di(isi*le. %o!s or "ra!dso!s till the 'ourth "e!eratio! 'rom the 'irst pare!t shall also ha(e prescri*ed shares >amsa&h(ah? i! that property which is ac)uired *y mea!s o' their u!di(ided a!cestral property, 'or the li!e >pindah? as 'ar as the 'ourth "e!eratio! is u!i!terrupted >avichchhinnah?. But those whose li!e or "e!ealo"y 'rom the 'irst a!cestor is i!terrupted >vichchhinnapindh, i.e., those who are su*se)ue!t to the 'ourth "e!eratio!?, shall ha(e e)ual di(isio!s. &hose who ha(e *ee! li(i!" to"ether shall redi(ide their property whether they had already di(ided their a!cestral property *e'ore or they had recei(ed !o such property at all. +' so!s, he who *ri!"s the a!cestral property to a prosperous co!ditio! shall also ha(e a share o' the pro'it. I' a ma! has !o male issue, his ow! *rothers, or perso!s who ha(e *ee! li(i!" with him, >saha (.vino v?, shall take possessio! o' his mo(a*le property >dravyam?, a!d his dau"hters, >*or! o' marria"es other tha! the 'irst 'our?, shall ha(e his immo(a*le property >riktham?. I' o!e has so!s, they shall ha(e the property, i' o!e has >o!ly? dau"hters *or! o' such marria"e as is co!tracted i! accorda!ce with the customs o' a!y o' the 'irst 'our ki!ds o' marria"e, they shall ha(e the property, i' there are !either so!s !or such dau"hters, the dead ma!'s 'ather, i' li(i!", shall ha(e it, i' he, too, is !ot ali(e, the dead ma!'s *rothers a!d the so!s o' his *rothers shall ha(e it, i' there are ma!y 'atherless *rothers, all o' them shall di(ide it, a!d each o' the ma!y so!s o' such *rothers shall ha(e o!e share due to his 'ather >piturekamamsam?, i' the *rothers >sodarya? are the so!s o' ma!y 'athers, they shall di(ide it calculati!" 'rom their 'athers. Amo!" a dead ma!'s 'ather, *rother, a!d *rother's so!s, the succeedi!" o!es shall depe!d o! the precedi!" o!es i' li(i!" >'or their shares?, likewise the you!"est or the eldest claimi!" his ow! share. A 'ather, distri*uti!" his property while he is ali(e, shall make !o disti!ctio! i! di(idi!" it amo!" his so!s. For shall a 'ather depri(e without su''icie!t reaso! a!y o' the so!s o' his share. .ather *ei!" dead, the elder so!s shall show 'a(our to the you!"er o!es, i' the latter are !ot o' *ad character. >!ime of dividin% inheritance.@ #i(isio! o' i!herita!ce shall *e made whe! all the i!heritors ha(e attai!ed their majority. I' it is made *e'ore, the mi!ors shall ha(e their shares, 'ree o' all de*ts. &hese shares o' the mi!ors shall *e placed i! the sa'e custody o' the relati(es o' their mothers, or o' a"ed "e!tleme! o' the (illa"e, till they attai! their majority. &he same rule shall hold "ood i! the case o' those who ha(e "o!e a*road. E!married *rothers shall also *e paid as much marria"e cost as is e)ual to that i!curred i! the marria"es o' married *rothers >sannivishtasamamasannivishte&hyonaivesanikam dadyuh?. #au"hters, too, >u!married? shall *e paid ade)uate dowry >prdnikam?, paya*le to them o! the occasio! o' their marria"es.

Both assets a!d lia*ilities shall *e e)ually di(ided. 4y teacher says that poor people >nishkinchanh? shall e)ually distri*ute amo!" themsel(es e(e! the mud/(essels >udaptram?. I! the opi!io! o' Kautilya, it is u!!ecessary to say so >chhalam?, 'or as a rule, di(isio! is to *e made o' all that is i! e1iste!ce, *ut o' !othi!" that is !ot i! e1iste!ce. Da(i!" declared *e'ore wit!esses the amou!t o' property commo! to all >smnya? as well as the property co!stituti!" additio!al shares >amsa? o' the *rothers >i! priority o' their *irth?, di(isio! o' i!herita!ce shall *e carried o!. Bhate(er is *adly a!d u!e)ually di(ided or is i!(ol(ed i! deceptio!, co!cealme!t or secret ac)uisitio!, shall *e redi(ided. -roperty 'or which !o claima!t is 'ou!d >dydakam? shall "o to the ki!", e1cept the property o' a woma!, o' a dead ma! 'or whom !o 'u!eral rites ha(e *ee! per'ormed, or o' a !i""ardly ma! with the e1ceptio! o' that o' a Brhman lear!ed i! the Vedas. &hat >the property o' the lear!ed? shall *e made o(er to those who are well/(ersed i! the three Vedas. -erso!s 'alle! 'rom caste, perso!s *or! o' outcaste me!, a!d eu!uchs shall ha(e !o share, likewise idiots, lu!atics, the *li!d a!d lepers. I' the idiots, etc., ha(e wi(es with property, their issues who are !ot e)ually idiots, etc., shall share i!herita!ce. All these perso!s e1cepti!" those that are 'alle! 'rom caste >patitavar(ah? shall *e e!titled to o!ly 'ood a!d clothi!". ` I' these perso!s ha(e *ee! married >*e'ore they *ecame 'alle!, etc.? a!d i' their li!e is likely to *ecome e1ti!ct, their relati(es may *e"et so!s 'or them a!d "i(e proportio!al shares o' i!herita!ce to those so!s. :&hus e!ds hapter V, G-rocedure o' -ortio!i!" I!herita!ceH i! the sectio! o' G#i(isio! o' I!herita!ceH i! Book III, G o!cer!i!" lawH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the si1ty/seco!d chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER 'I. #PECIAL #HARE# IN INHERITANCE. 2+A&% shall *e the special shares o' the eldest o' so!s, *or! o' the same mother, amo!", Brhmans, horses amo!" Kshatriyas, cows amo!" Vaisyas, a!d sheep amo!" S0dras. &he *li!d o' the same a!imals shall *e the special shares to the middle/most so!s, species o' (arie"ated colour o' the same a!imals shall *e the special shares to the you!"est o' so!s. I! the a*se!ce o' )uadruped, the eldest shall take a! additio!al share o' the whole property e1cepti!" precious sto!es, 'or *y this act alo!e, he will *e *ou!d i! his duty to his a!cestors. &he a*o(e method is i! accorda!ce with the rules o*ser(ed amo!" the 'ollowers o' #sanas.

&he 'ather *ei!" dead, his carria"e a!d jewellery shall *e the special share to the eldest, his *ed, seat, a!d *ro!0e plate i! which he used to take his meals >&huktakmsyam?, to the middle/most,. a!d *lack "rai!s, iro!, domestic ute!sils, cows a!d cart to the you!"est. &he rest o' the property, or the a*o(e thi!"s, too, may *e e)ually di(ided amo!" themsel(es. %isters shall ha(e !o claim to i!herita!ce, they shall ha(e the *ro!0e plate a!d jewellery o' their mother a'ter her death. A! impote!t eldest so! shall ha(e o!ly 5/Mrd o' the special share usually "i(e! to the eldest, i' the eldest so! 'ollows a co!dem!a*le occupatio! or i' he has "i(e! up the o*ser(a!ce o' reli"ious duties, he shall ha(e o!ly Z o' the special share, i' he is u!restrai!ed i! his actio!s he shall ha(e !othi!". &he same rule shall hold "ood with the middlemost a!d you!"est so!s, o' these two, o!e who is e!dowed with ma!li!ess >mnushopetah?, shall ha(e hal' the special share usually "i(e! to the eldest. Bith re"ard to so!s o' ma!y wi(es:// +' so!s o' two wi(es o' whom o!ly o!e woma! has "o!e throu"h all the !ecessary reli"ious ceremo!ials, or *oth o' whom ha(e !ot, as maide!s, o*ser(ed !ecessary reli"ious rites, or o!e o' whom has *rou"ht 'orth twi!s, it is *y *irth that primo%enitureship is decided. %hares i! i!herita!ce 'or such so!s as S0ta, M%adha, Vrtya a!d 'athakra shall depe!d o! the a*u!da!ce o' pater!al property, the rest, i.e., so!s other tha! S0ta, etc., o' i!'erior *irth, shall *e depe!de!t o! the eldest 'or their su*siste!ce. #epe!de!t so!s shall ha(e e)ual di(isio!s. +' so!s *e"otte! *y a Brhman i! the 'our castes, the so! o' a Brhman woma! shall take 'our shares, the so! o' a Kshatriya woma! three shares, the so! o' a Vaisya woma! two shares, a!d the so! o' a S0dra woma! o!e share. &he same rule shall hold "ood i! the case o' Kshatriya a!d Vaisya 'athers *e"etti!" so!s i! three or two castes i! order. A! Anantara so! o' a Brhman, i.e. a so! *e"otte! *y a Brhman o! a woma! o' !e1t lower caste, shall, i' e!dowed with ma!ly or superior )ualities >mnushopetah?, take a! e)ual share >with other so!s o' i!'erior )ualities?, similarly Anantara so!s o' Kshatriya or Vaisya 'athers shall i' e!dowed with ma!ly or superior )ualities, take hal' or e)ual shares >with others?. A! o!ly so! to two mothers o' di''ere!t castes shall take possessio! o' the whole property a!d mai!tai! the relati(es o' his 'ather. A *alrasava so! *e"otte! *y a Brhman o! a S0dra woma!, shall take 5/Mrd share, a sapinda, >a! a"!ate? or a kulya >the !earest co"!ate?, o' the Brhman shall take the remai!i!" two shares, *ei!" there*y o*li"ed to o''er 'u!eral li*atio!, i! the a*se!ce o' a"!ates or co"!ates, the deceased 'ather's teacher or stude!t shall take the two shares.

` +r o! the wi'e o' such a Brhman shall a sa%otra, relati(e *eari!" the same 'amily !ame, or a >mtri&andha? relati(e o' his mother, *e"et a !atural so! >kshetra(a?, a!d this so! may take that wealth. :&hus e!ds hapter VI, "%pecial %hares o' I!herita!ce" i! the sectio! o' "#i(isio! o' i!herita!ceH i! Book III, G o!cer!i!" lawH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the si1ty/third chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER 'II. DI#TINCTION BET+EEN #ON#. 4W preceptor says that the seed sow! i! the 'ield o' a!other shall *elo!" to the ow!er o' that 'ield. +thers hold that the mother *ei!" o!ly the receptacle 'or the seed >mt &hastr?, the child must *elo!" to him 'rom whose seed it is *or!. Kautilya says that it must *elo!" to *oth the li(i!" pare!ts. &he so! *e"otte! *y a ma! o! his wi'e who has "o!e throu"h all the re)uired ceremo!ials is called aurasa, !atural so!, e)ual to him is the so! o' a! appoi!ted dau"hter >putrikputra?, the so! *e"otte! o! a wi'e *y a!other ma!, appoi!ted 'or the purpose, a!d o' the same %otra as that o' the hus*a!d, or o' a di''ere!t %otra, is called kshetra(a, o! the death o' the *e"etter, the kshetra(a so! will *e the so! to *oth the 'athers, 'ollow the %otras o' *oth, o''er 'u!eral li*atio!s to *oth, a!d take possessio! o' the immo(a*le property >r.ktha? o' *oth o' them, o' the same status as the kshetra(a is he who is secretly *e"otte! i! the house o' relati(es a!d is called %0dha(a, secretly *or!, the so! cast o'' *y his !atural pare!ts is called apaviddha a!d will *elo!" to that ma! who per'orms !ecessary reli"ious ceremo!ials to him, the so! *or! o' a maide! >*e'ore wedlock? is called kn.na, the so! *or! o' a woma! married while carryi!" is called sahodha, the so! o' a remarried woma! >punar&htyh.? is called paunar&hava. A !atural so! ca! claim relatio!ship *oth with his 'ather a!d his 'ather's relati(es, *ut a so! *or! to a!other ma! ca! ha(e relatio!ship o!ly with his adopter. +' the same status as the latter is he who is "i(e! i! adoptio! with water *y *oth the 'ather a!d mother a!d is called datta. &he so! who, either o' his ow! accord or 'ollowi!" the i!te!tio! o' his relati(es, o''ers himsel' to *e the so! o' a!other, is called upa%ata. De who is appoi!ted as a so! is called kritaka, a!d he who is purchased is called kr.ta. +! the *irth o' a !atural so!, savarna so!s shall ha(e 5/Mrd o' i!herita!ce while savarna so!s shall ha(e o!ly 'ood a!d clothi!". %o!s *e"otte! *y Brhmans or Kshatriyas o! wome! o' !e1t lower caste >anantarputrh? are called savarnas, *ut o! wome! o' castes lower *y two "rades are called asavarnas. >+' such asavarna so!s?, the so! *e"otte! *y a Brhman o! a Vaisya woma! is called Am&ashtha, o! a S0dra woma! is called Nishda or *rasava. &he so! *e"otte! *y a Kshatriya o! a S0dra woma! is k!ow! as #%ra, the so! *e"otte! *y a Vaisya o! a S0dra woma! is !o other tha! a S0dra. %o!s *e"otte! *y me! o' impure li'e o' a!y o' the 'our castes o! wome! o' lower castes !e1t to their ow! are called Vrtyas.

&he a*o(e ki!ds o' so!s are called anuloma, so!s *e"otte! *y me! o' hi"her o! wome! o' lower castes. %o!s *e"otte! *y a S0dra o! wome! o' hi"her castes are Ayo%ava, Kshatta, a!d )handla, *y a Vaisya, M%adha, a!d Vaidehaka, a!d *y a Kshatriya, S0ta. But me! o' the, !ames, S0ta a!d M%adha, cele*rated i! the *urnas, are )uite di''ere!t a!d o' "reater merit tha! either Brhmans or Kshatriyas. &he a*o(e ki!ds o' so!s are pratiloma, so!s *e"otte! *y me! o' lower o! wome! o' hi"her castes, a!d ori"i!ate o! accou!t o' ki!"s (iolati!" all dharmas. &he so! *e"otte! *y a! #%ra o! a Nishda woma! is called kukkuta a!d the same is called *ulkasa, i' *e"otte! i! the i!(erse order. &he so! *e"otte! *y a! Am&hashtha o! a Vaidehaka woma! is !amed Vaina, the same i! the re(erse order is called Kus.lava. A! #%ra *e"ets o! a Kshatta woma! as vapka. &hese a!d other so!s are o' mi1ed castes >Antarlas?. A Vainya *ecomes a 'athakra, chariot/maker, *y pro'essio!. 4em*ers o' this caste shall marry amo!" themsel(es. Both i! customs a!d a(ocatio!s they shall 'ollow their a!cestors. &hey may either *ecome S0dras or em*race a!y other lower castes e1cepti!" )handlas. &he ki!" who "uides his su*jects i! accorda!ce with the a*o(e rules will attai! to hea(e!, otherwise he will 'all i!to the hell. +''spri!"s o' mi1ed castes >Antarlas? shall ha(e e)ual di(isio!s o' i!herita!ce. ` -artitio! o' i!herita!ce shall *e made i! accorda!ce with the customs pre(ale!t i! the cou!try, caste, "uild >san%ha?, or the (illa"e o' the i!heritors. :&hus e!ds hapter VII "#isti!ctio! *etwee! %o!s" i! the sectio! o' G#i(isio! o' I!herita!ceH i! Book III, G o!cer!i!" lawH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' G#i(isio! o' I!herita!ceH. 3!d o' the si1ty/'ourth chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER 'III. B.ILDING#. #I%-E&3% co!cer!i!" Vstu are depe!de!t 'or settleme!t o! the e(ide!ces to *e 'ur!ished *y people li(i!" i! the !ei"h*ourhood. Douses, 'ields, "arde!s, *uildi!" o' a!y ki!d >setu&andhah?, lakes a!d ta!ks are each called Vstu. &he 'aste!i!" o' the roo' o' a house to the tra!s(erse *eam *y mea!s o' iro! *olts is called setu >karna/k.laya/ sa&andhoA nu%riham setuh?. I! co!'ormity to the sta*ility o'

the setu, houses shall *e co!structed. Fot e!croachi!" upo! what *elo!"s to others, !ew houses may *e co!structed. .ou!datio! >pade &andhah? shall *e N aratnis *y M padas. 31cept i! the case o' temporary structures 'or the co!'i!eme!t o' wome! 'or te! days, all perma!e!t houses shall *e pro(ided with a du!"hill >avaskara?, water course >&hrama?, a!d a well >udapnum?. Violatio! o' this rule shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t. &he same rule shall hold "ood re"ardi!" the !ecessity o' co!structi!" closets, pits a!d water courses o! 'esti(e occasio!s. .rom each house a water course o' su''icie!t slope a!d M padas or 55 aratnis lo!" shal5 *e so co!structed that water shall either 'low 'rom it i! a co!ti!uous li!e or 'all 'rom it >i!to the drai!?. Violatio! o' this rule shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' 6O panas. Be"i!!i!" with a pada or a! aratni, a! apartme!t measuri!" M padas *y O padas shall *e made 'or locati!" the 'ire 'or worship >a%nishtham?, or a water*utt, >udan(aram?, or a cor!/mill >rochan.m?, or a mortar >kuttin.n?. Violatio! o' this rule shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' NO panas. Betwee! a!y two houses or *etwee! the e1te!ded portio!s o' a!y two houses, the i!ter(e!i!" space shall *e O padas, or M padas. &he roo's o' adjoi!i!" houses may either *e O an%ulas apart, or o!e o' them may co(er the other. &he 'ro!t door >anidvram? shall measure a kishku, there shall *e !o impedime!t i!side the house 'or ope!i!" o!e or the other o' the 'olds o' the door. &he upper story shall *e pro(ided with a small *ut hi"h wi!dow. :I' a >!ei"h*ouri!"? house is o*structed *y it, the wi!dow should *e closed.< &he ow!ers o' houses may co!struct their houses i! a!y other way they collecti(ely like, *ut they shall a(oid whate(er is i!jurious. Bith a (iew to ward o'' the e(il co!se)ue!ces o' rai!, the top o' the roo' >vnalatyaschordhvam? shall *e co(ered o(er with a *road mat, !ot *lowa*le *y the wi!d. Feither shall the roo' *e such as will easily *e!d or *reak. Violatio! o' this rule shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t. &he same pu!ishme!t shall *e meted out 'or causi!" a!!oya!ce *y co!structi!" doors or wi!dows 'aci!" those o' others houses e1cept whe! these houses are separated *y the ki!"'s road or the hi"h road. I' a pit, steps, water/course, ladder, du!"/hill, or, a!y other parts o' a house o''er or cause a!!oya!ce to outsiders, or i! a!y way o*struct the e!joyme!t o' others >&ho%ani%rahe cha?, or cause water to collect a!d there*y i!jure the wall o' a !ei"h*ouri!" house, the ow!er shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' 5N panas. I' the a!!oya!ce is due to 'eces a!d uri!e, the 'i!e shall *e dou*le the a*o(e. &he water/course or "utter shall o''er 'ree passa"e 'or water, otherwise the 'i!e shall *e 5N panas.

&he same 'i!e >5N panas? shall *e meted out !ot o!ly to a te!a!t who, thou"h asked to e(acuate, resides i! the house, *ut also to the ow!er who 'orces out a re!ter who has paid his re!t >'rom his house?, u!less the re!ter is i!(ol(ed i! such acts as de'amatio!, the't, ro**ery, a*ductio!, or e!joyme!t with a 'alse title. De who (olu!tarily e(acuates a house shall pay the *ala!ce o' the a!!ual re!t. I' a!y o!e o' a party does !ot take part i! the co!structio! o' a *uildi!" which is i!te!ded 'or the commo! use o' all the mem*ers o' that party or i' a!y o!e o*structs a!other mem*er o' a party i! maki!" use o' a!y part o' such a *uildi!", he shall *e 'i!ed 5N panas. %imilarly i' a!y o!e mars a!other's e!joyme!t o' such a *uildi!", he shall *e 'i!ed dou*le the a*o(e. ` Bith the e1ceptio! o' pri(ate rooms a!d parlours, >an%ana? all other ope! parts o' houses as well as apartme!ts where 'ire is e(er ki!dled 'or worship or a mortar is situated shall *e throw! ope! 'or commo! use. :&hus e!ds hapter VIII, GDouse/*uildi!"H i! the sectio! o' GBuildi!"sH i! Book III, G o!cer!i!" ;awH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the si1ty/'i'th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER I*. #ALE OF B.ILDING#5 BO.NDAR/ DI#P.TE#5 DETER-INATION OF BO.NDARIE#5 AND -I#CELLANEO.# HINDRANCE#. AI D perso!s amo!" ki!sme! or !ei"h*ours shall i! successio! "o 'or the purchase o' la!d a!d other holdi!"s. Fei"h*ours o' "ood 'amily, 'orty i! !um*er a!d di''ere!t 'rom the purchasers a*o(e me!tio!ed, shall co!"re"ate i! 'ro!t o' the *uildi!" 'or sale a!d a!!ou!ce it as such. Accurate descriptio! o' the e1act *ou!daries o' 'ields, "arde!s, *uildi!"s o' a!y ki!d, lakes or ta!ks shall *e declared *e'ore the elders o' the (illa"e or o' the !ei"h*ourhood. I', o! cryi!" aloud thrice IBho will purchase this at such a!d such a priceJ@ !o oppositio! is o''ered, the purchaser may proceed to purchase the holdi!" i! )uestio!. I' at this time the (alue o' the property is i!creased *y *iddi!" e(e! amo!" perso!s o' the same commu!ity, the i!creased amou!t to"ether with the toll o! the (alue shall *e ha!ded o(er i!to the ki!"'s treasury. &he *idder >vikrayapratikrosht? shall pay the toll. Biddi!" 'or a property i! the a*se!ce o' its ow!er shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' NO panas. I' the ow!er does !ot come 'orward e(e! o! the e1piratio! o' se(e! !i"hts, the *idder may take possessio! o' the property. %ale o' *uildi!", etc., >vstu? to other tha! the *idder shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' N77 panas, i' the property is other tha! *uildi!"s, etc., >vstu?, the 'i!e 'or the a*o(e o''e!ce shall *e NO panas. &hus the sale o' *uildi!"s is dealt with. >Boundary disputes.@

I! all disputes re"ardi!" the *ou!dary *etwee! a!y two (illa"es, !ei"h*ours or elders o' 'i(e or te! (illa"es >pancha%rm. dasa%rm. v? shall i!(esti"ate the case o! the e(ide!ce to *e 'ur!ished 'rom !atural or arti'icial *ou!dary marks. 3lders amo!" culti(ators a!d herdsme!, or outsiders who ha(e had the e1perie!ce o' 'ormer possessio! i! the place, or o!e or ma!y perso!s >!ot? perso!ally ac)uai!ted with the *ou!dary marks u!der dispute shall 'irst descri*e the *ou!dary marks, a!d the!, weari!" u!usual dress >vipar.taveshah?, shall lead the people >to the place?. I' the *ou!dary marks just descri*ed are !ot 'ou!d, a 'i!e o' 5,777 panas shall *e imposed >o! the misleadi!" or "uilty perso!?. I', howe(er, they arri(e at the e1act spot, the party who ha(e either e!croached upo! the *ou!dary or ha(e destroyed the *ou!dary marks shall *e similarly pu!ished. &he ki!" shall *e!e'icially distri*ute amo!" others those holdi!"s which ha(e !o *ou!dary/marks or which ha(e ceased to *e e!joyed *y a!y perso!. >Disputes a&out fields.@ #isputes co!cer!i!" 'ields shall *e decided *y the elders o' the !ei"h*our*ood or o' the (illa"e. I' they are di(ided i! their opi!io!s, decisio! shall *e sou"ht 'or 'rom a !um*er o' pure a!d respecta*le people, or, the disputa!ts may e)ually di(ide the disputed holdi!" amo!" themsel(es. I' *oth o' these methods 'ail, the holdi!" >vstu? u!der dispute shall *e take! possessio! o' *y the ki!". &he same rule shall hold "ood i! the case o' a holdi!" 'or which !o claima!t is 'orthcomi!", or it may *e!e'icially *e distri*uted amo!" the people. +ccupatio! o' a holdi!" >vstu? *y 'orce shall *e pu!ished as the't. I' a holdi!" is take! possessio! o' *y a!other o! some reaso!a*le "rou!ds, he shall *e made to pay to the ow!er some re!t, the amou!t o' which is to *e 'i1ed a'ter mature co!sideratio!s o' what is !ecessary 'or the su*siste!ce o' the culti(ator o' the holdi!" *y him. 3!croachme!t upo! *ou!daries shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t. #estructio! o' *ou!daries shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' NO panas. &he same rules shall hold "ood i! disputes co!cer!i!" hermita"e i! 'orests, pasture la!ds, hi"h roads, crematio!/"rou!ds, temples, sacri'icial places, a!d places o' pil"rima"e. &hus the determi!atio! o' *ou!daries is dealt with. >Miscellaneous hindrances.@ All ki!ds o' disputes shall depe!d 'or their settleme!t o! the e(ide!ce to *e 'ur!ished *y !ei"h*ours. +' pasture la!ds, 'ields >kedra?, 'lower "arde!s, a threshi!"/ 'loor >khala?, houses, a!d sta*les o' horses >vhanakoshtha?, hi!dra!ce to a!y o!e comi!" 'irst i! order shall *e remo(ed i! pre'ere!ce to the o!e or more comi!" later i! the series. Bith the e1ceptio! o' people i! 'orests o' Brhmans a!d o' Soma/pla!ts, temples, a!d places o' sacri'ice a!d pil"rima"e, a!y perso! causi!", while maki!" use o'

a *y/path to "o to ta!ks, ri(ers, or 'ields, dama"e to the seeds sow! i! the 'ields o' others, shall pay as much compe!satio! to the su''erers as is e)ui(ale!t to the dama"e. I' the ow!er o' a!y o!e o' the 'ollowi!", vi1., wet/'ields, parks, or a!y ki!ds o' *uildi!"s, causes dama"e to the rest ow!ed *y others, the 'i!e shall *e dou*le the (alue o' the dama"e. &he water o' a lower ta!k shall !ot su*mer"e the 'ield irri"ated *y a hi"her ta!k. &he !atural 'low o' water 'rom a hi"her to a lower ta!k shall !ot *e stopped u!less the lower ta!k has ceased to *e use'ul 'or three co!secuti(e years. Violatio! o' this rule shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t. &he same pu!ishme!t shall *e meted out 'or emptyi!" a ta!k o' its water >tatkavmanam cha?. Buildi!"s o' a!y ki!d >setu&andha?, !e"lected 'or 'i(e co!secuti(e years shall *e 'or'eited, e1cept i! calamities. >'emission of ta+es.@ I! the case o' co!structio! o' !ew works, such as ta!ks, lakes, etc., ta1es >o! the la!ds *elow such ta!ks? shall *e remitted 'or 'i(e years >panchavrshikah parihrah?. .or repairi!" !e"lected or rui!ed works o' similar !ature, ta1es shall *e remitted 'or 'our years. .or impro(i!" or e1te!di!" water/works, ta1es shall *e remitted 'or three years. I! the case o' ac)uiri!" such !ewly started works *y mort"a"e or purchase, ta1es o! the la!ds *elow such works shall *e remitted 'or two years. I' u!culti(ated tracts are ac)uired >'or culti(atio!? *y mort"a"e, purchase or i! a!y other way, remissio! o' ta1es shall *e 'or two years. +ut o' crops "row! *y irri"atio! *y mea!s o' wi!d power or *ullocks >vtapravartimanandini&andhyatana? or *elow ta!ks, i! 'ields, parks, 'lower "arde!s, or i! a!y other way, so much o' the produce as would !ot e!tail hardship o! the culti(ators may *e "i(e! to the 2o(er!me!t. -erso!s who culti(ate the la!ds *elow ta!ks, etc., o' others at a stipulated price >prakraya?, or 'or a!!ual re!t >avakraya?, or 'or certai! !um*er o' shares o' the crops "row! >&h%a? or perso!s who are permitted to e!joy such la!ds 'ree o' re!t o' a!y ki!d, shall keep the ta!ks, etc., i! "ood repair, otherwise they shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' dou*le the loss. ` -erso!s, letti!" out the water o' ta!ks, etc., at a!y other place tha! their sluice "ate >apre?, shall pay a 'i!e o' 9 panas, a!d perso!s who recklessly o*struct the 'low o' water 'rom the sluice/"ate o' ta!ks shall also pay the same 'i!e. :&hus e!ds hapter IX, "%ale o' *uildi!"s, *ou!dary disputes, determi!atio! o' *ou!daries, a!d miscella!eous hi!dra!cesH i! the sectio! o' GBuildi!"sH i! Book III, G o!cer!i!" ;awH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the si1ty/si1th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER *. DE#TR.CTION OF PA#T.RE1LAND#5 FIELD# AND ROAD#5 AND NON1PERFOR-ANCE OF AGREE-ENT#.

-3A%+F% who o*struct, or make a!y ki!d o' mischie' with the 'low o' water i!te!ded 'or culti(atio! shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t. o!structio! i! the sites *elo!"i!" to others, o' a!y *uildi!"s with a (iew to attract pil"rims thereto, o' a*odes o' worship >chaitya?, or o' temples o' "ods, as also the sale or mort"a"e, or causi!" the sale or mort"a"e, o' a!y lo!" co!ti!ued charita*le *uildi!" >p0rvnuvrittam dharmasetum? shall *e pu!ished with the middlemost amerceme!t. &hose who are wit!esses to such tra!sactio!s shall *e pu!ished with the hi"hest amerceme!t e1cepti!" i! the case o' !e"lected or rui!ed *uildi!"s. I! the a*se!ce o' claima!ts to dilapidated reli"ious *uildi!"s, (illa"ers >%rmh?, or charita*le people >punyas.lva? may repair them. >Blockin% the roads.@ .orms o' roads a!d paths ha(e *ee! dealt with i! co!!ectio! with the co!structio! o' 'orts. >.irst hapter, Book II?. +*structio! to roads 'or i!'erior *easts or me! shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' 5N panas, to roads 'or superior *easts NO panas, to roads 'or elepha!ts or to those leadi!" to 'ields, 6O panas, to those leadi!" to a!y *uildi!"s or 'orests >setuvanapatham?, 977 panas, to those 'or *urial "rou!ds or (illa"es, N77 panas, to those 'or dronamukha, a 'ortress, 677 panas, a!d those leadi!" to sthniya, cou!try parts, or pasture "rou!ds, 5,777 panas. &he same 'i!es shall *e meted out i! case o' plou"hi!" the se(eral roads too deep >atikarshane chaishm?, a!d Zth o' the same 'i!es 'or plou"hi!" merely o! their sur'ace. I' a culti(ator or a !ei"h*our makes e!croachme!t upo! a 'ield duri!" the time o' sowi!" seeds, he shall *e 'i!ed 5N panas, u!less the e!croachme!t is due to e(ils, calamities or i!tolera*le occurre!ces arisi!" otherwise 'rom the 'ield >anyatra doshopanipatvishahye&hyah?. >Settlin% in villa%es.@ &a1payers shall sell or mort"a"e their 'ields to ta1payers alo!e, Brhmans shall sell or mort"a"e their Brahmadaya or "i'ted la!ds o!ly to those who are e!dowed with such la!ds, otherwise they shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t. &he same pu!ishme!t shall *e meted out to a ta1payer who settles i! a (illa"e !ot i!ha*ited *y ta1payers. I' a ta1payer takes the place o' a!other ta1payer, he shall e!joy all the holdi!"s *ut the house o' the latter. 3(e! the house may *e "i(e! to the !ew settler. I' a perso! culti(ates a! i!alie!a*le la!d o' a!other perso! who does !ot culti(ate it, such a perso! shall restore the same a'ter 'i(e years e!joyme!t o! taki!" a certai! amou!t o' compe!satio! e)ui(ale!t to the impro(eme!t he made o! the la!ds. -erso!s who are !ot ta1payers a!d who sojour! a*road shall retai! the ri"ht o' ow!ership >&ho%am? o' their la!ds. >!he ead/man of the villa%e.@

Bhe! the head/ma! o' a (illa"e has to tra(el o! accou!t o' a!y *usi!ess o' the whole (illa"e, the (illa"ers shall *y tur!s accompa!y him. &hose who ca!!ot do this shall pay 5L panas 'or e(ery yo(ana. I' the headma! o' a (illa"e se!ds out o' the (illa"e a!y perso! e1cept a thie', or a! adulterer, he shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' NO panas, a!d the (illa"ers with the 'irst amerceme!t >'or doi!" the same?. Ae/e!tra!ce i!to a (illa"e 'or a perso! pre(iously se!t out o' it >nirastasya?, is e1plai!ed *y Isettleme!t o' perso!s i! (illa"esJ >treated o' a*o(e?. At a dista!ce o' 877 an%ulas arou!d e(ery (illa"e, a! e!closure with tim*er posts shall *e co!structed. >!respassin% cattle.@ -asture la!ds, plai!s, a!d 'orests may *e a(ailed o' 'or "ra0i!" cattle. .or camels or *u''aloes allowed to stray a'ter "ra0i!" i! pasture "rou!ds, the 'i!e shall *e Zth o' a pana, 'or cows, horses, or asses, 5/8th o' a pana, 'or i!'erior )uadrupeds 5/59th o' a pana, a!d 'or cattle 'ou!d lyi!" thereo! a'ter "ra0i!", 'i!es shall *e dou*le the a*o(e, 'or cattle e(er 'ou!d to li(e i! the (ici!ity o' pasture "rou!ds, the 'i!es shall *e 'our times the a*o(e. Bulls, let out i! the !ame o' the (illa"e deity >%rmadevavrishah?, cows which ha(e !ot passed te! days i!side the e!closure a'ter cal(i!", or *ulls or *ullocks kept 'or crossi!" cows shall !ot *e pu!ished. I' crops are eate! away *y a!imals, the ow!er or ow!ers o' them shall, i' pro(ed "uilty, *e made to pay twice as much as the loss. -erso!s dri(i!" their cattle throu"h a 'ield without i!timati!" the ow!er shall *e 'i!ed 5N panas. A!y perso! who allows his cattle to stray shall *e 'i!ed NO panas, cowherds doi!" the same with the cattle u!der their care shall *e 'i!ed hal' the a*o(e. &he same pu!ishme!t shall *e meted out 'or letti!" cattle "ra0e i! 'lower "arde!s. .or *reaki!" the 'e!ce o' 'ields, the pu!ishme!t shall *e dou*le the a*o(e. I' cattle are allowed to stray a!d eat the "rai!s stored i! houses, a threshi!" 'loor, or a court yard, the ow!ers o' the cattle shall pay ade)uate compe!satio!. I' *easts mai!tai!ed i! reser(e/'orests are 'ou!d "ra0i!" i! a 'ield, they shall *e *rou"ht to the !otice o' the 'orest o''icers a!d the *easts shall *e dri(e! out without *ei!" hurt or killed. %tray cattle shall *e dri(e! out *y the use o' ropes or whips. -erso!s hurti!" them i! a!y way shall *e lia*le to the pu!ishme!t 'or assault or (iole!ce. -erso!s who i!(ite >cattle to "ra0e i! the 'ields o' others? or who are cau"ht while committi!" such o''e!ces shall *y all mea!s *e put dow!. &hus the destructio! o' pasture la!ds, 'ields, a!d roads is dealt with. >Non/performance of a%reement.@ &he 'i!e le(ied o! a culti(ator who arri(i!" at a (illa"e 'or work, does !ot work shall *e take! *y the (illa"e itsel'. De shall re'u!d !ot o!ly dou*le the amou!t o' the

wa"es he recei(ed promisi!" to work, *ut also dou*le the (alue o' 'ood a!d dri!k with which he has *ee! pro(ided. I' the work is o!e o' sacri'icial per'orma!ce >prahavaneshu?, the! also he shall pay dou*le the amou!t o' the wa"es. A!y perso! who does !ot cooperate i! the work o' preparatio! 'or a pu*lic show, shall, to"ether with his 'amily, 'or'eit his ri"ht to e!joy the show >preksh?. I' a ma! who has !ot cooperated i! prepari!" 'or a pu*lic play or spectacle is 'ou!d heari!" or wit!essi!" it u!der hidi!", or i' a!y o!e re'uses to "i(e his aid i! a work *e!e'icial to all, he shall *e compelled to pay dou*le the (alue o' the aid due 'rom him. &he order o' a!y perso! attempti!" to do a work *e!e'icial to all shall *e o*eyed. #iso*edie!ce i! such a case shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' 5N panas. I' others u!itedly *eat or hurt such a perso! so orderi!", each o' them shall pay dou*le the amou!t o' the 'i!e usually le(ied 'or such o''e!ce. I' amo!" the a*o(e o''e!ders o!e is a Brhman or a perso! superior to a Brhman, he shall 'irst *e pu!ished. I' a Brhman does !ot take part i! the com*i!ed per'orma!ce o' a!y sacri'ice o' his (illa"e, he shall !ot *e (iolated, *ut may *e persuaded to pay a share. &he a*o(e rules shall also apply to !o!/per'orma!ce o' a"reeme!ts amo!" cou!tries >desa?, castes, 'amilies, a!d assem*lies. ` &hose who, with their u!ited e''orts co!struct o! roads *uildi!"s o' a!y ki!d >setu&andha? *e!e'icial to the whole cou!try a!d who !ot o!ly ador! their (illa"es, *ut also keep watch o! them shall *e show! 'a(oura*le co!cessio!s *y the ki!". :&hus e!ds hapter X "#estructio! o' pasture la!ds, 'ields, a!d roads," i! the sectio! o' "Buildi!"s" i! Book III, G o!cer!i!" ;awH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya, e!d o' GBuildi!"sH, a!d o' !o!/per'orma!ce o' a"reeme!ts.' 3!d o' the si1ty/se(e!th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER *I. RECO'ER/ OF DEBT#. AF i!terest o' a pana a!d a )uarter per mo!th per ce!t is just. .i(e panas per mo!th per ce!t is commercial i!terest >vyvahriki?. &e! panas per mo!th per ce!t pre(ails amo!" 'orests. &we!ty panas per mo!th per ce!t pre(ails amo!" sea/traders >smudrnm?. -erso!s e1ceedi!", or causi!" to e1ceed the a*o(e rate o' i!terest shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t, a!d hearers o' such tra!sactio!s shall each pay hal' o' the a*o(e 'i!e. &he !ature o' the tra!sactio!s *etwee! creditors a!d de*tors, o! which the wel'are o' the ki!"dom depe!ds, shall always *e scruti!ised. I!terest i! "rai!s i! seaso!s o' "ood har(est shall !ot e1ceed more tha! hal' whe! (alued i! mo!ey. I!terest o! stocks >prakshepa? shall *e o!e/hal' o' the pro'it a!d *e re"ularly paid as each year e1pires. I' it is allowed to accumulate owi!" either to the i!te!tio! or to the a*se!ce a*road >o' the recei(er or payer?, the amou!t paya*le shall *e e)ual to twice the share or pri!cipal >m0lyadvi%unah?. A perso! claimi!" i!terest whe! it is !ot due, or represe!ti!" as

pri!cipal the total amou!t o' his ori"i!al pri!cipal a!d the i!terest thereo! shall pay a 'i!e o' 'our times the amou!t u!der dispute >&andhachatur%unah?. A creditor who sues 'or 'our times the amou!t le!t *y him shall pay a 'i!e o' 'our times the u!just amou!t. +' this 'i!e, the creditor shall pay [ths a!d the de*tor Zth. I!terest o! de*ts due 'rom perso!s who are e!"a"ed i! sacri'ices taki!" a lo!" time >d.r%hasatra?, or who are su''eri!" 'rom disease, or who are detai!ed i! the houses o' their teachers >'or lear!i!"?, or who are either mi!ors or too poor, shall !ot accumulate. A creditor re'usi!" to recei(e the payme!t o' his de*t shall pay a 'i!e o' 5N panas. I' the re'usal is due to some >reaso!a*le? cause, the! the amou!t 'ree 'rom i!terest >'or su*se)ue!t time? shall *e kept i! the sa'e custody o' others. #e*ts !e"lected 'or te! years, e1cept i! the case o' mi!ors, a"ed perso!s, diseased perso!s, perso!s i!(ol(ed i! calamities, or perso!s who are sojour!i!" a*road or ha(e 'led the cou!try a!d e1cept i! the case o' distur*a!ces i! the ki!"dom >r(yavi&hrama?, shall !ot *e recei(ed *ack. %o!s o' a deceased de*tor shall pay the pri!cipal with i!terest >kus. dam?. >I! the a*se!ce o' so!s?, ki!sme! claimi!" the share o' the dead ma! or sureties, such as joi!t part!ers o' the de*t, >saha%rhinah prati&huvo v? shall pay the same. Fo other ki!d o' surety is (alid >na prti&hvyamanyat?, a mi!or, as surety, is i!e''icie!t >&laprti&havyam asram X surety o' a mi!or is !ot stro!"?. A de*t, the payme!t o' which is !ot limited *y time or place or *oth >asamkhyta/ desaklam?, shall *e paid *y the so!s, "ra!dso!s or a!y other heirs o' the dead de*tor. A!y de*t, the payme!t o' which is !ot limited *y time or place or *oth a!d 'or which li'e, marria"e, or la!d is pled"ed, shall *e *or!e *y so!s or "ra!dso!s. >'e%ardin% many de&ts a%ainst one.@ 31cepti!" the case o' a de*tor "oi!" a*road, !o de*tor shall simulta!eously *e sued 'or more tha! o!e de*t *y o!e or two creditors. 3(e! i! the case o' a de*tor "oi!" a*road, he shall pay his de*ts i! the order i! which he *orrowed them or shall 'irst pay his de*ts due to the ki!" or a lear!ed Brhman. #e*ts co!tracted 'rom each other *y either a hus*a!d or wi'e, either a so! or a 'ather, or *y a!y o!e amo!" *rothers o' u!di(ided i!terests shall *e irreco(era*le. ulti(ators or "o(er!me!t ser(a!ts shall !ot *e cau"ht hold o' 'or de*ts while they are e!"a"ed i! their duties >or at work?. A wi'e, thou"h she has >!ot? heard o' the de*t >pratisrvan.?, shall !ot *e cau"ht hold o' 'or the de*t co!tracted *y her hus*a!d, e1cepti!" i! the case o' herdsme! a!d joi!t culti(ators >%oplakrdhas.tike&hyah?. But a hus*a!d may *e cau"ht 'or the de*t co!tracted *y his wi'e. I' it is admitted that a ma! 'led the cou!try without pro(idi!" 'or

the de*t co!tracted *y his wi'e, the hi"hest amerceme!t shall *e meted out, i' !ot admitted, wit!esses shall *e depe!ded upo!. >3itnesses.@ It is o*li"atory to produce three wit!esses who are relia*le, ho!est a!d respected. At least two wit!esses accepta*le to the parties are !ecessary, !e(er o!e wit!ess i! the case o' de*ts. Bi'e's *rothers, copart!ers, priso!ers >&addha?, creditors, de*tors, e!emies, mai!tai!ed perso!s, or perso!s o!ce pu!ished *y the 2o(er!me!t shall !ot *e take! as wit!esses. ;ikewise perso!s le"ally u!'it to carry o! tra!sactio!s, the ki!", perso!s lear!ed i! the Vedas, perso!s depe!di!" 'or their mai!te!a!ce o! (illa"es >%rma&hritaka?, lepers, perso!s su''eri!" 'rom *odily erruptio!s, outcast perso!s, perso!s o' mea! a(ocatio!, the *li!d, the dea', the dum*, e"otistic perso!s, 'emales, or "o(er!me!t ser(a!ts shall !ot *e take! as wit!esses e1cepti!" i! the case o' tra!sactio!s i! o!e's ow! commu!ity. I! dispute co!cer!i!" assault, the't, or a*ductio!, perso!s other tha! wi'e's *rothers, e!emies, a!d co/part!ers, ca! *e wit!esses. I! secret deali!"s, a si!"le woma! or a si!"le ma! who has stealthily heard or see! them ca! *e a wit!ess, with the e1ceptio! o' the ki!" or a! ascetic. +! the side o' prosecutio! masters a"ai!st ser(a!ts, priests or teachers a"ai!st their disciples, a!d pare!ts a"ai!st their so!s ca! *e wit!esses >ni%rahanaskshyam kuryuh?, -erso!s other tha! these may also *e wit!esses i! crimi!al cases. I' the a*o(e perso!s >masters a!d ser(a!ts, etc.? sue each other >paraspar&hiyo%e?, they shall *e pu!ished with the hi"hest amerceme!t. reditors "uilty o' parokta shall pay a 'i!e o' 57 times the amou!t >dasa&andha? *ut i' i!capa*le to pay so much, they shall at least pay 'i(e times the amou!t sued 'or >pancha&andham?, thus the sectio! o! wit!esses is dealt with. >!akin% oaths.@ Bit!ess shall *e take! *e'ore Brhmans, (essels o' water a!d 'ire. A Brhman wit!ess shall *e told I&ell the truthJ, a Kshatriya or a Vaisya wit!ess shall *e told thus://II' thou utterest 'alsehood, thou, do !ot attai! the 'ruit o' thy sacri'icial a!d charita*le deeds, *ut ha(i!" *roke! the array o' thy e!emies i! war, thou, do "o a *e""ar with a skull i! thy ha!d.J A S0dra wit!ess thus://IBhate(er thy merits are, i! thy 'ormer *irth or a'ter thy death, shall they "o to the ki!" a!d whate(er si!s the ki!" may ha(e committed, shall they "o to thee, i' thou utterest 'alsehood, 'i!es also shall *e le(ied o! thee, 'or 'acts as they ha(e *ee! heard or see! will certai!ly *e su*se)ue!tly re(ealed.J I' i! the course o' se(e! !i"hts, wit!esses are 'ou!d to ha(e u!a!imously made a 'alse co!sert amo!" themsel(es, a 'i!e o' 5N panas shall *e le(ied. I' they are thus 'ou!d i! the course o' three 'ort!i"hts, they shall pay the amou!t sued 'or >a&hiyo%am dadyuh?.

I' wit!esses di''er, jud"me!t may *e "i(e! i! accorda!ce with the stateme!ts o' a majority o' pure a!d respecta*le wit!esses, or the mea! o' their stateme!ts may *e 'ollowed, or the amou!t u!der dispute may *e take! *y the ki!". I' wit!esses "i(e testimo!y 'or a less amou!t, the plai!ti'' shall pay a 'i!e proportio!al to the i!creased amou!t, i' they attest to a "reater amou!t, the e1cess shall "o to the ki!". I! cases where the plai!ti'' pro(es himsel' stupid, or where *ad heari!" >o! the part o' wit!esses at the time o' the tra!sactio!? or *ad writi!" is the cause o' di''iculty, or where the de*tor is dead, the e(ide!ce o' wit!esses alo!e shall *e depe!ded o! >skshipratyayameva syt?. "+!ly," say the 'ollowers o' #sanas, "i! those cases where wit!esses pro(e themsel(es to ha(e *ee! stupid or se!seless a!d where the i!(esti"atio! o' the place, time or !ature o' the tra!sactio! is o' !o a(ail, the three amerceme!ts shall *e le(ied." ".alse wit!esses," say the 'ollowers o' 4a!u, "shall *e 'i!ed te! times the amou!t which, !o matter whether it is true or 'alse, they cause to *e lost." "I'," say the 'ollowers o' Brihaspati, "owi!" to their ha(i!" *ee! stupid, they re!der a case suspicious, they shall *e tortured to death." "Fo" says Kautilya://It is the truth that wit!esses ha(e to hear >whe! they are called to attest to a!y tra!sactio!?, i' they ha(e !ot mi!ded it, they shall *e 'i!ed NO panas, i' they ha(e attested to a 'alse case >without scruti!isi!"?, they shall *e 'i!ed hal' o' the a*o(e 'i!e. ` -arties shall themsel(es produce wit!esses who are !ot 'ar remo(ed either *y time or place, wit!esses who are (ery 'ar remo(ed either *y time or place, wit!esses who are (ery 'ar, or who will !ot, stir out, shall *e made to prese!t themsel(es *y the order o' the jud"es. :&hus e!ds hapter XI, GAeco(ery o' de*tsH i! Book III, G o!cer!i!" ;awH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the si1ty/ei"hth chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER *II. CONCERNING DEPO#IT#. &D3 rules co!cer!i!" de*ts shall also apply to deposits. Bhe!e(er 'orts or cou!try parts are destroyed *y e!emies or wild tri*es, whe!e(er (illa"es, mercha!ts, or herds o' cattle are su*jected to the i!roads o' i!(aders, whe!e(er the ki!"dom itsel' is destroyed, whe!e(er e1te!si(e 'ires or 'loods *ri!" a*out e!tire destructio! o' (illa"es, or partly destroy immo(a*le properties, mo(a*le properties ha(i!" *ee! rescued *e'ore, whe!e(er the spread o' 'ire or rush o' 'loods is so sudde! that e(e! mo(a*le properties could !ot *e remo(ed, or whe!e(er a ship lade! with commodities is either su!k or plu!dered >*y pirates?, deposits lost i! a!y o' the a*o(e ways shall !ot *e reclaimed. &he depositary who has made use o' the deposit 'or his ow! com'ort shall !ot o!ly pay a compe!satio! >&ho%avetanam? to *e 'i1ed a'ter co!sideri!" the circumsta!ces o' the place a!d time *ut

also a 'i!e o' 5N panas. Fot o!ly shall a!y loss i! the (alue o' the deposit, due to its use, *e made "ood, *ut a 'i!e o' NO panas also *e paid. #eposits dama"ed or lost i! a!y way shall also *e made "ood. Bhe! the depositary is either dead or i!(ol(ed i! calamities, the deposit shall !ot *e sued 'or. I' the deposit is either mort"a"ed or sold or lost, the depositary shall !ot o!ly restore 'our times its (alue, *ut pay a 'i!e o' 'i(e times the stipulated (alue >panc&a&andho dandah?. I' the deposit is e1cha!"ed 'or a similar o!e >*y the depositary?, or lost i! a!y other way, its (alue shall *e paid. >*led%es.@ &he same rules shall hold "ood i! the case o' pled"es whe!e(er they are lost, used up, sold, mort"a"ed, or misappropriated. A pled"e, i' producti(e, i.e. >a usu'ructory mort"a"e?, shall !e(er *e lost to the de*tor >ndhissopakrass.det?, !or shall a!y i!terest o! the de*t *e char"ed, *ut i' u!producti(e >i.e.2 hypothecatio!?, it may *e lost, a!d i!terest o! the de*t shall accumulate. &he pled"ee who does !ot re/co!(ey the pled"e whe! the de*tor is ready 'or it shall *e 'i!ed 5N panas. I! the a*se!ce o' the creditor or mediator >prayo(ahsannidhna?, the amou!t o' the de*t may *e kept i! the custody o' the elders o' the (illa"e a!d the de*tor may ha(e the pled"ed property redeemed, or with its (alue 'i1ed at the time a!d with !o i!terest char"ea*le 'or the 'uture, the pled"e may *e le't where it is. Bhe! there is a!y rise i! the (alue o' the pled"e or whe! it is apprehe!ded that it may *e depriciated or lost i! the !ear 'uture, the pled"ee may, with permissio! 'rom the jud"es >dharmasthas?, or o! the e(ide!ce 'ur!ished *y the o''icer i! char"e o' pled"es >dhiplapratyayo v?, sell the pled"e either i! the prese!ce o' the de*tor or u!der the preside!cy o' e1perts who ca! see whether such apprehe!sio! is justi'ied. A! immo(a*le property, pled"ed a!d e!joya*le with or without la*our >praysa&ho%yhah phala&ho%yov?, shall !ot *e caused to deteriorate i! (alue while yieldi!" i!terest o! the mo!ey le!t, a!d pro'it o! the e1pe!ses i!curred i! mai!tai!i!" it. &he pled"ee who e!joys the pled"e without permissio! shall !ot o!ly pay the !et pro'it he deri(ed 'rom it, *ut also 'or'eit the de*t. &he rules re"ardi!" deposits shall hold "ood i! other matters co!!ected with pled"es. >*roperty entrusted to another for delivery to a third person.@ &he same rules shall apply to orders >desa?, a!d property e!trusted 'or deli(ery to a third perso! >anvdhi?. I', throu"h a mercha!t, a messe!"er is e!trusted with a property 'or deli(ery to a third perso! >anvdhihasta? a!d such messe!"er does !ot reach the desti!ed place, or is ro**ed o' the property *y thie(es, the mercha!t shall !ot *e respo!si*le 'or it, !or shall a ki!sma! o' the messe!"er who dies o! his way *e respo!si*le 'or the property.

.or the rest, the rules re"ardi!" deposits shall also hold "ood here. >Borro;ed or hired properties.@ -roperties either *orrowed >ychitakam? or hired >avakr.takam? shall *e retur!ed as i!tact as they were whe! recei(ed. I' owi!" to dista!ce i! time or place, or owi!" to some i!here!t de'ects o' the properties or to some u!'oresee! accide!ts, properties either *orrowed or hired are lost or destroyed, they !eed !ot *e made "ood. &he rules re"ardi!" deposits shall also apply here. >'etail sale.@ Aetail dealers, selli!" the mercha!dise o' others at prices pre(aili!" at particular localities a!d times shall ha!d o(er to the wholesale dealers as much o' the sale proceeds a!d pro'it as is realised *y them. &he rules re"ardi!" pled"es shall also apply here. I' owi!" to dista!ce i! time or place there occurs a!y 'all i! the (alue o' the mercha!dise, the retail dealers shall pay the (alue a!d pro'it at that rate which o*tai!ed whe! they recei(ed the mercha!dise. %er(a!ts selli!" commodities at prices prescri*ed *y their masters shall realise !o pro'it. &hey shall o!ly retur! the actual sale proceeds. I' prices 'all, they shall pay o!ly as much o' the sale proceeds as is realised at the low rate. But such mercha!ts as *elo!" to trade/"uilds >samvyavaharikeshu? or are trustworthy a!d are !ot co!dem!ed *y the ki!" !eed !ot restore e(e! the (alue o' that mercha!dise which is lost or destroyed owi!" to its i!here!t de'ects or to some u!'oresee! accide!ts. But o' such mercha!dise as is dista!ced *y time or place, they shall restore as much (alue a!d pro'it as remai!s a'ter maki!" allowa!ce 'or the wear a!d tear o' the mercha!dise. .or the rest the rules re"ardi!" deposits shall apply here. It e1plai!s retail sale. >Sealed deposits.@ &he rules laid dow! co!cer!i!" u!sealed deposits >upanidhis? shall apply to sealed deposits also. A ma! ha!di!" o(er a sealed deposit to other tha! the real depositor shall *e pu!ished. I! the case o' a depositary's de!ial o' ha(i!" recei(ed a deposit, the a!tecede!t circumsta!ces >p0rvpadnam? o' the deposit a!d >the character a!d social positio! o'? the depositor are the o!ly e(ide!ces. Artisa!s >kravah? are !aturally o' impure character. It is !ot a! appro(ed custom with them to deposit 'or some relia*le reaso!. Bhe! a depositary de!ies ha(i!" recei(ed a sealed deposit which was !ot, howe(er, deposited 'or a!y reaso!a*le cause, the depositor may o*tai! secret permissio! >'rom the jud"es? to produce such wit!esses as he mi"ht ha(e statio!ed u!der a wall >%0dha&hitti? while depositi!".

I! the midst o' a 'orest or i! the middle o' a (oya"e a! old or a''licted mercha!t mi"ht with co!'ide!ce put i! the custody o' a depositary some (alua*le article with certai! secret mark, a!d "o o! his way. +! his se!di!" this i!'ormatio! to his so! or *rother, the latter may ask 'or the sealed deposit. I' the depositary does !ot )uietly retur! it, he shall !ot o!ly 'or'eit his credit, *ut *e lia*le to the pu!ishme!t 'or the't *esides *ei!" made to restore the deposit. A relia*le ma!, *e!t o! lea(i!" this world a!d *ecomi!" a! ascetic, may place a certai! sealed deposit with some secret mark i! the custody o' a ma!, a!d, retur!i!" a'ter a !um*er o' years, ask 'or it. I' the depositary disho!estly de!ies it, he shall !ot o!ly *e made to restore it, *ut *e lia*le to the pu!ishme!t 'or the't. A childish ma! with a sealed deposit with some secret mark may, while "oi!" throu"h a street at !i"ht, 'eel 'ri"hte!ed at his *ei!" captured *y the police 'or u!timely walki!", a!d, placi!" the deposit i! the custody o' a ma!, "o o! his way. But su*se)ue!tly put i!to the jail, he may ask 'or it. I' the depositary disho!estly de!ies, he shall !ot o!ly *e made to restore it, *ut *e lia*le to the pu!ishme!t 'or the't. By reco"!isi!" the sealed deposit i! the custody o' a ma!, a!y o!e o' the depositor's 'amily may pro*a*ly ask !ot o!ly 'or the deposit, *ut also 'or i!'ormatio! as to the wherea*outs o' the depositor. I' the custodia! de!ies either, he shall *e treated as *e'ore. I! all these cases, it is o' 'irst importa!ce to i!)uire how the property u!der dispute came i! o!e's possessio!, what are the circumsta!ces co!!ected with the (arious tra!sactio!s co!cer!i!" the property a!d what is the status o' the pla!ti'' i! society as to wealth >arthasmarthyam?. &he a*o(e rules shall also apply to all ki!ds o' tra!sactio! *etwee! a!y two perso!s >mithassamavyah?. ` De!ce *e'ore wit!esses a!d with !o secrecy whate(er, shall all ki!ds o' a"reeme!ts *e e!tered i!to, either with o!e's ow! or di''ere!t people, shall the circumsta!ces o' the time a!d place *e mi!utely co!sidered 'irst. :&hus e!ds hapter XII G o!cer!i!" #epositsH i! Book III, G o!cer!i" ;awH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the si1ty/!i!th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER *III. R.LE# REGARDING #LA'E# AND LABO.RER#. &D3 selli!" or mort"a"i!" *y ki!sme! o' the li'e o' a S0dra who is !ot a *or! sla(e, a!d has !ot attai!ed majority, *ut is a! Arya i! *irth shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' 5N panas, o' a Vaisya, NO panas, o' a Kshatriya, M9 panas, a!d o' a Brhman, O8 panas. I' perso!s other tha! ki!sme! do the same, they shall *e lia*le to the three amerceme!ts a!d capital pu!ishme!t respecti(ely: purchasers a!d a*ettors shall likewise *e pu!ished. It is

!o crime 'or Mlechchhas to sell or mort"a"e the li'e o' their ow! o''spri!". But !e(er shall a! Arya *e su*jected to sla(ery. But i' i! order to tide o(er 'amily trou*les, to 'i!d mo!ey 'or 'i!es or court decrees, or to reco(er the >co!'iscated? household impleme!ts, the li'e o' a! Arya is mort"a"ed, they >his ki!sme!? shall as soo! as possi*le redeem him >'rom *o!da"e?, a!d more so i' he is a youth or a! adult capa*le o' "i(i!" help. A!y perso! who has o!ce (olu!tarily e!sla(ed himsel' shall, i' "uilty o' a! o''e!ce >nishpatitah?, *e a sla(e 'or li'e. %imilarly, a!y perso! whose li'e has *ee! twice mort"a"ed *y others shall, i' "uilty o' a! o''e!ce, *e a sla(e 'or li'e. Both o' these two sorts o' me! shall, i' they are o!ce 'ou!d desirous to ru! away to 'orei"! cou!tries, *e sla(es 'or li'e. #ecei(i!" a sla(e o' his mo!ey or depri(i!" him o' the pri(ile"es he ca! e1ercise as a! Arya >Arya&hava?, shall *e pu!ished with hal' the 'i!e >le(ied 'or e!sla(i!" the li'e o' a! Arya?. A ma! who happe!s to ha(e take! i! mort"a"e the li'e o' a co!(ict, or o' a dead or a! a''licted ma! shall *e e!titled to recei(e *ack >'rom the mort"a"er? the (alue he paid 'or the sla(e. 3mployi!" a sla(e to carry the dead or to sweep ordure, uri!e, or the lea(i!"s o' 'ood, keepi!" a sla(e !aked, or hurti!" or a*usi!" him, or (iolati!" >the chastity o'? a 'emale sla(e shall cause the 'or'eiture o' the (alue paid 'or him or her. Violatio! >o' the chastity? o' !urses, 'emale cooks, or 'emale ser(a!ts o' the class o' joi!t culti(ators or o' a!y other descriptio! shall at o!ce ear! their li*erty 'or them. Viole!ce towards a! atte!da!t o' hi"h *irth shall e!title him to ru! away. Bhe! a master has co!!ectio! with a !urse or pled"ed 'emale sla(e a"ai!st her will, he shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t, a stra!"er doi!" the same shall *e pu!ished with the middlemost amerceme!t. Bhe! a ma! commits or helps a!other to commit rape with a "irl or a 'emale sla(e pled"ed to him, he shall !ot o!ly 'or'eit the purchase (alue, *ut also pay a certai! amou!t o' mo!ey >sulka? to her a!d a 'i!e o' twice the amou!t >o' sulka to the 2o(er!me!t?. &he o''spri!" o' a ma! who has sold o'' himsel' as a sla(e shall *e a! Arya. A sla(e shall *e e!titled to e!joy !ot o!ly whate(er he has ear!ed without prejudice to his masterJs work, *ut also the i!herita!ce he has recei(ed 'rom his 'ather. +! payi!" the (alue >'or which o!e is e!sla(ed?, a sla(e shall re"ai! his Aryahood. &he same rule shall apply either to *or! or pled"ed sla(es. &he ra!som !ecessary 'or a sla(e to re"ai! his 'reedom is e)ual to what he has *ee! sold 'or. A!y perso! who has *ee! e!sla(ed 'or 'i!es or court decrees >dandapran.tah? shall ear! the amou!t *y work. A! Arya, made capti(e i! war shall 'or his 'reedom pay a

certai! amou!t proportio!al to the da!"erous work do!e at the time o' his capture, or hal' the amou!t. I' a sla(e who is less tha! ei"ht years old a!d has !o relati(es, !o matter whether he is *or! a sla(e i! his master's house, or 'ell to his master's share o' i!herita!ce, or has *ee! purchased or o*tai!ed *y his master i! a!y other way, is employed i! mea! a(ocatio!s a"ai!st his will or is sold or mort"a"ed i! a 'orei"! la!d, or i' a pre"!a!t 'emale sla(e is sold or pled"ed without a!y pro(isio! 'or her co!'i!eme!t, his or her master shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t. &he purchaser a!d a*ettors shall likewise *e pu!ished. .ailure to set a sla(e at li*erty o! the receipt o' a re)uired amou!t o' ra!som shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' 5N panas, putti!" a sla(e u!der co!'i!eme!t 'or !o reaso! >samrodhaschkarant? shall likewise *e pu!ished. &he property o' a sla(e shall pass i!to the ha!ds o' his ki!sme!, i! the a*se!ce o' a!y ki!sme!, his master shall take it. Bhe! a child is *e"otte! o! a 'emale sla(e *y her master, *oth the child a!d its mother shall at o!ce *e reco"!ised as 'ree. I' 'or the sake o' su*siste!ce, the mother has to remai! i! her *o!da"e, her *rother a!d sister shall *e li*erated. %elli!" or mort"a"i!" the li'e o' a male or a 'emale sla(e o!ce li*erated shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' 5N panas with the e1ceptio! o' those who e!sla(e themsel(es. &hus the rules re"ardi!" sla(es. >*o;er of Masters over their hired servants.@ Fei"h*ours shall k!ow the !ature o' a"reeme!t *etwee! a master a!d his ser(a!t. &he ser(a!t shall "et the promised wa"es. As to wa"es !ot pre(iously settled the amou!t shall *e 'i1ed i! proportio! to the work do!e a!d the time spe!t i! doi!" it >karmaklnur0pam X at the rate pre(aili!" at the time.? Ba"es *ei!" pre(iously u!settled, a culti(ator shall o*tai! 5/57th o' the crops "row!, a herdsma! 5/57th o' the *utter clari'ied, a trader 5/57th o' the sale proceeds. Ba"es pre(iously settled shall *e paid a!d recei(ed as a"reed upo!. Artisa!s, musicia!s, physicia!s, *u''oo!s, cooks, a!d other workme!, ser(i!" o' their ow! accord, shall o*tai! as much wa"es as similar perso!s employed elsewhere usually "et or as much as e1perts >kusalh? shall 'i1. #isputes re"ardi!" wa"es shall *e decided o! the stre!"th o' e(ide!ces 'ur!ished *y wit!esses. I! the a*se!ce o' wit!esses, the master who has pro(ided his ser(a!t with work shall *e e1ami!ed. .ailure to pay wa"es shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' te! times the amou!t o' wa"es >dasa&andhah?, or 9 panas, misappropriatio! o' wa"es shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' 5N panas or o' 'i(e times the amou!t o' the wa"es >pancha&andho v?.

A!y perso! who, while he is *ei!" carried away *y 'loods, or is cau"ht i! a 'ire, or is i! da!"er 'rom elepha!ts or ti"ers, is rescued o! his promise to o''er to his rescuer !ot o!ly the whole o' his property, *ut also his so!s, wi'e, a!d himsel' as sla(es, shall pay o!ly as much as will *e 'i1ed *y e1perts. &his rule shall apply to all cases where help o' a!y ki!d is re!dered to the a''licted. ` A pu*lic woma! shall surre!der her perso! as a"reed upo!, *ut i!siste!ce o! the o*ser(a!ce o' a!y a"reeme!t which is ill/co!sidered a!d improper shall !ot succeed. :&hus e!ds hapter XIII, GAules re"ardi!" sla(esH i! the sectio! o' GAules re"ardi!" sla(esH a!d the "Ai"ht o' 4astersH i! the sectio! o' GAules re"ardi!" ;a*ourersH i! Book III, G o!cer!i!" ;awH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the se(e!tieth chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER *I'. R.LE# REGARDING LABO.RER#4 AND CO1OPERATI'E .NDERTAKING. A ser(a!t !e"lecti!" or u!reaso!a*ly putti!" o'' work 'or which he has recei(ed wa"es shall *e 'i!ed 5N panas a!d *e cau"ht/hold o' till the work is do!e. De who is i!capa*le to tur! out work, or is e!"a"ed to do a mea! jo*, or is su''eri!" 'rom disease, or is i!(ol(ed i! calamities shall *e show! some co!cessio! or allowed to "et the work do!e *y a su*stitute. &he loss i!curred *y his master or employer owi!" to such delay shall *e made "ood *y e1tra work. A! employer may *e at li*erty to "et the work do!e *y >a!other? pro(ided there is !o such ad(erse co!ditio! that the 'ormer shall !ot employ a!other ser(a!t to e1ecute the work, !or shall the latter "o elsewhere 'or work. A! employer !ot taki!" work 'rom his la*ourer or a! employee !ot doi!" his employers work shall *e 'i!ed 5N panas. A! employee who has recei(ed wa"es to do a certai! work which is howe(er, !ot *rou"ht to termi!atio! shall !ot, o' his ow! accord, "o elsewhere 'or work. 4y preceptor holds that !ot taki!" work o! the part o' a! employer 'rom his employee whe! the latter is ready, shall *e re"arded as work do!e *y the la*ourer. But Kautilya o*jects to it, 'or wa"es are to *e paid 'or work do!e, *ut !ot 'or work that is !ot do!e. I' a! employer, ha(i!" caused his la*ourer to do a part o' work, will !ot cause him to do the rest 'or which the latter may certai!ly *e ready, the! also the u!'i!ished portio! o' the work has to *e re"arded as 'i!ished. But owi!" to co!sideratio! o' cha!"es that ha(e occurred i! time a!d place or owi!" to *ad workma!ship o' the la*ourer, the employer may !ot *e pleased with what has already *ee! tur!ed out *y the la*ourer. Also the workma! may, i' u!restrai!ed, do more tha! a"reed upo! a!d there*y cause loss to the employer.

&he same rules shall apply to "uilds o' workme! >san%ha&hrith.? 2uilds o' workme! shall ha(e a "race o' se(e! !i"hts o(er a!d a*o(e the period a"reed upo! 'or 'ul'illi!" their e!"a"eme!t. Beyo!d that time they shall 'i!d su*stitutes a!d "et the work completed. Bithout taki!" permissio! 'rom their employer, they shall !either lea(e out a!ythi!" u!do!e !or carry away a!ythi!" with them 'rom the place o' work. &hey shall *e 'i!ed NO panas 'or taki!" away a!ythi!" a!d 5N panas 'or lea(i!" out a!ythi!" u!do!e. &hus the Aules re"ardi!" la*ourers. 2uilds o' workme! >san%ha&hrith, workme! employed *y ompa!ies? as well as those who carry o! a!y cooperati(e work >sam&h0ya samutthtarah? shall di(ide their ear!i!"s >vetanam X wa"es? either e)ually or as a"reed upo! amo!" themsel(es. ulti(ators or mercha!ts shall, either at the e!d or i! the middle o' their culti(atio! or ma!u'acture, pay to their la*ourers as much o' the latter's share as is proportio!al to the work do!e. I' the la*ourers, "i(i!" up work i! the middle, supply su*stitutes, they shall *e paid their wa"es i! 'ull. But whe! commodities are *ei!" ma!u'actured, wa"es shall *e paid out accordi!" to the amou!t o' work tur!ed out, 'or such payme!t does !ot a''ect the 'a(oura*le or u!'a(oura*le results o! the way >i.e.2 i! the sale o' mercha!dise *y peddlars?. A healthy perso! who deserts his compa!y a'ter work has *ee! *e"u! shall *e 'i!ed 5N panas, 'or !o!e shall, o' his ow! accord, lea(e his compa!y. A!y perso! who is 'ou!d to ha(e !e"lected his share o' work *y stealth shall *e show! mercy >a&hayam? 'or the 'irst time a!d "i(e! a proportio!al )ua!tity o' work a!ew with promise o' proportio!al share o' ear!i!"s as well. I! case o' !e"li"e!ce 'or a seco!d time or o' "oi!" elsewhere, he shall *e throw! out o' the ompa!y >pravsanam?. I' he is "uilty o' a "lari!" o''e!ce >mahpardhe?, he shall *e treated as the co!dem!ed. >)o/operation in sacrificial acts.@ -riests cooperati!" i! a sacri'ice shall di(ide their ear!i!"s either e)ually or as a"reed upo! e1cepti!" what is especially due to each or a!y o' them. I' a priest employed i! such sacri'ices as A%nishtoma, etc., dies a'ter the ceremo!y o' co!secratio!, >his claima!t? shall "et 5/6th o' the promised or prescri*ed prese!t >dakshin?, a'ter the ceremo!y co!secrati!" the purchase o' %oma, Zth o' the prese!t, a'ter the ceremo!y called Madhyamopasad, or *ravar%yodvsana, 5/Mrd o' the prese!t, a!d a'ter the ceremo!y called 4aya, L o' the share. I' i! the sacri'ice called Sutya, the same thi!" happe!s a'ter the ceremo!y called *rtassavana, [ths, o' the share shall *e paid, a'ter the ceremo!y called Madhyandina, the prese!t shall *e paid i! 'ull, 'or *y that time the payme!t o' prese!ts shall *e o(er. I! e(ery sacri'ice e1cept the o!e called Brihaspatisavana, it is usual to pay prese!ts. &he same rule shall apply to the prese!ts paya*le i! Ahar%anas, sacri'ices so called.

&he sur(i(i!" priests carryi!" the *ala!ce o' the prese!t or a!y other relati(es o' a dead priest shall per'orm the 'u!eral ceremo!y o' the dead 'or te! days a!d !i"hts. I' the sacri'icer himsel' >he who has i!stituted the sacri'ice? dies, the! the remai!i!" priests shall complete the sacri'ice a!d carry away the prese!ts. I' a sacri'icer se!ds out a!y priest *e'ore completi!" the sacri'ice, he shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t. I' a sacri'icer se!di!" out a priest happe!s to *e a perso! who has !ot kept the sacri'icial 'ire, or to *e a preceptor or o!e who has already per'ormed sacri'ices, the! the 'i!es shall *e 577, 5777, a!d 5777 panas respecti(ely. ` As it is certai! that sacri'icial merits 'all i! (alue whe! per'ormed i! compa!y with a dru!kard, the hus*a!d o' a S0dra woma!, a murderer o' a Brhman, or o!e who has (iolated the chasti'y o' the wi'e o' his preceptor, a recei(er o' co!dem!a*le "i'ts, or is a thie', or o!e whose per'orma!ce o' sacri'icial acts is co!dem!a*le, it is !o o''e!ce to se!d out such a priest. :&hus e!ds hapter XIV, GAules re"ardi!" la*ourers, a!d o/operati(e u!dertaki!"H i! the sectio! o' GAules re"ardi!" sla(es a!d la*ourers,H i! Book III, G o!cer!i!" ;awH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the se(e!ty/'irst chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER *'. RE#CI##ION OF P.RCHA#E AND #ALE. A mercha!t re'usi!" to "i(e his mercha!dise that he has sold shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' 5N panas, u!less the mercha!dise is !aturally *ad, or is da!"erous, or is i!tolera*le. &hat which has i!here!t de'ects is termed !aturally *ad, whate(er is lia*le to *e co!'iscated *y the ki!", or is su*ject to destructio! *y thie(es, 'ire, or 'loods is termed as *ei!" da!"erous, a!d whate(er is de(oid o' all "ood )ualities, or is ma!u'actured *y the deceased is called i!tolera*le. &ime 'or rescissio! o' a sale is o!e !i"ht 'or mercha!ts, M !i"hts 'or culti(ators, 6 !i"hts 'or herdsme!, a!d with re"ard to the sale or *arter o' precious thi!"s a!d articles o' mi1ed )ualities >vivrittivikraye?, V !i"hts. 4ercha!dise which is likely to perish soo!er may, i' there is !o loss to others, *e show! the 'a(our o' early disposal *y prohi*iti!" the sale elsewhere o' similar mercha!dise which is !ot likely to perish so soo!. Violatio! o' this rule shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' NO panas or 5/57th o' the (alue o' the mercha!dise sold a"ai!st this rule. A perso! who attempts to retur! a! article purchased *y him shall i' the article is other tha! what is !aturally *ad, or is da!"erous, or is i!tolera*le, *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' 5N panas. &he same rescissio! rules that apply to a seller shall apply to the purchaser also.

>Marria%e )ontracts@ :As re"ards marria"es amo!" the three hi"her castes, rejectio! o' a *ride *e'ore the rite o' pni%rahana, claspi!" o' ha!ds, is (alid, likewise amo!" the S0dras, o*ser(i!" reli"ious rites. 3(e! i! the case o' a couple that has "o!e throu"h the rite o' pni%rahana,< rejectio! o' a *ride whose "uilt o' ha(i!" lai! with a!other ma! has *ee! a'terwards detected is (alid. But !e(er so i! the case o' *rides a!d *ride"rooms o' pure character a!d hi"h 'amily. A!y perso! who has "i(e! a "irl i! marria"e without a!!ou!ci!" her "uilt o' ha(i!" lai! with a!other shall !ot o!ly *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' Q9 panas, *ut also *e made to retur! the sulka a!d str.dhana. A!y perso! recei(i!" a "irl i! marria"e without a!!ou!ci!" the *lemishes o' the *ride"room shall !ot o!ly pay dou*le the a*o(e 'i!e, *ut also 'or'eit the sulka a!d str.dhana >he paid 'or the *ride?. >Sale of &ipeds2 etc.@ %ale o' *ipeds a!d )uadrupeds as stro!", healthy, a!d clea! thou"h they are either u!clea! or actually su''eri!" 'rom leprosy a!d other diseases, shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' 5N panas. &he time o' rescissio! o' sale is three 'ort!i"hts 'or )uadrupeds a!d o!e year 'or me!, 'or it is possi*le to k!ow *y that time their "ood or *ad co!ditio!. ` A! assem*ly co!(e!ed 'or the purpose shall, i! the matter o' resce!di!" sales or "i'ts, decide i! such a way that !either the "i(er !or the recei(er shall *e i!jured there*y. :&hus e!ds hapter XV, GAescissio! o' purchase a!d saleH i! Book III, G o!cer!i!" ;awH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the se(e!ty/seco!d chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER *'I. RE#.-PTION OF GIFT#5 #ALE +ITHO.T O+NER#HIP AND O+NER#HIP. AE;3% co!cer!i!" reco(ery o' de*ts shall also apply to resumptio! o' "i'ts. I!(alid "i'ts shall *e kept i! the sa'e custody o' some perso!s. A!y perso! who has "i(e! as "i't !ot o!ly his whole property, his so!s, a!d his wi'e, *ut also his ow! li'e shall *ri!" the same 'or the co!sideratio! o' rescissors. 2i'ts or charita*le su*scriptio!s to the wicked or 'or u!worthy purposes, mo!etary help to such perso!s as are male(ole!t or cruel, a!d promise o' se1ual e!joyme!t to the u!worthy shall *e so settled *y rescissors that !either the "i(er !or the recei(er shall *e i!jured there*y. &hose who recei(e a!y ki!d o' aid 'rom timid perso!s, threate!i!" them with le"al pu!ishme!t, de'amatio!, or loss o' mo!ey, shall *e lia*le to the pu!ishme!t 'or the't, a!d the perso!s who yield such aids shall likewise *e pu!ished. o/operatio! i! hurti!" a perso!, a!d showi!" a hau"hty attitude towards the ki!" shall *e pu!ished with the hi"hest amerceme!t. Fo so!, or heir claimi!" a dead ma!Js

property shall, a"ai!st his ow! will, pay the (alue o' the *ail *or!e *y the dead ma! >prti&hvyadanda?, the *ala!ce o' a!y dowry >sulkasesha?, or the stakes o' "am*li!", !or shall he 'ul'ill the promise o' "i'ts made *y the dead ma! u!der the i!'lue!ce o' li)uor or lo(e. &hus resumptio! o' "i'ts is dealt with. >Sale ;ithout o;nership.@ As re"ards sale without ow!ership://+! the detectio! o' a lost property i! the possessio! o' a!other perso!, the ow!er shall cause the o''e!der to *e arrested throu"h the jud"es o' a court. I' time or place does !ot permit this actio!, the ow!er himsel' shall catch hold o' the o''e!der a!d *ri!" him *e'ore the jud"es. &he jud"e shall put the )uestio!, how the o''e!der came *y the property. I' he !arrates how he "ot it, *ut ca!!ot produce the perso! who sold it to him, he shall *e le't o'', a!d shall 'or'eit the property. But the seller, i' produced, shall !ot o!ly pay the (alue o' the property, *ut also *e lia*le to the pu!ishme!t 'or the't. I' a perso! with a stole! property i! his possessio! ru!s away or hides himsel' till the property is wholly co!sumed, he shall !ot o!ly pay the (alue, *ut also *e lia*le to the pu!ishme!t 'or the't. A'ter pro(i!" his claim to a lost property >svakaranam kritva?, its ow!er shall *e e!titled to take possessio! o' it. +! his 'ailure to pro(e his title to it, he shall *e 'i!ed 6 times the (alue o' the property, >pancha&andhadandah?, a!d the property shall *e take! *y the ki!". I' the ow!er takes possessio! o' a lost article without o*tai!i!" permissio! 'rom the court, he shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t. %tole! or lost articles shall, o! *ei!" detected, *e kept i! the toll/"ate. I' !o claima!t is 'orthcomi!" withi! three 'ort!i"hts, such articles shall *e take! *y the ki!". De who pro(ed his title to a lost or stole! *iped shall pay 6 panas towards ra!som >*e'ore taki!" possessio! o' it?. ;ikewise the ra!som 'or a si!"le/hoo'ed a!imal shall *e O panas, 'or a cow or a *u''alo, N panas, 'or mi!or )uadrupeds Zth o' a pana, a!d 'or articles such as precious sto!es, superior or i!'erior raw materials, 'i(e per ce!t o' their (alue. Bhate(er o' the property o' his ow! su*jects the ki!" *ri!"s *ack 'rom the 'orests a!d cou!tries o' e!emies, shall *e ha!ded o(er to its ow!er. Bhate(er o' the property o' citi0e!s ro**ed *y thie(es the ki!" ca!!ot reco(er, shall *e made "ood 'rom his ow! pocket. I' the ki!" is u!a*le to reco(er such thi!"s, he shall either allow a!y sel'/elected perso! >svayam%rha? to 'etch them, or pay a! e)ui(ale!t ra!som to the su''erer. A! ad(e!turer may e!joy whate(er the ki!" "raciously "i(es him out o' the *ooty he has plu!dered 'rom a! e!emy's cou!try, e1cepti!" the li'e o' a! Arya a!d the property *elo!"i!" to "ods, Brhmans or ascetics. &hus sale without ow!ership is dealt with.

>B;nership.@ As to the title o' a! ow!er to his property ://&he ow!ers who ha(e )uitted their cou!try where their property lies shall co!ti!ue to ha(e their title to it. Bhe! the ow!ers other tha! mi!ors, the a"ed, those that are a''licted with decease or calamities, those that are sojour!i!" a*road, or those that ha(e deserted their cou!try duri!" !atio!al distur*a!ces, !e"lect 'or te! years their property which is u!der the e!joyme!t o' others, they shall 'or'eit their title to it. Buildi!"s le't 'or N7 years i! the e!joyme!t o' others shall !ot *e reclaimed. But the mere occupatio! o' the *uildi!"s o' others duri!" the a*se!ce o' the ki!" *y ki!sme!, priests, or heretics shall !ot "i(e them the ri"ht o' possessio!. &he same shall o*tai! with re"ard to ope! deposits, pled"es, treasure tro(e >nidhi?, *ou!dary, or a!y property *elo!"i!" to ki!"s or priests >srotriyas?. Ascetics a!d heretics shall, without distur*i!" each other, reside i! a lar"e area. A !ew comer shall, howe(er, *e pro(ided with the space occupied *y a! old reside!t. I' !ot willi!" to do so, the old occupier shall *e se!t out. &he property o' hermits, >vnaprastha? ascetics >yati?, or *achelors lear!i!" the Vedas >Brahmachri? shall o! their death *e take! *y their preceptors, disciples, their *rethre! >dharma&hrtri?, or class/mates i! successio!. Bhe!e(er hermits, etc., ha(e to pay a!y 'i!es, they may, i! the !ame o' the ki!", per'orm pe!a!ce, o*latio! to "ods, 'ireworship, or the ritual called Mahkachchhavardhana 'or as ma!y !i"hts as the !um*er o' panas o' their 'i!es. &hose heretics >pshandh? who ha(e !either "old !or "old/coi! shall similarly o*ser(e their 'asts e1cept i! the case o' de'amatio!, the't, assault a!d a*ductio! o' wome!. E!der these circumsta!ces, they shall *e compelled to u!der"o pu!ishme!t. ` &he ki!" shall, u!der pe!alty o' 'i!es, 'or*id the wil'ul or improper proceedi!"s o' ascetics: 'or (ice o(erwhelmi!" ri"hteous!ess will i! the lo!" ru! destroy the ruler himsel'. :&hus e!ds hapter XVI, "Aesumptio! o' "i'ts, sale without ow!ership, a!d ow!ership" i! Book III, " o!cer!i!" ;aw" o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the se(e!ty/third chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER *'II. ROBBER/. %E##3F a!d direct sei0ure >o' perso! or property? is termed shasa, 'raudule!t or i!direct sei0ure >niranvayeApavyayanecha? is the't.

&he school o' 4a!u hold that the 'i!e 'or the direct sei0ure o' precious sto!es a!d superior or i!'erior raw materials shall *e e)ual to their (alue. It is e)ual to twice the (alue o' the articles accordi!" to the 'ollowers o' #sanas. But Kautilya holds that it shall *e proportio!al to the "ra(ity o' the crime. I! the case o' such articles o' small (alue as 'lowers, 'ruits, (e"eta*les, roots, tur!ips, cooked rice, ski!s, *am*oo, a!d pots >earthe!ware? the 'i!e shall ra!"e 'rom 5N to NO papas, 'or articles o' "reat (alue such as iro! >klyasa?, wood, ropi!" materials, a!d herds o' mi!or )uadrupeds, the 'i!e shall ra!"e 'rom NO to O8 panas, a!d 'or such articles o' still "reater (alue as copper, *rass, *ro!0e, "lass, i(ory a!d (essels, etc., it shall ra!"e 'rom O8 to Q9 panas. &his 'i!e is termed the 'irst amerceme!t. .or the sei0ure o' such as *i" )uadrupeds, me!, 'ields, houses, "old, "old/coi!s, 'i!e 'a*rics, etc., the 'i!e shall ra!"e 'rom N77 to 677 panas, which is termed the middle/most amerceme!t. 4y preceptor holds that keepi!" or causi!" to keep *y 'orce either me! or wome! i! priso!, or releasi!" them *y 'orce 'rom impriso!me!t, shall *e pu!ished with 'i!es ra!"i!" 'rom 677 to 5,777 panas. &his 'i!e is termed the hi"hest amerceme!t. De who causes a!other to commit shasa a'ter the pla!s prepared *y himsel' shall *e 'i!ed twice the (alue >o' the perso! or property sei0ed?. A! a*ettor who employs a hireli!" to comit shasa *y promisi!" II shall pay thee as much "old as thou makest use o',J shall *e 'i!ed 'our times the (alue. &he school o' Brihaspati are o' opi!io! that i' with the promise II will pay thee this amou!t o' "old,J a! a*ettor causes a!other to commit shasa, the 'ormer shall *e compelled to pay the promised amou!t o' "old a!d a 'i!e. But Kautilya holds that i' a! a*ettor e1te!uates his crime *y pleadi!" a!"er, i!to1icatio! or loss o' se!se >moham?, he shall *e pu!ished as descri*ed a*o(e. ` I! all ki!ds o' 'i!es *elow a hu!dred panas, the ki!" shall take i! additio! to the 'i!e 8 per ce!t more as r0pa a!d i! 'i!es a*o(e hu!dred, 'i(e per ce!t more, these two ki!ds o' e1actio!, are just i!asmuch as the people are 'ull o' si!s o! the o!e ha!d, a!d ki!"s are !aturally mis"uided o! the other. :&hus e!ds hapter XVII, GAo**eryH i! Book III, G o!cer!i!" ;awH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the se(e!ty/'ourth chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER *'III. DEFA-ATION. A;E4FW, co!temptuous talk, or i!timidatio! co!stitutes de'amatio!.

Amo!" a*usi(e e1pressio!s relati!" to the *ody, ha*its, lear!i!", occupatio!, or !atio!alities, that o' calli!" a de'ormed ma! *y his ri"ht !ame such as Ithe *li!dJ, Ithe lameJ, etc. shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' M panas, a!d *y 'alse !ame 9 panas. I' the *li!d, the lame, etc., are i!sulted with such iro!ical e1pressio!s as Ia ma! o' *eauti'ul eyesJ, Ia ma! o' *eauti'ul teethJ, etc. the 'i!e shall *e 5N panas. ;ikewise whe! a perso! is tau!ted 'or leprosy, lu!acy, impote!cy a!d the like. A*usi(e e1pressio!s i! "e!eral, !o matter whether true, 'alse, or re(erse with re'ere!ce to the a*used, shall *e pu!ished with 'i!es ra!"i!" a*o(e 5N panas, i! the case o' perso!s o' e)ual ra!k. I' perso!s a*used happe! to *e o' superior ra!k, the amou!t o' the 'i!es shall *e dou*led, i' o' lower ra!k, it shall *e hal(ed. .or calum!iati!" the wi(es o' others, the amou!t o' the 'i!es shall *e dou*led. I' a*use is due to careless!ess, i!to1icatio!, or loss o' se!se, etc., the 'i!es shall *e hal(ed. As to the reality o' leprosy a!d lu!acy, physicia!s or !ei"h*ours shall *e authorities. As to the reality o' impote!cy, wome!, the scum o' uri!e, or the low speci'ic "ra(ity o' 'aeces i! water >the si!ki!" o' 'aeces i! water? shall 'ur!ish the !ecessary e(ide!ce. >Speakin% ill of ha&its.@ I' amo!" Brhmans, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas, S0dras, a!d outcastes >antvasyins?, a!y o!e o' a lower caste a*uses the ha*its o' o!e o' a hi"her caste, the 'i!es imposed shall i!crease 'rom M panas upwards >comme!ci!" 'rom the lowest caste?. I' a!y o!e o' a hi"her caste a*uses o!e o' a lower caste, 'i!es imposed shall decrease 'rom N panas. o!temptuous e1pressio!s such as 'a *ad Brhman' shall also *e pu!ished as a*o(e. &he same rules shall apply to calum!ies re"ardi!" lear!i!" >sruta?, the pro'essio! o' *u''oo!s >v%(.vana?, artisa!s, or musicia!s, a!d relati!" to !atio!alities such as *r((unaka, <ndhra, etc. >Intimidation.@ I' a perso! i!timidates a!other *y usi!" such e1pressio!s as II shall re!der thee thusJ, the *ra(ado shall *e pu!ished with hal' as much 'i!e as will *e le(ied o! him who actually does so. I' a perso!, *ei!" u!a*le to carry his threat i!to e''ect, pleads pro(ocatio!, i!to1icatio!, or loss o' se!se as his e1cuse, he shall *e 'i!ed 5N panas. I' a perso! capa*le to do harm a!d u!der the i!'lue!ce o' e!mity i!timidates a!other, he shall *e compelled to "i(e li'e/lo!" security 'or the well/*ei!" o' the i!timidated.

` #e'amatio! o' o!e's ow! !atio! or (illa"e shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t, that o' o!e's ow! caste or assem*ly with the middlemost, a!d that o' "ods or temples >chaitya? with the hi"hest amerceme!t. :&hus e!ds hapter XVIII, "#e'amtio!" i! Book III, " o!cer!i!" ;aw" o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the se(e!ty/'i'th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER *I*. A##A.LT. &+E DIF2, striki!", or hurti!" co!stitutes assault. Bhe! a perso! touches with ha!d, mud, ashes or dust the *ody o' a!other perso! *elow the !a(al, he shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' M panas, with some *ut u!clea! thi!"s, with the le", or spittle, 9 pa!as, with sali(a >)hhardi?, uri!e, 'aeces, etc. 5N panas. I' the same o''e!ce is committed a*o(e the !a(el, the 'i!es shall *e dou*led, a!d o! the head, )uadrupled. I' the same o''e!ce is committed o! perso!s o' superior ra!k, the 'i!es shall *e twice as much: a!d o! perso!s o' lower ra!k, hal' o' the a*o(e 'i!es. I' the same o''e!ce is committed o! the wome! o' others, the 'i!es shall *e dou*led. I' the o''e!ce is due to careless!ess, i!to1icatio!, or loss o' se!se, the 'i!es shall *e hal(ed. .or catchi!" hold o' a ma! *y his le"s, clothes, ha!ds or hair, 'i!es ra!"i!" a*o(e 9 panas shall *e imposed. %)uee0i!", rou!di!" with arms, thrusti!", dra""i!", or sitti!" o(er the *ody o' a!other perso! shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t. Au!!i!" away a'ter maki!" a perso! 'all, shall *e pu!ished with hal' o' the a*o(e 'i!es. &hat lim* o' a S0dra with which he strikes a Brhman shall *e cut o''. >Strikin%.@ .or striki!" compe!satio! is to *e paid a!d hal' o' the 'i!es le(ied 'or touchi!". &his rule shall also apply to )handalas a!d other pro'a!e perso!s >committi!" the same o''e!ce?. %triki!" with the ha!d. shall *e pu!ished with 'i!es *elow M panas, with the le" twice as much as the a*o(e 'i!e, a!d striki!" with a! i!strume!t so as to cause swelli!"s shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t, a!d striki!" so as to e!da!"er li'e shall *e pu!ished with the middle/most amerceme!t. > urtin%.@

ausi!" a *loodless wou!d with a stick, mud, a sto!e, a! iro! *ar, or a rope shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' NO panas. ausi!" the *lood to "ush out e1cepti!" *ad or diseased *lood shall *e pu!ished with dou*le the 'i!e. Beati!" a perso! almost to death, thou"h without causi!" *lood, *reaki!" the ha!ds, le"s, or teeth, teari!" o'' the ear or the !ose, or *reaki!" ope! the 'lesh o' a perso! e1cept i! ulcers or *oils shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t. ausi!" hurt i! the thi"h or the !eck, wou!di!" the eye, or hurti!" so as to impede eati!", speaki!", or a!y other *odily mo(eme!ts shall !ot o!ly *e pu!ished with the middlemost amerceme!t, *ut also *e made lia*le to the payme!t >to the su''erer? o' such compe!satio! as is !ecessary to cure him. I' time or place does !ot permit the immediate arrest o' a! o''e!der, he shall *e dealt with as descri*ed i! Book IV, treati!" o' the measures to suppress the wicked. 3ach o!e o' a co!'ederacy o' perso!s who ha(e i!'licted hurt o! a!other perso! shall *e pu!ished with dou*le the usual 'i!e. 4y preceptor holds that )uarrels or assaults o' a remote date shall !ot *e complai!ed o'. But Kautilya holds that there shall *e !o ac)uittal 'or a! o''e!der. 4y preceptor thi!ks that he who is the 'irst to complai! o' a )uarrel wi!s i!asmuch as it is pai! that dri(es o!e to law. But Kautilya o*jects to it, 'or whether a complai!t is lod"ed 'irst or last, it is the e(ide!ce o' wit!esses that must *e depe!ded upo!. I! the a*se!ce o' wit!esses, the !ature o' the hurt a!d other circumsta!ces co!!ected with the )uarrel i! )uestio! shall *e e(ide!ces. %e!te!ce o' pu!ishme!t shall *e passed the (ery day that a de'e!da!t accused o' assault 'ails to a!swer the char"e made a"ai!st him. >'o&&ery in =uarrels.@ A perso! steali!" a!ythi!" u!der the tumult o' a )uarrel shall *e 'i!ed 57 panas. #estructio! o' articles o' small (alue shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e e)ual to the (alue o' the articles *esides the payme!t >to the su''erer? o' a! ade)uate compe!satio!. #estructio! o' *i" thi!"s with a compe!satio! e)ual to the (alue o' the articles a!d a 'i!e e)ual to twice the (alue. I! the case o' destructio! o' such thi!"s as clothes, "old, "old/ coi!s, a!d (essels or mercha!dise, the 'irst amerceme!t to"ether with the (alue o' the articles shall *e le(ied. ausi!" dama"e to a wall o' a!other ma!'s house *y k!ocki!" shall *e 'i!ed M panas, *reaki!" ope! or demolishi!" the same shall *e 'i!ed 9 panas, *esides the restoratio! o' the wall.

&hrowi!" harm'ul thi!"s i!side the house o' a ma! shall *e 'i!ed 5N panas, a!d throwi!" such thi!"s as e!da!"er the li(es o' the i!mates shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t. .or causi!" pai! with sticks, etc., to mi!or )uadrupeds o!e or two panas shall *e le(ied, a!d 'or causi!" *lood to the same, the 'i!e shall *e dou*led. I! the case o' lar"e )uadrupeds, !ot o!ly dou*le the a*o(e 'i!es, *ut also a! ade)uate compe!satio! !ecessary to cure the *easts shall *e le(ied. .or cutti!" o'' the te!der sprouts o' 'ruit/trees, 'lower/trees or shady trees i! the parks !ear a city, a 'i!e o' 9 panas shall *e imposed, 'or cutti!" o'' the mi!or *ra!ches o' the same trees, 5N panas, a!d 'or cutti!" o'' the *i" *ra!ches, NO panas shall *e le(ied. utti!" o'' the tru!ks o' the same shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t, a!d 'elli!" the same shall *e pu!ished with the middle/most amerceme!t. I! the case o' pla!ts which *ear 'lowers, 'ruits, or pro(ide shade, hal' o' the a*o(e 'i!es shall *e le(ied. &he same 'i!es shall *e le(ied i! the case o' trees that ha(e "row! i! places o' pil"rima"e, 'orests o' hermits, or crematio! or *urial "rou!ds. ` .or similar o''e!ces committed i! co!!ectio! with the trees which mark *ou!daries, or which are worshipped or o*ser(ed >chaityeshvlakshiteshucha,? or trees which are "row! i! the ki!"'s 'orests, dou*le the a*o(e 'i!es shall *e le(ied. :&hus e!ds hapter XIX, GAssaultH i! Book III, G o!cer!i!" lawH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the se(e!ty/si1th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER **. GA-BLING AND BETTING AND -I#CELLANEO.# OFFENCE#. BI&D a (iew to 'i!d out spies or thie(es, the %uperi!te!de!t o' "am*li!" shall, u!der the pe!alty o' a 'i!e o' 5N panas i' played elsewhere, ce!tralise "am*li!". 4y preceptor is o' opi!io! that i! complai!ts re"ardi!" "am*li!", the wi!!er shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t a!d the (a!)uished with the middle/most amerceme!t, 'or thou"h !ot skill'ul e!ou"h to wi! as arde!tly desired *y him, the (a!)uished 'ellow does !ot tolerate his de'eat. But Kautilya o*jects to it: 'or i' the pu!ishme!t 'or the (a!)uished were to *e dou*led, !o!e would complai! to the ki!". Wet "am*lers are !aturally 'alse players. &he %uperi!te!de!ts o' "am*li!" shall, there'ore, *e ho!est a!d supply dice at the rate o' a kkani o' hire per pair. %u*stitutio! *y tricks o' ha!d o' dice other tha! thus

supplied shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' 5N panas. A 'alse player shall !ot o!ly *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t a!d 'i!es le(ia*le 'or the't a!d deceipt, *ut also *e made to 'or'eit the stakes he has wo!. &he %uperi!te!de!t shall take !ot o!ly 6 per ce!t o' the stakes wo! *y e(ery wi!!er, a!d the hire paya*le 'or supplyi!" dice a!d other accessories o' diceplay, *ut also the 'ee char"ea*le 'or supplyi!" water a!d accommodatio!, *esides the char"e 'or lice!se. De ca! at the same time carry o! the tra!sactio!s o' sale or mort"a"e o' thi!"s. I' he does !ot 'or*id tricks o' ha!d a!d other deceit'ul practices, *e shall *e pu!ished with twice the amou!t o' the 'i!e >le(ied 'rom the deceit'ul "am*lers.? &he same rules shall apply to *etti!" a!d challe!"i!" e1cept those i! lear!i!" a!d art. >Miscellaneous offences.@ As re"ards miscella!eous o''e!ces:// Bhe! a perso! does !ot retur! i! re)uired place or time the property he has *orrowed or hired, or placed i! his custody as a deposit, sits u!der the shade 'or more tha! o!e a!d a )uarter o' a! hour >ayma? as prescri*ed, e(ades u!der the e1cuse o' *ei!" a Brhman the payme!t due while passi!" military statio!s or crossi!" ri(ers, a!d *awls out or i!(ites others to 'i"ht a"ai!st his !ei"h*ours, he shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' 5N panas. Bhe! a perso! does !ot ha!d o(er the property e!trusted to him 'or deli(ery to a third perso!, dra"s with his ha!d the wi'e o' his *rother, has co!!ectio! with a pu*lic woma! kept *y a!other, sells mercha!dise that is u!der ill repute, *reaks ope! the sealed door o' a house, or causes hurt to a!y o' the 'orty/house/holders or !ei"h*ours, a 'i!e o' O8 panas shall *e imposed. Bhe! a perso! misappropriates the re(e!ue he collects as the a"e!t o' a household, (iolates *y 'orce the chastity o' a widow o' i!depe!de!t li(i!", whe! a! outcast >chandla? perso! touches a! Arya woma!, whe! a perso! does !ot ru! to re!der help to a!other i! da!"er, or ru!s without a cause, a!d whe! a perso! e!tertai!s, i! di!!er dedicated to "ods or a!cestors Buddhists >skya,? A(.vakas, S0dras a!d e1iled perso!s, >pravra(ita? a 'i!e o' 577 panas shall *e imposed. Bhe! a! u!authorised perso! e1ami!es >a! o''e!der? o! oath, e1ecutes 2o(er!me!t work thou"h !ot a 2o(er!me!t ser(a!t, re!ders mi!or )uadrupeds impote!t, or causes a*ortio! to a 'emale sla(e *y medici!e, he shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t. Bhe! *etwee! 'ather a!d so!, hus*a!d a!d wi'e *rother a!d sister, mater!al u!cle a!d !ephew or teacher a!d stude!t, o!e a*a!do!s the other while !either o' them is a!

apostate, a!d whe! a perso! a*a!do!s i! the ce!tre o' a (illa"e a!other perso! whom he *rou"ht there 'or his ow! help, the 'irst amerceme!t shall *e le(ied. Bhe! a perso! a*a!do!s his compa!io! i! the midst o' a 'orest, he shall *e pu!ished with the middle/most amerceme!t. Bhe! a perso! threate!s a!d a*a!do!s his compa!io! i! the midst o' a 'orest, he shall *e pu!ished with the hi"hest amerceme!t. Bhe!e(er perso!s who ha(e started to"ether o! some jour!ey a*a!do! o!e a!other as a*o(e, hal' o' the a*o(e 'i!e shall *e le(ied. Bhe! a perso! keeps or causes to keep a!other perso! i! ille"al co!'i!eme!t, releases a priso!er 'rom priso!, keeps or causes a!other to keep a mi!or i! co!'i!eme!t, he shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' 5777 panas. &he rates o' 'i!es shall (ary i! accorda!ce with the ra!k o' perso!s co!cer!ed a!d the "ra(ity o' the crimes. %uch perso!s as a pil"rim, a! ascetic e!"a"ed i! pe!a!ce, a diseased perso!, a!y o!e su''eri!" 'rom hu!"er, thirst, or 'ati"ue 'rom jour!ey, a (illa"er 'rom cou!try parts, a!y o!e that has su''ered much 'rom pu!ishme!t a!d a mo!ey/less pauper shall *e show! mercy. %uch tra!sactio!s as pertai! to "ods, Brhmans, ascetics, wome!, mi!ors, a"ed perso!s, diseased perso!s a!d helpless creatures shall, thou"h !ot *e complai!ed o', *e settled *y the jud"es themsel(es, a!d i! such tra!sactio!s as the a*o(e, e1cuses due to time, place, or possessio! shall !ot *e pleaded. %uch perso!s as are !oted 'or their lear!i!", i!telli"e!ce, *ra(ery, hi"h *irth, or ma"!i'ice!t works shall *e ho!oured. ` Kud"es shall thus settle disputes 'ree 'rom all ki!ds o' circum(e!tio!, with mi!d u!cha!"ed i! all moods or circumsta!ces, pleasi!" a!d a''a*le to all. :&hus e!ds hapter XX, G2am*li!", Betti!", a!d 4iscella!eousH, i! Book III, G o!cer!i!" ;awH o' the ArthasCstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the se(e!ty/se(e!th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!". Bith this, e!ds the third Book G o!cer!i!" ;awH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya.<

.rom: Kautilya. Arthashastra. &ra!slated *y A. %hamashastry. Ba!"alore: 2o(er!me!t -ress, 5Q56, 58V/N6N.

Kautilya's Arthashastra: Book IV, "&he Aemo(al o' &hor!s"

CHAPTER I. PROTECTION OF ARTI#AN#. &DA33 ommissio!ers >pradeshtrah? or three mi!isters shall deal with measures to suppress distur*a!ce to peace >kantakasodhanam kuryuh?. &hose who ca! *e e1pected to relie(e misery, who ca! "i(e i!structio!s to artisa!s, who ca! *e trusted with deposits, who ca! pla! artistic work a'ter their ow! desi"!, a!d who ca! *e relied upo! *y "uilds o' artisa!s, may recei(e the deposits o' the "uilds. &he "uilds >sren.? shall recei(e their deposits *ack i! time o' distress. Artisa!s shall, i! accorda!ce. with their a"reeme!t as to time, place, a!d 'orm o' work, 'ul'ill their e!"a"eme!ts. &hose who postpo!e their e!"a"eme!ts u!der the e1cuse that !o a"reeme!t as to time, place a!d 'orm o' work has *ee! e!tered i!to shall, e1cept i! trou*les a!d calamities, !ot o!ly 'or'eit Zth o' their wa"es, *ut also *e pu!ished with a 'i!e e)ual to twice the amou!t o' their wa"es. &hey shall also make "ood whate(er is thus lost or dama"ed. &hose who carry o! their work co!trary to orders shall !ot o!ly 'or'eit their wa"es, *ut also pay a 'i!e e)ual to twice the amou!t o' their wa"es. >3eavers.@ Bea(ers shall i!crease the threads >supplied to them 'or wea(i!" cloths? i! the proportio! o' 57 to 55 >dasaikdasikam?. &hey shall otherwise, !ot o!ly pay either a 'i!e e)ual to twice the loss i! threads or the (alue o' the whole yar!, *ut also 'or'eit their wa"es. I! wea(i!" li!e! or silk cloths >kshaumakauseynam?, the i!crease shall *e 5 to 5L. I! wea(i!" 'i*rous or woolle! "arme!ts or *la!kets >patronakam&laduk0lnm?, the i!crease shall *e 5 to N. I! case o' loss i! le!"th, the (alue o' the loss shall *e deducted 'rom the wa"es a!d a 'i!e e)ual to twice the loss shall *e imposed. ;oss i! wei"ht >tulh.ne? shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e e)ual to 'our times the loss. %u*stitutio! o' other ki!d o' yar!, shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e e)ual to twice the (alue o' the ori"i!al. &he same rules shall apply to the wea(i!" o' *road cloths >dvipatavnam?. &he loss i! wei"ht i! woolle! threads due to threshi!" or 'alli!" o' hair is 6 palas. >3ashermen.? Basherme! shall wash clothes either o! woode! pla!ks or o! sto!es o' smooth sur'ace. Bashi!" elsewhere shall !ot o!ly *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' 9 panas, *ut also *e su*ject 'or the payme!t o' a compe!satio! e)ual to the dama"e.

Basherme! weari!" clothes other tha! such as are stamped with the mark o' a cud"el shall *e 'i!ed three panas. .or selli!", mort"a"i!", or letti!" out 'or hire the clothes o' others, a 'i!e o' 5N panas shall *e imposed. I! case o' su*stitutio! o' other clothes, they shall !ot o!ly *e pu!ished with a 'i!e e)ual to twice the (alue o' the clothes, *ut also *e made to restore the true o!es. .or keepi!" 'or more tha! a !i"ht clothes which are to *e made as white as a jasmi! 'lower, or which are to attai! the !atural colour o' their threads o! washi!" o! the sur'ace o' sto!es, or which are to *e made whiter merely *y remo(i!" their dirt *y washi!", proportio!al 'i!es shall *e imposed. .or keepi!" 'or more tha! 6 !i"hts such clothes as are to *e "i(e! thi! colouri!", 'or more tha! si1 !i"hts such as are to *e made *lue, 'or more tha! V !i"hts such as are to *e made either as white as 'lowers or as *eauti'ul a!d shi!y as lac, sa''ro!, or *lood a!d such clothes as re)uire much skill a!d care i! maki!" *rillia!t, wa"es shall *e 'or'eited. &rustworthy perso!s shall *e jud"es i! disputes re"ardi!" colour a!d e1perts shall determi!e the !ecessary wa"es. .or washi!" the *est "arme!ts, the wa"es shall *e o!e pana, 'or those o' middle )uality, hal' a pana, a!d 'or those o' i!'erior )uality Zth o' a pana. .or rou"h washi!" o! *i" sto!es, the wa"es shall *e ath o' a pana. :I! the 'irst wash o' red/coloured clothes, there is a loss o' Zth part >o' the colour?, i! the seco!d wash, 5/6th part. &his e1plai!s su*se)ue!t losses. &he rules pertai!i!" to washerme! are also applica*le to wea(ers. 2oldsmiths who, without "i(i!" i!'ormatio! >to the "o(er!me!t?, purchase 'rom u!clea! ha!ds sil(er or "olde! articles without cha!"i!" the 'orm o' the articles shall *e 'i!ed 5N panas, i' they do the same cha!"i!" the 'orm o' the articles >i.e., melti!"?, they shall *e 'i!ed NO panas, i' they purchase the same 'rom the ha!ds o' a thie', they shall *e 'i!ed O8 panas, i' they purchase a! article 'or less tha! its (alue a'ter melti!" it i! secret, they shall *e lia*le to the pu!ishme!t 'or the't, likewise 'or deceptio! with ma!u'actured articles. Bhe! a "oldsmith steals 'rom a suvarna "old e)ual to the wei"ht o' a msha >5/59th o' a suvarna?, he shall *e pu!ished N77 panas, whe! he steals 'rom a sil(er dharana sil(er e)ual to the (alue o' a msha, he shall *e 'i!ed 5N panas. &his e1plai!s the proportio!al e!ha!ceme!t o' pu!ishme!ts. Bhe! a "oldsmith remo(es the whole amou!t o' the "old >karsha? 'rom a suvarna *y apasrana method or *y a!y other deceipt'ul com*i!atio! >yo"a?, he shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' 677 panas. I! case o' co!tami!ati!" them >"old a!d sil(er? i! a!y way, the o''e!ce shall *e re"arded as loss o' their i!tri!sic colour. +!e msha shall *e the 'ee 'or the ma!u'acture o' a sil(er dharana, 'or the ma!u'acture o' a suvarna, ath o' the same, or 'ees may *e i!creased to twice the a*o(e accordi!" to the skill o' the ma!u'acturer. &his e1plai!s the proportio!al i!crease o' 'ees.

.ees 'or the ma!u'acture o' articles 'rom copper, *rass, vaikrinataka, a!d rak0ta shall *e 'i(e perce!t. I! the ma!u'acture o' articles 'rom copper >@?, 5/57th o' the copper will *e lost. .or the loss o' a pala i! wei"ht, a 'i!e o' twice the loss shall *e imposed. &his e1plai!s the proportio!al i!crease o' pu!ishme!ts. I! the ma!u'acture o' articles 'rom lead a!d ti!, 5/N7th o' the mass will *e lost. +!e kkani shall *e the 'ee 'or ma!u'acturi!" a! article o' a pala i! wei"ht o' the a*o(e. I! the ma!u'acture o' articles 'rom iro!, 5/6th o' the mass will *e lost, two kkanis shall *e the 'ee 'or ma!u'acturi!" a! article o' a pala i! wei"ht 'rom iro!. &his e1plai!s the proportio!al i!crease o' 'ees. Bhe! the e1ami!er o' coi!s declares a! u!accepta*le curre!t coi! to *e worthy o' *ei!" e!tered i!to the treasury or rejects a! accepta*le curre!t coi!, he shall *e 'i!ed 5N panas. Bhe! the e1ami!er o' coi!s misappropriates a msha 'rom a curre!t coi! o' a pana, the ta1, >Vy(.? o' 'i(e perce!t o! the coi! ha(i!" *ee! duly paid, he shall *e 'i!ed 5N panas. &his e1plai!s the proportio!al i!crease o' 'i!es. Bhe! a perso! causes a cou!ter'eit coi! to *e ma!u'actured, or accepts it, or e1cha!"es it, he shall *e 'i!ed 5,777 panas, he who e!ters a cou!ter'eit coi! i!to the treasury shall *e put to death.< >Scaven%ers.@ +' whate(er precious thi!"s sweepers come across while sweepi!", o!e/third shall *e take! *y them a!d two/thirds *y the ki!". But precious sto!es shall *e wholly surre!dered to the ki!". %ei0ure o' precious sto!es shall *e pu!ished with the hi"hest amerceme!t. A disco(erer o' mi!es, precious sto!es, or treasure tro(es shall, o! supplyi!" the i!'ormatio! to the ki!", recei(e 5/9th o' it as his share, *ut i' the disco(erer happe!s to *e a peo! >&hritaka?, his share shall *e o!ly 5/5Nth o' it. &reasure tro(es (alued *eyo!d 577,777 shall wholly *e take! *y the ki!". But i' they are o' less (alue, the disco(er shall recei(e 5/9th o' it as his share. %uch treasure tro(es as a ma! o' pure a!d ho!est li'e ca! pro(e to *e his a!cestral property shall wholly *e take! *y the ma! himsel'. &aki!" possessio! o' a treasure tro(e without esta*lishi!" such claim shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' 677 panas. &aki!" possessio! o' the same i! secret shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' 5,777 panas. >Medical *ractice@. -hysicia!s u!dertaki!" medical treatme!t without i!timati!" >to the "o(er!me!t? the da!"erous !ature o' the disease shall, i' the patie!t dies, *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t. I' the death o' a patie!t u!der treatme!t is due to careless!ess i! the treatme!t, the physicia! shall *e pu!ished with the middle/most amerceme!t. 2rowth o' disease due to !e"li"e!ce or i!di''ere!ce >karmavadha? o' a physicia! shall *e re"arded as assault or (iole!ce. >Musicians@.

Ba!ds o' musicia!s >k0s.lavah? shall, duri!" the rai!y seaso!, stay i! a particular place. &hey shall strictly a(oid "i(i!" too much i!dul"e!ce or causi!" too much loss >atiptam? to a!y o!e. Violatio! o' the a*o(e rule shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' 5N panas. &hey may hold their per'orma!ces to their liki!" i! accorda!ce with the procedure o' their cou!try, caste, 'amily, pro'essio!, or copulatio!. &he same rules shall apply to da!cers, dum*/players a!d other me!dica!ts. .or o''e!ces, me!dica!ts shall recei(e as ma!y lashes with a! iro! rod as the !um*er o' panas imposed o! them. Ba"es 'or the works o' other ki!ds o' artisa!s shall *e similarly determi!ed. ` &hus traders, artisa!s, musicia!s, *e""ers, *u''oo!s a!d other idlers who are thie(es i! e''ect thou"h !ot i! !ame shall *e restrai!ed 'rom oppressio! o! the cou!try. :&hus e!ds hapter I, G-rotectio! o' artisa!sH i! Book IV, G&he Aemo(al o' &hor!sH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the se(e!ty/ei"hth chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER II. PROTECTION OF -ERCHANT#. &D3 %uperi!te!de!t o' ommerce shall allow the sale or mort"a"e o' a!y old commodities >purna &hndanm? o!ly whe! the seller or mort"a"or o' such articles pro(es his ow!ership o' the same. Bith a (iew to pre(e!t deceptio!, he shall also super(ise wei"hts a!d measures. #i''ere!ce o' hal' a pala i! such measures as are called parimn. a!d drona is !o o''e!ce. But di''ere!ce o' a pala i! them shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' 5N panas. .i!es 'or "reater di''ere!ces shall *e proportio!ally i!creased. #i''ere!ce o' a karsha i! the *ala!ce called tul is !o o''e!ce. #i''ere!ce o' two karshas shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' 9 panas. .i!es 'or "reater di''ere!ces shall *e proportio!ally i!creased. #i''ere!ce o' hal' a karsha i! the measure called dhaka is !o o''e!ce, *ut di''ere!ce o' a karsha shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' M panas. .or "reater di''ere!ces, 'i!es shall *e proportio!ally i!creased. .i!es 'or di''ere!ces i! wei"ht i! other ki!ds o' *ala!ces shall *e i!'erred o! the *asis o' the a*o(e rule.

Bhe! a mercha!t purchases *y a 'alse *ala!ce a "reater )ua!tity o' a commodity a!d sells u!der the same !omi!al wei"ht a less )ua!tity *y the same or a!other 'alse *ala!ce, he shall *e pu!ished with dou*le the a*o(e 'i!es. #eceptio! o! the part o' a seller to the e1te!t o' ath part o' the articles (alued at a pana a!d sold *y !um*er shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' Q9 panas. &he sale or mort"a"e o' articles such as tim*er, iro!, *rillia!t sto!es, ropes, ski!s, earthe!ware, threads, 'i*rous "arme!ts, a!d woolle! clothes as superior thou"h they are really i!'erior shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' 8 times the (alue o' the articles thus sold. Bhe! a trader sells or mort"a"es i!'erior as superior commodities, articles o' some other locality, as the produce o' a particular locality, adulterated thi!"s, or deceit'ul mi1tures, or whe! he de1terously su*stitutes other articles 'or those just sold >samutparivartimam?, he shall !ot o!ly *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' 6O panas *ut also *e compelled to make "ood the loss. By maki!" the 'i!e two panas 'or the loss o' the (alue o' a pana, a!d N77 panas 'or that o' 577, 'i!es ca! *e determi!ed 'or a!y o' such 'alse sales. &hose who co!spire to lower the )uality o' the works o' artisa!s, to hi!der their i!come, or to o*struct their sale or purchase shall *e 'i!ed thousa!d panas. 4ercha!ts who co!spire either to pre(e!t the sale o' mercha!dise or to sell or purchase commodities at hi"her prices shall *e 'i!ed 5,777 panas. 4iddleme! who cause to a mercha!t or a purchaser the loss o' ath o' a pana *y su*stituti!" with tricks o' ha!d 'alse wei"hts or measures or other ki!ds o' i!'erior articles shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' N77 panas. .i!es 'or, "reater losses shall *e proportio!ally i!creased comme!ci!" 'rom N77 pa!as. Adulteratio! o' "rai!s, oils, alkalis, salts, sce!ts, a!d medici!al articles with similar articles o' !o )uality shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' 5N panas. It is the duty o' the trader to calculate the daily ear!i!"s o' middleme! a!d to 'i1 that amou!t o! which they are authorised to li(e, 'or whate(er i!come 'alls *etwee! sellers a!d purchasers >i.e.2 *rokera"e? is di''ere!t 'rom pro'it. De!ce authorised perso!s alo!e shall collect "rai!s a!d other mercha!dise. ollectio! o' such thi!"s without permissio! shall *e co!'iscated *y the %uperi!te!de!t o' ommerce. De!ce shall mercha!ts *e 'a(oura*ly disposed towards the people i! selli!" "rai!s a!d other commodities.

&he %uperi!te!de!t o' ommerce shall 'i1 a pro'it o' 'i(e per ce!t o(er a!d a*o(e the 'i1ed price o' local commodities, a!d te! per ce!t o! 'orei"! produce. 4ercha!ts who e!cha!ce the price or realise pro'it e(e! to the e1te!t o' hal' a pana more tha! the a*o(e i! the sale or purchase o' commodities shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' 'rom 'i(e panas i! case o' realisi!" 577 panas up to N77 panas. .i!es 'or "reater e!ha!ceme!t shall *e proportio!ally i!creased. I! case o' 'ailure to sell collected mercha!dise wholesale at a 'i1ed rate, the rate shall *e altered. I! case o' o*structio! to tra''ic, the %uperi!te!de!t shall show !ecessary co!cessio!s. Bhe!e(er there is a! e1cessi(e supply o' mercha!dise, the %uperi!te!de!t shall ce!tralise its sale a!d prohi*it the sale o' similar mercha!dise elsewhere *e'ore the ce!tralised supply is disposed o'. .a(oura*ly disposed towards the people, shall mercha!ts sell this ce!tralised supply 'or daily wa"es. &he %uperi!te!de!t shall, o! co!sideratio! o' the outlay, the )ua!tity ma!u'actured, the amou!t o' toll, the i!terest o! outlay, hire, a!d other ki!ds o' accessory e1pe!ses, 'i1 the price o' such mercha!dise with due re"ard to its ha(i!" *ee! ma!u'actured lo!" a"o or imported 'rom a dista!t cou!try >desaklntaritnm panynm.? :&hus e!ds hapter II, G-rotectio! o' mercha!tsH i! Book IV G&he Aemo(al o' &hor!sH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the se(e!ty/!i!th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER III. RE-EDIE# AGAIN#T NATIONAL CALA-ITIE#. &D3A3 are ei"ht ki!ds o' pro(ide!tial (isitatio!s: &hey are 'ire, 'loods, pestile!tial diseases, 'ami!e, rats, ti"ers >vylh?, serpe!ts, a!d demo!s. .rom these shall the ki!" protect his ki!"dom. >8ire.@ #uri!" the summer, (illa"es shall carry o! cooki!" operatio!s outside. +r they shall pro(ide themsel(es with the te! remedial i!strume!ts >dasam0l.?. -recautio!ary measures a"ai!st 'ire ha(e *ee! dealt with i! co!!ectio! with the descriptio! !ot o!ly o' the duties o' superi!te!de!ts o' (illa"es, *ut also o' the ki!"'s, harem a!d reti!ue.

Fot o!ly o! ordi!ary days, *ut also o! 'ull/moo! days shall o''eri!"s, o*latio!s, a!d prayers *e made to 'ire. >8loods.@ Villa"ers li(i!" o! the *a!ks o' ri(ers shall, duri!" the rai!y reaso!, remo(e themsel(es to upcou!tries. &hey shall pro(ide themsel(es with woode! pla!ks, *am*oos, a!d *oats. &hey shall, *y mea!s o' *ottle/"ourds, ca!oes, tru!ks o' trees, or *oats rescue perso!s that are *ei!" carried o'' *y 'loods. -erso!s !e"lecti!" rescue with the e1ceptio! o' those who ha(e !o *oats, etc., shall *e 'i!ed 5N panas. +! !ew a!d 'ull/moo! days shall ri(ers *e worshipped. 31perts i! sacred ma"ic a!d mysticism >myyo%avidah?, a!d perso!s lear!ed i! the Vedas, shall per'orm, i!ca!tatio!s a"ai!st rai!. #uri!" drou"ht shall I!dra >sach.ntha?, the 2a!"es, mou!tai!s, a!d Mahkachchha *e worshipped. >*estilences.@ %uch remedial measures as will *e treated o' i! the 5Oth *ook shall *e take! a"ai!st pestile!ces. -hysicia!s with their medici!es, a!d ascetics a!d prophets with their auspicious a!d puri'icatory ceremo!ials shall also o(ercome pestile!ces. &he same remedial measures shall *e take! a"ai!st epidemics >maraka X killer?. Besides the a*o(e measures, o*latio!s to "ods, the ceremo!ial called, Mah/ kachchhavardhana, milki!" the cows o! crematio! or *urial "rou!ds, *ur!i!" the tru!k o' a corpse, a!d spe!di!" !i"hts i! de(otio! to "ods shall also *e o*ser(ed. Bith re"ard to cattle diseases >pasuvydhimarake?, !ot o!ly the ceremo!y o' wa(i!" li"hts i! cowsheds >nir(anam? shall *e hal' do!e, *ut also the worship o' 'amily/"ods *e carried out. >8amines.@ #uri!" 'ami!e, the ki!" shall show 'a(our to his people *y pro(idi!" them with seeds a!d pro(isio! >&.(a&haktopa%rham?. De may either do such works as are usually resorted to i! calamities, he may show 'a(our *y distri*uti!" either his ow! collectio! o' pro(isio!s or the hoarded i!come o' the rich amo!" the people, or seek 'or help 'rom his 'rie!ds amo!" ki!"s. +r the policy o' thi!!i!" the rich *y e1acti!" e1cessi(e re(e!ue >karsanam?, or causi!" them to (omit their accumulated wealth >vamanam? may *e resorted to. +r the ki!" with his su*jects may emi"rate to a!other ki!"dom with a*u!da!t har(est.

+r he may remo(e himsel' with his su*jects to seashores or to the *a!ks o' ri(ers or lakes. De may cause his su*jects to "row "rai!s, (e"eta*les, roots, a!d 'ruits where(er water is a(aila*le. De may, *y hu!ti!" a!d 'ishi!" o! a lar"e scale, pro(ide the people with wild *easts, *irds, elepha!ts, ti"ers or 'ish. >'ats.@ &o ward o'' the da!"er 'rom rats, cats a!d mo!"ooses may *e let loose. #estructio! o' rats that ha(e *ee! cau"ht shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' 5N panas. &he same pu!ishme!t shall *e meted out to those who, with the e1ceptio! o' wild tri*es, do !ot hold their do"s i! check. Bith a (iew to destroy rats, "rai!s mi1ed with the milk o' the milk/hed"e pla!ts >snuhi: 3uphor*ia A!ti)uorum?, or "rai!s mi1ed with such i!"redie!ts as are treated o' i! the 5Oth *ook may *e le't o! the "rou!d. Asceties a!d prophets may per'orm auspicious ceremo!ials. +! !ew a!d 'ull/moo! days rats may *e worshipped. %imilar measures may also *e take! a"ai!st the da!"er 'rom locusts, *irds a!d i!sects. >Snakes.@ :Bhe! there is 'ear 'rom s!akes, e1perts i! applyi!" remedies a"ai!st s!ake poiso! shall resort to i!ca!tatio!s a!d medici!es, or they may destroy s!akes i! a *ody, or those who are lear!ed i! the Atharvaveda may per'orm auspicious rites. +! !ew a!d 'ull moo! days, >s!akes? may *e worshipped. &his e1plai!s the measures to *e take! a"ai!st the da!"ers 'rom water/a!imals. >!i%ers.@ I! order to destroy ti"ers, either the carcasses o' cattle mi1ed with the juice o' madana pla!t, or the carcasses o' cal(es 'illed with the juice o' madana a!d kodrava pla!ts may *e throw! i! suita*le places. +r hu!ters or keepers o' hou!ds may catch ti"ers *y e!trappi!" them i! !ets. +r perso!s u!der the protectio! o' armour may kill ti"ers with arms. Fe"li"e!ce to rescue a perso! u!der the clutches o' a ti"er shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' 5N panas. %imilar sum o' mo!ey shall *e "i(e! as a reward to him who kills a ti"er. +! !ew a!d 'ull moo! days mou!tai!s may *e worshipped. %imilar measures may *e take! a"ai!st the i!road o' *easts, *irds, or crocodiles. >Demons.@

-erso!s ac)uai!ted with the rituals o' the Atharvaveda, a!d e1perts i! sacred ma"ic a!d mysticism shall per'orm such ceremo!ials as ward o'' the da!"er 'rom demo!s. +! 'ull/moo! days the worship o' )haityas may *e per'ormed *y placi!" o! a (era!dah o''eri!"s such as a! um*rella, the picture o' a! arm, a 'la", a!d some "oat's 'lesh. I! all ki!ds o' da!"ers 'rom demo!s, the i!ca!tatio! Iwe o''er thee cooked riceJ' shall *e per'ormed. &he ki!" shall always protect the a''licted amo!" his people as a 'ather his so!s. %uch ascetics as are e1perts i! ma"ical arts, a!d *ei!" e!dowed with super!atural powers, ca! ward o'' pro(ide!tial (isitatio!s, shall, there'ore, *e ho!oured *y the ki!" a!d made to li(e i! his ki!"dom. :&hus e!ds hapter III, "Aemedies a"ai!st !atio!al alamities" i! Book IV, G&he Aemo(al o' &hor!s,H o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the ei"htieth chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER I'. #.PPRE##ION OF THE +ICKED LI'ING B/ FO.L -EAN#. 43A%EA3% !ecessary 'or the protectio! o' cou!tries ha(e *ee! *rie'ly dealt with i! co!!ectio! with the descriptio! o' the duties o' the ollector/"e!eral. Be are !ow "oi!" to treat o' i! detail such measures as ca! remo(e the distur*i!" eleme!ts o' peace. &he ollector/"e!eral shall employ spies dis"uised as perso!s e!dowed with super!atural power, perso!s e!"a"ed i! pe!a!ce, ascetics, world trotters >chakra/chara?, *ards, *u''oo!s, mystics >prachchhandaka?, astrolo"ers, prophets 'oretelli!" the 'uture, perso!s capa*le o' readi!" "ood or *ad time, physicia!s, lu!atics, the dum*, the dea', idiots, the *li!d, traders, pai!ters, carpe!ters, musicia!s, da!cers, (i!t!ers, a!d ma!u'acturers o' cakes, 'lesh a!d cooked rice, a!d se!d them a*road i!to the cou!try 'or espio!a"e. &he spies shall ascertai! the 'air or 'oul deali!"s o' (illa"ers, or o' the %uperi!te!de!ts o' (illa"es a!d report the same. I' a!y perso! is 'ou!d to *e o' 'oul li'e >%0dha(.vi?, a spy who is ac)uai!ted with similar a(ocatio! shall *e let loose upo! him. +! ac)uiri!" 'rie!dship with the suspected perso! who may *e either a jud"e or a commissio!er, the spy may re)uest him that the mis'ortu!e i! which a 'rie!d o' the spy is

i!(ol(ed may *e warded o'' a!d that a certai! amou!t o' mo!ey may *e accepted. I' the jud"e accedes to the re)uest, he shall *e proclaimed as the recei(er o' *ri*es a!d *a!ished. &he same rule shall also apply to commissio!ers. A spy may tell the co!"re"atio! o' (illa"es >%rmak0tam? or its superi!te!de!t that a wealthy ma! o' wicked character is i!(ol(ed i! some trou*le a!d that this opportu!ity may *e a(ailed o' to s)uee0e mo!ey 'rom him. I' either the o!e or the other complies with the spy, *a!ishme!t shall *e ordered u!der the proclamatio! o' Ie1tortio!.J E!der the prete!ce o' ha(i!" *ee! char"ed with crimi!al o''e!ce, a spy may, with promise o' lar"e sums mo!ey, *e"i! to deal with 'alse wit!esses. I' they a"ree with him, they shall *e proclaimed as 'alse wit!esses a!d *a!ished. 4a!u'acturers o' cou!ter'eit coi!s shall also *e treated similarly. Bhoe(er is *elie(ed to secure 'or others the lo(e o' wome! *y mea!s o' ma"ical charms, dru"s or ceremo!ials per'ormed o! crematio! "rou!ds may *e approached *y a spy with the re)uest that the wi'e, dau"hter, or dau"hter/ i!/law o' some o!e, whom the spy prete!ds to lo(e may *e made to retur! the lo(e a!d that a certai! amou!t o' mo!ey may *e accepted. I' he co!se!ts to it, he shall *e proclaimed as o!e e!"a"ed i! witchcra't >samvadanakraka? a!d *a!ished. %imilar steps may *e take! a"ai!st perso!s e!"a"ed i! such witchcra't as is hurt'ul to others. Bhoe(er is suspected o' admi!isteri!" poiso! >rasa X mercury? to others *y reaso! o' his talki!" o' it or selli!" or purchasi!" mercury, or usi!" it i! prepari!" medici!es, may *e approached with the tale that a certai! e!emy o' the spy may *e killed a!d that a certai! amou!t o' mo!ey may *e recei(ed as reward. I' he does so, he shall *e proclaimed as a poiso!er >rasada?, a!d *a!ished. %imilar steps may *e take! a"ai!st those who deal with medici!es prepared 'rom madana pla!t. Bhoe(er is suspected o' ma!u'acturi!" cou!ter'eit coi!s i! that he o'te! purchases (arious ki!ds o' metals, alkalis, charcoal, *ellows, pi!cers, cruci*les, sto(e, a!d hammers, has his ha!ds a!d cloths dirty with ashes a!d smoke, or possesses such other accessory i!strume!ts as are !ecessary 'or this ille"al ma!u'acture, may *e re)uested *y a spy to take the latter as a! appre!tice, a!d *ei!" "radually *etrayed *y the spy, such perso!, o! proclamatio! o' his "uilt as the ma!u'acturer o' 'alse coi!s, shall *e *a!ished. %imilar steps may *e take! a"ai!st those who lower the )uality o' "old *y mi1i!" it with a! alloy, or deal with cou!ter'eit "old >suvarna X coi! @?

&here are thirtee! ki!ds o' crimi!als who, secretly attempti!" to li(e *y 'oul mea!s, destroy the peace o' the cou!try. &hey shall either *e *a!ished or made to pay a! ade)uate compe!satio! accordi!" as their "uilt is li"ht or serious. :&hus e!ds hapter IV, "%uppressio! o' the wicked li(i!" *y 'oul mea!sH i! Book IV G&he Aemo(al &hor!sH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the ei"hty/'irst chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER '. DETECTION OF /O.TH# OF CRI-INAL TENDENC/ B/ A#CETIC #PIE#. +F a(aili!" themsel(es o' the ope!i!" made *y ordi!ary spies se!t i! ad(a!ce, special spies prete!di!" to *e e!dowed with super!atural powers may, u!der the prete!ce o' k!owi!" such i!ca!tatio!s as cause rapid speed i! ru!!i!" away, or re!der perso!s i!(isi*le, or cause hard 'aste!ed doors to ope!, i!duce hi"hway ro**ers to ro**ery, a!d may u!der the prete!ce o' k!owi!" such i!ca!tatio!s as secure the lo(e o' wome!, e!tice adulterers to take part i! crimi!al actio!s pla!!ed 'or the purpose o' pro(i!" their crimi!al i!te!tio!s. +! taki!" these e!thusiasts thus i!duced to a (illa"e, where perso!s u!der the "uise o' wome! a!d me! are pre(iously statio!ed a!d which is di''ere!t 'rom the o!e i!te!ded to *e reached, the youths may *e told that it is di''icult to reach i! time the (illa"e aimed at a!d that the power o' i!ca!tatio! may *e see! the! a!d there alo!e. Da(i!" ope!ed the doors seemi!"ly with the power o' i!ca!tatio!, the youths may *e asked to "et i!. Da(i!", i! the midst o' wake'ul watchme! u!der co!cert, re!dered the youths i!(isi*le with i!ca!tatio!, they may *e asked to "o i!to the i!terior. Da(i!" caused the watchme! seemi!"ly sleepy, the youths may, as ordered, mo(e the *eds o' the watchme! with !o hesitatio!. -erso!s u!der the "uise o' others, wi(es may, seemi!"ly u!der the i!'lue!ce o' i!ca!tatio!, please the youths. %oo! a'ter the youths ha(e actually e1perie!ced the powers o' i!ca!tatio!, they may *e tau"ht the recitatio! a!d other accessory procedure o' that art. &hey may a'terwards *e asked to test the power o' their !ew lear!i!" i! plu!deri!" such houses as co!tai! articles or mo!ey with marks o' ide!ti'icatio!, a!d simulta!eously cau"ht hold o' i! the (ery act. &hey may either *e arrested while selli!", purchasi!", or mort"a"i!" articles with marks o' ide!ti'icatio!, or cau"ht hold o' while u!der i!to1icatio! *rou"ht a*out *y medici!al dri!ks >yo%asurmatta?. .rom these youths thus arrested may *e "athered i!'ormatio! re"ardi!" the past li'e o' them a!d o' their accomplices. %pies u!der the dis"uise o' old a!d !otorious thie(es may similarly associate with ro**ers a!d, i!stituti!" similar measures, cause the latter to *e arrested.

&he ollector/"e!eral shall e1hi*it these arrested ro**ers a!d a!!ou!ce to the pu*lic that their arrest is due to the i!structio!s o*tai!ed 'rom the ki!" who has lear!t the di(i!e art o' catchi!" ro**ers: II shall similarly catch hold o' other ro**ers a"ai! a!d a"ai!, a!d you, people, ou"ht to pre(e!t a!y o!e o' your ow! ki!sme! 'rom his wicked deeds.J Bhoe(er is k!ow!, throu"h the i!'ormatio! o' spies, to ha(e *ee! a ro**er o' yoki!" ropes, whips a!d other >a"ricultural? impleme!ts may *e arrested a!d told that his arrest is due to the om!iscie!t power o' the ki!". %pies u!der the dis"uise o' old a!d !otorious ro**ers, herdsme!, hu!ters, or keepers o' hou!ds may mi1 themsel(es with crimi!al tri*es li(i!" i! 'orests, a!d co!spire with them to attack (illa"es or cara(a!serais which, accordi!" to pre(ious pla!, co!tai! ple!ty o' cou!ter'eit "old a!d other articles. #uri!" the tumult, they may *e killed *y armed me! co!cealed 'or the purpose. +r o! their securi!" ple!ty o' stole! treasure, the ro**ers may either *e made to eat such 'ood as is mi1ed with the i!to1icati!" juice o' madana pla!t, or cau"ht hold o' either while sleepi!" with 'ati"ue caused *y i!cessa!t mo(eme!ts or while u!der i!to1icatio! due to the dri!ki!" o' medici!al *e(era"e o! the occasio!s o' reli"ious 'esti(als. &he ollector/"e!eral shall e1hi*it i! pu*lic these a!d other arrested crimi!als a!d proclaim the om!iscie!t power o' the ki!" amo!" the people at lar"e. :&hus e!ds hapter V, "#etectio! o' youths o' crimi!al te!de!cy *y ascetic spies,H i! Book IV, G&he Aemo(al &hor!sH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the ei"hty/ seco!d chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER 'I. #EI2.RE OF CRI-INAL# ON #.#PICION OR IN THE 'ER/ ACT. IF additio! to the measures take! *y spies u!der the "uise o' prophets, such steps as are su""ested *y suspicious mo(eme!ts or possessio! o' stole! articles may also *e take!. >Suspicion.@ -erso!s whose 'amily su*sist o! sle!der mea!s o' i!herita!ce, who ha(e little or !o com'ort, who 're)ue!tly cha!"e their reside!ce, caste a!d the !ames, !ot o!ly o' themsel(es, *ut also o' their 'amily >%otra?, who co!ceal their ow! a(ocatio!s a!d calls, who ha(e *etake! themsel(es to such lu1urious modes o' li'e as eati!" 'lesh a!d co!dime!ts, dri!ki!" li)uor, weari!" sce!ts, "arla!ds, 'i!e dress, a!d jewels, who ha(e *ee! s)ua!deri!" away their mo!ey, who co!sta!tly mo(e with pro'li"ate wome!, "am*lers, or (i!t!ers, who 're)ue!tly lea(e their reside!ce, whose commercial tra!sactio!, jour!ey, or desti!atio! is di''icult to u!dersta!d, who tra(el alo!e i! such solitary places as 'orests a!d mou!tai!ous tracts, who hold secret meeti!"s i! lo!ely places !ear to, or 'ar 'rom, their reside!ce, who hurry o! to "et their 'resh wou!ds or *oils cured, who always hide themsel(es i! the i!terior o' their houses, who are

e1cessi(ely attached to wome!, who are always i!)uisiti(e to "ather i!'ormatio! as to the wome! a!d property o' others, who associate themsel(es with me! o' co!dem!a*le lear!i!" a!d work, who loiter i! the dark *ehi!d walls or u!der shades, who purchase rare or suspicious articles i! suspicious times or places, who are k!ow! 'or their i!imical deali!"s, whose caste a!d a(ocatio! are (ery low, who keep 'alse appeara!ces or put o! di''ere!t caste si"!s, who cha!"e their a!cestral customs u!der 'alse e1cuses, whose !otoriety is already marked, who, thou"h i! char"e o' (illa"es, are terri*ly a'raid o' appeari!" *e'ore the prime mi!ister a!d co!ceal themsel(es or "o elsewhere, who pa!t i! 'ear while sitti!" alo!e, who show u!due a"itatio! or palpitatio! o' heart, whose 'ace is pale a!d dry while the (oice is i!disti!ct a!d stammeri!", who always mo(e i! compa!y with armed me!, or who keep threate!i!" appeara!ce, these a!d other perso!s may *e suspected to *e either murderers or ro**ers or o''e!ders "uilty o' misappropriatio! o' treasure/tro(e or deposits or to *e a!y other ki!d o' k!a(es su*sisti!" *y 'oul mea!s secretly employed. &hus the sei0ure o' crimi!als o! suspicio! is dealt with. >Sei1ure of stolen articles.@ A% re"ards the sei0ure o' crimi!als i! the (ery act:// I!'ormatio! re"ardi!" such articles as are either lost or stole! shall, i' the articles are !ot 'ou!d out, *e supplied to those who trade i! similar articles. &raders who co!ceal the articles as to the loss o' which they ha(e already recei(ed i!'ormatio! shall *e co!dem!ed as a*ettors. I' they are 'ou!d !ot to *e aware o' the loss, they may *e ac)uitted o! restori!" the articles. Fo perso! shall, without "i(i!" i!'ormatio! to the superi!te!de!t o' commerce, mort"a"e or purchase 'or himsel' a!y old or seco!d/ha!d article. +! recei(i!" i!'ormatio! re"ardi!" the sale or mort"a"e o' old articles, the %uperi!te!de!t shall ask the ow!er how he came *y it. De may reply: it has *ee! i!herited, it has *ee! recei(ed 'rom a third perso!, it is purchased *y himsel', or it has *ee! made to order, or it is a secret pled"e, he may de'i!itely state that the time a!d place whe! a!d where it came i!to *ei!". +r he may adduce e(ide!ce as to the price a!d commissio! >kshanam0lyam? 'or which it was purchased. I' his stateme!t re"ardi!" the a!tecede!t circumsta!ces o' the article is 'ou!d to *e true, he shall *e let o''. I' the article i! )uestio! is 'ou!d to *e the o!e lost *y a!other perso! whose depositio! re"ardi!" the a!tecede!t circumsta!ces o' the article i! !o way di''ers 'rom the pre(ious story, the article shall *e co!sidered to *elo!" to that perso! who is 'ou!d to ha(e lo!" *ee! e!joyi!" it a!d whose li'e is (ery pure. .or while e(e! )uadrupeds a!d *ipeds are 'ou!d to *ear such commo! e(ide!ces o' ide!ti'icatio! as colour, "ait a!d 'orm, ca! there *e a!y di''iculty i! ide!ti'yi!" such articles as, i! the 'orm o' raw materials, jewels, or (essels, are the product o' a si!"le source, de'i!ite materials, a particular ma!u'acturer 'or a de'i!ite purpose@

&he possessor o' a! article i! )uestio! may plead that the article is either *orrowed or hired, a pled"e or a sealed deposit, or o!e o*tai!ed 'rom a particular perso! 'or retail sale. I' he pro(es his alle"atio! *y produci!" the re'eree, he shall *e let o'', or the re'eree may de!y ha(i!" had a!y co!cer! i! the matter. Bith re"ard to the reaso!s which a perso!, sei0ed with a! article lost *y a!other, assi"!s as to his ha(i!" take! the article as a "i't 'rom a third perso!, he shall corro*orate them *y produci!" as wit!esses !ot o!ly those who "a(e a!d caused to "i(e the article to him, *ut also those who, *ei!" mediators, custodia!s, *earers, or wit!esses, arra!"ed 'or the tra!s'er o' the article. Bhe! a perso! is 'ou!d possessed o' a! article which he alle"es to ha(e *ee! throw! out, lost, or 'or"otte! *y a third perso!, he shall pro(e his i!!oce!ce *y adduci!" e(ide!ce as to the time, place, a!d circumsta!ces o' 'i!di!" the article. +therwise he shall restore the article, *esides payi!" a 'i!e e)ual to its (alue, or he may *e pu!ished as a thie'. &hus the sei0ure o' crimi!als i! the (ery act is dealt with. >)ircumstancial ,vidence.@ As re"ards the sei0ure o' crimi!als o! the clue o' circumsta!cial e(ide!ce:// I! cases o' house *reaki!" a!d the't the circumsta!ces, such as e!tra!ce a!d e1it e''ected throu"h other tha! doors, *reaki!" the door *y mea!s o' special co!tri(a!ces *reaki!" the wi!dows with or without lattice work, or pulli!" o'' the roo' i! houses co!sisti!" o' upstairs, asce!di!" a!d desce!di!" upstairs, *reaki!" the wall, tu!!elli!", such co!tri(a!ces as are !ecessary to carry o'' the treasure secretly hoarded, i!'ormatio! a*out which ca! o!ly *e "athered 'rom i!ter!al sources, these a!d other accessory circumsta!ces o' wear a!d tear co"!isa*le i! the i!terior shall te!d to i!dicate the co!cer! o' i!ter!al ha!ds i! the crime, a!d those o' re(erse !ature, e1ter!al a"e!cies. &he *le!di!" o' these two ki!ds o' circumsta!ces shall i!dicate *oth i!ter!al a!d e1ter!al a"e!cies. Ae"ardi!" crimes suspected to *e the work o' i!ter!al a"e!cies: A!y perso! o' misera*le appeara!ce, prese!t o! the occasio!, associated with ro"ues or thie(es, a!d possessed o' such i!strume!ts as are !ecessary 'or the't, a woma! who is *or! o' a poor 'amily, or has placed her a''ectio!s elsewhere, ser(a!ts o' similar co!dem!a*le character, a!y perso! addicted to too much sleep or who is su''eri!" 'rom wa!t o' sleep, a!y perso! who shows si"!s o' 'ati"ue, or whose 'ace is pale a!d dry with (oice stammeri!" a!d i!disti!ct a!d who may *e watchi!" the mo(eme!ts o' others or *ewaili!" too much, a!y perso! whose *ody *ears the si"!s o' scali!" hei"hts, a!y perso! whose *ody appears to ha(e *ee! scratched or wou!ded with dress tor! o'', a!y o!e whose le"s a!d ha!ds *ear the si"!s o' ru**i!" a!d scratchi!", a!y o!e whose hair

a!d !ails are either 'ull o' dirt or 'reshly *roke!, a!y o!e who has just *athed a!d dau*ed his *ody with sa!dal, a!y o!e who has smeared his *ody with oil a!d has just washed his ha!ds a!d le"s, a!y o!e whose 'oot/pri!ts ca! *e ide!ti'ied with those made !ear the house duri!" i!"ress or e"ress, a!y o!e whose *roke! 'ra"me!ts o' "arla!ds, sa!dal or dress ca! *e ide!ti'ied with those throw! out i! or !ear the house duri!" e!tra!ce or e1it, a!y perso! the smell o' whose sweat or dri!k ca! *e ascertai!ed 'rom the 'ra"me!ts o' his dress throw! out i! or !ear the house,// these a!d other perso!s shall *e e1ami!ed. A citi0e! or a perso! o' adulterous ha*its may also *e suspected. ` A commissio!er >pradesht? with his reti!ue o' %opas a!d sthnikas shall take steps to 'i!d out e1ter!al thie(es, a!d the o''icer i! char"e o' a city >n%araka? shall, u!der the circumsta!ces sketched a*o(e, try to detect i!ter!al thie(es i!side 'orti'ied tow!s. :&hus e!ds hapter VI, G%ei0ure o' crimi!als o! suspicio! or i! the (ery act,H i! Book IV, G'&he Aemo(al o' &hor!sH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the ei"hty/third chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER 'II. E*A-INATION OF #.DDEN DEATH. IF cases o' sudde! death, the corpse shall *e smeared o(er with oil a!d e1ami!ed. A!y perso! whose corpse is tai!ted with mucus a!d uri!e, with or"a!s i!'lated with wi!d, with ha!ds a!d le"s swolle!, with eyes ope!, a!d with !eck marked with li"atures may *e re"arded as ha(i!" *ee! killed *y su''ocatio! a!d suppressio! o' *reathi!". A!y perso! with co!tracted arms a!d thi"hs may *e re"arded as ha(i!" *ee! killed *y ha!"i!". A!y dead perso! with swolle! ha!ds, le"s a!d *elly, with su!ke! eyes a!d i!'lated !a(el may *e re"arded as ha(i!" *ee! killed *y ha!"i!". A!y dead perso! with sti''e!ed rectum a!d eyes, with to!"ue *itte! *etwee! the teeth, a!d with *elly swolle!, may *e co!sidered as ha(i!" *ee! killed *y drow!i!". A!y dead perso!, wetted with *lood a!d with lim*, wou!ded a!d *roke!, may *e re"arded as ha(i!" *ee! killed with sticks or ropes. A!y dead perso! with 'ractures a!d *roke! lim*s, may *e re"arded as ha(i!" *ee! throw! dow!.

A!y dead perso! with dark coloured ha!ds, le"s, teeth, a!d !ails, with loose ski!, hairs 'alle!, 'lesh reduced, a!d with 'ace *edau*ed with 'oam a!d sali(a, may *e re"arded as ha(i!" *ee! poiso!ed. A!y dead perso! o' similar descriptio! with marks o' a *leedi!" *ite, may *e co!sidered as *a(i!" *ee! *itte! *y serpe!ts a!d other poiso!ous creatures. A!y dead perso!, with *ody spread a!d dress throw! out a'ter e1cessi(e (omitti!" a!d pur"i!" may *e co!sidered as ha(i!" *ee! killed *y the admi!istratio! o' the juice o' the madana pla!t. #eath due to a!y o!e o' the a*o(e causes is, sometimes u!der the 'ear o' pu!ishme!t, made to appear as ha(i!" *ee! *rou"ht a*out *y (olu!tary ha!"i!", *y causi!" marks o' li"ature rou!d the !eck. I! death due to poiso!, the u!di"ested portio! o' meat may *e e1ami!ed i! milk. +r the same e1tracted 'rom the *elly a!d throw! o! 'ire may, i' it makes IchitchitaJ sou!d a!d assumes the rai!*ow colour, *e declared as poiso!ed. +r whe! the *elly >hridayam? remai!s u!*ur!t, althou"h the rest o' the *ody is reduced to ashes, the dead ma!'s ser(a!ts may *e e1ami!ed as to a!y (iole!t a!d cruel treatme!ts they may ha(e recei(ed at the ha!ds o' the dead. %imilarly such o' the dead ma!'s relati(es as a perso! o' misera*le li'e, a woma! with a''ectio!s placed elsewhere or a relati(e de'e!di!" some woma! that has *ee! depri(ed o' her i!herita!ce *y the dead ma! may also *e e1ami!ed. &he same ki!d o' e1ami!atio! shall *e co!ducted co!cer!i!" the ha!"i!" o' the *ody o' a! already dead ma!. auses such as past e(ils or harm do!e to others *y a dead ma!, shall *e i!)uired i!to re"ardi!" a!y death due to (olu!tary ha!"i!". All ki!ds o' sudde! death, ce!tre rou!d o!e or the other o' the 'ollowi!" causes:// +''e!ce to wome! or ki!sme!, claimi!" i!herita!ce, pro'essio!al competitio!, hatred a"ai!st ri(als, commerce, "uilds a!d a!y o!e o' the le"al disputes, is the cause o' a!"er: a!"er is the cause o' death. Bhe!, owi!" to 'alse resem*la!ce, o!e's ow! hireli!"s, or thie(es 'or mo!ey, or the e!emies o' a third perso! murder o!e, the relati(es o' the deceased shall *e i!)uired as 'ollows:// Bho called the deceased, who was with him, who accompa!ied him o! his jour!ey, a!d who took him to the sce!e o' death@

&hose who happe!ed to *e at the locality o' murder shall *e se(erally asked as 'ollows:// By whom the deceased was *rou"ht there, whether they >the wit!esses? saw a!y armed perso! lurki!" i! the place a!d showi!" si"!s o' trou*led appeara!ce@ A!y clue a''orded *y them shall *e 'ollowed i! 'urther e!)uiry. ` A'ter e1ami!i!" the perso!al property such as tra(elli!" re)uisites, dress, jewels, or other thi!"s which the deceased had o! his *ody while murdered, such perso!s as supplied or had somethi!" to do with those thi!"s shall *e e1ami!ed as to the associates, reside!ce, causes o' jour!ey, pro'essio!, a!d other calls o' the deceased. ` I' a ma! or woma! u!der the i!'atuatio! o' lo(e, a!"er, or other si!'ul passio!s commits or causes to commit suicide *y mea!s o' ropes, arms, or poiso!, he or she shall *e dra""ed *y mea!s o' a rope alo!" the pu*lic road *y the ha!ds o' a )handla. ` .or such murderers as the a*o(e, !either crematio! rites !or a!y o*se)uies usually per'ormed *y relati(es shall *e o*ser(ed. ` A!y relati(e who per'orms 'u!eral rites to such wretches, shall either himsel' *e depri(ed o' his ow! 'u!erals or *e a*a!do!ed *y his kith a!d ki!. ` Bhoe(er associates himsel' with such perso!s as per'orm 'or*idde! rites, shall with his other associates, i' a!y, 'or'eit withi! a year the pri(ile"es o' co!ducti!" or superi!te!di!" a sacri'ice, o' teachi!", a!d o' "i(i!" or recei(i!" "i'ts. :&hus e!ds hapter VII, G31ami!atio! o' sudde! death,H i! Book IV, G&he Aemo(al o' &hor!sH o' the Arthassatra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the ei"hty/'ourth chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER 'III. TRIAL AND TORT.RE TO ELICIT CONFE##ION. BD3&D3A a! accused is a stra!"er or a relati(e to a complai!a!t, his de'e!ce wit!ess shall, i! the prese!ce o' the complai!a!t, *e asked as to the de'e!da!t's cou!try, caste, 'amily, !ame, occupatio!, property, 'rie!ds, a!d reside!ce. &he a!swers o*tai!ed shall *e compared with the de'e!da!t's ow! stateme!ts re"ardi!" the same. &he! the de'e!da!t shall *e asked as to !ot o!ly the !ature o' the work he did duri!" the day pre(ious to the the't, *ut also the place where he spe!t the !i"ht till he was cau"ht hold o'. I' his a!swers 'or these )uestio!s are attested to *y relia*le re'erees or wit!esses, he shall *e ac)uitted. +therwise he shall *e su*jected torture >anyatha karmaprptah?.

&hree days a'ter the commissio! o' a crime, !o suspected perso! >sankitakah? shall *e arrested i!asmuch as there is !o room 'or )uestio!s u!less there is stro!" e(ide!ce to *ri!" home the char"e. -erso!s who char"e a! i!!oce!t ma! with the't, or co!ceal a thie' shall themsel(es *e lia*le to the pu!ishme!t 'or the't. Bhe! a perso! accused o' the't pro(es i! his de'e!ce the complai!a!t's e!mity or hatred towards himsel' he shall *e ac)uitted. A!y perso! who keeps a! i!!oce!t ma! i! co!'i!eme!t >parivsayatah suddham? shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t. 2uilt a"ai!st a suspected perso! shall *e esta*lished *y the productio! o' such e(ide!ces as the i!strume!ts made use o' *y the accused, his accomplices or a*ettors, the stole! article, a!d a!y middleme! i!(ol(ed i! selli!" or purchasi!" the stole! article. &he (alidity o' the a*o(e e(ide!ces shall also *e tested with re'ere!ce to *oth the sce!e o' the the't a!d the circumsta!ces co!!ected with the possessio! a!d distri*utio! o' the stole! article. Bhe! there are !o such e(ide!ces a!d whe! the accused is waili!" much, he shall *e re"arded as i!!oce!t. .or owi!" to o!e's accide!tal prese!ce o! the sce!e o' the't, or to o!e's accide!tal resem*la!ce to the real thie' i! respect to his appeara!ce, his dress, his weapo!s, or possessio! o' articles similar to those stole!, or owi!" to o!e's prese!ce !ear the stole! articles as i! the case o' Mndavya who u!der the 'ear o' torture admitted himsel' to *e the thie', o!e, thou"h i!!oce!t, is o'te! sei0ed as a thie'. De!ce the productio! o' co!clusi(e e(ide!ces shall *e i!sisted upo!. >tasmtsamptakaranam niyamayet X he!ce pu!ishme!t shall *e meted out o!ly whe! the char"e is )uite esta*lished a"ai!st the accused@? I"!oramuses, you!"sters, the a"ed, the a''licted, perso!s u!der i!to1icatio!, lu!atics, perso!s su''eri!" 'rom hu!"er, thirst, or 'ati"ue 'rom jour!ey, perso!s who ha(e just take! more tha! e!ou"h o' meal, perso!s who ha(e co!'essed o' their ow! accord >tmaksitam?, a!d perso!s who are (ery weak,//!o!e o' these shall *e su*jected to torture. Amo!" the spies such as harlots, suppliers o' water a!d other dri!ks to tra(ellers, story/tellers, hotel/keepers pro(idi!" tra(ellers with *oardi!" a!d lod"i!", a!y o!e who happe!s to *e ac)uai!ted with the work similar to that o' the suspected may *e let o'' to watch his mo(eme!ts, as descri*ed i! co!!ectio! with misappropriatio! o' sealed deposits. &hose whose "uilt is *elie(ed to *e true shall *e su*jected to torture >Cptadosham karma kCrayet?. But !ot wome! who are carryi!" or who ha(e !ot passed a mo!th a'ter deli(ery.

&orture o' wome! shall *e hal' o' the prescri*ed sta!dard. +r wome! with !o e1ceptio! may *e su*jected to the trial o' cross/e1ami!atio! >vkyanuyo%o v?. &hose o' Brhman caste a!d lear!ed i! the Vedas as well as asceties shall o!ly *e su*jected to espio!a"e. &hose who (iolate or cause to (iolate the a*o(e rules shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t. &he same pu!ishme!t shall *e imposed i! case o' causi!" death to a!y o!e *y torture. &here are i! (o"ue 'our ki!ds o' torture >karma?:// %i1 pu!ishme!ts >shatdandh?, se(e! ki!ds o' whippi!" >kasa?, two ki!ds o' suspe!sio! 'rom a*o(e >upari ni&andhau?, a!d water/tu*e >udakanlik cha?. As to perso!s who ha(e committed "ra(e o''e!ces, the 'orm o' torture will *e !i!e ki!ds o' *lows with a ca!e://5N *eats o! each o' the thi"hs, N8 *eats with a stick o' the tree >naktamla?, MN *eats o! each palm o' the ha!ds a!d o! each sole o' the 'eet, two o! the k!uckles, the ha!ds *ei!" joi!ed so as to appear like a scorpio!, two ki!ds o' suspe!sio!s, 'ace dow!wards >ullam&ane chale?, *ur!i!" o!e o' the joi!ts o' a 'i!"er a'ter the accused has *ee! made to dri!k rice "ruel, heati!" his *ody 'or a day a'ter *e has *ee! made to dri!k oil, causi!" him to lie o! coarse "ree! "rass 'or a !i"ht i! wi!ter. &hese are the 58 ki!ds o' torture. &he i!strume!ts o' the accused such as ropes, clu*s, arrows, spades, k!i(es, etc., shall *e paraded o! the *ack o' a! ass. 3ach day a 'resh ki!d o' the torture may *e employed. Ae"ardi!" those crimi!als who ro* i! accorda!ce with the threat pre(iously made *y them, who ha(e made use o' the stole! articles i! part, who ha(e *ee! cau"ht hold o' i! the (ery act or with the stole! articles, who ha(e attempted to sei0e the ki!"'s treasury, or who ha(e committed culpa*le crime, may, i! accorda!ce with the order o' the ki!", *e su*jected o!ce or ma!y times to o!e all o' the a*o(e ki!ds o' torture. Bhate(er may *e the !ature o' the crime, !o Brhman o''e!der shall *e tortured. &he 'ace o' a BrChma! co!(ict shall *e *ra!ded so as to lea(e a mark i!dicati!" his crime://the si"! o' a do" i! the't, that o' a headless *ody i! murder, that o' the 'emale part >&ha%a? i! rape with the wi'e o' a teacher, a!d that o' the 'la" o' (i!t!ers 'or dri!ki!" li)uor. A'ter ha(i!" thus *ra!ded to a wou!d a!d proclaimed his crime i! pu*lic, the ki!" shall either *a!ish a Brhman o''e!der or se!d him to the mi!es 'or li'e.

:&hus e!ds hapter VIII, "&rial a!d &orture to 3licit o!'essio!H i! Book IV, G&he Aemo(al o' &hor!sH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the ei"hty/'i'th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER I*. PROTECTION OF ALL KIND# OF GO'ERN-ENT DEPART-ENT#. +44I%%I+F3A% appoi!ted *y the ollector/"e!eral shall 'irst check >the proceedi!"s o'? %uperi!te!de!ts a!d their su*ordi!ates. &hose who sei0e (alua*le articles or precious sto!es 'rom either mi!es or a!y "reat ma!u'actories shall *e *eheaded. &hose who sei0e ordi!ary articles or !ecessaries o' li'e 'rom ma!u'actories o' articles o' small (alue shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t. &hose who sei0e 'rom ma!u'actories or 'rom the ki!"'s "ra!ary articles o' 5/59 to 5/O a pana i! (alue shall *e 'i!ed 5N panas, articles o' 5/O to 5/N a pana i! (alue, NO panas, articles 5/N to M/O pana i! (alue, M9 panas, a!d articles o' M/O to 5 pana i! (alue, O8 panas. &hose who sei0e articles o' 5 to N panas i! (alue shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t, articles o' N to O panas i! (alue with the middlemost, a!d articles o' O to 8 panas i! (alue with the hi"hest amerceme!t. &hose who sei0e articles o' 8 to 57 panas i! (alue shall *e co!dem!ed to death. Bhe! a!y o!e sei0es 'rom courtyards, shops, or arse!als commodities such as raw materials, ma!u'actured articles, etc., o' hal' the a*o(e (alue, he shall also *e pu!ished as a*o(e. Bhe! a!y perso! sei0es articles o' Zth o' the a*o(e (alue 'rom 2o(er!me!t treasury, "ra!aries, or o''ices o' %uperi!te!de!ts, he shall *e pu!ished with twice the a*o(e 'i!es. It has already *ee! laid dow! i! co!!ectio! with the ki!"'s harem that those who i!timidate thie(es >with a (iew to "i(e them a si"!al to ru! away? shall *e tortured to death. Bhe! a!y perso! other tha! a 2o(er!me!t ser(a!t steals duri!" the day 'rom 'ields, yards prepared 'or threshi!" out "rai!s, houses, or shops commodities such as raw materials, ma!u'actured articles, or !ecessaries o' li'e, o' 5/59th to 5/Oth o' a pana i! (alue, he shall *e 'i!ed M panas or paraded throu"h the streets, his *ody *ei!" smeared o(er with cow/du!", a!d a! earthe! ware pa! with *la0i!" li"ht tied rou!d his loi!s >sarvamekhalay?. Bhe! a!y perso! steals articles o' Z to L o' a pana i! (alue, he shall *e 'i!ed 9 panas, or his head may *e sha(ed, or he may *e e1iled >mundanam pravra(anam v?. Bhe! a perso! steals articles o' L to 5/M o' a pana i! (alue, he shall *e 'i!ed Q panas, or he may *e paraded throu"h streets, his *ody *ei!" *edau*ed with cowdu!" or ashes or with a! earthe!ware pa! with *la0i!" li"ht tied rou!d his waist. Bhe! a perso! steals articles o' 5/M to 5 pana i! (alue, *e shall *e 'i!ed 5N panas, or his head may *e sha(ed, or he may *e *a!ished. Bhe! a perso! steals commodities o' 5 to N

panas i! (alue, he shall *e 'i!ed NO panas, or his head may *e sha(ed with a piece o' *rick, or he may *e e1iled. Bhe! a perso! steals articles o' N to O panas i! (alue, he shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' M9 panas, articles o' O to 6 panas i! (alue, O8 panas, articles o' 6 to 57 panas i! (alue, with the 'irst amerceme!t, articles o' 57 to N7 panas i! (alue, with a 'i!e o' N77 panas, articles o' N7 to M7 panas i! (alue, with a 'i!e o' 677 panas, articles o' M7 to O7 panas i! (alue, with a 'i!e o' 5,777 panas, a!d articles o' O7 to 67 panas i! (alue, he shall *e co!dem!ed to death. Bhe! a perso! sei0es *y 'orce, whether duri!" the early part o' the day or !i"ht, articles o' hal' the a*o(e (alues, he shall *e pu!ished with dou*le the a*o(e 'i!es. Bhe! a!y perso! with weapo!s i! ha!d sei0es *y 'orce, whether duri!" the day or !i"ht, articles o' Zth o' the a*o(e (alues, he shall *e pu!ished with the same 'i!es. Bhe! a master o' a household >kutum&dhyaksha,? a superi!te!de!t, or a! i!depe!de!t o''icer >mukhyas;mi? issues or makes use o' u!authorised orders or seals, he shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst, middlemost, or hi"hest amerceme!t, or he may *e co!dem!ed to death, or pu!ished i! a!y other way i! proportio! to the "ra(ity o' his crime. Bhe! a jud"e threate!s, *row*eats, se!ds out, or u!justly sile!ces a!y o!e o' the disputa!ts i! his court, he shall 'irst o' all *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t. I' he de'ames or a*uses a!y o!e o' them, the pu!ishme!t shall *e dou*led. I' he does !ot ask what ou"ht to *e asked, or asks what ou"ht !ot to *e asked, or lea(es out what he himsel' has asked, or teaches, remi!ds, or pro(ides a!y o!e with pre(ious stateme!t, he shall *e pu!ished with the middle/most amerceme!t. Bhe! a jud"e does !ot i!)uire i!to !ecessary circumsta!ces, i!)uires i!to u!!ecessary circumsta!ces, >desa?, makes u!!ecessary delay i! dischar"i!" his duty, postpo!es work with spite, causes parties to lea(e the court *y tiri!" them with delay, e(ades or causes to e(ade stateme!ts that lead to the settleme!t o' a case, helps wit!esses "i(i!" them clues, or resumes cases already settled or disposed o', he shall *e pu!ished with the hi"hest amerceme!t. I' he repeats the o''e!ce, he shall *oth *e pu!ished with dou*le the a*o(e 'i!e a!d dismissed. Bhe! a clerk does !ot take dow! what has *ee! deposed *y parties, *ut e!ters what has !ot *ee! deposed, e(ades what has *ee! *adly said >duruktam?, or re!ders either di(erse or am*i"uous i! mea!i!" such depositio!s as are satis'actorily "i(e! out, he shall *e pu!ished either with the 'irst amerceme!t or i! proportio! to his "uilt. Bhe! a jud"e or commissio!er imposes a! u!just 'i!e i! "old, he shall *e 'i!ed either dou*le the amou!t o' the 'i!e, or ei"ht times that amou!t o' impositio! which is either more or less tha! the prescri*ed limit.

Bhe! a jud"e or commissio!er imposes a! u!just corporeal pu!ishme!t, he shall himsel' *e either co!dem!ed to the same pu!ishme!t or made to pay twice the amou!t o' ra!som le(ia*le 'or that ki!d o' i!justice. Bhe! a jud"e 'alsi'ies whate(er is a true amou!t or declares as true whate(er amou!t is 'alse, he shall *e 'i!ed ei"ht times that amou!t. Bhe! a! o''icer lets out or causes to let out o''e!ders 'rom lock/up >chraka?, o*structs or causes to o*struct priso!ers i! such o' their daily a(ocatio!s as sleepi!", sitti!", eati!", or e1ecreti!", he shall *e pu!ished with 'i!es ra!"i!" 'rom M panas a!d upwards. Bhe! a!y perso! lets out or causes to let out de*tors 'rom lock/up, he shall !ot o!ly *e pu!ished with the middlemost amerceme!t, *ut also *e compelled to pay the de*t the o''e!der has to pay. Bhe! a perso! lets out or causes to let out priso!ers 'rom jails >&andhan%ra?, he shall *e co!dem!ed to death a!d the whole o' his property co!'iscated. Bhe! the superi!te!deat o' jails puts a!y perso! i! lock/up without declari!" the "rou!ds o' pro(ocatio! >samkrudhakamankhyya?, he shall *e 'i!ed NO panas, whe! he su*jects a!y perso! to u!just torture, O8 panas, whe! he tra!s'ers a priso!er to a!other place, or depri(es a priso!er o' 'ood a!d water, Q9 panas, whe! *e trou*les or recei(es *ri*es 'rom a priso!er, he shall *e pu!ished, with the middlemost amerceme!t, whe! he *eats a priso!er to death, he shall *e 'i!ed 5,777 panas. Bhe! a perso! commits rape with a capti(e, sla(e, or hired woma! i! lock/up, he shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t, whe! he commits rape with the wi'e o' a thie', or o' a!y other ma! who is dead i! a! epidemic >dmara?, he shall *e pu!ished with the middlemost amerceme!t, a!d whe! he commits rape with a! Arya woma! i! lock/up, he shall *e pu!ished with the hi"hest amerceme!t. Bhe! a! o''e!der kept i! lock/up commits rape with a! Arya woma! i! the same lock/up, he shall *e co!dem!ed to death i! the (ery place. Bhe! a! o''icer commits rape with a! Arya woma! who has *ee! arrested 'or u!timely mo(eme!t at !i"ht >akshana%rihitym?, he shall also *e ha!"ed at the (ery spot, whe! a similar o''e!ce is committed with a woma! u!der sla(ery, the o''e!der shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t. >A! o''icer? who causes a priso!er to escape 'rom a lock/up without *reaki!" it ope!, shall *e pu!ished with the middlemost amerceme!t. >A! o''icer? who causes a priso!er to escape 'rom a lock/up a'ter *reaki!" it ope!, shall *e co!dem!ed to death. Bhe! he lets out a priso!er 'rom the jail, he shall *e put to death a!d his property co!'iscated.

&hus shall the ki!", with ade)uate pu!ishme!ts, test 'irst the co!duct o' 2o(er!me!t ser(a!ts, a!d the! shall, throu"h those o''icers o' appro(ed character, e1ami!e the co!duct o' his people *oth i! tow!s a!d (illa"es. :&hus e!ds hapter IX, "-rotectio! o' all ki!ds o' 2o(er!me!t #epartme!tsH i! Book IV, G&he Aemo(al o' &hor!sH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the ei"hty/si1th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER *. FINE# IN LIE. OF -.TILATION OF LI-B#. BD3F 2o(er!me!t ser(a!ts >arthachara? commit 'or the 'irst time such o''e!ces as (iolatio! o' sacred i!stitutio!s >t.rth%hta?, or pickpocketi!" >%ranthi&heda?, they shall ha(e their i!de1 'i!"er cut o'' or shall pay a 'i!e o' 6O panas, whe! 'or a seco!d time they commit the same, they shall ha(e their > ...... ? cut o'' or pay a 'i!e o' 577 panas, whe! 'or a third time, they shall ha(e their ri"ht ha!d cut o'' or pay a 'i!e o' O77 panas, a!d whe! 'or a 'ourth time, they shall i! a!y way *e put to death. Bhe! a perso! steals or destroys cocks, ma!"oose, cats, do"s or pi"s, o' less tha! 6O panas i! (alue, he shall ha(e the ed"e o' his !ose cut o'' or pay a 'i!e o' 6O panas. I' these a!imals *elo!" to either )handalas or wild tri*es hal' o' the a*o(e 'i!e shall *e imposed. Bhe! a!y perso! steals wild *easts, cattle, *irds, elepha!ts, ti"ers, 'ish, or a!y other a!imals co!'i!ed i! traps, 'e!ces, or pits, he shall !ot o!ly pay a 'i!e e)ual to the (alue o' the stole! a!imals, *ut also restore the a!imals. .or steali!" *easts or raw materials 'rom 'orests, a 'i!e o' 577 panas shall *e imposed. .or steali!" or destroyi!" dolls, *easts, or *irds 'rom i!'irmaries, twice the a*o(e 'i!e shall *e le(ied. Bhe! a perso! steals articles o' small (alue, *elo!"i!" to artisa!s, musicia!s, or ascetics he shall pay a 'i!e o' 577 panas, a!d whe! he steals *i" articles or a!y a"ricultural impleme!ts, he shall pay dou*le the a*o(e 'i!e. Bhe! a!y perso! e!ters i!to a 'ort without permissio!, or carries o'' treasure throu"h a hole or passa"e i! the wall o' the 'ort, he shall either *e *eheaded or *e made to pay a 'i!e o' N77 panas. Bhe! a perso! steals a cart, a *oat or mi!or )uadruped, he shall ha(e o!e o' his le"s cut o'' or pay a 'i!e o' M77 panas. Bhe! a "am*ler su*stitutes 'alse dice to *e hired 'or a kkan. or a!y other accessory thi!"s o' dice/play, or commits 'raud *y tricks o' ha!d, he shall ha(e his ha!d cut o'' or pay a 'i!e o' O77 panas.

Bhe! a!y perso! a*ets a thie' or a! adulterer, he as well as the woma! who (olu!tarily yields hersel' 'or adultery shall ha(e their ears a!d !ose cut o'' or pay each a 'i!e o' 677 panas, while the thie' or the adulterer shall pay dou*le the a*o(e 'i!e. Bhe! a!y perso! steals a *i" a!imal, a*ducts a male or 'emale sla(e, or sells the articles *elo!"i!" to a dead *ody >preta&hndam?, he shall ha(e *oth o' his le"s cut o'' or pay a 'i!e o' 977 panas. Bhe! a ma! co!temptuously rushes a"ai!st the ha!ds or le"s o' a!y perso! o' a hi"her caste, or o' a teacher, or mou!ts the horse, elepha!t, coach, etc., o' the ki!", he shall ha(e o!e o' his le"s a!d o!e o' his ha!ds cut o'' or pay a 'i!e o' V77 panas. Bhe! a S0dra calls himsel' a Brhman, or whe! a!y perso! steals the property o' "ods, co!spires a"ai!st the ki!", or destroys *oth the eyes o' a!other, he shall either ha(e his eyes destroyed *y the applicatio! o' poiso!ous oi!tme!t, or pay a 'i!e o' 877 panas. Bhe! a perso! causes a thie' or a! adulterer to *e let o'' or adds or omits a!ythi!" while writi!" dow! the ki!"'s order, a*ducts a "irl or a sla(e possessed o' "old, carries o'' a!y deceit'ul tra!sactio!, or sells rotte! 'lesh, he shall either ha(e his two le"s a!d o!e ha!d cut o'' or pay a 'i!e o' Q77 panas. A!y perso! who sells huma! 'lesh shall *e co!dem!ed to death. Bhe! a perso! steals ima"es o' "ods or o' a!imals, a*ducts me!, or takes possessio! o' 'ields, houses, "old, "old/coi!s, precious sto!es, or crops o' others, he shall either *e *eheaded or compelled to pay the hi"hest amerceme!t. ` &aki!" i!to co!sideratio! the >social positio! o'? perso!s, the !ature o' the o''e!ce, the cause, whether "ra(e or sli"ht >that led to the perpetratio! o' the o''e!ce?, the a!tecede!t a!d prese!t circumsta!ces, the time, a!d the place, ` a!d without 'aili!" to !otice e)uita*le disti!ctio!s amo!" o''e!ders, whether *elo!"i!" to royal 'amily or to the commo! people, shall the commissio!er determi!e the propriety o' imposi!" the 'irst, middlemost, or hi"hest amerceme!ts. :&hus e!ds hapter X, ".i!es i! lieu o' mutilatio! o' lim*s" i! Book IV, G&he Aemo(al o' &hor!sH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the ei"hty/se(e!th chapter 'rom the. *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER *I. DEATH +ITH OR +ITHO.T TORT.RE. BD3F a ma! murders a!other i! a )uarrel, he shall *e tortured to death. Bhe! a perso! wou!ded i! a 'i"ht dies withi! se(e! !i"hts, he who caused the wou!d shall *e put to i!sta!ta!eous death >suddhavadhah?. I' the wou!ded ma! dies withi! a 'ort!i"ht,

the o''e!der shall *e pu!ished with the hi"hest amerceme!t. I' the wou!ded ma! dies withi! a mo!th, the o''e!der shall *e compelled to pay !ot o!ly a 'i!e o' 677 panas, *ut also a! ade)uate compe!satio! >to the *erea(ed?. Bhe! a ma! hurts a!other with a weapo!, he shall pay the hi"hest amerceme!t, whe! he does so u!der i!to1icatio!, his ha!d shall *e cut o'', a!d whe! he causes i!sta!ta!eous death, *e shall *e put to death. Bhe! a perso! causes a*ortio! i! pre"!a!cy *y striki!", or with medici!e, or *y a!!oya!ce, the hi"hest, middlemost, a!d 'irst amerceme!ts shall *e imposed respecti(ely. &hose who cause (iole!t death either to me! or wome!, or those who are i! the ha*it o' o'te! "oi!" to meet prostitutes >a&hisraka?, those who i!'lict u!just pu!ishme!t upo! others, those who spread 'alse or co!temptuous rumours, who assault or o*struct tra(ellers o! their way, who commit house/*reaki!", or who steal or cause hurt to royal elepha!ts, horses, or carria"es shall *e ha!"ed. Bhoe(er *ur!s or carries away the corpses o' the a*o(e o''e!ders shall meet with similar pu!ishme!t or pay the hi"hest amerceme!t. Bhe! a perso! supplies murderers or thie(es with 'ood, dress, a!y re)uisites, 'ire, i!'ormatio!, a!y pla!, or assista!ce i! a!y way, he shall *e pu!ished with the hi"hest amerceme!t. Bhe! he does so u!der i"!ora!ce, he shall *e ce!sured. %o!s or wi(es o' murderers or o' thie(es shall, i' they are 'ou!d !ot i! co!cert, *e ac)uitted, *ut they shall *e sei0ed i' 'ou!d to ha(e *ee! i! co!cert. A!y perso! who aims at the ki!"dom, who 'orces e!tra!ce i!to the ki!"'s harem, who i!sti"ates wild tri*es or e!emies >a"ai!st the ki!"?, or who creates disa''ectio! i! 'orts, cou!try parts, or i! the army shall *e *ur!t ali(e 'rom head to 'oot. I' a Brhman does similar acts, he shall *e drow!ed. A!y perso! who murders his 'ather, mother, so!, *rother, teacher, or a! ascetic, shall *e put to death *y *ur!i!" *oth his head a!d ski!, i' he i!sults a!y o' the a*o(e perso!s, his to!"ue shall *e cut o'', i' he *ites a!y lim* o' these perso!s, *e shall *e depri(ed o' the correspo!di!" lim*. Bhe! a ma! wa!to!ly murders a!other, or steals a herd o' cattle, he shall *e *eheaded. A herd o' cattle shall *e co!sidered to co!sist o' !ot more tha! te! heads. Bhe! a perso! *reaks the dam o' a ta!k 'ull o' water, he shall *e drow!ed i! the (ery ta!k, o' a ta!k without water, he shall *e pu!ished with the hi"hest amerceme!t, a!d

o' a ta!k which is i! rui!s owi!" to !e"lect, he shall *e pu!ished with the middle/most amerceme!t. A!y ma! who poiso!s a!other a!d a!y woma! who murders a ma! shall *e drow!ed. A!y woma! who murders her hus*a!d, preceptor, or o''spri!", sets 'ire to a!other's property, poiso!s a ma! or cuts o'' a!y o' the *odily joi!ts o' a!other shall *e tor! o'' *y *ulls, !o matter whether or !ot she is *i" with a child, or has !ot passed a mo!th a'ter "i(i!" *irth to a child. A!y perso! who sets 'ire to pasture la!ds, 'ields, yards prepared 'or threshi!" out "rai!s, houses, 'orests, o' tim*er or o' elepha!ts shall *e throw! i!to 'ire. A!y perso! who i!sults the ki!", *etrays the ki!"'s cou!cil, makes e(il attempts >a"ai!st the ki!"?, or disre"ards the sa!ctity o' the kitche!s o' Brhmans shall ha(e his to!"ue cut o''. Bhe! a ma! other tha! a soldier steals weapo!s or armour, he shall *e shot dow! *y arrows, i' he is a soldier, he shall pay the hi"hest amerceme!t. De who castrates a ma! shall ha(e his "e!erati(e or"a! cut o''. De who hurts the to!"ue or !ose o' a!other shall ha(e his 'i!"ers cut o''. ` %uch pai!'ul pu!ishme!ts >klesadanda? as the a*o(e ha(e *ee! laid dow! i! the Cstras o' "reat sa"es, *ut it has *ee! declared as just to put to simple death those o''e!ders who ha(e !ot *ee! cruel. :&hus e!ds hapter XI, "#eath with or without torture" i! Book IV, "&he Aemo(al o' &hor!sH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the ei"hty/ei"hth chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER *II. #E*.AL INTERCO.R#E +ITH I--AT.RE GIRL#. D3 who de'iles a maide! o' e)ual caste *e'ore she has reached her maturity shall ha(e his ha!d cut o'' or pay a 'i!e o' O77 panas, i' the maide! dies i! co!se)ue!ce, the o''e!der shall *e put to death. De who de'iles a maide! who has attai!ed maturity shall ha(e his middle 'i!"er cut o'' or pay a 'i!e o' N77 panas, *esides "i(i!" a! ade)uate compe!satio! to her 'ather. Fo ma! shall ha(e se1ual i!tercourse with a!y woma! a"ai!st her will.

De who de'iles a willi!" maide! shall pay a 'i!e o' 6O panas, while the maide! hersel' shall pay a 'i!e o' hal' the amou!t. Bhe! a ma! imperso!ates a!other ma! who has already paid the !uptial 'ee to a woma! >parasulkopadhym?, he shall ha(e his ha!d cut o'' or pay a 'i!e o' O77 panas, *esides maki!" "ood the !uptial 'ee. Fo ma! who has co!!ectio! with a maide! that has passed se(e! me!ses a!d has !ot yet succeeded i! marryi!" her, thou"h she has *ee! *etrothed to him, shall either *e "uilty or pay a!y compe!satio! to her 'ather, 'or her 'ather has lost his authority o(er her i! co!se)ue!ce o' ha(i!" depri(ed her so lo!" o' the result o' her me!ses. It is !o o''e!ce 'or a ma! o' e)ual caste a!d ra!k to ha(e co!!ectio! with a maide! who has *ee! u!married three years a'ter her 'irst me!ses. For is it a! o''e!ce 'or a ma!, e(e! o' di''ere!t caste, to ha(e co!!ectio! with a maide! who has spe!t more tha! three years a'ter her 'irst me!ses a!d has !o jewellery o! her perso!, 'or taki!" possessio! o' pater!al property >u!der such circumsta!ces? shall *e re"arded as the't. A!y perso! who, while prete!di!" to secure a *ride to a particular perso!, ultimately o*tai!s her 'or a third perso! shall *e 'i!ed N77 panas. Fo ma! shall ha(e se1ual i!tercourse with a!y woma! a"ai!st her will. I' a perso! su*stitutes i! marria"e a!other maide! 'or the o!e he has *e'ore show!, he shall, i' the su*stitute is o' the same ra!k, *e 'i!ed 577 panas, a!d N77 panas i' she is o' lower ra!k. &he su*stituted maide! shall *e 'i!ed 6O panas, while the o''e!der shall also *e compelled to retur! *oth the !uptial 'ee a!d the amou!t o' e1pe!diture >i!curred *y the *ride"room?. Bhe! a ma! re'uses to li(e i! marria"e a particular maide! as a"reed upo!, he shall pay dou*le the a*o(e 'i!e. Bhe! a ma! su*stitutes i! marria"e a maide! o' di''ere!t *lood or is 'ou!d to ha(e *estowed 'alse praises >o! her )uality?, he shall !ot o!ly pay a 'i!e o' N77 panas a!d retur! the !uptial 'ee, *ut also make "ood the e1pe!diture. Fo ma! shall ha(e se1ual i!tercourse with a!y woma! a"ai!st her will. Bhe! a woma! *ei!" desirous o' i!tercourse, yields hersel' to a ma! o' the same caste a!d ra!k, she shall *e 'i!ed 5N panas, while a!y other woma! who is a! a*ettor i! the case shall *e 'i!ed twice as much. A!y woma! who a*ets a ma! i! ha(i!" i!tercourse with a maide! a"ai!st her will shall !ot o!ly pay a 'i!e o' 577 panas, *ut also please the maide! pro(idi!" her with a! ade)uate !uptial 'ee. A woma! who, o' her ow! accord, yields hersel' to a ma! shall *e a sla(e to the ki!".

.or committi!" i!tercourse with a woma! outside a (illa"e, or 'or spreadi!" 'alse report re"ardi!" such thi!"s, dou*le the usual 'i!es shall *e imposed. De who carries o'' a maide! *y 'orce shall *e 'i!ed N77 panas, i' the maide! thus carried o'' has "olde! or!ame!ts o! her perso!, the hi"hest amerceme!t shall *e imposed. I' a !um*er o' perso!s a*duct a maide!, each o' them shall *e pu!ished as a*o(e. Bhe! a ma! has co!!ectio! with a harlot's dau"hter, he shall !ot o!ly pay a 'i!e o' 6O panas, *ut also "i(e her mother si1tee! times her daily i!come. Bhe! a ma! de'iles the dau"hter o' his ow! male or 'emale sla(e, he shall !ot o!ly pay a 'i!e o' NO panas, *ut also pro(ide the maide! with a! ade)uate !uptial 'ee >sulka? a!d jewellery >&addhya?. Bhe! a ma! has co!!ectio! with a woma! who has *ee! held i! sla(ery o! accou!t o' certai! ra!som due 'rom her, he shall !ot o!ly pay a 'i!e o' 5N panas, *ut also pro(ide the woma! with dress a!d mai!te!a!ce. A*ettors i! all the a*o(e cases shall each ha(e the same pu!ishme!t as the pri!cipal o''e!der. A relati(e, or a ser(a!t o' a! a*se!tee hus*a!d may take the latter's wi'e o' loose character u!der his ow! protectio! >sam%rihn.yat X may marry her?. Bei!" u!der such protectio!, she shall wait 'or the retur! o' her hus*a!d. I' her hus*a!d, o! his retur!, e!tertai!s !o o*jectio!, *oth the protector a!d the woma! shall *e ac)uitted. I' he raises a!y o*jectio!, the woma! shall ha(e her ears a!d !ose cut o'', while her keeper shall *e put to death as a! adulterer. Bhe! a ma! 'alsely accuses a!other o' ha(i!" committed the't while i! reality the latter is "uilty o' adultery, the complai!a!t shall *e 'i!ed 677 panas. De who lets o'' a! adulterer *y recei(i!" "old shall pay a 'i!e o' ei"ht times the (alue o' the "old >he recei(ed?. >Adultery may *e pro(ed *y circumsta!ces such as? ha!d to ha!d 'i"ht, a*ductio!, a!y marks made o! the *ody o' the culprits, opi!io! o' e1perts o! co!sideratio! o' the circumsta!ces, or the stateme!ts o' wome! i!(ol(ed i! it. Bhe! a ma! rescues a woma! 'rom e!emies, 'orests, or 'loods, or sa(es the li'e o' a woma! who has *ee! a*a!do!ed i! 'orests, 'orsake! i! 'ami!e, or throw! out as i' dead, he may e!joy her as a"reed upo! duri!" the rescue. A woma! o' hi"h caste, with childre! a!d ha(i!" !o desire 'or se1ual e!joyme!t, may *e let o'' a'ter recei(i!" a! ade)uate amou!t o' ra!som.

` &hose wome! who ha(e *ee! rescued 'rom the ha!ds o' thie(es, 'rom 'loods, i! 'ami!e, or i! !atio!al calamities, or who, ha(i!" *ee! a*a!do!ed, missed, or throw! out as i' dead i! 'orests, ha(e *ee! take! home may *e e!joyed *y the rescuer as a"reed upo!. ` But !o such wome! as ha(e *ee! cast out u!der royal edict, or *y their ow! ki!sme!, !or such as *elo!" to hi"h caste, or do !ot like to *e rescued, !or e(e! those who ha(e childre! shall *e rescued either 'or ra!som or 'or their perso!. :&hus e!ds hapter XII, G%e1ual I!tercourse with Immature 2irls,H i! Book IV, G&he Aemo(al o' &hor!sH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the ei"hty/!i!th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER *III. P.NI#H-ENT FOR 'IOLATING 6.#TICE. D3 who causes a Brhman to partake o' whate(er 'ood or dri!k is prohi*ited shall *e pu!ished with the hi"hest amerceme!t. De who causes a Kshatriya to do the same shall *e pu!ished with the middlemost amerceme!t, a Vaisya, with the 'irst amerceme!t, a!d a S0dra, with a 'i!e o' 6O panas. &hose who (olu!tarily partake o' whate(er is co!dem!ed either as 'ood or dri!k shall *e outcast. De who 'orces his e!tra!ce i!to a!other's house duri!" the day shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t, a!d duri!" the !i"ht with the middlemost. A!y perso! who with weapo! i! ha!d e!ters i!to a!other's house either duri!" the day or !i"ht shall *e pu!ished with the hi"hest amerceme!t. Bhe! *e""ars or peddlers a!d lu!atics or mad perso!s attempt to e!ter i!to a house *y 'orce, or whe! !ei"h*ours 'orce their e!tra!ce i!to a house i! da!"er, they shall !ot *e pu!ished pro(ided !o such e!tra!ce is specially prohi*ited. De who mou!ts the roo' o' his ow! house a'ter mid!i"ht shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t, a!d o' a!other's house, with the middlemost amerceme!t. &hose who *reak the 'e!ces o' (illa"es, "arde!s, or 'ields shall also *e pu!ished with the middlemost amerceme!t. Da(i!" made the (alue, etc., o' their mercha!dise k!ow! >to the headma! o' the (illa"e?, traders shall halt i! some part o' a (illa"e. Bhe! a!y part o' their mercha!dise which has !ot *ee! truly se!t out o' the (illa"e duri!" the !i"ht has *ee! stole! or lost, the headma! o' the (illa"e shall make "ood the loss.

Bhate(er o' their mercha!dise is stole! or lost i! the i!ter(e!i!" places *etwee! a!y two (illa"es shall the superi!te!de!t o' pasture la!ds make "ood. I' there are !o pasture la!ds >i! such places?, the o''icer called )horara((uka shall make "ood the loss. I' the loss o' mercha!dise occurs i! such parts o' the cou!try as are !ot pro(ided e(e! with such security >a )horara((uka?, the people i! the *ou!daries o' the place shall co!tri*ute to make up the loss. I' there are !o people i! the *ou!daries, the people o' 'i(e or te! (illa"es o' the !ei"h*ourhood shall make up the loss. Darm due to the co!structio! o' u!sta*le houses, carts with !o support or with a *eam or weapo! hu!" a*o(e or with dama"ed support or with !o co(eri!", a!d harm due to causi!" a cart to 'all i! pits, or a ta!k, or 'rom a dam, shall *e treated as assault. utti!" o' trees, steali!" the rope with which a tamea*le a!imal is tied, employi!" u!tamed )uadrupeds, throwi!" sticks, mud, sto!es, rods, or arrows o! chariots or elepha!ts, raisi!" or wai(i!" the arm a"ai!st chariots or elepha!ts, shall also *e treated as assault. >&he charioteer? who cries out >to a passer/*y? I"et outJ shall !ot *e pu!ished 'or collisio! >sam%hattane?. A ma! who is hurt to death *y a! elepha!t u!der pro(ocatio! >caused *y himsel'? shall supply !ot o!ly a kum&ha o' li)uor >less *y a drona?, "arla!ds, a!d sce!ts *ut also as much cloth as is !ecessary to wash the tusks, 'or death caused *y a! elepha!t is as meritorious as the sacred *ath take! at the e!d o' a horse/sacri'ice. De!ce this o''er >o' li)uor, etc.?, is k!ow! as Iwashi!" the le"s.J Bhe! a! i!di''ere!t passer/*y is killed *y a! elepha!t the dri(er shall *e pu!ished with the hi"hest amerceme!t. Bhe! the ow!er o' a hor!ed or tusked a!imal does !ot rescue a ma! 'rom *ei!" destroyed *y his a!imal, he shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t. I' he heedlessly keeps )uite 'rom rescui!" thou"h e!treated, he shall *e pu!ished with twice the 'irst amerceme!t. Bhe! a perso! causes or allows hor!ed or tusked a!imals to destroy each other, he shall !ot o!ly pay a 'i!e e)ual to the (alue o' the destroyed a!imal or a!imals, *ut also make "ood the loss >to the su''erer?. Bhe! a ma! rides o(er a! a!imal which is le't o'' i! the !ame o' "ods, or o(er a *ull, a! o1, or o(er a 'emale cal', he shall *e 'i!ed 677 panas. De who dri(es away the a*o(e a!imals shall *e pu!ished with the hi"hest amerceme!t. Bhe! a perso! carries o'' such i!'erior )uadrupeds as are producti(e o' wool or milk, or are use'ul 'or loadi!" or ridi!", he shall !ot o!ly pay a 'i!e e)ual to their (alue, *ut also restore them.

&he same pu!ishme!t shall *e imposed i! the case o' dri(i!" away i!'erior )uadrupeds 'or purposes other tha! ceremo!ials per'ormed i! ho!our o' "ods or a!cestors. Bhe! a! a!imal which has its !ose/stri!" cut o'' or which is !ot well tamed to yoke causes hurt, or whe! a! a!imal, either comi!" 'uriously a"ai!st a ma! or recedi!" *ackwards with the cart to which it is tied, causes hurt or whe! a! a!imal causes hurt i! co!'usio! *rou"ht a*out *y the thro!"i!" o' people a!d other a!imals, the ow!er o' the a!imal shall !ot *e pu!ished,. *ut 'or hurt caused to me! u!der circumsta!ces other tha! the a*o(e, 'i!es shall *e imposed as laid dow! *e'ore, while the loss o' a!y a!imal li'e due to such causes shall *e made "ood. I' the dri(er o' a cart or carria"e causi!" hurt is a mi!or, the master i!side the cart or carria"e shall *e pu!ished. I! the a*se!ce o' the master, a!y perso! who is seated i!side, or the dri(er himsel' i' he has attai!ed his majority shall *e pu!ished. arts or carria"es occupied *y a mi!or or with !o perso! shall *e take! possessio! o' *y the ki!". Bhate(er a ma! attempts to do to others *y witch/cra't shall *e >practically? applied to the doer himsel'. Bitch/cra't merely to arouse lo(e i! a! i!di''ere!t wi'e, i! a maide! *y her lo(er, or i! a wi'e *y her hus*a!d is !o o''e!ce. But whe! it is i!jurious to others, the doer shall *e pu!ished with the middle most amerceme!t. Bhe! a ma! per'orms witch/cra't to wi! the sister o' his ow! 'ather or mother, the wi'e o' a mater!al u!cle or o' a preceptor, his ow! dau"hter/i!/law, dau"hter, or sister, he shall ha(e his lim* cut o'' a!d also put to death, ,while a!y woma! who yields hersel' to such a! o''e!der shall also, recei(e similar pu!ishme!t. A!y woma! who yields hersel' to a sla(e, a ser(a!t, or a hired la*ourer shall *e similarly pu!ished. A Kshatriya who commits adultery with a! u!"uarded Brhman woma! shall *e pu!ished with the hi"hest amerceme!t, a Vaisya doi!" the same shall *e depri(ed o' the whole o' his property, a!d a S0dra shall *e *ur!t ali(e wou!d rou!d i! mats. Bhoe(er commits adultery with the )uee! o' the la!d shall *e *ur!t ali(e i! a (essel >kum&h.lpkah.? A ma! who commits adultery with a woma! o' low caste shall *e *a!ished with prescri*ed mark *ra!ded o! his 'ore/head, or shall *e de"raded to the same caste. A S0dra or a svapka who commits adultery with a woma! o' low caste shall *e put to death, while the woma! shall ha(e her ears a!d !ose cut o''. Adultery with a !u! >pravra(it? shall *e pu!isha*le with a 'i!e o' NO panas while the !u! who su*mits hersel' shall also pay a similar 'i!e. A ma! who 'orces his co!!ectio! with a harlot shall *e 'i!ed 5N panas.

Bhe! ma!y perso!s per'orm witch/cra't towards a si!"le woma!, each o' them shall *e pu!ished with a 'i!e o' NO panas. Bhe! a ma! has co!!ectio! with a woma! a"ai!st the order o' !ature >a/yonau?, he shall *e pu!ished with the 'irst amerceme!t. A ma! ha(i!" se1ual i!tercourse with a!other ma! shall also pay the 'irst amerceme!t. ` Bhe! a se!seless ma! has se1ual i!tercourse with *easts, he shall *e 'i!ed 5N panas, whe! he comits the same act with idols >represe!tati(es? o' "oddesses >daivatapratim?, he shall *e 'i!ed twice as much. ` Bhe! the ki!" pu!ishes a! i!!oce!t ma!, he shall throw i!to water dedicati!" to "od Varuna a 'i!e e)ual to thirty times the u!just impositio!, a!d this amou!t shall a'terwards *e distri*uted amo!" the Brhmans. ` By this act, the ki!" will *e 'ree 'rom the si! o' u!just impositio!, 'or ki!" Varuna is the ruler o' si!!ers amo!" me!. :&hus e!ds hapter XIII, G-u!ishme!t 'or (iolati!" justiceH i! Book IV, G&he Aemo(al o' &hor!sH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the !i!etieth chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!". Bith this e!ds the 'ourth Book, G&he remo(al o' o' thor!sH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya.<

.rom: Kautilya. Arthashastra. &ra!slated *y A. %hamasastry. Ba!"alore: 2o(er!me!t -ress, 5Q56, N6M/NQ9.

Kautilya's Arthashastra: Book V, "&he o!duct o' ourtiers"

CHAPTER I. CONCERNING THE A+ARD# OF P.NI#H-ENT#. 43A%EA3% !ecessary to remo(e the thor!s o' pu*lic peace *oth i! 'orti'ied cities a!d cou!try parts ha(e *ee! dealt with. Be shall !ow proceed to treat o' measures to suppress treaso! a"ai!st the ki!" a!d his ki!"dom. Bith re"ard to those chie's who, thou"h li(i!" *y ser(ice u!der the ki!", are i!imically disposed towards him, or ha(e take! the side o' his e!emy, a spy with secret missio! or o!e i! the "uise o' a! ascetic a!d de(oted to the ki!"'s cause shall set to work as descri*ed *e'ore, or a spy trai!ed i! the art o' sowi!" the seeds o' disse!sio! may set to work, as will *e descri*ed i! co!!ectio! with the II!(asio! o' a! e!emy's (illa"es.J

&he ki!" i! the i!terests o' ri"hteous!ess may i!'lict pu!ishme!t i! secret o! those courtiers or co!'ederacy o' chie's who are da!"erous to the sa'ety o' the ki!"dom a!d who ca!!ot *e put dow! i! ope! dayli"ht. A spy may i!sti"ate the *rother o' a seditious mi!ister a!d with !ecessary i!duceme!ts, take him to the ki!" 'or a! i!ter(iew. &he ki!", ha(i!" co!'erred upo! him the title to possess a!d e!joy the property o' his seditious *rother, may cause him to attack his *rother, a!d whe! he murders his *rother with a weapo! or with poiso!, he shall *e put to death i! the same spot u!der the plea that he is a parricide. &he same measure will e1plai! the proceedi!"s to *e take! a"ai!st a seditious *?rasava >o!e who is *e"otte! *y a Brhman o! SDdra wi'e?, a!d a seditious so! o' a woma!/ser(a!t. +r i!sti"ated *y a spy, the *rother o' a seditious mi!ister may put 'orward his claim 'or i!herita!ce. Bhile the claima!t is lyi!" at !i"ht at the door o' the house o' the seditious mi!ister or elsewhere, a 'iery spy >tEshna? may murder him a!d declare "AlasY the claima!t 'or i!herita!ce is thus murdered >*y his *rother?." &he! taki!" the side o' the i!jured party, the ki!" may pu!ish the other >the seditious mi!ister?. %pies i! the prese!ce o' a seditious mi!ister may threate! to *eat his *rother claimi!" i!herita!ce. &he! "while the claima!t is lyi!" at the door o', etc." .............. as *e'ore. &he same proceedi!"s will e1plai! the )uarrel 'raudule!tly caused to crop up *etwee! a!y two seditious mi!isters, i! whose 'amily a so! or a 'ather has had se1ual i!tercourse with a dau"hter/i!/law, or a *rother with the wi'e o' a!other *rother. A spy may 'latter to the (a!ity o' a seditious mi!ister's so!, o' "e!tle ma!!ers a!d di"!i'ied co!duct *y telli!" him "&hou"h thou art the ki!"'s so!, thou art kept here i! 'ear o' e!emies." &he ki!" may secretly ho!our this deluded perso! a!d tell him that "apprehe!di!" da!"er 'rom the mi!ister, I ha(e put o'' thy i!stallatio!, thou"h thou hast attai!ed the a"e o' heir appare!t." &he! the spy may i!sti"ate him to murder the mi!ister. &he task *ei!" accomplished, he, too, may *e put to death i! the same spot u!der the plea that he is a parricide. A me!dica!t woma!, ha(i!" capti(ated the wi'e o' a seditious mi!ister *y admi!isteri!" such medici!es as e1cite the 'eeli!"s o' lo(e, may throu"h that wi'e co!tri(e to poiso! the mi!ister. .aili!" these measures, the ki!" may se!d a seditious mi!ister with a! army o' i!e''icie!t soldiers a!d 'iery spies to put dow! a re*ellious wild tri*e or a (illa"e, or to set up a !ew superi!te!de!t o' cou!tries or o' *ou!daries i! a locality *orderi!" upo! a wilder!ess, or to *ri!" u!der co!trol a hi"hly/re*ellious city, or to 'etch a cara(a! *ri!"i!" i! the tri*ute due to the ki!" 'rom a !ei"h*ouri!" cou!try. I! a! a''ray >that e!sues i! co!se)ue!ce o' the a*o(e missio!? either *y day or at !i"ht, the 'iery spies, or

spies u!der the "uise o' ro**ers >pratirodhaka? may murder the mi!ister a!d declare that he was killed i! the *attle. Bhile marchi!" a"ai!st a! e!emy or *ei!" e!"a"ed i! sports, the ki!" may se!d 'or his seditious mi!isters 'or a! i!ter(iew. Bhile leadi!" the mi!isters to the ki!", 'iery spies with co!cealed weapo!s shall, i! the middle e!closure o' the ki!"'s pa(ilio!, o''er themsel(es to *e searched 'or admitta!ce i!to the i!terior, a!d, whe! cau"ht, with their weapo!s *y the door/keepers, declare themsel(es to *e the accomplices o' the seditious mi!isters. Da(i!" made this a''air k!ow! to the pu*lic, the door/keepers shall put the mi!isters to death, a!d i! the place o' the 'iery spies, some others are to *e ha!"ed. Bhile e!"a"ed i! sports outside the city, the ki!" may ho!our his seditious mi!isters with accommodatio! close to his ow!. A woma! o' *ad character u!der the "uise o' the )uee! may *e cau"ht i! the apartme!t o' these mi!isters a!d steps may *e take! a"ai!st them as *e'ore. A sauce/maker or a sweetmeat/maker may re)uest o' a seditious mi!ister some sauce a!d sweetmeat *y 'latteri!" him//"thou alo!e art worthy o' such thi!"s." Da(i!" mi1ed those two thi!"s a!d hal' a cup o' water with poiso!, he may su*stitute those thi!"s i! the lu!cheo! >o' the ki!"? outside the city. Da(i!" made this e(e!t k!ow! to the pu*lic, the ki!" may put them >the mi!ister a!d the cook? to death u!der the plea that they are poiso!ers. I' a seditious mi!ister is addicted to witchcra't, a spy u!der the "uise o' a! accomplished wi0ard may make him *elie(e that *y ma!i'esti!" >i! witchcra't? a!y o!e o' the *eauti'ul thi!"s,//a pot co!tai!i!" a! alli"ator, or a tortoise or cra*//he ca! attai! his desired e!d. Bhile, with this *elie', he is e!"a"ed i! the act o' witchcra't, a spy may murder him either *y poiso!i!" him or *y striki!" him with a! iro! *ar, a!d declare that he *rou"ht his ow! death *y his procli(ity to witchcra't. A spy u!der the "uise o' a physicia! may make a seditious mi!ister *elie(e that he is su''eri!" 'rom a 'atal or i!cura*le disease a!d co!tri(e to poiso! him while prescri*i!" medici!e a!d diet to him. %pies u!der the "uise o' sauce/makers a!d sweet meat/makers may, whe! opportu!ity occurs, co!tri(e to poiso! him. %uch are the secret measures to "et rid o' seditious perso!s. As to measures to "et rid o' seditious perso!s co!spiri!" a"ai!st *oth the ki!" a!d his ki!"dom:// Bhe! a seditious perso! is to *e "ot rid o', a!other seditious perso! with a! army o' i!e''icie!t soldiers a!d 'iery spies may *e se!t with the missio!: "2o out i!to this 'ort or cou!try a!d raise a! army or some re(e!ue, depri(e a courtier o' his "old, *ri!" *y 'orce the dau"hter o' a courtier, *uild a 'ort, ope! a "arde!, co!struct a road 'or tra''ic, set up a

!ew (illa"e, e1ploit a mi!e, 'orm 'orest/preser(es 'or tim*er or elepha!ts, set up a district or a *ou!dary, a!d arrest a!d capture those who pre(e!t your work or do !ot "i(e you help." %imilarly the other party may *e i!structed to cur* the spirit o' the a*o(e perso!. Bhe! a )uarrel arises *etwee! the two parties at work, 'iery spies u!der co(er may throw their weapo!s a!d murder the seditious perso!, a!d others are to *e arrested a!d pu!ished 'or the crime. Bhe! with re'ere!ce to *ou!daries, 'ield/produce, a!d *ou!daries o' houses, or with re'ere!ce to a!y dama"e do!e to thi!"s, i!strume!ts, crops, a!d *easts o' *urde! or o! occasio!s o' wit!essi!" spectacles a!d processio!s, a!y dispute, real or caused *y 'iery spies, arises i! seditious tow!s, (illa"es, or 'amilies, 'iery spies may hurl weapo!s a!d say: "&his is what is do!e to them who )uarrel with this ma!", a!d 'or this o''e!ce others may *e pu!ished. Bhe! there arises a )uarrel amo!" seditious perso!s, 'iery spies may set 'ire to their 'ields, har(est/"rou!ds, a!d houses, hurl weapo!s o! their relati(es, 'rie!ds a!d *easts o' *urde!, a!d say that they did so at the i!sti"atio! o' the seditious, a!d 'or this o''e!ce others may *e pu!ished. %pies may i!duce seditious perso!s i! 'orts or i! cou!try parts to *e each other's "uests at a di!!er i! which poiso!ers may admi!ister poiso!, a!d 'or this o''e!ce others may *e pu!ished. A me!dica!t woma! may delude a seditious chie' o' a district i!to the *elie' that the wi'e, dau"hter, or dau"hter/ i!/law o' a!other seditious chie' o' a!other district lo(es the 'ormer. %he may take the jewellery which the deluded chie' "i(es her >'or deli(ery to the wi'e, dau"hter, etc.?, a!d, prese!ti!" it *e'ore the other chie', !arrate that this chie' i! the pride o' his youth makes lo(e to the other's wi'e, dau"hter, or dau"hter/i!/law. Bhe! at !i"ht a duel arises *etwee! the two chie's, etc., as *e'ore. &he pri!ce or the comma!der o' the army may co!'er some *e!e'it upo! such i!imical perso!s as ha(e *ee! cowed dow! *y a seditious army, a!d may declare his displeasure a"ai!st them a'terwards. A!d the! some other perso!s, who are e)ually cowed dow! *y a!other seditious army o' the ki!", may *e se!t a"ai!st the 'ormer alo!" with a! army o' i!e''icie!t soldiers a!d 'iery spies. &hus all the measures to "et rid o' seditious perso!s are o' the same type. Bhoe(er amo!" the so!s o' the seditious perso!s thus put dow! shows !o pertur*a!ce o' mi!d shall recei(e his 'ather's property. It is o!ly thus that the whole o' the cou!try will loyally 'ollow the so!s a!d "ra!dso!s o' the ki!", a!d will *e 'ree 'rom all trou*les caused *y me!. ` -ossessed o' 'or*eara!ce a!d apprehe!di!" !o distur*a!ce either i! the prese!t or 'uture, the ki!" may award pu!ishme!ts i! secret *oth upo! his ow! su*jects a!d those who uphold the e!emy's cause.

:&hus e!ds hapter I, G o!cer!i!" the Awards o' -u!ishme!tsH i! Book V. G&he o!duct o' ourtiersH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the !i!ety/'irst chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER II. REPLENI#H-ENT OF THE TREA#.R/. &D3 ki!" who 'i!ds himsel' i! a "reat 'i!a!cial trou*le a!d !eeds mo!ey, may collect >re(e!ue *y dema!d?. I! such parts o' his cou!try as depe!d solely upo! rai! 'or water a!d are rich i! "rai!, he may dema!d o' his su*jects o!e/third or o!e/'ourth o' their "rai! accordi!" to their capacity. De shall !e(er dema!d o' such o' his su*jects as li(e i! tracts o' middle or low )uality, !or o' people who are o' "reat help i! the co!structio! o' 'orti'icatio!s, "arde!s, *uildi!"s, roads 'or tra''ic, colo!isatio! o' waste la!ds, e1ploitatio! o' mi!es, a!d 'ormatio! o' 'orest/preser(es 'or tim*er a!d, elepha!ts, !or o' people who li(e o! the *order o' his ki!"dom or who ha(e !ot e!ou"h su*siste!ce. De shall, o! the other ha!d, supply with "rai! a!d cattle those who colo!ise waste la!ds. De may purchase 'or "old o!e/'ourth o' what remai!s, a'ter deducti!" as much o' the "rai! as is re)uired 'or seeds a!d su*siste!ce o' his su*jects. De shall a(oid the property o' 'orest tri*es, as well as o' Brhmans lear!ed i! the Vedas >srotriya?. De may purchase this, too, o''eri!" 'a(oura*le price >to the ow!ers?. .aili!" these measures, the ser(a!ts o' the collector/"e!eral may pre(ail upo! the peasa!try to raise summer crops. %ayi!" that dou*le the amou!t o' 'i!es will *e le(ied 'rom those who are "uilty >amo!" peasa!ts?, they >the ki!"'s employees? shall sow seeds i! sowi!" seaso!s. Bhe! crops are ripe, they may *e" a portio! o' (e"eta*le a!d other ripe produce e1cept what is "lea!ed i! the 'orm o' (e"eta*les a!d "rai!s. &hey shall a(oid the "rai!s scattered i! har(est/'ields, so that they may *e utilised i! maki!" o''eri!"s to "ods a!d a!cestors o! occasio!s o' worship, i! 'eedi!" cows, or 'or the su*siste!ce o' me!dica!ts a!d (illa"e employees >%r?lma&hritaka?. Bhoe(er co!ceals his ow! "rai! shall pay a 'i!e o' ei"ht times the amou!t i! each ki!d, a!d whoe(er steals the crops o' a!other perso! shall pay a 'i!e o' 'i'ty times the amou!t, pro(ided the ro**er *elo!"s to the same commu!ity >svavar%a?, *ut i' he is a 'orei"!er, he shall *e put to death. &hey >the ki!"'s employees? may dema!d o' culti(ators o!e/'ourth o' their "rai!, a!d o!e/si1th o' 'orest produce >vanya? a!d o' such commodities as cotto!, wa1, 'a*rics, *arks o' trees, hemp, wool, silk, medici!es, sa!dal, 'lowers, 'ruits, (e"eta*les, 'irewood, *am*oos, 'lesh, a!d dried 'lesh. &hey may also take o!e/hal' o' all i(ory a!d ski!s o' a!imals, a!d pu!ish with the 'irst amerceme!t those who trade i! a!y article without o*tai!i!" a lice!se 'rom the ki!". %o much 'or dema!ds o! culti(ators. 4ercha!ts deali!" i! "old, sil(er, diamo!ds, precious sto!es, pearls, coral, horses, a!d elepha!ts shall pay 67 karas. &hose that trade i! cotto! threads, clothes, copper, *rass, *ro!0e, sa!dal, medici!es, a!d li)uor shall pay O7 karas. &hose that trade i! "rai!s, li)uids, metals >loha?, a!d deal with carts shall pay M7 karas. &hose that carry o! their trade i! "lass >k?cha?, a!d also artisa!s o' 'i!e workma!ship shall pay N7 karas. Articles

o' i!'erior workma!ship, as well as those who keep prostitutes, shall pay 57 karas. &hose that trade i! 'irewood, *am*oos, sto!es, earthe!/pots, cooked rice, a!d (e"eta*les shall pay 6 karas. #ramatists a!d prostitutes shall pay hal' o' their wa"es. &he e!tire property o' "oldsmiths shall *e take! possessio! o', a!d !o o''e!ce o' theirs shall *e 'or"i(e!, 'or they carry o! their 'raudule!t trade while prete!di!" at the same time to *e ho!est a!d i!!oce!t. %o much a*out dema!ds o! mercha!ts. -erso!s reari!" cocks a!d pi"s shall surre!der to the 2o(er!me!t hal' o' their stock o' a!imals. &hose that rear i!'erior a!imals shall "i(e o!e/si1th. &hose that keep cows, *u''aloes, mules, asses, a!d camels shall "i(e o!e/te!th >o' their li(e/stock?. &hose who mai!tai! prostitutes >&andhakiposhaka?2 shall, with the help o' wome! !oted 'or their *eauty a!d youth i! the ser(ice o' the ki!", collect re(e!ue. %o much a*out dema!ds o! herdsme!. %uch dema!ds shall *e made o!ly o!ce a!d !e(er twice. Bhe! such dema!ds are !ot made, the collector "e!eral shall seek su*scriptio!s 'rom citi0e!s a!d cou!try people alike u!der 'alse prete!ces o' carryi!" this or that ki!d o' *usi!ess. -erso!s take! i! co!cert shall pu*licly pay ha!dsome do!atio!s a!d with this e1ample, the ki!" may dema!d o' others amo!" his su*jects. %pies posi!" as citi0e!s shall re(ile those who pay less. Bealthy perso!s may *e re)uested to "i(e as much o' their "old as they ca!. &hose who, o' their ow! accord or with the i!te!tio! o' doi!" "ood, o''er their wealth to the ki!" shall *e ho!oured with a ra!k i! the court, a! um*rella, or a tur*a! or some or!ame!ts i! retur! 'or their "old. %pies, u!der the "uise o' sorcerers, shall, u!der the prete!ce o' e!suri!" sa'ety, carry away the mo!ey, !ot o!ly o' the society o' heretics a!d o' temples, *ut also o' a dead ma! a!d o' a ma! whose house is *ur!t, pro(ided that it is !ot e!joya*le *y Brhmans. &he %uperi!te!de!t o' Aeli"ious I!stitutio!s may collect i! o!e place the (arious ki!ds o' property o' the "ods o' 'orti'ied cities a!d cou!try parts a!d carry away the property >to the ki!"'s treasury?. +r ha(i!" o! some !i"ht set up a "od or a! altar, or ha(i!" ope!ed a sacred place o' ascetics or ha(i!" poi!ted out a! e(il ome!, the ki!" may collect su*siste!ce u!der the prete!ce o' holdi!" processio!s a!d co!"re"atio!s >to a(ert calamities?. +r else he shall proclaim the arri(al o' "ods, *y poi!ti!" out to the people a!y o' the sacred trees i! the ki!"'s "arde! which has produced u!timely 'lowers a!d 'ruits. +r *y causi!" a 'alse pa!ic owi!" to the arri(al o' a! e(il spirit o! a tree i! the city, wherei! a ma! is hidde! maki!" all sorts o' de(ilish !oises, the ki!"'s spies, u!der the "uise o' ascetics, may collect mo!ey >with a (iew to propitiate the e(il spirit a!d se!d it *ack?. +r spies may call upo! spectators to see a serpe!t with !um*erless heads i! a well co!!ected with a su*terra!ea! passa"e a!d collect 'ees 'rom them 'or the si"ht. +r they

may place i! a *orehole made i! the *ody o' a! ima"e o' a serpe!t, or i! a hole i! the cor!er o' a temple, or i! the hollow o' a! a!t/hill, a co*ra, which is, *y diet, re!dered u!co!scious, a!d call upo! credulous spectators to see it >o! payme!t o' a certai! amou!t o' 'ee?. As to perso!s who are !ot *y !ature credulous, spies may spri!kle o(er or "i(e a dri!k o', such sacred water as is mi1ed with a!asthetic i!"redie!ts a!d attri*ute their i!se!si*ility to the curse o' "ods. +r *y causi!" a! outcast perso! >?&hitykt? to *e *itte! *y a co*ra, spies may collect re(e!ue u!der the prete1t o' u!dertaki!" remedial measures a"ai!st omi!ous phe!ome!a. +r o!e o' the ki!"'s spies i! the "ar* o' a mercha!t, may *ecome a part!er o' a rich mercha!t a!d carry o! trade i! co!cert with him. As soo! as a co!sidera*le amou!t o' mo!ey has *ee! "athered as sale/proceeds, deposits a!d loa!s, he may cause himsel' to *e ro**ed o' the amou!t. &his will e1plai! what the e1ami!er o' coi!s a!d the state/"oldsmith may also do. +r else a spy, i! the "ar* o' a rich mercha!t, or a real rich mercha!t 'amous 'or his (ast commerce, may *orrow or take o! pled"e (ast )ua!tities o' "old, sil(er, a!d other commodities, or *orrow 'rom corporatio!s *ar "old, or coi!ed "old 'or (arious ki!ds o' mercha!dise to *e procured 'rom a*road. A'ter ha(i!" do!e this he may allow himsel' to *e ro**ed o' it the same !i"ht. -rostitute spies u!der the "ar* o' chaste wome!, may cause themsel(es to *e e!amoured o' perso!s who are seditious. Fo soo!er are the seditious perso!s see! withi! the a*ode o' the 'emale spies tha! they shall *e sei0ed a!d their property co!'iscated to the 2o(er!me!t. +r whe!e(er a )uarrel arises *etwee! a!y two seditious parties o' the same 'amily, poiso!ers, pre(iously e!"a"ed 'or the purpose, may admi!ister poiso! to o!e party, a!d the other party may *e accused o' the o''e!ce a!d depri(ed o' their. property. A! outcast, u!der the "uise o' a hi"h/*or! ma!, may claim 'rom a seditious perso! a lar"e amou!t o' mo!ey pro'essed to ha(e *ee! placed i! the latter's custody *y the claima!t, or a lar"e de*t outsta!di!" a"ai!st the seditious perso!, or a share o' pare!tal property. >A! outcast? may prete!d to *e the sla(e o' a seditious perso!, a!d he may represe!t the wi'e, dau"hter, or dau"hter/i!/law o' the seditious perso! as a sla(e/woma! or as his ow! wi'e, a!d whe! the outcast is lyi!" at the door o' the seditious perso!'s house at !i"ht or is li(i!" elsewhere, a 'iery spy may murder him a!d declare://"&he claima!t >o' his ow! property or wi'e? has *ee! thus killed." A!d 'or this o''e!ce others >i.e., the seditious perso! a!d his 'ollowers? shall *e depri(ed o' their property. +r a spy, u!der the "ar* o' a! ascetic, may o''er i!duceme!ts to a seditious perso! to ac)uire more wealth *y taki!" i! aid the art o' witchcra't, a!d say://"I am pro'icie!t i! such witchcra't as *ri!"s i!e1hausti*le wealth, or e!titles a ma! to "et admissio! i!to the ki!"'s palace, or ca! wi! the lo(e o' a!y woma!, or ca! put a! e!d to the li'e o' o!e's e!emy, or ca! le!"the! the duratio! o' o!e's li'e, or ca! "i(e a so! to a!y o!e, i' desired." I' the seditious perso! shows his desire to carry o! the process o' witchcra't securi!"

wealth, the spy may make rich o''eri!"s, co!sisti!" o' 'lesh, wi!e, a!d sce!t to the deity !ear a! altar i! a *urial/"rou!d wherei! a dead *ody o' a ma! or o' a child with a little )ua!tity o' mo!ey has *ee! pre(iously hidde!. A'ter the per'orma!ce o' worship is o(er, the hidde! treasure may *e du" out a!d the seditious perso!, may *e told that as the o''eri!"s 'ell short, the treasure is proportio!ately small, that the richest o' o''eri!"s should *e made to ac)uire (ast amou!t o' treasure, a!d that he may purchase with the !ewly/ac)uired wealth rich o''eri!"s. &he! he may *e cau"ht i! the (ery act o' purchasi!" commodities 'or o''eri!". A 'emale spy, u!der the "ar* o' a *erea(ed mother, may >i! co!!ectio! with the a*o(e case? raise a! alarm, cryi!" that her child was murdered >'or the purposes o' witchcra't?. Bhe! a seditious perso! is e!"a"ed i! sorcery at !i"ht or i! a sacri'icial per'orma!ce i! a 'orest, or i! sports i! a park, 'iery spies may murder him a!d carry away the corpse as that o' a! outcast. +r a spy, u!der the "ar* o' a ser(a!t o' a seditious perso!, may mi1 cou!ter'eit coi!s with the wa"es >he has recei(ed 'rom his master?, a!d pa(e the way 'or his arrest. +r a spy, u!der the "ar* o' a "oldsmith, may u!dertake to do some work i! the house o' a seditious perso!, a!d "ather i! his employer's house such i!strume!ts as are !ecessary to ma!u'acture cou!ter'eit coi!s. A spy, u!der the "ar* o' a physicia!, may declare a healthy perso! o' seditious character to *e u!healthy >a!d admi!ister poiso!?. +r a spy, atte!di!" as a ser(a!t upo! a seditious perso! may !ot o!ly call 'or a! e1pla!atio! 'rom a!other 'raudule!t spy as to how certai! articles !ecessary 'or the i!stallatio! o' a ki!" a!d also the letters o' a! e!emy came i!to the possessio! o' his master, *ut also (olu!teer a! e1pla!atio! himsel'. 4easures such as the a*o(e shall *e take! o!ly a"ai!st the seditious a!d the wicked a!d !e(er a"ai!st others. ` Kust as 'ruits are "athered 'rom a "arde! as o'te! as they *ecome ripe, so re(e!ue shall *e collected as o'te! as it *ecomes ripe. ollectio! o' re(e!ue or o' 'ruits, whe! u!ripe, shall !e(er *e carried o!, lest their source may *e i!jured, causi!" imme!se trou*le. :&hus e!ds hapter II, "Aeple!ishme!t o' the &reasury" i! Book V, "&he o!duct o' ourtiers" o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the !i!ety/seco!d chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER III. CONCERNING #.B#I#TENCE TO GO'ERN-ENT #ER'ANT#.

IF accorda!ce with the re)uireme!ts o' his 'orts a!d cou!try parts, the ki!" should 'i1 u!der o!e/'ourth o' the total re(e!ue the char"es o' mai!tai!i!" his ser(a!ts. De should look to the *odily com'orts o' his ser(a!ts *y pro(idi!" such emolume!ts as ca! i!'use i! them the spirit o' e!thusiasm to work. De should !ot (iolate the course o' ri"hteous!ess a!d wealth. &he sacri'icial priest >ritvi%?, the teacher, the mi!ister, the priest >purohita?, the comma!der o' the army, the heir/appare!t pri!ce, the mother o' the ki!", a!d the )uee! shall >each recei(e? O8,777 >panas per a!!um?. Bith this amou!t o' su*siste!ce, they will scarcely yield themsel(es to temptatio! a!d hardly *e disco!te!ted. &he door/keeper, the superi!te!de!t o' the harem >antarvamsika? the comma!der >prasstri?, the collector/"e!eral, a!d the cham*erlai!, NO,777. Bith this amou!t they *ecome ser(icea*le. &he pri!ce >kumra?, the !urse o' the pri!ce, the chie' co!sta*le >nyaka?, the o''icer i! char"e o' the tow! >paura? the superi!te!de!t o' law or commerce >vyvahrika?, the superi!te!de!t o' ma!u'actories >karmntika?, mem*ers o' the cou!cil o' mi!isters, the superi!te!de!ts o' cou!try parts a!d o' *ou!daries, 5N,777. Bith this they will *e loyal a!d power'ul supporters o' the ki!"'s cause. &he chie's o' military corporatio!s, the chie's o' elepha!ts, o' horses, o' chariots a!d o' i!'a!try a!d commissio!ers >pradeshtrah?, 8,777. Bith this amou!t they ca! ha(e a "ood 'ollowi!" i! their ow! commu!ities. &he %uperi!te!de!ts o' i!'a!try, o' ca(alry, o' chariots a!d o' elepha!ts, the "uards o' tim*er a!d elepha!t 'orests, O,777. &he chariot/dri(er, the physicia! o' the army, the trai!er o' horses, the carpe!ter, >vardhaki?, a!d those who rear a!imals >yoniposhaka?, N,777. &he 'oreteller, the reader o' ome!s, the astrolo"er, the reader o' *urnas, the story/ teller, the *ard >m%adha?, the reti!ue o' the priest, a!d all superi!te!de!ts o' departme!ts, 5,777. &rai!ed soldiers, the sta'' o' accou!ta!ts a!d writers, 677. 4usicia!s >kus.lava?, N67. +' these, the trumpet/*lowers >t0ryakara? shall "et twice as much wa"es as others. Artisa!s a!d carpe!ters, 5N7. %er(a!ts i! char"e o' )uadrupeds a!d *ipeds, workme! doi!" miscella!eous work, atte!da!ts upo! the royal perso!, *ody/"uards, a!d the procurer o' 'ree la*ourers shall recei(e a salary o' 97 panas. &he ho!oura*le play/mate o' the ki!" >ryayukta?, the elepha!t/dri(er, the sorcerer >manavaka?, mi!ers o' mou!tai!s >sailakhanaka?, all ki!ds o' atte!da!ts, teachers, a!d

lear!ed me! shall ha(e ho!orarium ra!"i!" 'rom 677 to 5,777 >pa!as? accordi!" to their merit. A messe!"er o' middle )uality shall recei(e 57 panas 'or each yo(ana he tra(els, a!d twice as much whe! he tra(els 'rom 57 to 577 yo(anas. Bhoe(er represe!ts the ki!" i! the r(as0ya a!d other sacri'ices shall "et three times as much as is paid to others who are e)ual to him i! lear!i!", a!d the charioteer o' the ki!" >i! the sacri'ices?, 5,777. %pies such as the 'radule!t >kpatika?, the i!di''ere!t >udsthita?2 the house/holder, the mercha!t, a!d the ascetic 5,777. &he (illa"e/ser(a!t >%rma&hritaka?, 'iery spies, poiso!ers a!d me!dica!t wome!, 677 >panas@. %er(a!ts leadi!" the spies, N67 or i! proportio! to the work do!e *y them. %uperi!te!de!ts o' a hu!dred or a thousa!d coi!mu!ities >var%a? shall re"ulate the su*siste!ce, wa"es, pro'its, appoi!ti!e!t, a!d tra!s'ere!ce >vikshepa?2 o' the me! u!der them. &here shall *e !o tra!s'ere!ce o' o''icers employed to "uard the royal *uildi!"s, 'orts, a!d cou!try parts. &he chie' o''icers employed to superi!te!d the a*o(e places shall *e ma!y a!d shall perma!e!tly hold the same o''ice. &he so!s a!d wi(es o' those who die while o! duty shall "et su*siste!ce a!d wa"es. I!'a!ts, a"ed perso!s, or deceased perso!s related to the deceased ser(a!ts shall also *e show! 'a(our. +! occasio!s o' 'u!erals, sick!ess, or child/*irth, the ki!" shall "i(e prese!tatio!s to his ser(a!ts co!cer!ed therei!. Bhe! wa!ti!" i! mo!ey, the ki!" may "i(e 'orest produce, cattle, or 'ields alo!" with a small amou!t o' mo!ey. I' he is desirous to colo!ise waste la!ds, he shall make payme!ts i! mo!ey alo!e, a!d i' he is desirous o' re"ulati!" the a''airs o' all (illa"es e)ually, the! he shall "i(e !o (illa"e to a!y >o' his ser(a!ts?. &hus the ki!" shall !ot o!ly mai!tai! his ser(a!ts, *ut also i!crease their su*siste!ce a!d wa"es i! co!sideratio! o' their lear!i!" a!d work. %u*stituti!" o!e dhaka 'or the salar o' 97 panas payme!t i! "old may *e commuted 'or that i! ki!d. .ootme!, horses, chariots, a!d elepha!ts shall *e "i(e! !ecessary trai!i!" i! the art o' war at su!rise, o! all days *ut those o' co!ju!ctio! >o' pla!ets?. o! these occasio!s o' trai!i!", the ki!" shall e(er *e prese!t a!d wit!ess their e1ercise.

Beapo!s a!d armour shall *e e!tered i!to the armoury o!ly a'ter they are marked with the ki!"'s seal. -erso!s with weapo!s shall !ot *e allowed to mo(e a!ywhere u!less they are permitted *y a passport. Bhe! weapo!s are either lost or spoilt, the superi!te!de!t shall pay dou*le their (alue, a! accou!t o' the weapo!s that are destroyed shall *e kept up. Bou!dary/"uards shall take away the weapo!s a!d armour possessed *y cara(a!s u!less the latter are pro(ided with a passport to tra(el with weapo!s. Bhe! starti!" o! a military tour, the ki!" shall put his army i! actio!. +! such occasio!s, spies, u!der the "ar* o' mercha!ts, shall supply to military statio!s all ki!ds o' mercha!dise 'or dou*le the )ua!tity o' the same to *e repaid i! 'uture. &hus !ot o!ly is there a''orded a! opportu!ity 'or the sale o' the ki!"'s mercha!dise, *ut also is there a way ope!ed 'or a "ood retur! 'or the wa"es paid. &hus, whe! *oth the receipts a!d e1pe!diture are properly cared 'or, the ki!" will !e(er 'i!d himsel' i! 'i!a!cial or military di''iculties. %uch are the alter!ati(es with re"ard to su*siste!ce a!d wa"es. ` %pies, prostitutes, artisa!s, si!"ers, a!d a"ed military o''icers shall (i"ila!tly e1ami!e the pure or impure co!duct o' military me!. :&hus e!ds hapter III, " o!cer!i!" %u*siste!ce to 2o(er!me!t %er(a!ts" i! Book V, G&he o!duct o' ourtiersH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the !i!ety/third chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER I'. THE COND.CT OF A CO.RTIER. BD+3V3A possesses e!ou"h e1perie!ce o' the world a!d its a''airs may, throu"h the i!'lue!ce o' a! i!terested 'rie!d, seek the 'a(our o' a ki!" who is e!dowed with amia*le )ualities a!d is possessed o' all the eleme!ts o' so(erei"!ty. De may court the 'a(our o' a!y ki!" pro(ided he thi!ks://Kust as I am i! !eed o' a patro!, so is this ki!" possessed o' a taste 'or "ood ad(ice a!d is o' amia*le character. De may e(e! court the 'a(our o' such a ki!" as is poor a!d destitute o' the eleme!ts o' so(erei"!ty, *ut !e(er, o' such a o!e as is o' a depra(ed character: whoe(er, as a ki!", is destitute o' "ood temper a!d amia*le character ca!!ot, *y reaso! o' his ha*itual hatred o' the scie!ce o' polity a!d a! i!*or! procli(ity to e(il ways, mai!tai! his so(erei"!ty, thou"h he is possessed o' imme!se so(erei"! power.

Da(i!" o*tai!ed admitta!ce to a! amia*le ki!", he shall "i(e the ki!" i!structio!s i! scie!ces. A*se!ce o' co!tradictio! 'rom the ki!" will re!der his positio! secure. Bhe! his opi!io! is sou"ht a*out prese!t or 'uture schemes !eedi!" much thou"ht a!d co!sideratio!, he may *oldly a!d se!si*ly, a!d with !o 'ear o' co!tradictio! 'rom the assem*ly o' mi!isters, pro!ou!ce his opi!io! so as to *e i! harmo!y with the pri!ciples o' ri"hteous!ess a!d eco!omy. Bhe! re)uired, he may a!swer )uestio!s o! poi!ts o' ri"hteous!ess a!d eco!omy >a!d tell the ki!"?: ".ollowi!" the rule that there should *e !o delay i! putti!" dow! *y 'orce e(e! a stro!" co!'ederacy o' wicked people, you should apply 'orce a"ai!st the wicked, i' they ha(e a stro!" support, do !ot despise my ad(ice, character a!d secrets, a!d *y mea!s o' "estures, I shall pre(e!t you 'rom i!'licti!" pu!ishme!ts o! a!y o!e, whe! you are "oi!" to do so either will'ully or u!der pro(ocatio!." Bith such a"reeme!ts with the ki!", he >a courtier? may e!ter o! the duty assi"!ed to him. De shall sit *y the side o', a!d close to, the ki!" a!d 'ar 'rom the seat o' a!other courtier. De shall a(oid speaki!" slyly a"ai!st the opi!io! o' a!y mem*er o' the assem*ly, he shall !e(er make i!credi*le or 'alse stateme!ts, !or loud lau"hter with !o cause 'or jest, a!d loud !oise a!d spittle. De shall also a(oid talki!" to a!other i! secret, mutual co!(ersatio! with a!other i! the assem*ly >o' mi!isters?, appeari!" i! royal dress i! the pu*lic, hau"hti!ess, *u''oo!ery, ope! re)uest 'or "ems a!d promotio!s, seei!" with o!e eye, *iti!" the lips, *row/*eati!", i!terrupti!" the ki!" while speaki!", e!mity with a stro!" party, associatio! with wome!, pimps, messe!"ers o' 'orei"! ki!"s, e!emies, i!imical parties, dismissed o''icers, a!d wicked people, stu**or! adhere!ce to a si!"le purpose, a!d co!tact with a!y co!'ederacy o' me!. ` Bithout losi!" the opportu!e mome!ts, he should speak o' the ki!"'s i!terest, o' his ow! i!terest whe! i! compa!y with perso!s 'rie!dly to him, a!d o' others i!terests i! a suita*le time a!d place, a!d i! co!'ormity to the pri!ciples o' ri"hteous!ess a!d eco!omy. ` Bhe! asked, he should tell the ki!" what is *oth "ood a!d pleasi!", *ut !ot what is *ad, thou"h pleasi!", i' the ki!" is pleased to liste!, he may secretly tell what, thou"h u!pleasa!t, is "ood. ` De may e(e! keep sile!ce, *ut. should !e(er descri*e what is hate'ul, *y a*stai!i!" 'rom talki!" o' what the ki!" hates, e(e! u!desira*le perso!s ha(e *ecome power'ul whe!, seei!" that the ki!" likes o!ly pleasa!t thi!"s without cari!" 'or their e(il co!se)ue!ces, they ha(e 'ollowed his will. ` Bhile lau"hi!" i! jest, he should a(oid loud lau"hter, he shall a(oid e(il aspersio!s a"ai!st others, !or ascri*e e(il to others, he shall 'or"i(e e(il do!e to himsel' a!d ha(e as much 'or*eara!ce as the earth. ` %el'/protectio! shall *e the 'irst a!d co!sta!t thou"ht o' a wise ma!, 'or the li'e o' a ma! u!der the ser(ice o' a ki!" is aptly compared to li'e i! 'ire, whereas 'ire *ur!s a

part or the whole o' the *ody, i' at all, the ki!" has the power either to destroy or to ad(a!ce the whole 'amily, co!sisti!" o' so!s a!d wi(es, o' his ser(a!ts. :&hus e!ds hapter IV, G&he o!duct o' a ourtierH i! Book V, G&he o!duct o' ourtiersH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the !i!ety/'ourth chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER '. TI-E1#ER'ING. BD3F employed as a mi!ister, he >the courtier? shall show the !et re(e!ue that remai!s a'ter all ki!ds o' e1pe!diture are met with. De shall also "i(e the e1act particulars//as this is thus//o' whate(er work is e1ter!al, i!ter!al, secret, ope!, costly, or !e"li"i*le. De shall 'ollow the ki!" i! his pursuits a'ter hu!ti!", "am*li!", dri!ki!", a!d se1ual pleasures. 3(er atte!di!" upo! the ki!", he shall, *y 'lattery, e!dea(our to arrest his 'all i!to e(il ha*its a!d sa(e him 'rom the i!tri"ues, plots. a!d deceptio!s o' e!emies. De shall also e!dea(our to read the mi!d a!d appeara!ce o' the ki!". By way o' collecti!" his wa!deri!" thou"hts i!to a resol(e, the ki!" e1hi*its i! his appeara!ce a!d mo(eme!ts his i!cli!atio!, a!"er, pleasure, sorrow, determi!atio!, 'ear, a!d cha!"e i! the pairs o' opposite 'eeli!"s. "By co"!isi!" wisdom i! others, he is pleased, he atte!ds to the speech o' others, he "i(es a seat, allows himsel' to *e see! i! pri(ate, does !ot suspect i! places o' suspicio!, takes deli"ht i! co!(ersatio!, spo!ta!eously looks to thi!"s without *ei!" remi!ded, tolerates what is said a"reea*ly to reaso!, orders with smili!" 'ace, touches with the ha!d, does !ot lau"h at what is comme!da*le, comme!ds the )ualities o' a!other *ehi!d him, remem*ers >the courtier? while taki!" lu!cheo!, e!"a"es himsel' i! sports accompa!ied *y >the courtier?, co!sults >the courtier? whe! i! trou*le, ho!ours the 'ollowers o' the courtier, re(eals the secret, ho!ours the courtier more a!d more, "i(es him wealth, a!d a(erts his trou*les,//these are the si"!s o' the ki!"'s satis'actio! >with the courtier?." &he re(erse o' the a*o(e i!dicates his >the ki!"'s? displeasure. %till, we shall descri*e them i! plai! terms:// A!"ry appeara!ce whe! the courtier is i! si"ht, e(adi!" or re'usal to hear his speech, !o i!cli!atio! to "i(e him a seat or to see him, cha!"e i! sylla*les a!d acce!ts while talki!" to him, seei!" with o!e eye, *row/*eati!", *iti!" the lips, rise o' sweat, hard *reathi!" a!d smili!" with !o palpa*le cause, talki!" to himsel', sudde! *e!di!" or raisi!" o' the *ody, touchi!" the *ody or the seat o' a!other, molestatio! to a!other, co!tempt o' lear!i!", caste, a!d cou!try >o' the courtier?, co!dem!atio! o' a collea"ue o' e)ual de'ects, co!dem!atio! o' a ma! o' opposite de'ects, co!dem!atio! o' his oppo!e!t, 'ailure to ack!owled"e his "ood deeds, e!umeratio! o' his *ad deeds, atte!tio! to whoe(er e!ters i!to the cham*er, too much "i't, utteri!" 'alsehood, cha!"e i! the

co!duct a!d attitude o' (isitors to the ki!", !ay, the courtier shall also !ote the cha!"e i! the li'e o' a!imals other tha! me!. Ktyyana holds that this >ki!"? showers his 'a(ours *road/cast. Kaninka Bhradv(a says that Krauncha >a *ird? has mo(ed 'rom ri"ht to le't. D.r%ha )hrayana says that this >ki!"? is >like? a "rass. <hotamukha says that >he is like? a wet cloth. Kin(alka says that >he is like? a! elepha!t pouri!" o(er water. *isuna is o' opi!io! that o!e should declare him to *e a chariot/horse. &he so! o' *isuna says that morti'icatio! e!sues whe! his oppo!e!t is courted. Bhe! wealth a!d ho!our are disco!ti!ued, such a ki!" may *e a*a!do!ed, or *y reco"!isi!" the character o' the ki!" as well as his ow! de'ects, he may recti'y himsel' , or he may seek the protectio! o' o!e o' the *est 'rie!ds o' the ki!". ` ;i(i!" with the ki!"'s 'rie!d, the courtier has to e!dea(our to remo(e, throu"h the medium o' his ow! 'rie!ds, the de'ects o' his master, a!d the! come *ack to his ori"i!al place, !o matter whether the ki!" is ali(e or dead. :&hus e!ds hapter V G&ime/ser(i!"H i! Book V, G&he o!duct o' ourtiersH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the !i!ety/'i'th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER 'I. CON#OLIDATION OF THE KINGDO- AND AB#OL.TE #O'EREIGNT/. &D3 mi!ister shall thus a(ert the calamities i! which the ki!" is i!(ol(ed, lo!" *e'ore the apprehe!ded death o' the ki!", he shall, i! co!cert with his 'rie!ds a!d 'ollowers allow (isitors to the ki!" o!ce i! a mo!th or two >a!d a(oid their (isits o! other occasio!s? u!der the plea that the ki!" is e!"a"ed i! per'ormi!" such rites as are calculated to a(ert !atio!al calamities, or are destructi(e o' e!emies, or capa*le o' prolo!"i!" li'e or o' procuri!" a so!. +! appropriate occasio!s, he may show a pseudo/ki!" !ot o!ly to the people, *ut also to messe!"ers comi!" 'rom 'rie!ds or e!emies, a!d this >'alse? ki!" shall make the mi!ister his mouth/piece i! co!(ersi!" with them as deser(ed. A!d throu"h the medium o' the "ate/keeper a!d the o''icer i! char"e o' the harem, the mi!ister shall >prete!d to? recei(e the orders o' the ki!". #ispleasure or mercy to wro!"/doers shall *e show! o!ly i!directly.

Both the treasury a!d the army shall *e kept u!der the comma!d o' two relia*le a!d co!'ide!tial perso!s a!d i! a si!"le locality, either withi! the 'ort or at the *ou!dary o' the ki!"dom. o"!ates, pri!ces, a!d other chie's o' the royal 'amily may *e employed i! works such as the capture o' a chie' who, employed as a comma!der o' a 'ort or the tracts o' wilder!ess, has tur!ed i!imical alo!" with a stro!" *a!d o' supporters, or they may *e se!t o! a! e1peditio! 'ull o' di''iculties, or to (isit the 'amily o' the ki!"'s 'rie!d. Bhoe(er, amo!" the !ei"h*ouri!" ki!"s, seems to threate! with a! i!(asio! may *e i!(ited 'or some 'esti(al, marria"e, capture o' elepha!ts, purchase o' horses, or o' mercha!dise, or 'or taki!" possessio! o' some la!ds ceded to him, a!d captured, or such a! e!emy may *e kept at *ay *y a! ally till a! a"reeme!t o' !ot co!dem!a*le !ature is made with him, or he may *e made to i!cur the displeasure o' wild tri*es or o' his e!emies, or whoe(er amo!" his !earest relati(es is kept u!der "uard may *e promised a portio! o' his territory a!d set a"ai!st him. +r with the help o' !o*les a!d pri!ces o' the ki!"'s 'amily, the mi!ister may ha(e the heir/appare!t i!stalled a!d show him to the pu*lic. +r ha(i!", as poi!ted out i! the chapter co!cer!i!" the awards o' pu!ishme!ts, remo(ed the thor!s o' the ki!"dom, he may co!duct the admi!istratio!. +r i' a chie' amo!" the !ei"h*ouri!" ki!"s seems to "i(e trou*le, the mi!ister may i!(ite him, sayi!" "come here a!d I shall make thee ki!"," a!d the! put him to death, or he may *e kept at *ay *y taki!" such measures as ca! ward o'' da!"ers. +r ha(i!" "radually placed the *urde! o' admi!istratio! o! the shoulders o' the heir/appare!t, the mi!ister may a!!ou!ce the death o' the ki!" to the pu*lic. I! case o' the ki!"'s demise i! a! e!emy's la!d, the mi!ister, ha(i!" *rou"ht a*out a! a"reeme!t *etwee! the e!emy a!d a 'rie!d prete!di!" to *e a! e!emy o' the dead ki!", may withdraw himsel', or ha(i!" i!stalled i! the ki!"'s 'ort a!y o!e o' the !ei"h*ouri!" ki!"s, he may withdraw himsel', or ha(i!" i!stalled the heir/appare!t, he may set the army a"ai!st the e!emy, a!d whe! attacked *y the e!emy, he may take, as detailed elsewhere, such measures as ca! ward o'' da!"ers. "&hus," says Kautilya, "the mi!ister shall i!(est himsel' with the powers o' so(erei"!ty." "Fot so," says Bhradv(a, "the ki!" lyi!" o! his death/*ed, the mi!ister may set up the pri!ces a!d other chie's o' the royal 'amily a"ai!st o!e a!other or a"ai!st other chie's. Bhoe(er attacks the ki!"dom may *e put to death u!der the plea o' distur*a!ce a!d a!!oya!ce to the people, or ha(i!" secretly pu!ished the chie' re*els o' the royal 'amily a!d *rou"ht them u!der his co!trol, the mi!ister shall himsel' take possessio! o' the ki!"dom, 'or o! accou!t o' the ki!"dom the 'ather hates his so!s, a!d so!s their

'ather, why the! should the mi!ister who is the sole prop o' the ki!"dom >*e a! e1ceptio! to it?@ &here/ 'ore he shall !e(er discard what has, o' its ow! accord, 'alle! i!to his ha!ds, 'or it is a "e!eral talk amo!" the people that a woma! maki!" lo(e o' her ow! accord will, whe! discarded, curse the ma!. ` "A! opportu!ity will o!ly o!ce o''er itsel' to a ma! who is waiti!" 'or it, a!d will !ot come a seco!d time whe! he may *e desirous o' accomplishi!" his work." "But it is," says Kautilya, "u!ri"hteous to do a! act which e1cites popular 'ury, !or is it a! accepted rule. De shall, there'ore, i!stall i! the ki!"dom such a so! o' the ki!" as is possessed o' amia*le )ualities. I! the a*se!ce o' a pri!ce o' "ood character, he may place *e'ore himsel' a wicked pri!ce, or a pri!cess, or the pre"!a!t )uee!, a!d tell the other mi!isters://I&his is your caste >kshepa?, look to the 'ather o' this >*oy? as well as to your ow! (alour a!d desce!t, this >*oy? is merely a 'la", a!d yoursel(es are the lords, pray, how shall I actJ@" As he is sayi!" this, others, take! i! co!'ide!ce *e'ore, shall say i! reply://"Bho else tha! the o!e o' your lead is capa*le o' protecti!" the mass o' the people o' the 'our castes o' the ki!"" @ &he! the other mi!isters will certai!ly a"ree to it. Accordi!"ly he shall i!stall a pri!ce, a pri!cess, or the pre"!a!t )uee!, a!d show him or her to all the royal relatio!s as well as to the messe!"ers comi!" 'rom 'rie!ds or e!emies. De shall pro(ide the mi!isters a!d military o''icers with i!creased su*siste!ce a!d salary, promisi!" them that "&his >*oy? will, a'ter attai!i!" 'ull a"e, i!crease your emolume!t still more." De shall likewise promise the chie' o''icers i! char"e o' the 'orts a!d cou!try parts as well as the parties o' *oth the 'rie!ds a!d e!emies. De shall the! take !ecessary steps to educate a!d trai! the pri!ce. +r he may i!stall a child *e"otte! o! the pri!cess *y a ma! o' the same caste. De shall keep as a represe!tati(e o' the pri!ce o!e who is o' the same 'amily, o' little (alour a!d o' *eauti'ul appeara!ce, lest the mother's mi!d may *e a"itated with wild apprehe!sio!s. De shall justly protect her. De shall !ot pro(ide himsel' with lu1urious mea!s o' e!joyme!t. As to the ki!", he may pro(ide him with !ew chariots, horses, jewels, dress, wome! a!d palaces. ` Bhe! the pri!ce comes o' a"e, he may re)uest the pri!ce to relie(e him 'rom the i!tellectual worry. De may a*a!do! the ki!", i' he >the ki!"? is displeased, a!d 'ollow him i' he is pleased. ` I' he is dis"usted with the mi!isterial li'e, he may "o to a 'orest or a lo!" sacri'ice, a'ter ha(i!" i!'ormed the )uee! o' the sa'e"uards a!d perso!s that are employed to *ri!" up the pri!ce. ` 3(e! i' the ki!" is held *y the chie's u!der their i!'lue!ce, the mi!ister may, throu"h the medium o' the ki!"'s 'a(ourites, teach him the pri!ciples o' polity with illustratio!s, take! 'rom the Itihsa a!d *urna.

` Da(i!" take! the "ar* o' a! accomplished ascetic, the mi!ister may i!"ratiate himsel' with the ki!", a!d ha(i!" *rou"ht the ki!" u!der his i!'lue!ce, he may take coerci(e measure a"ai!st the seditious. :&hus e!ds hapter VI " o!solidatio! o' the Ki!"dom a!d A*solute %o(erei"!tyH i! Book V, G&he o!duct o' ourtiersH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the !i!ety/ si1th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!". Bith this, e!ds the 'i'th Book G&he o!duct o' ourtiersH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya.<

.rom: Kautilya. Arthashastra. &ra!slated *y A. %hamasastry. Ba!"alore: 2o(er!me!t -ress, 5Q56, NQV/M58.

Kautilya's Arthashastra: Book VI, "&he %ource o' %o(erei"! %tates"

CHAPTER I. THE ELE-ENT# OF #O'EREIGNT/. &D3 ki!", the mi!ister, the cou!try, the 'ort, the treasury, the army a!d the 'rie!d are the eleme!ts o' so(erei"!ty. +' these, the *est )ualities o' the ki!" are:// Bor! o' a hi"h 'amily, "odly, possessed o' (alour, seei!" throu"h the medium o' a"ed perso!s, (irtuous, truth'ul, !ot o' a co!tradictory !ature, "rate'ul, ha(i!" lar"e aims, hi"hly e!thusiastic, !ot addicted to procrasti!atio!, power'ul to co!trol his !ei"h*ouri!" ki!"s, o' resolute mi!d, ha(i!" a! assem*ly o' mi!isters o' !o mea! )uality, a!d possessed o' a taste 'or discipli!e,//these are the )ualities o' a! i!(iti!" !ature. I!)uiry, heari!", perceptio!, rete!tio! i! memory, re'lectio!, deli*eratio!, i!'ere!ce a!d stead'ast adhere!ce to co!clusio!s are the )ualities o' the i!tellect. Valour, determi!atio! o' purpose, )uick!ess, a!d pro*ity are the aspects o' e!thusiasm. -ossessed o' a sharp i!tellect, stro!" memory, a!d kee! mi!d, e!er"etic, power'ul, trai!ed i! all ki!ds o' arts, 'ree 'rom (ice, capa*le o' payi!" i! the same coi! *y way o' awardi!" pu!ishme!ts or rewards, possessed o' di"!ity, capa*le o' taki!" remedial measures a"ai!st da!"ers, possessed o' 'oresi"ht, ready to a(ail himsel' o' opportu!ities whe! a''orded i! respect o' place, time, a!d ma!ly e''orts, cle(er e!ou"h to discer! the causes !ecessitati!" the cessatio! o' treaty or war with a! e!emy, or to lie i! wait keepi!" treaties, o*li"atio!s a!d pled"es, or to a(ail himsel' o' his e!emy's weak poi!ts, maki!" jokes with !o loss o' di"!ity or secrecy, !e(er *row/*eati!" a!d casti!" hau"hty a!d ster! looks, 'ree 'rom passio!, a!"er, "reed, o*sti!acy, 'ickle!ess, haste a!d *ack/

*iti!" ha*its, talki!" to others with a smili!" 'ace, a!d o*ser(i!" customs as tau"ht *y a"ed perso!s,//such is the !ature o' sel'/possessio!. &he )uali'icatio!s o' a mi!ister ha(e *ee! descri*ed i! the *e"i!!i!", middle, a!d at the close o' the work. -ossessed o' capital cities *oth i! the ce!tre a!d the e1tremities o' the ki!"dom, producti(e o' su*siste!ce !ot o!ly to its ow! people, *ut also to outsiders o! occasio!s o' calamities, repulsi(e to e!emies, power'ul e!ou"h to put dow! !ei"h*ouri!" ki!"s, 'ree 'rom miry, rocky, u!e(e!, a!d desert tracts as well as 'rom co!spirators, ti"ers, wild *easts, a!d lar"e tracts o' wilder!ess, *eauti'ul to look at, co!tai!i!" 'ertile la!ds, mi!es, tim*er a!d elepha!t 'orests, a!d pasture "rou!ds, artistic, co!tai!i!" hidde! passa"es, 'ull o' cattle, !ot depe!di!" upo! rai! 'or water, possessed o' la!d a!d waterways, rich i! (arious ki!ds o' commercial articles, capa*le o' *eari!" the *urde! o' a (ast army a!d hea(y ta1atio!, i!ha*ited *y a"riculturists o' "ood a!d acti(e character, 'ull o' i!telli"e!t masters a!d ser(a!ts, a!d with a populatio! !oted 'or its loyalty a!d "ood character,// these are the )ualities o' a "ood cou!try. &he e1celle!t )ualities o' 'orts ha(e already *ee! descri*ed. Kustly o*tai!ed either *y i!herita!ce or *y sel'/ac)uisitio!, rich i! "old a!d sil(er, 'illed with a! a*u!da!ce o' *i" "ems o' (arious colours a!d o' "old coi!s, a!d capa*le to withsta!d calamities o' lo!" duratio! is the *est treasury. omi!" dow! directly, 'rom 'ather a!d "ra!d'ather >o' the ki!"?, e(er stro!", o*edie!t, happy i! keepi!" their so!s a!d wi(es well co!te!ted, !ot a(erse to maki!" a lo!" sojour!, e(er a!d e(erywhere i!(i!ci*le, e!dowed with the power o' e!dura!ce, trai!ed i! 'i"hti!" (arious ki!ds o' *attles, skill'ul i! ha!dli!" (arious 'orms o' weapo!s, ready to share i! the weal or woe o' the ki!", a!d co!se)ue!tly !ot 'alli!" 'oul with him, a!d purely composed o' soldiers o' Kshatriya caste, is the *est army. omi!" dow! directly 'rom 'ather a!d "ra!d'ather, lo!"/sta!di!", ope! to co!(ictio!, !e(er 'alli!" 'oul, a!d capa*le o' maki!" preparatio!s 'or war )uickly a!d o! a lar"e scale, is the *est 'rie!d. Fot *or! o' a royal 'amily, "reedy, possessed o' a mea! assem*ly o' mi!isters, with disloyal su*jects, e(er doi!" u!ri"hteous acts, o' loose character, addicted to mea! pleasures, de(oid o' e!thusiasm, trusti!" to 'ate, i!discreet i! actio!, powerless, helpless, impote!t, a!d e(er i!jurious, is the worst e!emy. %uch a! e!emy is easily uprooted. ` 31cepti!" the e!emy, these se(e! eleme!ts, possessed o' their e1celle!t characteristics are said to *e the lim*/like eleme!ts o' so(erei"!ty. ` A wise ki!" ca! make e(e! the poor a!d misera*le eleme!ts o' his so(erei"!ty happy a!d prosperous, *ut a wicked ki!" will surely destroy the most prosperous a!d loyal eleme!ts o' his ki!"dom.

` De!ce a ki!" o' u!ri"hteous character a!d o' (icious ha*its will, thou"h he is a! emperor, 'all a prey either to the 'ury o' his ow! su*jects or to that o' his e!emies. ` But a wise ki!", trai!ed i! politics, will, thou"h he possesses a small territory, co!)uer the whole earth with the help o' the *est/'itted eleme!ts o' his so(erei"!ty, a!d will !e(er *e de'eated. :&hus, e!ds hapter I "&he 3leme!ts o' %o(erei"!ty" i! Book VI, "&he %ource o' %o(erei"! %tates" o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the !i!ety/se(e!th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER II. CONCERNING PEACE AND E*ERTION. A _EI%I&I+F a!d security >o' property? are depe!de!t upo! peace a!d i!dustry. 3''orts to achie(e the results o' works u!dertake! is i!dustry >vyyma?. A*se!ce o' distur*a!ce to the e!joyme!t o' the results achie(ed 'rom works is peace. &he applicatio! o' the si1/'old royal policy is the source o' peace a!d i!dustry. #eterioratio!, sta"!atio!, a!d pro"ress are the three aspects o' positio!. &hose causes o' huma! make which a''ect positio! are policy a!d impolicy >naya a!d apanaya?, 'ortu!e a!d mis'ortu!e >aya a!d anaya? are pro(ide!tial causes. auses, *oth huma! a!d pro(ide!tial, "o(er! the world a!d its a''airs. Bhat is u!'oresee! is pro(ide!tial, here, the attai!me!t o' that desired e!d which seemed almost lost is >termed? 'ortu!e. Bhat is a!ticipated is huma!, a!d the attai!me!t o' a desired e!d as a!ticipated is >due to policy?. Bhat produces u!'a(oura*le results is impolicy. &his ca! *e 'oresee!, *ut mis'ortu!e due to pro(ide!ce ca!!ot *e k!ow!. &he ki!" who, *ei!" possessed o' "ood character a!d *est/'itted eleme!ts o' so(erei"!ty, is the 'ou!tai! o' policy, is termed the co!)ueror. &he ki!" who is situated a!ywhere immediately o! the circum'ere!ce o' the co!)ueror's territory is termed the e!emy.

&he ki!" who is likewise situated close to the e!emy, *ut separated 'rom the co!)ueror o!ly *y the e!emy, is termed the 'rie!d >o' the co!)ueror?. A !ei"h*ouri!" 'oe o' co!sidera*le power is styled a! e!emy, a!d whe! he is i!(ol(ed i! calamities or has take! himsel' to e(il ways, he *ecomes assaila*le, a!d whe! he has little or !o help, he *ecomes destructi*le, otherwise >i.e., whe! he is pro(ided with some help?, he deser(es to *e harassed or reduced. %uch are the aspects o' a! e!emy. I! 'ro!t o' the co!)ueror a!d close to his e!emy, there happe! to *e situated ki!"s such as the co!)ueror's 'rie!d, !e1t to him, the e!emy's 'rie!d, a!d !e1t to the last, the co!)ueror's 'rie!d's 'rie!d, a!d !e1t, the e!emy's 'rie!d's 'rie!d. I! the rear o' the co!)ueror, there happe! to *e situated a rearward e!emy > prshni%rha?2 a rearward 'rie!d >kranda?, a! ally o' the rearward e!emy >prshni%rhsr@2 a!d a! ally o' the rearward 'rie!d >krandsra@. &hat 'oe who is e)ually o' hi"h *irth a!d occupies a territory close to that o' the co!)ueror is a !atural e!emy, while he who is merely a!ta"o!istic a!d creates e!emies to the co!)ueror is a 'actitious e!emy. De whose 'rie!dship is deri(ed 'rom 'ather a!d "ra!d'ather, a!d who is situated close to the territory o' the immediate e!emy o' the co!)ueror is a !atural 'rie!d, while he whose 'rie!dship is courted 'or sel'/mai!te!a!ce is a! ac)uired 'rie!d. &he ki!" who occupies a territory close to *oth the co!)ueror a!d his immediate e!emy i! 'ro!t a!d who is capa*le o' helpi!" *oth the ki!"s, whether u!ited or disu!ited, or o' resisti!" either o' them i!di(idually is termed a Madhyama >mediatory? ki!". De who is situated *eyo!d the territory o' a!y o' the a*o(e ki!"s a!d who is (ery power'ul a!d capa*le o' helpi!" the e!emy, the co!)ueror, a!d the Madhyama ki!" to"ether or i!di(idually, or o' resisti!" a!y o' them i!di(idually, is a !eutral ki!" >uds.na?,//these are the >twel(e? primary ki!"s. &he co!)ueror, his 'rie!d, a!d his 'rie!d's 'rie!d are the three primary ki!"s co!stituti!" a circle o' states. As each o' these three ki!"s possesses the 'i(e eleme!ts o' so(erei"!ty, such as the mi!ister, the cou!try, the 'ort, the treasury, a!d the army, a circle o' states co!sists o' ei"htee! eleme!ts. &hus, it !eeds !o comme!tary to u!dersta!d that the >three? ircles o' %tates ha(i!" the e!emy >o' the co!)ueror?, the Madhyama ki!", or the !eutral ki!" at the ce!tre o' each o' the three circles, are di''ere!t 'rom that o' the co!)ueror. &hus there are 'our primary ircles o' %tates, twel(e ki!"s, si1ty eleme!ts o' so(erei"!ty, a!d se(e!ty/two eleme!ts o' states. 3ach o' the twel(e primary ki!"s shall ha(e their eleme!ts o' so(erei"!ty, power, a!d e!d. %tre!"th is power, a!d happi!ess is the e!d.

%tre!"th is o' three ki!ds: power o' deli*eratio! is i!tellectual stre!"th, the possessio! o' a prosperous treasury a!d a stro!" army is the stre!"th o' so(erei"!ty, a!d martial power is physical stre!"th. &he e!d is also o' three ki!ds: that which is attai!a*le *y deli*eratio! is the e!d o' deli*eratio!, that which is attai!a*le *y the stre!"th o' so(erei"!ty is the e!d o' so(erei"!ty, a!d that which is to *e secured *y perse(era!ce is the e!d o' martial power. &he possessio! o' power a!d happi!ess i! a "reater de"ree makes a ki!" superior to a!other, i! a less de"ree, i!'erior, a!d i! a! e)ual de"ree, e)ual. De!ce a ki!" shall always e!dea(or to au"me!t his ow! power a!d ele(ate his happi!ess. A ki!" who is e)ual to his e!emy i! the matter o' his so(erei"! eleme!ts shall, i! (irtue o' his ow! ri"hteous co!duct or with the help o' those who are hostile or co!spiri!" a"ai!st his e!emy, e!dea(or to throw his e!emyJs power i!to the shade, or i' he thi!ks:// "&hat my e!emy, possessed as he is o' imme!se power, will yet i! the !ear 'uture, hurt the eleme!ts o' his ow! so(erei"!ty, *y usi!" co!tumelious la!"ua"e, *y i!'licti!" se(ere pu!ishme!ts, a!d *y s)ua!deri!" his wealth, that thou"h attai!i!" success 'or a time yet he will *li!dly take himsel' to hu!ti!", "am*li!", dri!ki!" a!d wome!, that as his su*jects are disa''ected, himsel' powerless a!d hau"hty, I ca! o(erthrow him, that whe! attacked, he will take shelter with all his parapher!alia i!to a 'ort or elsewhere, that possessed as he is o' a stro!" army, he will yet 'all i!to my ha!ds, as he has !either a 'rie!d !or a 'ort to help him, that a dista!t ki!" is desirous to put dow! his ow! e!emy, a!d also i!cli!ed to help me to put dow! my ow! assaila*le e!emy whe! my resources are poor, or that I may *e i!(ited as a Madhyama ki!","//'or these reaso!s the co!)ueror may allow his e!emy to "row i! stre!"th a!d to attai! success 'or the time *ei!". ` &hrowi!" the circum'ere!ce o' the ircle o' %tates *eyo!d his 'rie!d's territory, a!d maki!" the ki!"s o' those states as the spokes o' that circle, the co!)ueror shall make himsel' as the !a(e o' that circle. ` A reduci*le or a co!)uera*le e!emy will, whe! placed *etwee! a co!)ueror a!d the co!)ueror's 'rie!d, appear to *e "rowi!" i! stre!"th. :&hus e!ds hapter II "-eace a!d 31ertio! " i! Book VI, "&he %ource o' %o(erei"! %tates" o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the !i!ety/ei"hth chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!". Bith this e!ds the se(e!th Book "&he %ource o' %o(erei"! %tates" o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya.<

.rom: Kautilya. Arthashastra. &ra!slated *y A. %hamasastry. Ba!"alore: 2o(er!me!t -ress, 5Q56, M5Q/MN6.

Kautilya's Arthashastra: Book VII, "&he 3!d o' the %i1/ .old -olicy"
CHAPTER I. THE #I*1FOLD POLIC/5 AND DETER-INATION OF DETERIORATION5 #TAGNATION AND PROGRE##. &D3 ircle o' %tates is the source o' the si1/'old policy. 4y teacher says that peace >sandhi?, war >vi%raha? o*ser(a!ce o' !eutrality >sana?, marchi!" >yna?, allia!ce >samsraya?, a!d maki!" peace with o!e a!d wa"i!" war with a!other are the si1 'orms o' state/policy. But Vtavydhi holds that there are o!ly two 'orms o' policy, peace a!d war, i!asmuch as the si1 'orms result 'rom these two primary 'orms o' policy. Bhile Kautilya holds that as their respecti(e co!ditio!s di''er, the 'orms o' policy are si1. +' these, a"reeme!t with pled"es is peace, o''e!si(e operatio! is war, i!di''ere!ce is !eutrality, maki!" preparatio!s is marchi!", seeki!" the protectio! o' a!other is allia!ce, a!d maki!" peace with o!e a!d wa"i!" war with a!other, is termed a dou*le policy >dvaidh.&hva?. &hese are the si1 'orms. Bhoe(er is i!'erior to a!other shall make peace with him, whoe(er is superior i! power shall wa"e war, whoe(er thi!ks "!o e!emy ca! hurt me, !or am I stro!" e!ou"h to destroy my e!emy," shall o*ser(e !eutrality, whoe(er is possessed o' !ecessary mea!s shall march a"ai!st his e!emy, whoe(er is de(oid o' !ecessary stre!"th to de'e!d himsel' shall seek the protectio! o' a!other, whoe(er thi!ks that help is !ecessary to work out a! e!d shall make peace with o!e a!d wa"e war with a!other. %uch is the aspect o' the si1 'orms o' policy. +' these, a wise ki!" shall o*ser(e that 'orm o' policy which, i! his opi!io!, e!a*les him to *uild 'orts, to co!struct *uildi!"s a!d commercial roads, to ope! !ew pla!tatio!s a!d (illa"es, to e1ploit mi!es a!d tim*er a!d elepha!t 'orests, a!d at the same time to harass similar works o' his e!emy. Bhoe(er thi!ks himsel' to *e "rowi!" i! power more rapidly *oth i! )uality a!d )ua!tity >tha! his e!emy?, a!d the re(erse o' his e!emy, may !e"lect his e!emy's pro"ress 'or the time. I' a!y two ki!"s hostile to each other 'i!d the time o' achie(i!" the results o' their respecti(e works to *e e)ual, they shall make peace with each other.

Fo ki!" shall keep that 'orm o' policy, which causes him the loss o' pro'it 'rom his ow! works, *ut which e!tails !o such loss o! the e!emy, 'or it is deterioratio!. Bhoe(er thi!ks that i! the course o' time his loss will *e less tha! his ac)uisitio! as co!trasted with that o' his e!emy, may !e"lect his temporary deterioratio!. I' a!y two ki!"s hostile to each other a!d deteriorati!", e1pect to ac)uire e)ual amou!t o' wealth i! e)ual time, they shall make peace with each other. &hat positio! i! which !either pro"ress !or retro"ressio! is see! is sta"!atio!. Bhoe(er thi!ks his sta"!a!cy to *e o' a shorter duratio! a!d his prosperity i! the lo!" ru! to *e "reater tha! his e!emy's may !e"lect his temporary sta"!atio!. 4y teacher says that i' a!y two ki!"s, who are hostile to each other a!d are i! a statio!ary co!ditio! e1pect to ac)uire e)ual amou!t o' wealth a!d power i! e)ual time, they shall make peace with each other. "+' course," says Kautilya, "there is !o other alter!ati(e." +r i' a ki!" thi!ks:// "&hat keepi!" the a"reeme!t o' peace, I ca! u!dertake producti(e works o' co!sidera*le importa!ce a!d destroy at the same time those o' my e!emy, or apart 'rom e!joyi!" the results o' my ow! works, I shall also e!joy those o' my e!emy i! (irtue o' the a"reeme!t o' peace, or I ca! destroy the works o' my e!emy *y employi!" spies a!d other secret mea!s, or *y holdi!" out such i!duceme!ts as a happy dwelli!", rewards, remissio! o' ta1es, little work a!d lar"e pro'its a!d wa"es, I ca! empty my e!emy's cou!try o' its populatio!, with which he has *ee! a*le to carry his ow! works, or *ei!" allied with a ki!" o' co!sidera*le power, my e!emy will ha(e his ow! works destroyed, or I ca! prolo!" my e!emy's hostility with a!other ki!" whose threats ha(e dri(e! my e!emy to seek my protectio!, or *ei!" allied with me, my e!emy ca! harass the cou!try o' a!other ki!" who hates me, or oppressed *y a!other ki!", the su*jects o' my e!emy will immi"rate i!to my cou!try, a!d I ca!, there'ore, achie(e the results o' my ow! works (ery easily, or *ei!" i! a precarious co!ditio! due to the destructio! o' his works, my e!emy will !ot *e so power'ul as to attack me, or *y e1ploiti!" my ow! resources i! allia!ce with a!y two >'rie!dly? ki!"s, I ca! au"me!t my resources, or i' a ircle o' %tates is 'ormed *y my e!emy as o!e o' its mem*ers, I ca! di(ide them a!d com*i!e with the others, or *y threats or 'a(our, I ca! catch hold o' my e!emy, a!d whe! he desires to *e a mem*er o' my ow! ircle o' %tates, I ca! make him i!cur the displeasure o' the other mem*ers. a!d 'all a (ictim to their ow! 'ury,"//i' a ki!" thi!ks thus, the! he may i!crease his resources *y keepi!" peace. +r i' a ki!" thi!ks://

"&hat as my cou!try is 'ull o' *or! soldiers a!d o' corporatio!s o' 'i"hti!" me!, a!d as it possesses such !atural de'e!si(e positio!s as mou!tai!s, 'orests, ri(ers, a!d 'orts with o!ly o!e e!tra!ce, it ca! easily repel the attack o' my e!emy, or ha(i!" take! my sta!d i! my impre"!a*le 'ortress at the *order o' my cou!try, I ca! harass the works o' my e!emy, or owi!" to i!ter!al trou*les a!d loss o' e!er"y, my e!emy will early su''er 'rom the destructio! o' his works, or whe! my e!emy is attacked *y a!other ki!", I ca! i!duce his su*jects to immi"rate i!to my cou!try," the! he may au"me!t his ow! resources *y keepi!" ope! hostility with such a! e!emy. +r i' a ki!" thi!ks:// "&hat !either is my e!emy stro!" e!ou"h to destroy my works, !or am I his, or i' he comes to 'i"ht with me, like a do" with a *oar, I ca! i!crease his a''lictio!s without i!curri!" a!y loss i! my ow! works," the! he may o*ser(e !eutrality a!d au"me!t his ow! resources. +r i' a ki!" thi!ks:// "&hat *y marchi!" my troops it is possi*le to destroy the works o' my e!emy, a!d as 'or mysel', I ha(e made proper arra!"eme!ts to sa'e"uard my ow! works," the! he may i!crease his resources *y marchi!". +r i' a ki!" thi!ks:// "&hat I am stro!" e!ou"h !either to harass my e!emyJs works !or to de'e!d my ow! a"ai!st my e!emy's attack," the! he shall seek protectio! 'rom a ki!" o' superior power a!d e!dea(our to pass 'rom the sta"e o' deterioratio! to that o' sta"!a!cy a!d 'rom the latter to that o' pro"ress. +r i' a ki!" thi!ks:// "&hat *y maki!" peace with o!e, I ca! work out my ow! resources, a!d *y wa"i!" war with a!other, I ca! destroy the works o' my e!emy," the! he may adopt that dou*le policy a!d impro(e his resources. ` &hus, a ki!" i! the circle o' so(erei"! state shall, *y adopti!" the si1/'old policy, e!dea(our to pass 'rom the state o' deterioratio! to that o' sta"!atio! a!d 'rom the latter to that o' pro"ress. :&hus e!ds hapter I, "&he %i1/'old -olicy a!d #etermi!atio! o' #eterioratio!, %ta"!atio! a!d -ro"ressH i! Book VII, G&he e!d o' the %i1/'old -olicyH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the !i!ety/!i!th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER II. THE NAT.RE OF ALLIANCE.

BD3F the ad(a!ta"es deri(a*le 'rom peace a!d war are o' e)ual character, o!e should pre'er peace, 'or disad(a!ta"es, such as the loss o' power a!d wealth, sojour!i!", a!d si!, are e(er/atte!di!" upo! war. &he same holds "ood i! the case o' !eutrality a!d war. +' the two >'orms o' policy?, dou*le policy a!d allia!ce, dou*le policy >i.e.2 maki!" peace with o!e a!d wa"i!" war with a!other? is pre'era*le, 'or whoe(er adopts the dou*le policy e!riches himsel', *ei!" e(er atte!ti(e to his ow! works, whereas a! allied ki!" has to help his ally at his ow! e1pe!se. +!e shall make a! allia!ce with a ki!" who is stro!"er tha! o!e's !ei"h*ouri!" e!emy, i! the a*se!ce o' such a ki!", o!e should i!"ratiate o!esel' with o!e's !ei"h*ouri!" e!emy, either *y supplyi!" mo!ey or army or *y cedi!" a part o' o!e's territory a!d *y keepi!" o!esel' aloo', 'or there ca! *e !o "reater e(il to ki!"s tha! allia!ce with a ki!" o' co!sidera*le power, u!less o!e is actually attacked *y o!e's e!emy. A powerless ki!" should *eha(e as a co!)uered ki!" >towards his immediate e!emy?, *ut whe! he 'i!ds that the time o' his ow! asce!da!cy is at ha!d due to a 'atal disease, i!ter!al trou*les, i!crease o' e!emies, or a 'rie!d's calamities that are (e1i!" his e!emy, the! u!der the prete!ce o' per'ormi!" some e1piatory rites to a(ert the da!"er o' his e!emy, he may "et out >o' the e!emy's court?, or i' he is i! his ow! territory, he should !ot "o to see his su''eri!" e!emy, or i' he is !ear to his e!emy, he may murder the e!emy whe! opportu!ity a''ords itsel'. A ki!" who is situated *etwee! two power'ul ki!"s shall seek protectio! 'rom the stro!"er o' the two, or 'rom o!e o' them o! whom he ca! rely, or he may make peace with *oth o' them o! e)ual terms. &he! he may *e"i! to set o!e o' them a"ai!st the other *y telli!" each that the other is a tyra!t causi!" utter rui! to himsel', a!d thus cause disse!sio! *etwee! them. Bhe! they are di(ided, he may pat dow! each separately *y secret or co(ert mea!s. +r, throwi!" himsel' u!der the protectio! o' a!y two immediate ki!"s o' co!sidera*le power, he may de'e!d himsel' a"ai!st a! immediate e!emy. +r, ha(i!" made a! allia!ce with a chie' i! a stro!"hold, he may adopt dou*le policy >i.e.2 make peace with o!e o' the two ki!"s, a!d wa"e war with a!other?. +r, *e may adapt himsel' to circumsta!ces depe!di!" upo! the causes o' peace a!d war i! order. +r, he may make 'rie!dship with traitors, e!emies, a!d wild chie's who are co!spiri!" a"ai!st *oth the ki!"s. +r, prete!di!" to *e a close 'rie!d o' o!e o' them, he may strike the other at the latter's weak poi!t *y employi!" e!emies, a!d wild tri*es. +r, ha(i!" made 'rie!dship with *oth, he may 'orm a ircle o' %tates. +r, he may make a! allia!ce with the madhyama or the !eutral ki!", a!d with this help he may put dow! o!e o' them or *oth. +r whe! hurt *y *oth, he may seek protectio! 'rom a ki!" o' ri"hteous character amo!" the madhyama ki!", the !eutral ki!", a!d their 'rie!ds or e)uals, or 'rom a!y other ki!" whose su*jects are so disposed as to i!crease his happi!ess a!d peace, with whose help he may *e a*le to reco(er his lost positio!, with whom his a!cestors were i! close i!timacy, or *lood relatio!ship, a!d i! whose ki!"dom he ca! 'i!d a !um*er o' power'ul 'rie!ds.

` +' two power'ul ki!"s who are o! amica*le terms with each other, a ki!" shall make allia!ce with o!e o' them who likes him a!d whom he likes, this is the *est way o' maki!" allia!ce. :&hus e!ds hapter II, G&he Fature o' Allia!ceH i! Book VII, G&he e!d o' the %i1/'old -olicyH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dredth chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER III. THE CHARACTER OF E3.AL5 INFERIOR AND #.PERIOR KING#4 AND FOR-# OF AGREE-ENT -ADE B/ AN INFERIOR KING. A KIF2 desirous o' e1pa!di!" his ow! power shall make use o' the si1/'old policy. A"reeme!ts o' peace shall *e made with e)ual a!d superior ki!"s, a!d a! i!'erior ki!" shall *e attacked. Bhoe(er "oes to wa"e war with a superior ki!" will *e reduced to the same co!ditio! as that o' a 'oot/soldier opposi!" a! elepha!t. Kust as the collisio! o' a! u!*aked mud/(essel with a similar (essel is destructi(e to *oth, so war with a! e)ual ki!" *ri!"s rui! to *oth. ;ike a sto!e striki!" a! earthe! pot, a superior ki!" attai!s decisi(e (ictory o(er a! i!'erior ki!". I' a superior ki!" discards the proposal o' a! i!'erior ki!" 'or peace, the latter should take the attitude o' a co!)uered ki!", or play the part o' a! i!'erior ki!" towards a superior. Bhe! a ki!" o' e)ual power does !ot like peace, the! the same amou!t o' (e1atio! as his oppo!e!t has recei(ed at his ha!ds should *e "i(e! to him i! retur!, 'or it is power that *ri!"s a*out peace *etwee! a!y two ki!"s: !o piece o' iro! that is !ot made red/hot will com*i!e with a!other piece o' iro!. Bhe! a! i!'erior ki!" is all su*missi(e, peace should *e made with him, 'or whe! pro(oked *y causi!" him trou*les a!d a!"er, a! i!'erior ki!", like a wild 'ire, will attack his e!emy a!d will also *e 'a(oured *y >his? ircle o' %tates. Bhe! a ki!" i! peace with a!other 'i!ds that "reedy, .impo(erished, a!d oppressed as are the su*jects o' his ally, they do !ot yet immi"rate i!to his ow! territory lest they mi"ht *e called *ack *y their master, the! he should, thou"h o' i!'erior power, proclaim war a"ai!st his ally. Bhe! a ki!" at war with a!other 'i!ds that "reedy, impo(erished, a!d oppressed as are the su*jects o' his e!emy, still they do !ot come to his side i! co!se)ue!ce o' the

trou*les o' war, the! he should, thou"h o' superior power, make peace with his e!emy or remo(e the trou*les o' war as 'ar as possi*le. Bhe! o!e o' the two ki!"s at war with each other a!d e)ually i!(ol(ed i! trou*le 'i!ds his ow! trou*les to *e "reater tha! his e!emy's, a!d thi!ks that *y "etti!" rid o' his >e!emy's? trou*le his e!emy ca! success'ul wa"e war with him, the! he should, thou"h possessi!" "reater resources, sue 'or peace. Bhe!, either i! peace or war, a ki!" 'i!ds !either loss to his e!emy !or "ai! to himsel', he should, thou"h superior, o*ser(e !eutrality. Bhe! a ki!" 'i!ds the trou*les o' his e!emy irremedia*le, he should, thou"h o' i!'erior power, march a"ai!st the e!emy. Bhe! a ki!" 'i!ds himsel' threate!ed *y immi!e!t da!"ers or trou*les, he should, thou"h superior, seek the protectio! o' a!other. Bhe! a ki!" is sure to achie(e his desired e!ds *y maki!" peace with o!e a!d wa"i!" war with a!other, he should, thou"h superior, adopt the dou*le policy. &hus it is that the si1 'orms o' policy are applied to"ether. As to their special applicatio!:// ` Bhe! a powerless ki!" 'i!ds himsel' attacked *y a power'ul ki!", leadi!" a ircle o' %tates, he should su*missi(ely sue 'or peace o! the co!ditio! o' o''eri!" treasure, army, himsel' or his territory. ` A"reeme!t made o! the co!ditio! that with a 'i1ed !um*er o' troops or with the 'lower o' his army, a ki!" should prese!t himsel' >whe! called 'or?, is peace termed tmmisha, Io''eri!" himsel' as 'lesh.J ` A"reeme!t made o! the co!ditio! that the comma!der o' the army to"ether with the heir/appare!t should prese!t himsel' >whe! called 'or?, is peace styled purushntarasandhi2 Ipeace with hosta"es other tha! the ki!" himsel'J, a!d it is co!duci(e to sel'/preser(atio!, as it does !ot re)uire the perso!al atte!da!ce o' the ki!". ` A"reeme!t made o! the co!ditio! that the ki!" himsel' or some o!e else should march with the army to some place, as re)uired, is peace termed adrishtapurusha2 Fpeace with !o speci'ied perso! to ser(eJ, a!d it is co!duci(e to the sa'ety o' the ki!" a!d the chie's o' his army. ` I! the 'irst two 'orms o' the peace, a woma! o' ra!k should *e "i(e! as a! hosta"e, a!d i! the last, a secret attempt should *e made to capture the e!emy, these are the 'orms o' peace co!cluded o! the co!ditio! o' supplyi!" his army.

` Bhe!, *y o''eri!" wealth, the rest o' the eleme!ts o' so(erei"!ty are set 'ree, that peace is termed parikraya2 Iprice.J ` %imilarly, whe! peace is co!cluded *y o''eri!" mo!ey capa*le o' *ei!" take! o! a ma!'s shoulders, it is termed upa%raha, Isu*sidyJ, a!d it is o' (arious 'orms, +wi!" to dista!ce a!d owi!" to its ha(i!" *ee! kept lo!", the amou!t o' the tri*ute promised may sometimes 'all i! arrears. ` Wet as such a *urde! ca! tolera*ly *e paid i! 'uture, this peace is *etter tha! the o!e with a woma! "i(e! as a! hosta"e. Bhe! the parties maki!" a! a"reeme!t o' peace are amica*ly u!ited, it is termed suvarnasandhi, I"olde! peace.J ` _uite re(erse 'rom the 'ormer is the peace called kapla2 Ihal' o' a pot,J which is co!cluded o! the co!ditio! o' payi!" imme!se )ua!tity o' mo!ey. ` I! the 'irst two, o!e should se!d the supply o' raw materials, elepha!ts, horses a!d troops, i! the third, mo!ey, a!d i! the 'ourth, o!e should e(ade the payme!t u!der the plea o' loss o' results 'rom works, these are the 'orms o' peace co!cluded o! the payme!t o' mo!ey. ` Bhe! *y cedi!" a part o' the territory, the rest o' the ki!"dom with its su*jects are kept sa'e, it is termed dishta, Iceded,J a!d is o' ad(a!ta"e to o!e who is desirous o' destroyi!" thie(es a!d other wicked perso!s >i!'esti!" the ceded part?. ` Bhe! with the e1ceptio! o' the capital, the whole o' the territory, impo(erished *y e1ploitatio! o' its resources is ceded, it is termed uchchhinnasandhi2 Ipeace cut o'' 'rom pro'it,J a!d is o' ad(a!ta"e to o!e who desires to i!(ol(e the e!emy i! trou*les. ` Bhe! *y the stipulatio! o' payi!" the produce o' the la!d, the ki!"dom is set 'ree, it is termed avakraya, Ire!t.J &hat which is co!cluded *y the promise o' payi!" more tha! the la!d yields is pari&h0shana, Ior!ame!t.J ` +!e should pre'er the 'irst, *ut the last two *ased upo! the payme!t o' the produce should *e made o!ly whe! o!e is o*li"ed to su*mit to power. &hese are the 'orms o' peace made *y cedi!" territory. ` &hese three ki!ds o' peace are to *e co!cluded *y a! i!'erior ki!" i! su*missio! to the power o' a superior ki!" owi!" to the peculiar co!ditio! o' his ow! works, circumsta!ces a!d time. :&hus e!ds hapter III, G&he haracter o' 3)ual, I!'erior, a!d %uperior Ki!"s, a!d .orms o' A"reeme!t made *y a! I!'erior Ki!"H i! Book VII, G&he e!d o' the %i1/'old -olicyH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d 'irst chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER I'. NE.TRALIT/ AFTER PROCLAI-ING +AR OR AFTER CONCL.DING A TREAT/ OF PEACE4 -ARCHING AFTER PROCLAI-ING +AR OR AFTER -AKING PEACE4 AND THE -ARCH OF CO-BINED PO+ER#. F3E&AA;I&W or marchi!" a'ter proclaimi!" war or peace has *ee! e1plai!ed. Sthna >keepi!" )uiet?, sana >withdrawal 'rom hostility?, a!d upekshana >!e"li"e!ce? are sy!o!ymous with the word Isana,J I!eutrality.J As to the di''ere!ce *etwee! three aspects o' !eutrality :///Keepi!" )uiet, mai!tai!i!" a particular ki!d o' policy is sthna, withdrawal 'rom hostile actio!s 'or the sake o' o!eJs ow! i!terests is sana, a!d taki!" !o steps >a"ai!st a! e!emy? is upekshana. Bhe! two ki!"s, who, thou"h *e!t o! maki!" co!)uests, are desirous o' peace, are u!a*le to proceed, o!e a"ai!st the other, they may keep )uiet a'ter proclaimi!" war or a'ter maki!" peace. Bhe! a ki!" 'i!ds it possi*le to put dow! *y mea!s o' his ow! army, or with the help o' a 'rie!d, or o' wild tri*es, a!other ki!" o' e)ual or superior power, the! ha(i!" set up proper de'e!ces a"ai!st *oth i!ter!al a!d e1ter!al e!emies, he may keep )uiet a'ter proclaimi!" war. Bhe! a ki!" is co!(i!ced that his ow! su*jects are *ra(e, u!ited, prosperous, a!d a*le !ot o!ly to carry o! their ow! works without i!ter'ere!ce, *ut also to harass his e!emy's works, the! he may keep )uiet a'ter proclaimi!" war. Bhe! a ki!" 'i!ds that as his e!emy's su*jects are ill/treated, impo(erished a!d "reedy a!d are e(er *ei!" oppressed *y the i!roads o' the army, thie(es, a!d wild tri*es, they ca! *e made throu"h i!tri"ue to joi! his side, or that his ow! a"riculture a!d commerce are 'lourishi!" while those o' his e!emy are wa!i!", or that as the su*jects o' his e!emy are su''eri!" 'rom 'ami!e, they will immi"rate i!to his ow! territory, or that, thou"h his ow! retur!s o' a"riculture a!d commerce are 'alli!" a!d those o' his e!emy i!creasi!", his ow! su*jects will !e(er desert him i! 'a(our o' his e!emy, or that *y proclaimi!" war, he ca! carry o'', *y 'orce, the "rai!s, cattle a!d "old o' his e!emy, or that he ca! pre(e!t the import o' his e!emy's mercha!dise, which was destructi(e o' his ow! commerce, or that (alua*le mercha!dise would come to his ow! territory, lea(i!" that o' his e!emy, or that war *ei!" proclaimed, his e!emy would *e u!a*le to put dow! traitors, e!emies, a!d wild tri*es a!d other re*els, a!d would *e i!(ol(ed i! war with them, or that his ow! 'rie!d would i! a (ery short time accumulate wealth without much loss a!d would !ot 'ail to 'ollow him i! his march, si!ce !o 'rie!d would !e"lect the opportu!ity o' ac)uiri!" a 'ertile la!d a!d a prosperous 'rie!d like himsel',//the! i! (iew o' i!'licti!" i!juries o! his e!emy a!d o' e1hi*iti!" his ow! power, he may keep )uiet a'ter proclaimi!" war. But my teacher says that tur!i!" a"ai!st such a ki!", his e!emy may swallow him.

IFot so,J says Kautilya, Iimpo(erishme!t o' the e!emy who is 'ree 'rom trou*les is all that is aimed at >whe! a ki!" keeps )uiet a'ter proclaimi!" war?. As soo! as such a ki!" ac)uires su''icie!t stre!"th, he will u!dertake to destroy the e!emy. &o such a ki!", the e!emyJs e!emy will se!d help to secure his ow! perso!al sa'ety.J De!ce, whoe(er is pro(ided with !ecessary stre!"th may keep )uiet a'ter proclaimi!" war. Bhe! the policy o' keepi!" )uiet a'ter proclaimi!" war is 'ou!d producti(e o' u!'a(oura*le results, the! o!e shall keep )uiet a'ter maki!" peace. Bhoe(er has "row! i! stre!"th i! co!se)ue!ce o' keepi!" )uiet a'ter proclaimi!" war should proceed to attack his e!emy. Bhe! a ki!" 'i!ds that his e!emy has 'alle! i!to trou*les, that the trou*les o' his e!emyJs su*jects ca! *y !o mea!s *e remedied, that as his e!emyJs su*jects are oppressed, ill/treated, disa''ected, impo(erished, *ecome e''imi!ate a!d disu!ited amo!" themsel(es, they ca! *e pre(ailed upo! to desert their master, that his e!emyJs cou!try has 'alle! a (ictim to the i!roads o' such calamities, as 'ire, 'loods, pestile!ce epidemics >maraka?, a!d 'ami!e a!d is there'ore losi!" the 'lower o' its youth a!d its de'e!si(e power,//the! he should march a'ter proclaimi!" war. Bhe! a ki!" is so 'ortu!ate as to ha(e a power'ul 'rie!d i! 'ro!t a!d a power'ul ally >kranda? i! the rear, *oth with *ra(e a!d loyal su*jects, while the re(erse is the case with he e!emies *oth i! 'ro!t a!d i! the rear, a!d whe! he 'i!ds it possi*le 'or his 'rie!d to hold his 'ro!tal e!emy i! check, a!d 'or his rear/ally to keep his rear/e!emy >prshni%rha? at *ay, the! he may march a'ter proclaimi!" war a"ai!st his 'ro!tal e!emy. Bhe! a ki!" 'i!ds it possi*le to achie(e the results o' (ictory si!"le/ha!ded i! a (ery short time, the! he may march >a"ai!st his 'ro!tal e!emy? a'ter proclaimi!" war a"ai!st his rear/e!emies, otherwise he should march a'ter maki!" peace >with his rear/ e!emies?. Bhe! a ki!" 'i!ds himsel' u!a*le to co!'ro!t his e!emy si!"le/ha!ded a!d whe! it is !ecessary that he should march, the! he should make the e1peditio! i! com*i!atio! with ki!"s o' i!'erior, e)ual, or superior powers. Bhe! the o*ject aimed at is o' a de'i!ite !ature, the! the share o' spoils should *e 'i1ed, *ut whe! it is o' a ma!i'old or comple1 !ature, the! with !o 'i1ity i! the share o' the spoils. Bhe! !o such com*i!atio! is possi*le, he may re)uest a ki!" either to supply him with the army 'or a 'i1ed share, or to accompa!y him 'or a! e)ual share o' the spoils. Bhe! pro'it is certai!, the! they should march with 'i1ed shares o' pro'it, *ut whe! it is u!certai!, with !o 'i1ity o' shares.

` %hare o' pro'it proportio!al to the stre!"th o' the army is o' the 'irst ki!d, that which is e)ual to the e''ort made is the *est, shares may *e allotted i! proportio! to the pro'it ear!ed or to the capital i!(ested. :&hus e!ds hapter IV, "Feutrality a'ter -roclaimi!" Bar or a'ter o!cludi!" a &reaty o' -eace, 4archi!" a'ter -roclaimi!" Bar or a'ter 4aki!" -eace, a!d the 4arch o' om*i!ed -owers,H i! Book VII, G&he e!d o' the %i1/'old -olicyH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d seco!d chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER '. CON#IDERATION# ABO.T -ARCHING AGAIN#T AN A##AILABLE ENE-/ AND A #TRONG ENE-/4 CA.#E# LEADING TO THE D+INDLING5 GREED5 AND DI#LO/ALT/ OF THE AR-/4 AND CON#IDERATION# ABO.T THE CO-BINATION OF PO+ER#. BD3F two e!emies, o!e a! assaila*le e!emy a!d a!other a stro!" e!emy, are e)ually i!(ol(ed i! trou*les, which o' them is to *e marched a"ai!st 'irst@ &he stro!" e!emy is to *e marched a"ai!st 'irst, a'ter (a!)uishi!" him, the assaila*le e!emy is to *e attacked, 'or, whe! a stro!" e!emy has *ee! (a!)uished, a! assaila*le e!emy will (olu!teer o' his ow! accord to help the co!)ueror, *ut !ot so, a stro!" e!emy. Bhich is to *e marched a"ai!st///a! assaila*le e!emy i!(ol(ed i! trou*les to a "reater de"ree or a stro!" e!emy trou*led to a lesser de"ree@ 4y teacher says that as a matter o' easy co!)uest, the assaila*le e!emy u!der worse trou*les should *e marched a"ai!st 'irst. Fot so, says Kautilya: &he co!)ueror should march a"ai!st the stro!" e!emy u!der less trou*les, 'or the trou*les o' the stro!" e!emy, thou"h less, will *e au"me!ted whe! attacked. &rue, that the worse trou*les o' the assaila*le e!emy will *e still worse whe! attacked. But whe! le't to himsel', the stro!" e!emy u!der less trou*les will e!dea(our to "et rid o' his trou*les a!d u!ite with the assaila*le e!emy or with a!other e!emy i! the rear o' the co!)ueror. Bhe! there are two assaila*le e!emies, o!e o' (irtuous character a!d u!der worse trou*les, a!d a!other o' (icious character, u!der less trou*les, a!d with disloyal su*jects, which o' them is to *e marched a"ai!st 'irst@ Bhe! the e!emy o' (irtuous character a!d u!der worse trou*les is attacked, his su*jects will help him, whereas, the su*jects o' the other o' (icious character a!d u!der less trou*les will *e i!di''ere!t. #isloyal or i!di''ere!t su*jects will e!dea(our to destroy e(e! a stro!" ki!". De!ce the co!)ueror should march a"ai!st that e!emy whose su*jects are disloyal.

Bhich is to *e marched a"ai!st//a! e!emy whose su*jects are impo(erished a!d "reedy or a! e!emy whose su*jects are *ei!" oppressed@ 4y teacher says that the co!)ueror should march a"ai!st that e!emy whose su*jects are impo(erished a!d "reedy, 'or impo(erished a!d "reedy su*jects su''er themsel(es to *e wo! o(er to the other side *y i!tri"ue, a!d are easily e1cited. But !ot so the oppressed su*jects whose wrath ca! *e paci'ied *y pu!ishi!" the chie' me! >o' the %tate?. Fot so, says Kautilya: 'or thou"h impo(erished a!d "reedy, they are loyal to their master a!d are ready to sta!d 'or his cause a!d to de'eat a!y i!tri"ue a"ai!st him, 'or it is i! loyalty that all other "ood )ualities ha(e their stre!"th. De!ce the co!)ueror should march a"ai!st the e!emy whose su*jects are oppressed. Bhich e!emy is to *e marched a"ai!st//a power'ul e!emy o' wicked character or a powerless e!emy o' ri"hteous character@ &he stro!" e!emy o' wicked character should *e marched a"ai!st, 'or whe! he is attacked, his su*jects will !ot help him, *ut rather put him dow! or "o to the side o' the co!)ueror. But whe! the e!emy o' (irtuous character is attacked, his su*jects will help him or die with him. ` By i!sulti!" the "ood a!d comme!di!" the wicked, *y causi!" u!!atural a!d u!ri"hteous slau"hter o' li'e, ` *y !e"lecti!" the o*ser(a!ce o' proper a!d ri"hteous customs, *y doi!" u!ri"hteous acts a!d !e"lecti!" ri"hteous o!es, ` *y doi!" what ou"ht !ot to *e do!e a!d !ot doi!" what ou"ht to *e do!e, *y !ot payi!" what ou"ht to *e paid a!d e1acti!" what ou"ht !ot to *e take!, ` *y !ot pu!ishi!" the "uilty a!d se(erely pu!ishi!" the less "uilty, *y arresti!" those who are !ot to *e cau"ht hold o' a!d lea(i!" those who are to *e arrested, ` *y u!dertaki!" risky works a!d destroyi!" pro'ita*le o!es, *y !ot protecti!" the people a"ai!st thie(es a!d *y ro**i!" them o' their wealth, ` *y "i(i!" up ma!ly e!terprise a!d co!dem!i!" "ood works, *y hurti!" the leaders o' the people a!d despisi!" the worthy, ` *y pro(oki!" the a"ed, *y crooked co!duct, a!d *y u!truth'ul!ess, *y !ot applyi!" remedies a"ai!st e(ils a!d !e"lecti!" works i! ha!d, ` a!d *y careless!ess a!d !e"li"e!ce o' himsel' i! mai!tai!i!" the security o' perso! a!d property o' his su*jects, the ki!" causes impo(erishme!t, "reed, a!d disa''ectio! to appear amo!" his su*jects,

` whe! a people are impo(erished, they *ecome "reedy, whe! they are "reedy, they *ecome disa''ected, whe! disa''ected, they (olu!tarily "o to the side o' the e!emy or destroy their ow! master. De!ce, !o ki!" should "i(e room to such causes as would *ri!" a*out impo(erishme!t, "reed or disa''ectio! amo!" his people. I', howe(er, they appear, he should at o!ce take remedial measures a"ai!st them. Bhich >o' the three? is the worst//a! impo(erished people@ "reedy people@ or disa''ected people@ A! impo(erished people are e(er apprehe!si(e o' oppressio! a!d destructio! >*y o(er/ta1atio!, etc.?, a!d are there'ore desirous o' "etti!" rid o' their impo(erishme!t, or o' wa"i!" war or o' mi"rati!" elsewhere. A "reedy people are e(er disco!te!ted a!d they yield themsel(es to the i!tri"ues o' a! e!emy. A disa''ected people rise a"ai!st their master alo!" with his e!emy. Bhe! the dwi!dli!" o' the people is due to wa!t o' "old a!d "rai!, it is a calamity 'rau"ht with da!"er to the whole o' the ki!"dom a!d ca! *e remedied with di''iculty. &he dearth o' e''icie!t me! ca! *e made up *y mea!s o' "old a!d "rai!. 2reed >is? partial a!d is 'ou!d amo!" a 'ew chie' o''icers, a!d it ca! *e "ot rid o' or satis'ied *y allowi!" them to plu!der a! e!emy's wealth. #isa''ectio! or disloyalty >vir%a? ca! *e "ot rid o' *y putti!" dow! the leaders, 'or i! the a*se!ce o' a leader or leaders, the people are easily "o(er!ed >&ho%ya? a!d they will !ot take part i! the i!tri"ues o' e!emies. Bhe! a people are too !er(ous to e!dure the calamities, they 'irst *ecome dispersed, whe! their leaders are put dow!, a!d whe! they are kept u!der restrai!t, they e!dure calamities. Da(i!" well co!sidered the causes which *ri!" a*out peace or war, o!e should com*i!e with ki!"s o' co!sidera*le power a!d ri"hteous character a!d march a"ai!st o!e's e!emy. IA ki!" o' co!sidera*le power,J mea!s o!e who is stro!" e!ou"h to put dow! or capture a! e!emy i! the rear o' his 'rie!d or to "i(e su''icie!t help to his 'rie!d i! his march. IA ki!" o' ri"hteous character,J mea!s o!e who does what o!e has promised to do, irrespecti(e o' "ood or *ad results. Da(i!" com*i!ed with o!e o' superior power, or with two o' e)ual power amo!" such ki!"s, should the co!)ueror march a"ai!st his e!emy@ It is *etter to march com*i!ed with two ki!"s o' e)ual power, 'or, i' com*i!ed with a ki!" o' superior power, the ally appears to mo(e, cau"ht hold o', *y his superior,

whereas i! marchi!" with two ki!"s o' e)ual power, the same will *e the result, o!ly, whe! those two ki!"s are e1perts i! the art o' i!tri"ue, *esides it is easy to separate them, a!d whe! o!e o' them is wicked, he ca! *e put dow! *y the other two a!d made to su''er the co!se)ue!ce o' disse!sio!. om*i!ed with o!e o' e)ual power or with two o' lesser power, should a ki!" march a"ai!st his e!emy@ Better to march with two ki!"s o' lesser power, 'or the co!)ueror ca! depute them to carry out a!y two di''ere!t works a!d keep them u!der his co!trol. Bhe! the desired e!d is achie(ed, the i!'erior ki!" will )uietly retire a'ter the satis'actio! o' his superior. ` &ill his dischar"e, the "ood co!duct o' a! ally o' usually *ad character should *e closely scruti!ised either *y sudde!ly comi!" out at a critical time 'rom a co(ert positio! >sattra? to e1ami!e his co!duct, or *y ha(i!" his wi'e as a pled"e 'or his "ood co!duct. ` &hou"h actuated with 'eeli!"s o' true 'rie!dship, the co!)ueror has reaso! to 'ear his ally, thou"h o' e)ual power, whe! the latter attai!s success i! his missio!, ha(i!" succeeded i! his missio!, a! ally o' e)ual power is likely to cha!"e his attitude e(e! towards the co!)ueror o' superior power. ` A! ally o' superior power should !ot *e relied upo!, 'or prosperity cha!"es the mi!d. 3(e! with little or !o share i! the spoils, a! ally o' superior power may "o *ack, appeari!" co!te!ted, *ut some time a'terwards, he may !ot 'ail to sit o! the lap o' the co!)ueror a!d carry o'' twice the amou!t o' share due to him. ` Da(i!" *ee! satis'ied with mere (ictory, the leadi!" co!)ueror should dischar"e his allies, ha(i!" satis'ied them with their shares he may allow himsel' to *e co!)uered *y them i!stead o' attempti!" to co!)uer them >i! the matter o' spoils?, it is thus that a ki!" ca! wi! the "ood "races o' his ircle o' %tates. :&hus e!ds hapter V, " o!sideratio!s a*out 4archi!" a"ai!st a! Assaila*le 3!emy a!d a %tro!" 3!emy, auses ;eadi!" to the #wi!dli!", 2reed, a!d #isloyalty o' the Army, a!d o!sideratio!s a*out the om*i!atio! o' -owersH i! Book VII, G&he e!d o' the %i1/ 'old -olicyH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d third chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER 'I. THE -ARCH OF CO-BINED PO+ER#4 AGREE-ENT OF PEACE +ITH OR +ITHO.T DEFINITE TER-#4 AND PEACE +ITH RENEGADE#. &D3 o!)ueror should thus o(er/reach the seco!d eleme!t, >the e!emy close to his territory?://De should e!"a"e his !ei"h*ouri!" e!emy to u!dertake a simulta!eous march

with him a!d tell the e!emy: "&hou, march i! that directio!, a!d I shall march i! this directio!, a!d the share i! the spoils is e)ual." I' the *ooty is to *e e)ually di(ided, it is a! a"reeme!t o' peace, i' otherwise, it is o(erpoweri!" the e!emy. A! a"reeme!t o' peace may *e made with promise to carry out a de'i!ite work >paripanita? or with !o such promise >aparipanita?. Bhe! the a"reeme!t is to the e''ect that "&hou, march to that place, a!d I shall march to this place," it is termed a! a"reeme!t o' peace to carry out a work i! de'i!ite locality. Bhe! it is a"reed upo! that "&hou, *e e!"a"ed so lo!", I shall *e e!"a"ed thus lo!"," it is a! a"reeme!t to attai! a! o*ject i! a 'i1ed time. Bhe! it is a"reed upo! that "&hou, try to accomplish that work, a!d I shall try to 'i!ish this work," it is a! a"reeme!t to achie(e a de'i!ite e!d. Bhe! the co!)ueror thi!ks that "my e!emy >!ow a! ally? has to march throu"h a! u!k!ow! cou!try, which is i!tersected with mou!tai!s, 'orests, ri(ers, 'orts a!d deserts which is de(oid o' 'ood/stu''s, people, pastoral "rou!ds, 'odder, 'irewood a!d water, a!d which is 'ar away, di''ere!t 'rom other cou!tries, a!d !ot a''ordi!" suita*le "rou!ds 'or the e1ercise o' his army, a!d I ha(e to tra(erse a cou!try o' )uite the re(erse descriptio!," the! he should make a! a"reeme!t to carry out a work i! a de'i!ite locality. Bhe! the co!)ueror thi!ks that "my e!emy has to work with 'ood stu''s 'alli!" short a!d with !o com'ort duri!" the rai!y, hot or cold seaso!, "i(i!" rise to (arious ki!ds o' diseases a!d o*structi!" the 'ree e1ercise o' his army duri!" a shorter or lo!"er period o' time tha! !ecessary 'or the accomplishme!t o' the work i! ha!d, a!d I ha(e to work duri!" a time o' )uite the re(erse !ature," the! he should make time a 'actor o' the a"reeme!t. Bhe! the co!)ueror thi!ks that "my e!emy has to accomplish a work which, !ot lasti!" *ut tri'li!" i! its !ature, e!ra"es his su*jects, which re)uires much e1pe!diture o' time a!d mo!ey, a!d which is producti(e o' e(il co!se)ue!ces, u!ri"hteous, repu"!a!t to the Madhyama a!d !eutral ki!"s, a!d destructi(e o' all 'rie!dship, whereas, I ha(e to do the re(erse," the! he should make a! a"reeme!t to carry out a de'i!ite work. ;ikewise with space a!d time, with time a!d work, with space a!d work, a!d with space, time, a!d work, made as terms o' a! a"reeme!t, it resol(es itsel' i!to se(e! 'orms. ;o!" *e'ore maki!" such a! a"reeme!t, the co!)ueror has to 'i1 his ow! work a!d the! attempt to o(erreach his e!emy.

Bhe!, i! order to destroy a! e!emy who has 'alle! i!to trou*les a!d who is hasty, i!dole!t, a!d !ot 'oresi"hted, a! a"reeme!t o' peace with !o terms o' time, space, or work is made with a! e!emy merely 'or mutual peace, a!d whe! u!der co(er o' such a! a"reeme!t, the e!emy is cau"ht hold o' at his weak poi!ts a!d is struck, it is termed peace with !o de'i!ite terms >aparipanita?. Bith re"ard to this there is a sayi!" as 'ollows:// "Da(i!" kept a !ei"h*ouri!" e!emy e!"a"ed with a!other !ei"h*ouri!" e!emy, a wise ki!" should proceed a"ai!st a third ki!", a!d ha(i!" co!)uered that e!emy o' e)ual power, take possessio! o' his territory." -eace with !o speci'ic e!d >akritachik.rsh?, peace with *i!di!" terms >kritasleshana?, the *reaki!" o' peace >kritavid0shana?, a!d restoratio! o' peace *roke! >apas.rnakriy? are other 'orms o' peace. +pe! *attle, treacherous *attle, a!d sile!t *attle >i.e. killi!" a! e!emy *y employi!" spies whe! there is !o talk o' *attle at all?, are the three 'orms o' *attle. Bhe!, *y maki!" use o' co!ciliatio! a!d other 'orms o' strata"em a!d the like, a !ew a"reeme!t o' peace is made a!d the ri"hts o' e)ual, i!'erior, a!d superior powers co!cer!ed i! the a"reeme!t are de'i!ed accordi!" to their respecti(e positio!s, it is termed a! a"reeme!t o' peace with !o speci'ic e!d >other tha! sel'/preser(atio!?. Bhe!, *y the employme!t o' 'rie!ds >at the ourts o' each other?, the a"reeme!t o' peace made is kept secure a!d the terms are i!(aria*ly o*ser(ed a!d strictly mai!tai!ed so that !o disse!sio! may creep amo!" the parties, it is termed peace with *i!di!" terms. Bhe!, ha(i!" pro(ed throu"h the a"e!cy o' traitors a!d spies the treachery o' a ki!", who has made a! a"reeme!t o' peace, the a"reeme!t is *roke!, it is termed the *reaki!" o' peace. Bhe! reco!ciliatio! is made with a ser(a!t, or a 'rie!d, or a!y other re!e"ade, it is termed the restoratio! o' *roke! peace. &here are 'our perso!s who ru! away 'rom, a!d retur! to, their master : o!e who had reaso! to ru! away a!d to retur!, o!e who had !o reaso! either to ru! away or to retur!, o!e who had reaso! to ru! away, *ut !o!e to retur!, a!d o!e who had !o reaso! to ru! away, *ut had reaso! to come *ack. De who ru!s away owi!" to his master's 'ault a!d retur!s i! co!sideratio! o' >his master's? "ood !ature, or he who ru!s away attracted *y the "ood !ature o' his master's e!emy a!d retur!s 'i!di!" 'ault with the e!emy is to *e reco!ciled as he had reaso! to ru! away a!d to retur!.

Bhoe(er ru!s away owi!" to his ow! 'ault a!d retur!s without mi!di!" the "ood !ature either o' his old or !ew master is a 'ickle/mi!ded perso! ha(i!" !o e1pla!atio! to accou!t 'or his co!duct, a!d he should ha(e !o terms o' reco!ciliatio!. Bhoe(er ru!s away owi!" to his master's 'ault a!d retur!s owi!" to his ow! de'ects, is a re!e"ade who had reaso! to ru! away, *ut !o!e to retur!: a!d his case is to *e well co!sidered >*e'ore he is take! *ack?. Bhoe(er retur!s deputed *y the e!emy, or o' his ow! accord, with the i!te!tio! o' hurti!" his old master, as is !atural to perso!s o' such *ad character, or comi!" to k!ow that his old master is attempti!" to put dow! the e!emy, his !ew master, a!d apprehe!si(e o' da!"er to himsel', or looki!" o! the attempt o' his !ew master to destroy his old master as cruelty, these should *e e1ami!ed, a!d i' he is 'ou!d to *e actuated with "ood moti(es, he is to *e take! *ack respect'ully, otherwise, he should *e kept at a dista!ce. Bhoe(er ru!s away owi!" to his ow! 'ault a!d retur!s owi!" to his !ew master's wicked!ess is a re!e"ade who had !o reaso! to ru! away, *ut had reaso! to come *ack, such a perso! is to *e e1ami!ed. Bhe! a ki!" thi!ks that "&his re!e"ade supplies me with 'ull i!'ormatio! a*out my e!emy's weak!ess, a!d, there'ore, he deser(es to remai! here, his ow! people with me are i! 'rie!dship with my 'rie!ds a!d at e!mity with my e!emies a!d are easily e1cited at the si"ht o' "reedy a!d cruel perso!s or o' a *a!d o' e!emies," he may treat such a re!e"ade as deser(ed. 4y teacher says that whoe(er has 'ailed to achie(e pro'it 'rom his works, lost his stre!"th, or made his lear!i!" a commercial article, or is (ery "reedy, i!)uisiti(e to see di''ere!t cou!tries, dead to the 'eeli!"s o' 'rie!dship, or has stro!" e!emies, deser(es to *e a*a!do!ed. But Kautilya says that it is timidity, u!pro'essio!al *usi!ess, a!d lack o' 'or*eara!ce >to do so?. Bhoe(er is i!jurious to the ki!"'s i!terests should *e a*a!do!ed, while he who is i!jurious to the i!terests o' the e!emy should *e reco!ciled, a!d whoe(er is i!jurious to the i!terests o' *oth the ki!" a!d his e!emy should *e care'ully e1ami!ed. Bhe! it is !ecessary to make peace with a ki!" with whom !o peace ou"ht to *e made, de'e!si(e measures should *e take! a"ai!st that poi!t where he ca! show his power. ` I! restori!" *roke! peace, a re!e"ade or a perso! i!cli!ed towards the e!emy should *e kept at such a dista!ce that till the close o' his li'e, he may *e use'ul to the %tate. ` +r, he may *e set a"ai!st the e!emy or may *e employed as a captai! o' a! army to "uard wild tracts a"ai!st e!emies, or throw! somewhere o! the *ou!dary.

` +r, he may *e employed to carry o! a secret trade i! !ew or old commodities i! 'orei"! cou!tries a!d may accordi!"ly *e accused o' co!spiracy with the e!emy. ` +r, i! the i!terests o' 'uture peace, a re!e"ade who must *e put to death may at o!ce *e destroyed. ` &hat ki!d o' wicked character which has 'rom the *e"i!!i!" "row! upo! a ma! owi!" to his associatio! with e!emies is as e(er 'rau"ht with da!"er as co!sta!t li(i!" i! compa!y with a s!ake, ` a!d is e(er threate!i!" with destructio! just as a pi"eo! li(i!" o! the seeds o' plaksha >holy 'i"/tree? is to the salmali >silk/cotto!? tree. ` Bhe! *attle is 'ou"ht i! dayli"ht a!d i! some locality, it is termed a! ope! *attle, threate!i!" i! o!e directio!, assault i! a!other, destructio! o' a! e!emy captured while he was careless or i! trou*les, ` a!d *ri*i!" a portio! o' the army a!d destroyi!" a!other portio!, are 'orms o' treacherous 'i"ht, a!d attempt to wi! o(er the chie' o''icers o' the e!emy *y i!tri"ue, is the characteristic o' sile!t *attle. :&hus e!ds hapter VI, G&he 4arch o' om*i!ed -owers, A"reeme!t o' -eace with or without #e'i!ite &erms, a!d -eace with Ae!e"ades,H i! Book VII, G&he e!d o' the %i1/ 'old -olicyH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d 'ourth chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER 'II. PEACE AND +AR B/ ADOPTING THE DO.BLE POLIC/. &D3 co!)ueror may o(erpower the seco!d mem*er >i.e.2 the immediate e!emy? thus:// Da(i!" com*i!ed with a !ei"h*ouri!" ki!", the co!)ueror may march a"ai!st a!other !ei"h*ouri!" ki!". +r i' he thi!ks that ">my e!emy? will !either capture my rear !or make a! allia!ce with my assaila*le e!emy a"ai!st whom I am "oi!" to march, >'or otherwise? I shall ha(e to 'i"ht a"ai!st "reat odds, >my ally? will !ot o!ly 'acilitate the collectio! o' my re(e!ue a!d supplies a!d put dow! the i!ter!al e!emies who are causi!" me imme!se trou*le, *ut also pu!ish wild tri*es a!d their 'ollowers e!tre!ched i! their stro!"holds, reduce my assaila*le e!emy to a precarious co!ditio! or compel him to accept the pro''ered peace, a!d ha(i!" recei(ed as much pro'it as he desires, he will e!dea(our to e!dear my other e!emies to me," the! the co!)ueror may proclaim war a"ai!st o!e a!d make peace with a!other a!d e!dea(our to "et a! army 'or mo!ey or mo!ey 'or the supply o' a! army 'rom amo!" his !ei"h*ouri!" ki!"s.

Bhe! the ki!"s o' superior, e)ual or i!'erior power make peace with the co!)ueror a!d a"ree to pay a "reater, or e)ual, or less amou!t o' pro'it i! proportio! to the army supplied, it is termed e(e! peace, that which is o' the re(erse character is styled u!e(e! peace, a!d whe! the pro'it is proportio!ally (ery hi"h, it is termed deceptio! >atisandhi?. Bhe! a ki!" o' superior power is i!(ol(ed i! trou*les, or is come to "rie' or is a''licted with mis'ortu!e, his e!emy, thou"h o' i!'erior power, may re)uest o' him the help o' his army i! retur! 'or a share i! the pro'it proportio!al to the stre!"th o' the army supplied. I' the ki!" to whom peace is o''ered o! such terms is power'ul e!ou"h to retaliate, he may declare war, a!d otherwise he may accept the terms. I! (iew o' marchi!" 'or the purpose o' e1acti!" some e1pected re(e!ue to *e utilised i! recoupi!" his ow! stre!"th a!d resources, a! i!'erior ki!" may re)uest o' a superior the help o' the latter's army 'or the purpose o' "uardi!" the *ase a!d the rear o' his territory i! retur! 'or the payme!t o' a "reater share i! the pro'it tha! the stre!"th o' the arm supplied deser(es. &he ki!" to whom such a proposal is made may accept the proposal, i' the proposer is o' "ood i!te!tio!s, *ut otherwise he may declare war. Bhe! a ki!" o' i!'erior power or o!e who is pro(ided with the aid o' 'orts a!d 'rie!ds has to make a short march i! order to capture a! e!emy without wa"i!" war or to recei(e some e1pected pro'it, he may re)uest a third ki!" o' superior power i!(ol(ed u!der (arious trou*les a!d mis'ortu!es the help o' the latter's army i! retur! 'or the payme!t o' a share i! the pro'it less tha! the stre!"th o' the army supplied deser(es. I' the ki!" to whom this proposal is made is power'ul e!ou"h to retaliate, he may declare war, *ut otherwise he may accept the proposal. Bhe! a ki!" o' superior power a!d 'ree 'rom all trou*les is desirous o' causi!" to his e!emy loss o' me! a! mo!ey i! the latter's ill/co!sidered u!dertaki!"s, or o' se!di!" his ow! treacherous army a*road, or *ri!"i!" his e!emy u!der the clutches o' a! i!imical army, or o' causi!" trou*le to a reduci*le a!d totteri!" e!emy *y setti!" a i!'erior ki!" a"ai!st that e!emy, or is desirous o' ha(i!" peace 'or the sake o' peace itsel' a!d is possessed o' "ood i!te!tio!s, he may accept a less share i! the pro'it >promise 'or the army supplied to a!other? a!d e!dea(our to make wealth *y com*i!i!" with a! ally i' the latter is e)ually o' "ood i!te!tio!s, *ut otherwise he may declare war >a"ai!st that ally?. A ki!" may decei(e or help his e)ual as 'ollows:// Bhe! a ki!" proposes peace to a!other ki!" o' e)ual power o! the co!ditio! o' recei(i!" the help o' the latter army stro!" e!ou"h to oppose a! e!emy's army, or to "uard the 'ro!t, ce!tre, a!d rear o' his territory, or to help his 'rie!d, or to protect a!y other wild tracts o' his territory i! retur! 'or the payme!t o' a share i! the pro'it proportio!ally e)ual to the stre!"th o' the army supplied, the latter may accept the terms i' the proposer is o' "ood i!te!tio!s, *ut otherwise he may declare war. Bhe! a ki!" o' e)ual power, capa*le o' recei(i!" the help o' a! army 'rom a!other )uarter re)uests o' a!other ki!" i! trou*les due to the dimi!ished stre!"th o' the eleme!ts

o' so(erei"!ty, a!d with ma!y e!emies, the help o' the latter's army i! retur! 'or the payme!t o' a share i! the pro'it less tha! the stre!"th o' the army supplied deser(es, the latter, i' power'ul, may declare war or accept the terms otherwise. Bhe! a ki!" who is u!der trou*les, who has his works at the mercy o' his !ei"h*ouri!" ki!"s, a!d who has yet to make a! army, re)uests o' a!other ki!" o' e)ual power the help o' the latter's army i! retur! 'or the payme!t o' a share i! the pro'it "reater tha! the stre!"th o' the army supplied deser(es, the latter may accept the terms i' the proposer is o' "ood i!te!tio!s: *ut otherwise war may *e declared. Bhe!, with the desire o' putti!" dow! a ki!" i! trou*les due to the dimi!ished stre!"th o' the eleme!ts o' so(erei"!ty, or with the desire o' destroyi!" his well/*e"u! work o' imme!se a!d u!'aili!" pro'it, or with the i!te!tio! o' striki!" him i! his ow! place or o! the occasio! o' marchi!", o!e, thou"h 're)ue!tly "etti!" imme!se >su*sidy? 'rom a! assaila*le e!emy o' e)ual, i!'erior, or superior power, se!ds dema!ds to him a"ai! a!d a"ai!, the! he may comply with the dema!ds o' the 'ormer i' he is desirous o' mai!tai!i!" his ow! power *y destroyi!" with the army o' the 'ormer a! impre"!a*le 'ortress o' a! e!emy or a 'rie!d o' that e!emy or layi!" waste the wild tracts o' that e!emy, or i' he is desirous o' e1posi!" the army o' the ally to wear a!d tear e(e! i! "ood roads a!d "ood seaso!s, or i' he is desirous o' stre!"the!i!" his ow! army with that o' his ally a!d there*y putti!" dow! the ally or wi!!i!" o(er the army o' the ally. Bhe! a ki!" is desirous o' keepi!" u!der his power a!other ki!" o' superior or i!'erior power as a! assaila*le e!emy a!d o' destroyi!" the latter a'ter routi!" out a!other e!emy with the help o' the latter, or whe! he is desirous o' "etti!" *ack whate(er he has paid >as su*sidy?, he may se!d a proposal o' peace to a!other o! the co!ditio! o' payi!" more tha! the cost o' the army supplied. I' the ki!" to whom this proposal is made is power'ul e!ou"h to retaliate he may declare war, or i' otherwise, he may accept the terms, or he may keep )uiet allied with the assaila*le e!emy, or he may supply the proposer o' peace with his army 'ull o' traitors, e!emies a!d wild tri*es. Bhe! a ki!" o' superior power 'alls i!to trou*les owi!" to the weak!ess o' the eleme!ts o' his so(erei"!ty, a!d re)uests o' a! i!'erior ki!" the help o' the latter's army i! retur! 'or the payme!t o' a share i! the pro'it proportio!ally e)ual to the stre!"th o' the army supplied, the latter, i' power'ul e!ou"h to retaliate, may declare war a!d i' otherwise, accept the terms. A ki!" o' superior power may re)uest o' a! i!'erior the help o' the latter's army i! retur! 'or the payme!t o' a share i! the pro'it less tha! the cost o' the army supplied, a!d the latter, i' power'ul e!ou"h to retaliate, may declare war, or accept the terms otherwise. ` &he ki!" who is sued 'or peace a!d also the ki!" who o''ers peace should *oth co!sider the moti(e with which the proposal o' peace is made, a!d adopt that course o' actio! which o! co!sideratio! seems to *e producti(e o' "ood results.

:&hus e!ds hapter VII "-eace a!d Bar *y Adopti!" the #ou*le -olicyH i! Book VII, G&he e!d o' the %i1/'old -olicyH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d 'i'th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER 'III. THE ATTIT.DE OF AN A##AILABLE ENE-/4 AND FRIEND# THAT DE#ER'E HELP. BD3F a! assaila*le e!emy who is i! da!"er o' *ei!" attacked is desirous o' taki!" upo! himsel' the co!ditio! which led o!e ki!" to com*i!e with a!other a"ai!st himsel', or o' splitti!" them 'rom each other, he may propose peace to o!e o' the ki!"s o! the co!ditio! o' himsel' payi!" twice the amou!t o' pro'it accrui!" 'rom the com*i!atio!. &he a"reeme!t ha(i!" *ee! made, he may descri*e to that ki!" the loss o' me! a!d mo!ey, the hardships o' sojour!i!" a*road, the commissio! o' si!'ul deeds, a!d the misery a!d other perso!al trou*les to which that ki!" would ha(e *ee! su*jected. Bhe! the ki!" is co!(i!ced o' the truth, the amou!t promised may *e paid, or ha(i!" made that ki!" to i!cur e!mity with other ki!"s, the a"reeme!t itsel' may *e *roke! o''. Bhe! a ki!" is i!cli!ed to cause to a!other, loss o' me! a!d mo!ey i! the ill/ co!sidered u!dertaki!"s o' the latter or to 'rustrate the latter i! the attempt o' achie(i!" lar"e pro'its 'rom well/*e"u! u!dertaki!"s, or whe! he mea!s to strike a!other at his >a!other's? ow! place or while marchi!", or whe! he i!te!ds to e1act su*sidy a"ai! i! com*i!atio! with the latter's assaila*le e!emy, or whe! he is i! !eed o' mo!ey a!d does !ot like to trust to his ally, he may, 'or the time *ei!", *e satis'ied with a small amou!t o' pro'it. Bhe! a ki!" has i! (iew the !ecessity o' helpi!" a 'rie!d or o' destroyi!" a! e!emy, or the possi*ility o' ac)uiri!" much wealth >i! retur! 'or the prese!t help? or whe! he i!te!ds to utili0e i! 'uture the ser(ices o' the o!e !ow o*li"ed *y him, he may reject the o''er o' lar"e pro'it at the prese!t i! pre'ere!ce o' a small "ai! i! 'uture. Bhe! a ki!" mea!s to help a!other 'rom the clutches o' traitors or e!emies or o' a superior ki!" threate!i!" the (ery e1iste!ce o' the latter, a!d i!te!ds there*y to set a! e1ample o' re!deri!" similar help to himsel' i! 'uture, he should recei(e !o pro'it either at the prese!t or i! the 'uture. Bhe! a ki!" mea!s to harass the people o' a! e!emy or to *reak the a"reeme!t o' peace *etwee! a 'rie!d a!d a 'oe, or whe! he suspects o' a!other's attack upo! himsel', a!d whe! owi!" to a!y o' these causes, he wa!ts to *reak peace with his ally, he may dema!d 'rom the latter a! e!ha!ced amou!t o' pro'it lo!" *e'ore it is due. &he latter u!der these circumsta!ces may dema!d 'or a procedure >krama? either at the prese!t or i! the 'uture. &he same procedure e1plai!s the cases treated o' *e'ore. &he co!)ueror a!d his e!emy helpi!" their respecti(e 'rie!ds di''er accordi!" as their 'rie!ds are such or are !ot such as u!dertake possi*le, praiseworthy or producti(e

works a!d as are resolute i! their u!dertaki!"s a!d are pro(ided with loyal a!d de(oted su*jects. Bhoe(er u!dertakes tolera*le work is a *e"i!!er possi*le work: whoe(er u!dertakes a! u!*lemished work is a *e"i!!er o' praiseworthy work, whoe(er u!dertakes work o' lar"e pro'its is a *e"i!!er o' a producti(e work, whoe(er takes !o rest *e'ore the completio! o' the work u!dertake! is a resolute worker, a!d whoe(er has loyal a!d de(oted su*jects is i! a positio! to comma!d help a!d to *ri!" to a success'ul termi!atio! a!y work without losi!" a!ythi!" i! the 'orm o' 'a(our. Bhe! such 'rie!ds are "rati'ied *y the e!emy or the co!)ueror, they ca! *e o' imme!se help to him, 'rie!ds o' re(erse character should !e(er *e helped. +' the two, the co!)ueror a!d his e!emy, *oth o' whom may happe! to ha(e a 'rie!d i! the same perso!, he who helps a true or a truer 'rie!d o(erreaches the other, 'or, *y helpi!" a true 'rie!d, he e!riches himsel', while the other !ot o!ly i!curs loss o' me! a!d mo!ey a!d the hardships o' sojour!i!" a*road, *ut also showers *e!e'its o! a! e!emy who hates the *e!e'actor all the more 'or his "rati'icatio!. Bhoe(er o' the two, the co!)ueror a!d his e!emy, who may happe! to ha(e a 'rie!d i! the same Madhyama ki!", helps a Madhyama ki!" o' true or truer 'rie!dship o(erreaches the other, 'or, *y helpi!" a true 'rie!d, he e!riches himsel', while the other i!curs loss o' me! a!d mo!ey a!d the di''iculties o' sojour!i!" a*road. Bhe! a Madhyama ki!" thus helped is de(oid o' "ood )ualities, the! the e!emy o(erreaches the co!)ueror: 'or, such a Madhyama ki!", spe!di!" his e!er"ies o! useless u!dertaki!"s a!d recei(i!" help with !o idea o' retur!i!" it, withdraws himsel' away. &he same thi!" holds "ood with a !eutral ki!" u!der similar circumsta!ces. I! case o' helpi!" with a portio! o' the army o!e o' the two, a Madhyama or a !eutral ki!", whoe(er happe!s to help o!e who is *ra(e, skill'ul i! ha!dli!" weapo!s, a!d possessed o' e!dura!ce a!d 'rie!dly 'eeli!"s will himsel' *e decei(ed while his e!emy, helpi!" o!e o' re(erse character, will o(erreach him. Bhe! a ki!" achie(es this or that o*ject with the assista!ce o' a 'rie!d who is to recei(e the help o' his army i! retur! later o!, the! he may se!d out o' his (arious ki!ds o' army//such as hereditary army, hired army, army 'ormed o' corporatio!s o' people, his 'rie!d's army a!d the army composed o' wild tri*es//either that ki!d o' army which has the e1perie!ce o' all sorts o' "rou!ds a!d o' seaso!s or the army o' e!emies or o' wild tri*es, which is 'ar remo(ed i! space a!d time. Bhe! a ki!" thi!ks that, "&hou"h success'ul, my ally may cause my army to mo(e i! a! e!emy's territory or i! wild tracts, a!d duri!" u!'a(oura*le seaso!s a!d there*y he may re!der it useless to me," the! u!der the e1cuse o' ha(i!" to employ his army otherwise, he may help his ally i! a!y other way, *ut whe! he is o*li"ed to le!d his army, he may se!d that ki!d o' his army, which is used to the weather o' the time o' operatio!, u!der the co!ditio! o' employi!" it till the completio! o' the work, a!d o' protecti!" it

'rom da!"ers. Bhe! the ally has 'i!ished his work, he should, u!der some e1cuse, try to "et *ack his army or he may se!d to his ally that army which is composed o' traitors, e!emies, a!d wild tri*es, or ha(i!" made peace with the ally's assaila*le e!emy, he may decei(e the ally. ` Bhe! the pro'it accrui!" to ki!"s u!der a! a"reeme!t, whether they *e o' e)ual, i!'erior, or superior power, is e)ual to all, that a"reeme!t is termed peace >sandhi?, whe! u!e)ual, it is termed de'eat >vikrama?. %uch is the !ature o' peace a!d war. :&hus e!ds hapter VIII, G&he Attitude o' a! Assaila*le 3!emy, a!d .rie!ds that #eser(e Delp,H i! Book VII, G&he e!d o' the %i1/'old -olicyH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d si1th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER I*. AGREE-ENT FOR THE AC3.I#ITION OF A FRIEND OR GOLD. +. the three "ai!s, the ac)uisitio! o' a 'rie!d, o' "old, a!d o' territory, accrui!" 'rom the march o' com*i!ed powers, that which is me!tio!ed later is *etter tha! the o!e pre(iously me!tio!ed, 'or 'rie!ds a!d "old ca! *e ac)uired *y mea!s o' territory, o' the two "ai!s, that o' a 'rie!d a!d o' "old, each ca! *e a mea!s to ac)uire the other. A"reeme!t u!der the co!ditio!, "let us ac)uire a 'rie!d, etc.," is termed e(e! peace, whe! o!e ac)uires a 'rie!d a!d the other makes a! e!emy, etc., it is termed u!e(e! peace, a!d whe! o!e "ai!s more tha! the other, it is deceptio!. I! a! e(e! peace >i.e., a"reeme!t o! e)ual terms? whoe(er ac)uires a 'rie!d o' "ood character or relie(es a! old 'rie!d 'rom trou*les, o(erreaches the other, 'or help "i(e! i! mis'ortu!e re!ders 'rie!dship (ery 'irm. Bhich is *etter o' the two: a 'rie!d o' lo!"/sta!di!", *ut u!su*missi(e !ature, or a temporary 'rie!d o' su*missi(e !ature, *oth *ei!" ac)uired *y a''ordi!" relie' 'rom their respecti(e trou*les@ 4y teacher says that a lo!"/sta!di!" 'rie!d o' u!su*missi(e !ature is *etter i!asmuch as such a 'rie!d, thou"h !ot help'ul, will !ot create harm. Fot so, says Kautilya: a temporary 'rie!d o' su*missi(e !ature is *etter, 'or such a 'rie!d will *e a true 'rie!d so lo!" as he is help'ul, 'or the real characteristic o' 'rie!dship lies i! "i(i!" help. Bhich is the *etter o' two su*missi(e 'rie!ds: a temporary 'rie!d o' lar"e prospects, or a lo!"sta!di!" 'rie!d o' limited prospects@

4y teacher says that a temporary 'rie!d o' lar"e prospects is *etter i!asmuch as such a 'rie!d ca!, i! (irtue o' his lar"e prospects, re!der imme!se ser(ice i! a (ery short time, a!d ca! sta!d u!dertaki!"s o' lar"e outlay. Fot so, says Kautilya: a lo!"/sta!di!" 'rie!d o' limited prospects is *etter, i!asmuch as a temporary 'rie!d o' lar"e prospects is likely to withdraw his 'rie!dship o! accou!t o' material loss i! the shape o' help "i(e!, or is likely to e1pect similar ki!d o' help i! retur!, *ut a lo!"/sta!di!" 'rie!d o' limited prospects ca!, i! (irtue o' his lo!"/sta!di!" !ature, re!der imme!se ser(ice i! the lo!" ru!. Bhich is *etter, a *i" 'rie!d, di''icult to *e roused, or a small 'rie!d, easy to *e roused@ 4y teacher says that a *i" 'rie!d, thou"h di''icult to *e roused, is o' imposi!" !ature, a!d whe! he rises up, he ca! accomplish the work u!dertake!. Fot so, says Kautilya: a small 'rie!d easy to *e roused is *etter, 'or such a 'rie!d will !ot, i! (irtue o' his ready preparatio!s, *e *ehi!d the opportu!e mome!t o' work, a!d ca!, i! (irtue o' his weak!ess i! power, *e used i! a!y way the co!)ueror may like, *ut !ot so the other o' (ast territorial power. Bhich is *etter, scattered troops, or a! u!su*missi(e sta!di!" army@ 4y teacher says that scattered troops ca! *e collected i! time as they are o' su*missi(e !ature. Fot so, says Kautilya: a! u!su*missi(e sta!di!" army is *etter as it ca! *e made su*missi(e *y co!ciliatio! a!d other strate"ic mea!s, *ut it is !ot so easy to collect i! time scattered troops as they are e!"a"ed i! their i!di(idual a(ocatio!s. Bhich is *etter, a 'rie!d o' (ast populatio!, or a 'rie!d o' imme!se "old@ 4y teacher says that a 'rie!d o' (ast populatio! is *etter i!asmuch as such a 'rie!d will *e o' imposi!" power a!d ca!, whe! he rises up, accomplish a!y work u!dertake!. Fot so, says Kautilya: a 'rie!d possessi!" imme!se "old is *etter, 'or possessio! o' "old is e(er desira*le, *ut a! army is !ot always re)uired. 4oreo(er armies a!d other desired o*jects ca! *e purchased 'or "old. Bhich is *etter, a 'rie!d possessi!" "old, or a 'rie!d possessi!" (ast territory@ 4y teacher says that a 'rie!d possessi!" "old ca! sta!d a!y hea(y e1pe!diture made with discretio!. Fot so, says Kautilya: 'or it has already *ee! stated that *oth 'rie!ds a!d "old ca! *e ac)uired *y mea!s o' territory. De!ce a 'rie!d o' (ast territory is 'ar *etter.

Bhe! the 'rie!d o' the co!)ueror a!d his e!emy happe! to possess e)ual populatio!, their people may yet di''er i! possessio! o' )ualities such as *ra(ery, power o' e!dura!ce, amica*le!ess, a!d )uali'icatio! 'or the 'ormatio! o' a!y ki!d o' army. Bhe! the 'rie!ds are e)ually rich i! "old, they may yet di''er i! )ualities such as readi!ess to comply with re)uests, ma"!a!imous a!d mu!i'ice!t help, a!d accessi*ility at a!y time a!d always. A*out this topic, the 'ollowi!" sayi!"s are curre!t:// ` ;o!" sta!di!", su*missi(e, easy to *e roused, comi!" 'rom 'athers a!d "ra!d'athers, power'ul, a!d !e(er o' a co!tradictory !ature, is a "ood 'rie!d, a!d these are said to *e the si1 )ualities o' a "ood 'rie!d, ` that 'rie!d who mai!tai!s 'rie!dship with disi!terested moti(es a!d merely 'or the sake o' 'rie!dship a!d *y whom the relatio!ship ac)uired o' old is kept i!tact, is a lo!"/ sta!di!" 'rie!d, ` that 'rie!d whose mu!i'ice!ce is e!joya*le i! (arious ways is a su*missi(e 'rie!d, a!d is said to *e o' three 'orms://+!e who is e!joya*le o!ly *y o!e, o!e who is e!joya*le *y two >the e!emy a!d the co!)ueror?, a!d o!e who is e!joya*le *y all, is the third, ` that 'rie!d who, whether as recei(i!" help or as "i(i!" help, li(es with a! oppressi(e ha!d o(er his e!emies, a!d who possesses a !um*er o' 'orts a!d a (ast army o' wild tri*es is said to *e a lo!"/sta!di!" 'rie!d o' u!su*missi(e !ature, ` that 'rie!d who, either whe! attacked or whe! i! trou*le, makes 'rie!dship 'or the security o' his ow! e1iste!ce is temporary a!d su*missi(e 'rie!d, ` that 'rie!d who co!tracts 'rie!dship with a si!"le aim i! (iew a!d who is help'ul, immuta*le, a!d amica*le is a 'rie!d !e(er 'alli!" 'oul e(e! i! ad(ersity, ` whoe(er is o' a! amica*le !ature is a true 'rie!d, whoe(er sides also with the e!emy is a muta*le 'rie!d a!d whoe(er is i!di''ere!t to !either >the co!)ueror a!d his e!emy? is a 'rie!d to *oth, ` that 'rie!d who is i!imical to the co!)ueror or who is e)ually 'rie!dly to the co!)uerors e!emy is a harm'ul 'rie!d, whether he is "i(i!" help or is capa*le o' helpi!", ` whoe(er helps the e!emy's 'rie!d, prote%e, or a!y (ul!era*le perso! or a relatio! o' the e!emy is a 'rie!d commo! to >*oth? the e!emy >a!d the co!)ueror?, ` whoe(er possesses e1te!si(e a!d 'ertile territory a!d is co!te!ted, stro!", *ut i!dole!t, will *e i!di''ere!t >towards his ally? whe! the latter *ecomes despica*le u!der trou*les,

` whoe(er, owi!" to his ow! weak!ess, 'ollows the asce!da!cy o' *oth the co!)ueror a!d his e!emy, !ot i!curri!" e!mity with either, is k!ow! as a commo! 'rie!d, ` whoe(er !e"lects a 'rie!d who is *ei!" hurt with or without reaso! a!d who seeks help with or without reaso! despises his ow! da!"er. Bhich is *etter, a! immediate small "ai!, or a dista!t lar"e "ai!@ 4y teacher says that a! immediate small "ai! is *etter, as it is use'ul to carry out immediate u!dertaki!"s. Fot so, says Kautilya: a lar"e "ai!, as co!ti!uous as a producti(e seed, is *etter, otherwise a! immediate small "ai!. ` &hus, ha(i!" take! i!to co!sideratio! the "ood aspects o' a perma!e!t "ai! or o' a share i! a perma!e!t "ai!, should a ki!", desirous o' stre!"the!i!" himsel', march com*i!ed with others. :&hus e!ds hapter IX, GA"reeme!t 'or the Ac)uisitio! o' a .rie!d or 2oldH i! the sectio! o' GA"reeme!t 'or the Ac)uisitio! o' a .rie!d, 2old, or ;a!d a!d A"reeme!t 'or E!dertaki!" a Bork,H i! Book VII, G&he e!d o' the %i1/'old -olicyH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d se(e!th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER *. AGREE-ENT OF PEACE FOR THE AC3.I#ITION OF LAND. &D3 a"reeme!t made u!der the co!ditio!, ";et us ac)uire la!d," is a! a"reeme!t o' peace 'or the ac)uisitio! o' la!d. +' the two ki!"s thus e!teri!" i!to a! a"reeme!t whoe(er ac)uires a rich a!d 'ertile la!d withsta!di!" crops o(erreaches the other. &he ac)uisitio! o' rich la!d *ei!" e)ual, whoe(er ac)uires such la!d *y putti!" dow! a power'ul e!emy o(erreaches the other, 'or !ot o!ly does he ac)uire territory, *ut also destroys a! e!emy a!d there*y au"me!ts his ow! power. &rue, there is *eauty i! ac)uiri!" la!d *y putti!" dow! a weak e!emy, *ut the la!d ac)uired will also *e poor, a!d the ki!" i! the !ei"h*ourhood who has hitherto *ee! a 'rie!d, will !ow *ecome a! e!emy. &he e!emies *ei!" e)ually stro!", he who ac)uires territory a'ter *eati!" a 'orti'ied e!emy o(erreaches the other, 'or the capture o' a 'ort is co!duci(e to the protectio! o' territory a!d to the destructio! o' wild tri*es. As to the ac)uisitio! o' la!d 'rom a wa!deri!" e!emy, there is the di''ere!ce o' ha(i!" a power'ul or powerless e!emy close to the ac)uired territory, 'or the la!d which

is close to a powerless e!emy is easily mai!tai!ed while that *orderi!" upo! the territory o' a power'ul e!emy has to *e kept at the e1pe!se o' me! a!d mo!ey. Bhich is *etter, the ac)uisitio! o' a rich la!d close to a co!sta!t e!emy, or that o' sterile la!d !ear to a temporary e!emy@ 4y teacher say that a rich la!d with a co!sta!t e!emy is *etter, i!asmuch as it yields much wealth to mai!tai! a stro!" army, *y which the e!emy ca! *e put dow!. Fot so, says Kautilya: 'or a rich la!d creates ma!y e!emies, a!d the co!sta!t e!emy will e(er *e a! e!emy, whether or !ot he is helped >with me! a!d mo!ey to co!ciliate him?, *ut a temporary e!emy will *e )uiet either 'rom 'ear or 'a(our. &hat la!d, o! the *order o' which there are a !um*er o' 'orts "i(i!" shelter to *a!ds o' thie(es, Mlechchhas, a!d wild tri*es is a la!d with a co!sta!t e!emy, a!d that which is o' re(erse character is o!e with a temporary e!emy. Bhich is *etter, a small piece o' la!d, !ot 'ar, or a! e1te!si(e piece o' la!d, (ery 'ar@ A small piece o' la!d, !ot 'ar, is *etter, i!asmuch as it ca! *e easily ac)uired, protected, a!d de'e!ded, whereas the other is o' a re(erse !ature. +' the a*o(e two ki!ds o' la!d, which is *etter, that which ca! *e mai!tai!ed *y itsel', or that which re)uires e1ter!al armed 'orce to mai!tai!@ &he 'ormer is *etter, as it ca! *e mai!tai!ed with the army a!d mo!ey produced *y itsel', whereas the latter is o' a re(erse character as a military statio!. Bhich is *etter, ac)uisitio! o' la!d 'rom a stupid or a wise ki!"@ &hat ac)uired 'rom a stupid ki!" is *etter, as it ca! *e easily ac)uired a!d secured, a!d ca!!ot *e take! *ack, whereas that o*tai!ed 'rom a wise ki!", *elo(ed o' his su*jects, is o' a re(erse !ature. +' two e!emies, o' whom o!e ca! o!ly *e harassed a!d a!other is reduci*le, ac)uisitio! o' la!d 'rom the latter is *etter, 'or whe! the latter is attacked, he, ha(i!" little or !o help, *e"i!s to ru! away, taki!" his army a!d treasure with him, a!d he is deserted *y his su*jects, whereas the 'ormer does !ot do so, as he has the help o' his 'orts a!d 'rie!ds.. +' two 'orti'ied ki!"s, o!e who has his 'orts o! a plai! is more easily reduced tha! the other ow!i!" a 'ort i! the ce!tre o' a ri(er, 'or a 'ort i! a plai! ca! *e easily assailed, destroyed or captured alo!" with the e!emy i! it, whereas a 'ort, surrou!ded *y a ri(er re)uires twice as much e''ort to capture a!d supplies the e!emy with water a!d other !ecessaries o' li'e.

+' two ki!"s, o!e ow!i!" a 'ort surrou!ded *y a ri(er, a!d a!other ha(i!" mou!tai!ous 'orti'icatio!s, sei0i!" the 'ormer's la!d is *etter, 'or a 'ort i! the ce!tre o' a ri(er ca! *e assailed *y a *rid"e 'ormed o' elepha!ts made to sta!d i! a row i! the ri(er or *y woode! *rid"es, or *y mea!s o' *oats, a!d the ri(er will !ot always *e deep a!d ca! *e emptied o' its water, whereas a 'ort o! a mou!tai! is o' a sel'/de'e!si(e !ature, a!d !ot easy to *esie"e or to asce!d, a!d whe! o!e portio! o' the army de'e!di!" it is routed out, the other portio!s ca! escape u!hurt a!d such a 'ort is o' imme!se ser(ice, as it a''ords 'acilities to throw dow! heaps o' sto!e a!d trees o(er the e!emy. Bhich is easier, sei0i!" la!d 'rom those who 'i"ht o! plai!s, or 'rom those who 'i"ht 'rom low "rou!ds@ %ei0i!" the la!d 'rom the latter is easier, i!asmuch as they ha(e to 'i"ht i! time a!d space o' ad(erse !ature whereas the 'ormer ca! 'i"ht a!ywhere a!d at a!y time. +' the two e!emies, o!e 'i"hti!" 'rom ditches a!d a!other 'rom hei"hts >khanakksayodhi&hym?, sei0i!" la!d 'rom the 'ormer is *etter, 'or they ca! *e ser(icea*le i!asmuch as they 'i"ht 'rom ditches a!d with weapo!s i! ha!d, whereas the latter ca! o!ly 'i"ht with weapo!s i! ha!d. ` Bhoe(er, well/(ersed i! the scie!ce o' polity, wrests la!d 'rom such a!d other e!emies will outshi!e *oth his allies i! com*i!atio! with him a!d e!emies out o' com*i!atio!. :&hus e!ds hapter X, "A"reeme!t o' -eace 'or the Ac)uisitio! o' ;a!d" i! the sectio! o' "A"reeme!t 'or the Ac)uisitio! o' a .rie!d, 2old, or ;a!d a!d A"reeme!t 'or E!dertaki!" a Bork," i! Book VII, G&he 3!d o' the %i1/'old -olicyH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d ei"hth chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER *I. INTER-INABLE AGREE-ENT. &D3 a"reeme!t made u!der the co!ditio!, ";et us colo!i0e waste la!d," is termed a! i!termi!a*le a"reeme!t. Bhoe(er o' the two parties o' the a"reeme!t colo!i0es a 'ertile la!d, reapi!" the har(est earlier, o(erreaches the other. Bhich is *etter 'or colo!i0atio!: a plai! or watery la!d@ A limited tract o' la!d with water is 'ar *etter tha! a (ast plai!, i!asmuch as the 'ormer is co!duci(e to the "rowth o' crops a!d 'ruits throu"hout the year.

+' plai!s, that which is co!duci(e to the "rowth o' *oth early a!d late crops a!d which re)uires less la*our a!d less rai! 'or culti(atio! is *etter tha! the other o' re(erse character. +' watery la!ds, that which is co!duci(e to the "rowth o' "rai!s is *etter tha! a!other producti(e o' crops other tha! "rai!s. +' two watery tracts, o!e o' limited area a!d co!duci(e to the "rowth o' "rai!s, a!d a!other, (ast a!d producti(e o' crops other tha! "rai!s, the latter is *etter, i!asmuch as it a''ords (ast area !ot o!ly to "row spices a!d other medici!al crops, *ut also to co!struct 'orts a!d other de'e!si(e works i! ple!ty: 'or 'ertility a!d other )ualities o' la!ds are arti'icial >kritrimah?. +' the two tracts o' la!d, o!e rich i! "rai!s a!d a!other i! mi!es, the latter helps the treasury, while the 'ormer ca! 'ill *oth the treasury a!d the store/house, a!d *esides this, the co!structio! o' 'orts a!d other *uildi!"s re)uires "rai!s. %till, that ki!d o' la!d co!tai!i!" mi!es a!d which yields precious metals to purchase lar"e tracts o' la!d is 'ar *etter. 4y teacher says that o' the two 'orests, o!e producti(e o' tim*er, a!d a!other o' elepha!ts, the 'ormer is the source o' all ki!ds o' works a!d is o' imme!se help i! 'ormi!" a store/house, while the latter is o' re(erse character. Fot so, says Kautilya, 'or it is possi*le to pla!t a!y o' tim*er/'orests i! ma!y places, *ut !ot a! elepha!t/'orest, yet it is o! elepha!ts that the destructio! o' a! e!emy's army depe!ds. +' the two, commu!icatio! *y water a!d *y la!d, the 'ormer is !ot lo!"/sta!di!", while the latter ca! e(er *e e!joyed. Bhich is *etter, the la!d with scattered people or that with a corporatio! o' people@ &he 'ormer is *etter i!asmuch as it ca! *e kept u!der co!trol a!d is !ot suscepti*le to the i!tri"ues o' e!emys while the latter is i!tolera!t o' calamities a!d suscepti*le, o' a!"er a!d other passio!s. I! colo!i0i!" a la!d with 'our castes, colo!i0atio! with the lowest caste is *etter, i!asmuch as it is ser(icea*le i! (arious ways, ple!ti'ul, a!d perma!e!t. +' culti(ated a!d u!culti(ated tracts, the u!culti(ated tract may *e suita*le 'or (arious ki!ds o' a"ricultural operatio!s, a!d whe! it is 'ertile, adapted 'or pasture "rou!ds, ma!u'acture o' mercha!dise, merca!tile tra!sactio!s o' *orrowi!" a!d le!di!", a!d attracti(e to rich mercha!ts, it is still 'ar *etter >tha! a culti(ated tract?. Bhich is *etter o' the two, the tract o' la!d with 'orts or that which is thickly populated@

&he latter is *etter, 'or that which is thickly populated is a ki!"dom i! all its se!ses. Bhat ca! a depopulated cou!try like a *arre! cow *e producti(e o'@ &he ki!" who is desirous o' "etti!" *ack the la!d sold 'or colo!i0atio! to a!other whe! the latter has lost his me! a!d mo!ey i! colo!i0i!" it, should 'irst make a! a"reeme!t with such a purchaser as is weak, *ase/*or!, de(oid o' e!er"y, helpless, o' u!ri"hteous character, addicted to e(il ways, trusti!" to 'ate, a!d i!discreet i! his actio!s. Bhe! the colo!i0atio! o' a la!d e!tails much e1pe!diture o' me! a!d mo!ey, a!d whe! a weak a!d *ase/*or! ma! attempts to colo!i0e it, he will perish alo!" with his people i! co!se)ue!ce o' his loss o' me! a!d mo!ey. &hou"h stro!", a *ase/*or! ma! will *e deserted *y his people who do !ot like him lest they may come to "rie' u!der him, thou"h possessi!" a! army, he ca!!ot employ it i' he is de(oid o' e!er"y, a!d such a! army will perish i! co!se)ue!ce o' the loss i!curred *y its master, thou"h possessi!" wealth, a ma! who hesitates to part with his mo!ey a!d shows 'a(our to !o!e, ca!!ot 'i!d help i! a!y )uarter, a!d whe! it is easy to dri(e out a ma! o' u!ri"hteous character 'rom the colo!y i! which he has 'irmly esta*lished himsel', !o!e ca! e1pect that a ma! o' u!ri"hteous character would *e capa*le o' colo!i0i!" a tract o' waste la!d a!d keepi!" it secure, the same 'act e1plai!s the 'ate o' such a colo!i0er as is addicted to e(il ways, whoe(er, trusti!" to 'ate a!d putti!" !o relia!ce o! ma!li!ess, withdraws himsel' 'rom e!er"etic work, will perish without u!dertaki!" a!ythi!" or without achie(i!" a!ythi!" 'rom his u!dertaki!"s, a!d whoe(er is i!discreet i! his actio!s will achie(e !othi!", a!d is the worst o' the set o' the colo!i0ers. 4y teacher says that a! i!discreet colo!i0er may sometimes *etray the weak poi!ts o' his employer, the co!)ueror. But Kautilya says that, just as he *etrays the weak poi!ts, so also does he 'acilitate his destructio! *y the co!)ueror. I! the a*se!ce o' such perso!s to colo!i0e waste la!ds, the co!)ueror may arra!"e 'or the colo!i0atio! o' waste la!d i! the same way as we shall treat o' later o! i! co!!ectio! with the " apture o' a! e!emy i! the rear." &he a*o(e is what is termed (er*al a"reeme!t >a&hihitasandhih?. Bhe! a ki!" o' imme!se power compels a!other to sell a portio! o' the latter's 'ertile territory o' which the 'ormer is (ery 'o!d, the! the latter may make a! a"reeme!t with the 'ormer a!d sell the la!d. &his is what is termed "u!co!cealed peace" >ani&hritasandhih?. Bhe! a ki!" o' e)ual power dema!ds la!d 'rom a!other as a*o(e, the! the latter may sell it a'ter co!sideri!" "whether the la!d ca! *e reco(ered *y me, or ca! *e kept u!der my co!trol, whether my e!emy ca! *e *rou"ht u!der my power i! co!se)ue!ce o' his taki!" possessio! o' the la!d, a!d whether I ca! ac)uire *y the sale o' the la!d 'rie!ds a!d wealth, e!ou"h to help me i! my u!dertaki!"s."

&his e1plai!s the case o' a ki!" o' i!'erior power, who purchases la!ds. ` Bhoe(er, well (ersed i! the scie!ce o' polity, thus ac)uires 'rie!ds, wealth, a!d territory with or without populatio! will o(erreach other ki!"s i! com*i!atio! with him. :&hus e!ds hapter XI, "I!termi!a*le A"reeme!t" i! the sectio! o' "A"reeme!t 'or the Ac)uisitio! o' a .rie!d, 2old, or ;a!d a!d A"reeme!t 'or E!dertaki!" a BorkH, Book VII, G&he 3!d o' the %i1/'old -olicyH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d !i!th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER *II. AGREE-ENT FOR .NDERTAKING A +ORK. BD3F a! a"reeme!t is made o! the co!ditio! ";et us ha(e a 'ort *uilt," it is termed a"reeme!t 'or u!dertaki!" a work. Bhoe(er o' the two ki!"s *uilds a! impre"!a*le 'ortress o! a spot !aturally *est 'itted 'or the purpose with less la*our a!d e1pe!diture o(erreaches the other. +' 'orts such as a 'ort o! a plai!, i! the ce!tre o' a ri(er, a!d o! a mou!tai!, that which is me!tio!ed later is o' more ad(a!ta"e tha! the o!e pre(iously me!tio!ed, o' irri"atio!al works >setu/&andha?, that which is o' pere!!ial water is *etter tha! that which is 'ed wit water draw! 'rom other sources, a!d o' works co!tai!i!" pere!!ial water, that which ca! irri"ate a! e1te!si(e area is *etter. +' tim*er 'orests, whoe(er pla!ts a 'orest which produces (alua*le articles, which e1pa!ds i!to wild tracts, a!d which possesses a ri(er o! its *order o(erreaches the other, 'or a 'orest co!tai!i!" a ri(er is sel'/depe!de!t a!d ca! a''ord shelter i! calamities. +' "ame/'orests, whoe(er pla!ts a 'orest 'ull o' cruel *easts, close to a! e!emy's 'orest co!tai!i!" wild a!imals, causi!" there'ore much harm to the e!emy, a!d e1te!di!" i!to a! elepha!t/'orest at the cou!try's *order, o(erreaches the other. 4y teacher says that o' the two cou!tries, o!e with a lar"e !um*er o' e''ete perso!s, a!d a!other with a small !um*er o' *ra(e perso!s, the latter is *etter i!asmuch as, a 'ew *ra(e perso!s ca! destroy a lar"e mass o' e''ete perso!s whose slau"hter *ri!"s a*out the destructio! o' the e!tire army o' their master. Fot so, says Kautilya, a lar"e !um*er o' e''ete perso!s is *etter, i!asmuch as they ca! *e employed to do other ki!ds o' works i! the camp: to ser(e the soldiers 'i"hti!" i! *attle'ields, a!d to terri'y the e!emy *y its !um*er. It is also possi*le to i!'use spirit a!d e!thusiasm i! the timid *y mea!s o' discipli!e a!d trai!i!". +' mi!es, whoe(er e1ploits with less la*our a!d e1pe!diture a mi!e o' (alua*le output a!d o' easy commu!icatio! o(erreaches the other.

Bhich is *etter o' the two, a small mi!e o' (alua*le yield, or a *i" mi!e producti(e o' commodities o' i!'erior (alue@ 4y teacher says that the 'ormer is *etter i!asmuch as (alua*le products, such as diamo!ds, precious sto!es, pearls, corals, "old a!d sil(er, ca! swallow (ast )ua!tities o' i!'erior commodities. Fot so, says Kautilya, 'or there is the possi*ility o' purchasi!" (alua*le commodities *y a mass o' accumulated articles o' i!'erior (alue, collected 'rom a (ast a!d lo!"sta!di!" mi!e o' i!'erior commodities. &his e1plai!s the selectio! o' trade/routes: 4y teacher says that o' the two trade/routes, o!e *y water a!d a!other *y la!d, the 'ormer is *etter, i!asmuch as it is less e1pe!si(e, *ut producti(e o' lar"e pro'it. Fot so, says Kautilya, 'or water route is lia*le to o*structio!, !ot perma!e!t, a source o' immi!e!t da!"ers, a!d i!capa*le o' de'e!ce, whereas a la!d/route is o' re(erse !ature. +' water/routes, o!e alo!" the shore a!d a!other i! mid/ocea!, the route alo!", a!d close to the shore is *etter, as it touches at ma!y tradi!" port/tow!s, likewise ri(er !a(i"atio! is *etter, as it is u!i!terrupted a!d is o' a(oida*le or e!dura*le da!"ers. 4y teacher says that o' la!d/routes, that which leads to the Dimalayas is *etter tha! that which leads to the south. Fot so, says Kautilya, 'or with the e1ceptio! o' *la!kets, ski!s, a!d horses, other articles o' mercha!dise such as, co!ch/shells, diamo!ds, precious sto!es, pearls a!d "old are a(aila*le i! ple!ty i! the south. +' routes leadi!" to the south, either that trade/route which tra(erses a lar"e !um*er o' mi!es which is 're)ue!ted *y people, a!d which is less e1pe!si(e or trou*lesome, or that route *y taki!" which ple!ty o' mercha!dise o' (arious ki!ds ca! *e o*tai!ed is *etter. &his e1plai!s the selectio! o' trade/routes leadi!" either to the east or to the west. +' a cart/track a!d a 'oot/path, a cart/track is *etter as it a''ords 'acilities 'or preparatio!s o! a lar"e scale. Aoutes that ca! *e tra(ersed *y asses or camels, irrespecti(e o' cou!tries a!d seaso!s are also "ood. &his e1plai!s the selectio! o' trade/routes tra(ersed *y me! alo!e >amsa/patha, shoulder/path, i.e., a path tra(ersed *y me! carryi!" mercha!dise o! their shoulders?.

` It is a loss 'or the co!)ueror to u!dertake that ki!d o' work which is producti(e o' *e!e'its to the e!emy, while a work o' re(erse !ature is a "ai!. Bhe! the *e!e'its are e)ual, the co!)ueror has to co!sider that his co!ditio! is sta"!a!t. ` ;ikewise it is a loss to u!dertake a work o' less out/put a!d o' a "reater outlay, while a work o' re(erse !ature is a "ai!. I' the out/put a!d outlay o' a work are at par, the co!)ueror has to co!sider that his co!ditio! is sta"!a!t. ` De!ce the co!)ueror should 'i!d out such 'ort/*uildi!" a!d other works as, i!stead o' *ei!" e1pe!si(e, are producti(e o' "reater pro'it a!d power. %uch is the !ature o' a"reeme!ts 'or u!dertaki!" works. :&hus e!ds hapter XII, "A"reeme!t 'or E!dertaki!" a Bork," i! the sectio! o' "A"reeme!t 'or the Ac)uisitio! o' a .rie!d, 2old, or ;a!d a!d A"reeme!t 'or E!dertaki!" a Bork"' i! Book VIII, "&he 3!d o' the %i1/'old -olicyH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d te!th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER *III. CON#IDERATION# ABO.T AN ENE-/ IN THE REAR. BD3F the co!)ueror a!d his e!emy simulta!eously proceeded to capture the rear o' their respecti(e e!emies who are e!"a"ed i! a! attack a"ai!st others, he who captures the rear o' o!e who is possessed o' (ast resources "ai!s more ad(a!ta"es >atisandhatte?, 'or o!e who is possessed o' (ast resources has to put dow! the rear/e!emy o!ly a'ter doi!" away with o!e's 'ro!tal e!emy already attacked, *ut !ot o!e who is poor i! resources a!d who has !ot realised the desired pro'its. Aesources *ei!" e)ual, he who captures the rear o' o!e who has made (ast preparatio!s "ai!s more ad(a!ta"es 'or o!e who has made (ast preparatio!s has to put dow! the e!emy i! the rear o!ly a'ter destroyi!" the 'ro!tal e!emy, *ut !ot o!e whose preparatio!s are made o! a small scale a!d whose mo(eme!ts are, there'ore, o*structed *y the ircle o' %tates. -reparatio!s *ei!" e)ual, he who captures the rear o' o!e who has marched out with all the resources "ai!s more ad(a!ta"es, 'or o!e whose *ase is u!de'e!ded is easy to *e su*dued, *ut !ot o!e who has marched out with a part o' the army a'ter ha(i!" made arra!"eme!ts to de'e!d the rear. &roops take! *ei!" o' e)ual stre!"th, he who captures the rear o' o!e who has "o!e a"ai!st a wa!deri!" e!emy "ai!s more ad(a!ta"es, 'or o!e who has marched out a"ai!st a wa!deri!" e!emy has to put dow! the rear/e!emy o!ly a'ter o*tai!i!" a! easy (ictory o(er the wa!deri!" e!emy, *ut !ot o!e who has marched out a"ai!st a! e!tre!ched e!emy, 'or o!e who has marched out a"ai!st a! e!tre!ched e!emy will *e repelled i! his attack a"ai!st the e!emy's 'orts a!d will, a'ter his retur!, 'i!d himsel' *etwee! the rear/ e!emy, a!d the 'ro!tal e!emy who is possessed o' stro!" 'orts.

&his e1plai!s the cases o' other e!emies descri*ed *e'ore. 3!emies *ei!" o' e)ual descriptio!, he who attacks the rear o' o!e who has "o!e a"ai!st a (irtuous ki!" "ai!s more ad(a!ta"es, 'or o!e who has "o!e a"ai!st a (irtuous ki!" will i!cur the displeasure o' e(e! his ow! people, whereas o!e who has attacked a wicked ki!" will e!dear himsel' to all. &his e1plai!s the co!se)ue!ces o' capturi!" the rear o' those who ha(e marched a"ai!st a! e1tra(a"a!t ki!" or a ki!" li(i!" 'rom ha!d to mouth, or a !i""ardly ki!". &he same reaso!s hold "ood i! the case o' those who ha(e marched a"ai!st their ow! 'rie!ds. Bhe! there are two e!emies, o!e e!"a"ed i! attacki!" a 'rie!d a!d a!other a! e!emy, he who attacks the rear o' the latter "ai!s more ad(a!ta"es: 'or o!e who has attacked a 'rie!d will, a'ter easily maki!" peace with the 'rie!d, proceed a"ai!st the rear/ e!emy, 'or it is easier to make peace with a 'rie!d tha! with a! e!emy. Bhe! there are two ki!"s, o!e e!"a"ed i! destroyi!" a 'rie!d, a!d a!other a! e!emy, he who attacks the rear o' the 'ormer "ai!s more ad(a!ta"es, 'or o!e who is e!"a"ed i! destroyi!" a! e!emy will ha(e the support o' his 'rie!ds a!d will there*y put dow! the rear/e!emy, *ut !ot the 'ormer who is e!"a"ed i! destroyi!" his ow! side. Bhe! the co!)ueror a!d his e!emy i! their attack a"ai!st the rear o' a! e!emy mea! to e!'orce the payme!t o' what is !ot due to them, he whose e!emy has lost co!sidera*le pro'its a!d has sustai!ed a "reat loss o' me! a!d mo!ey "ai!s more ad(a!ta"es, whe! they mea! to e!'orce the payme!t o' what is due to them, the! he whose e!emy has lost pro'its a!d army, "ai!s more ad(a!ta"es. Bhe! the assaila*le e!emy is capa*le o' retaliatio! a!d whe! the assaila!t's rear/ e!emy, capa*le o' au"me!ti!" his army a!d other resources, has e!tre!ched himsel' o! o!e o' the assaila!t's 'la!ks, the! the rear/e!emy "ai!s more ad(a!ta"es, 'or a rear e!emy o! o!e o' the assaila!t's 'la!ks will !ot o!ly *ecome a 'rie!d o' the assaila*le e!emy, *ut also attack the *ase o' the assaila!t, whereas a rear/e!emy *ehi!d the assaila!t ca! o!ly harass the rear. ` Ki!"s, capa*le o' harassi!" the rear o' a! e!emy a!d o' o*structi!" his mo(eme!ts are three: the "roup o' ki!"s situated *ehi!d the e!emy, a!d the "roup o' ki!"s o! his 'la!ks. ` De who is situated *etwee! a co!)ueror a!d his e!emy is called a! antardhi >o!e *etwee! two ki!"s?, whe! such a ki!" is possessed o' 'orts, wild tri*es, a!d other ki!ds o' help, he pro(es a! impedime!t i! the way o' the stro!". Bhe! the co!)ueror a!d his e!emy are desirous o' catchi!" hold o' a madhyama ki!" a!d attack the latter's rear, the! he who i! his attempt to e!'orce the promised

payme!t separates the madhyama ki!" 'rom the latter's 'rie!d a!d o*tai!s, there*y, a! e!emy as a 'rie!d, "ai!s more ad(a!ta"es, 'or a! e!emy compelled to sue 'or peace will *e o' "reater help tha! a 'rie!d compelled to mai!tai! the a*a!do!ed 'rie!dship. &his e1plai!s the attempt to catch hold o' a !eutral ki!". +' attacks 'rom the rear a!d 'ro!t, that which a''ords opportu!ities o' carryi!" o! a treacherous 'i"ht >mantrayuddha? is pre'era*le. 4y teacher says that i! a! ope! war, *oth sides su''er *y sustai!i!" a hea(y loss o' me! a!d mo!ey, a!d that e(e! the ki!" who wi!s a (ictory will appear as de'eated i! co!se)ue!ce o' the loss o' me! a!d mo!ey. Fo, says Kautilya, e(e! at co!sidera*le loss o' me! a!d mo!ey, the destructio! o' a! e!emy is desira*le. ;oss o' me! a!d mo!ey *ei!" e)ual, he who e!tirely destroys 'irst his 'ro!tal e!emy, a!d !e1t attacks his rear/e!emy "ai!s more ad(a!ta"es, whe! *oth the co!)ueror a!d his e!emy are se(erally e!"a"ed i! destroyi!" their respecti(e 'ro!tal e!emies, he who destroys a 'ro!tal e!emy o' deep rooted e!mity a!d o' (ast resources, "ai!s more ad(a!ta"es. &his e1plai!s the destructio! o' other e!emies a!d wild tri*es: ` Bhe! a! e!emy i! the rear a!d i! the 'ro!t, a!d a! assaila*le e!emy to *e marched a"ai!st happe! to"ether the! the co!)ueror should adopt the 'ollowi!" policy:// ` &he rear/e!emy will usually lead the co!)ueror's 'ro!tal e!emy to attack the co!)ueror's 'rie!d, the! ha(i!" set the kranda >the e!emy o' the rear/e!emy? a"ai!st the rear/e!emy's ally, ` a!d, ha(i!" caused war *etwee! them, the co!)ueror should 'rustrate the rear/ e!emy's desi"!s, likewise he should pro(oke hostilities *etwee!, the allies o' the kranda a!d o' the rear/e!emy, ` he should also keep his 'ro!tal e!emy's 'rie!d e!"a"ed i! war with his ow! 'rie!d, a!d with the help o' his 'rie!d's 'rie!d, he should a(ert the attack, threate!ed *y the 'rie!d o' his e!emy's 'rie!d, ` he should, with his 'rie!d's help, hold his rear/e!emy at *ay, a!d with the help o' his 'rie!d's 'rie!d, he should pre(e!t his rear/e!emy attacki!" the kranda >his rear/ally?, ` thus the co!)ueror should, throu"h the aid o' his 'rie!ds, *ri!" the ircle o' %tates u!der his ow! sway *oth i! his rear a!d 'ro!t,

` he should se!d messe!"ers a!d spies to reside i! each o' the states composi!" the ircle a!d ha(i!" a"ai! a!d a"ai! destroyed the stre!"th o' his e!emies he should keep his cou!sels co!cealed, *ei!" 'rie!dly with his 'rie!ds, ` the works o' him whose cou!sels are !ot kept co!cealed, will, thou"h they may prosper 'or a time, perish as u!dou*tedly as a *roke! ra't o! the sea. :&hus e!ds hapter XIII, " o!sideratio!s a*out a! 3!emy i! the Aear," i! Book VII, G&he 3!d o' the %i1/'old -olicyH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d ele(e!th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER *I'. RECR.IT-ENT OF LO#T PO+ER. BD3F the co!)ueror is thus attacked *y the com*i!ed army o' his e!emies, he may tell their leader: "I shall make peace with you, this is the "old, a!d I am the 'rie!d, your "ai! is dou*led, it is !ot worthy o' you to au"me!t at your ow! e1pe!se the power o' your e!emies who keep a 'rie!dly appeara!ce !ow, 'or "ai!i!" i! power, they will put you dow! i! the lo!" ru!." +r he may tell the leader so as to *reak the com*i!atio!: "Kust as a! i!!oce!t perso! like mysel' is !ow attacked *y the com*i!ed army o' these ki!"s, so the (ery same ki!"s i! com*i!atio! will attack you i! weal or woe, 'or power i!to1icates the mi!d, he!ce *reak their com*i!atio!." &he com*i!atio! *ei!" *roke!, he may set the leader a"ai!st the weak amo!" his e!emies, or o''eri!" i!duceme!ts, he may set the com*i!ed power o' the weak a"ai!st the leader, or i! whate(er way *e may 'i!d it to *e co!duci(e to his ow! prosperity, i! that way he may make the leader i!cur the displeasure o' others, a!d thus 'rustrate their attempts, or showi!" the prospect o' a lar"er pro'it, he may throu"h i!tri"ue, make peace with their leader. &he! the recipie!ts o' salaries 'rom two states, e1hi*iti!" the ac)uisitio! o' lar"e pro'its >to the leader?, may satirise the ki!"s, sayi!", "Wou are all (ery well com*i!ed." I' some o' the ki!"s o' the com*i!atio! are wicked, they may *e made to *reak the treaty, the! the recipie!ts o' salaries 'rom two states may a"ai! tell them so as to *reak the com*i!atio! e!tirely: "&his is just what we ha(e already poi!ted out." Bhe! the e!emies are separated, the co!)ueror may mo(e 'orward *y catchi!" hold o' a!y o' the ki!"s >as a! ally?. I! the a*se!ce o' a leader, the co!)ueror may wi! him o(er who is the i!citer o' the com*i!atio!, or who is o' a resolute mi!d, or who has e!deared himsel' to his people, or who, 'rom "reed or 'ear, joi!ed the com*i!atio!, or who is a'raid o' the co!)ueror, or

whose 'rie!dship with the co!)ueror is *ased upo! some co!sa!"ui!ity o' royalty, or who is a 'rie!d, or who is a wa!deri!" e!emy,//i! the order o' e!umeratio!. +' these, o!e has to please the i!citer *y surre!deri!" o!esel', *y co!ciliatio! a!d salutatio!, him who is o' a resolute mi!d, *y "i(i!" a dau"hter i! marria"e or *y a(aili!" o!esel' o' his youth >to *e"et a so! o! o!e's wi'e@?, him who is the *elo(ed o' his people, *y "i(i!" twice the amou!t o' pro'its, him who is "reedy, *y helpi!" with me! a!d mo!ey, him who is a'raid o' the com*i!atio!, *y "i(i!" a hosta"e to him who is !aturally timid, *y e!teri!" i!to a closer u!io! with him whose 'rie!dship is *ased upo! some co!sa!"ui!ity o' royalty, *y doi!" what is pleasi!" a!d *e!e'icial to *oth or *y a*a!do!i!" hostilities a"ai!st him who is a 'rie!d, a!d *y o''eri!" help a!d a*a!do!i!" hostilities a"ai!st him who is a wa!deri!" e!emy, o!e has to wi! o(er the co!'ide!ce o' a!y o' the a*o(e ki!"s *y adopti!" suita*le mea!s or *y mea!s o' co!ciliatio!, "i'ts, disse!sio!, or threats, as will *e e1plai!ed u!der "&rou*les." De who is i! trou*les a!d is apprehe!si(e o' a! attack 'rom his e!emy, should, o! the co!ditio! o' supplyi!" the e!emy with army a!d mo!ey, make peace with the e!emy o! de'i!ite terms with re'ere!ce to place, time, a!d work, he should also set ri"ht a!y o''e!ce he mi"ht ha(e "i(e! *y the (iolatio! o' a treaty, i' he has !o supporters, he should 'i!d them amo!" his relati(es a!d 'rie!ds, or he may *uild a! impre"!a*le 'ortress, 'or he who is de'e!ded *y 'orts a!d 'rie!ds will *e respected *oth *y his ow! a!d his e!emy's people. Bhoe(er is wa!ti!" i! the power o' deli*eratio! should collect wise me! arou!d himsel', a!d associate with old me! o' co!sidera*le lear!i!", thus he would attai! his desired e!ds. De who is de(oid o' a "ood treasury a!d army should direct his atte!tio! towards the stre!"the!i!" o' the sa'ety a!d security o' the eleme!ts o' his so(erei"!ty, 'or the cou!try is the source o' all those works which are co!duci(e to treasury a!d army, the ha(e! o' the ki!" a!d o' his army is a stro!" 'ort. Irri"atio!al works >setu&andha? are the source o' crops, the results o' a "ood shower o' rai! are e(er attai!ed i! the case o' crops *elow irri"atio!al works. &he roads o' tra''ic are a mea!s to o(erreach a! e!emy, 'or it is throu"h the roads o' tra''ic that armies a!d spies are led >'rom o!e cou!try to a!other?, a!d that weapo!s, armour, chariots, a!d drau"ht/a!imals are purchased, a!d that e!tra!ce a!d e1it >i! tra(elli!"? are 'acilitated. 4i!es are the source o' whate(er is use'ul i! *attle. &im*er/'orests are the source o' such materials as are !ecessary 'or *uildi!" 'orts, co!(eya!ces a!d chariots. 3lepha!t/'orests are the source o' elepha!ts.

-asture/la!ds are the source o' cows, horses, a!d camels to draw chariots. I! the a*se!ce o' such sources o' his ow!, he should ac)uire them 'rom some o!e amo!" his relati(es a!d 'rie!ds. I' he is destitute o' a! army, he should, as 'ar as possi*le, attract to himsel' the *ra(e me! o' corporatio!s, o' thie(es, o' wild tri*es, o' Mlechchhas, a!d o' spies who are capa*le o' i!'licti!" i!juries upo! e!emies. De should also adopt the policy o' a weak ki!" towards power'ul ki!" i! (iew o' a(erti!" da!"er 'rom e!emies or 'rie!ds. ` &hus with the aid o' o!e's ow! party, the power o' deli*eratio!, the treasury, a!d the army, o!e should "et rid o' the clutches o' o!e's e!emies. :&hus e!ds hapter XIV, GAecruitme!t o' ;ost -ower,H i! Book VII, G&he 3!d o' the %i1/'old -olicyH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d twel'th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER *'. -EA#.RE# COND.CI'E TO PEACE +ITH A #TRONG AND PRO'OKED ENE-/4 AND THE ATTIT.DE OF A CON3.ERED ENE-/. BD3F a weak ki!" is attacked *y a power'ul e!emy, the 'ormer should seek the protectio! o' o!e who is superior to his e!emy a!d whom his e!emy's power o' deli*eratio! 'or i!tri"ue ca!!ot a''ect. +' ki!"s who are e)ual i! the power o' deli*eratio!, di''ere!ce should *e sou"ht i! u!cha!"ea*le prosperity a!d i! associatio! with the a"ed. I! the a*se!ce o' a superior ki!", he should com*i!e with a !um*er o' his e)uals who are e)ual i! power to his e!emy a!d whom his e!emy's power o' purse, army, a!d i!tri"ue ca!!ot reach. +' ki!"s who are e)ually possessed o' the power o' purse, army, a!d i!tri"ue, di''ere!ce should *e sou"ht i! their capacity 'or maki!" (ast preparatio!s. I! the a*se!ce o' e)uals, he should com*i!e with a !um*er o' i!'erior ki!"s who are pure a!d e!thusiastic, who ca! oppose the e!emy, a!d whom his e!emy's power o' purse, army, a!d i!tri"ue ca!!ot react. +' ki!"s who are e)ually possessed o' e!thusiasm a!d capacity 'or actio!, a di''ere!ce should *e sou"ht i! the opportu!ity o' securi!" 'a(oura*le *attle 'ields. +' ki!"s who are e)ually possessed o' 'a(oura*le *attle 'ields, di''ere!ce should *e sou"ht i! their e(er *ei!" ready 'or war. +' ki!"s who are e)ual possessed o' 'a(oura*le *attle'ields a!d who are e)ually ready 'or war, di''ere!ce should *e sou"ht i! their possessio! o' weapo!s a!d armour !ecessary 'or war. I! the a*se!ce o' a!y such help, he should seek shelter i!side a 'ort i! which his e!emy with a lar"e army ca! o''er !o o*structio! to the supply o' 'ood/stu'', "rass, 'irewood a!d water, *ut would sustai! a hea(y loss o' me! a!d mo!ey. Bhe! there are ma!y 'orts, di''ere!ce should *e sou"ht i! their a''ordi!" 'acility 'or the collectio! o'

stores a!d supplies. Kautilya is o' opi!io! that o!e should e!tre!ch o!esel' i! a 'ort i!ha*ited *y me! a!d pro(ided with stores a!d supplies. Also 'or the 'ollowi!" reaso!s, o!e should shelter o!esel' i! such a 'ort:// "I shall oppose him >the e!emy? with his rear/e!emy's ally or with a madhyama ki!", or with a !eutral ki!", I shall either capture or de(astate his ki!"dom with the aid o' a !ei"h*ouri!" ki!", a wild tri*e, a scio! o' his 'amily, or a! impriso!ed pri!ce, *y the help o' my partisa!s with him, I shall create trou*les i! his 'ort, cou!try or camp, whe! he is !ear, I shall murder him with weapo!s, 'ire, or poiso!, or a!y other secret mea!s at my pleasure, I shall, cause him to sustai! a hea(y loss o' me! a!d mo!ey i! works u!dertake! *y himsel' or made to *e u!dertake! at the i!sta!ce o' my spies, I shall easily sow the seeds o' disse!sio! amo!" his 'rie!ds or his army whe! they ha(e su''ered 'rom loss o' me! a!d mo!ey, I shall catch hold o' his camp *y cutti!" o'' supplies a!d stores "oi!" to it, or *y surre!deri!" mysel' >to him?, I shall create some weak poi!ts i! him a!d put him dow! with all my resources, or ha(i!" cur*ed his spirit, I shall compel him to make peace with me o! my ow! terms, whe! I o*struct his mo(eme!ts trou*les arise to him 'rom all sides, whe! he is helpless, I shall slay him with the help o' my hereditary army or with his e!emy's army, or with wild tri*es, I shall mai!tai! the sa'ety a!d security o' my (ast cou!try *y e!tre!chi!" mysel' withi! my 'ort, the army o' mysel' a!d o' my 'rie!ds will *e i!(i!ci*le whe! collected to"ether i! this 'ort, my army which is trai!ed to 'i"ht 'rom (alleys, pits, or at !i"ht, will *ri!" him i!to di''iculties o! his way, whe! he is e!"a"ed i! a! immediate work, owi!" to loss o' me! a!d mo!ey, he will make himsel' powerless whe! he arri(es here at a *ad place a!d i! a *ad time, owi!" to the e1iste!ce o' 'orts a!d o' wild tri*es >o! the way?, he will 'i!d this cou!try accessi*le o!ly at co!sidera*le cost o' me! a!d mo!ey, *ei!" u!a*le to 'i!d positio!s 'a(oura*le 'or the e1ercise o' the armies o' himsel' a!d o' his 'rie!ds, su''eri!" 'rom disease, he will arri(e here i! distress, or ha(i!" arri(ed here, he will !ot retur!." I! the a*se!ce o' such circumsta!ces, or whe! the e!emy's army is (ery stro!", o!e may ru! away a*a!do!i!" o!e's 'ort. 4y teacher says that o!e may rush a"ai!st the e!emy like a moth a"ai!st a 'lame, success i! o!e way or other >i.e., death or (ictory? is certai! 'or o!e who is reckless o' li'e. Fo, says Kautilya, ha(i!" o*ser(ed the co!ditio!s co!duci(e to peace *etwee! himsel' a!d his e!emy, he may make peace, i! the a*se!ce o' such co!ditio!s, he may, *y taki!" recourse to threats secure peace or a 'rie!d, or he may se!d a messe!"er to o!e who is likely to accept peace, or ha(i!" pleased with wealth a!d ho!our the messe!"er se!t *y his e!emy, he may tell the latter: "&his is the ki!"'s ma!u'actory, this is the reside!ce o' the )uee! a!d the pri!ces, mysel' a!d this ki!"dom are at your disposal, as appro(ed o' *y the )uee! a!d the pri!ces." Da(i!" secured his e!emy's protectio!, he should *eha(e himsel' like a ser(a!t to his master *y ser(i!" the protector's occasio!al !eeds. .orts a!d other de'e!si(e works, ac)uisitio! o' thi!"s, cele*ratio! o' marria"es, i!stallatio! o' the heir/appare!t,

commercial u!dertaki!"s, capture o' elepha!ts, co!structio! o' co(ert places 'or *attle >sattra?, marchi!" a"ai!st a! e!emy, a!d holdi!" sports,//all these he should u!dertake o!ly at the permissio! o' his protector. De should also o*tai! his protector's permissio! *e'ore maki!" a!y a"reeme!t with people settled i! his cou!try or *e'ore pu!ishi!" those who may ru! away 'rom his cou!try. I' the citi0e!s a!d cou!try people li(i!" i! his ki!"dom pro(e disloyal or i!imical to him, he may re)uest o' his protector a!other "ood cou!try, or he may "et rid o' wicked people *y maki!" use o' such secret mea!s as are employed a"ai!st traitors. De should !ot accept the o''er o' a "ood cou!try e(e! 'rom a 'rie!d. E!k!ow! his protector, he may see the protector's mi!ister, hi"h priest, comma!der o' the army or heir/appare!t. De should also help his protector as much as he ca!. +! all occasio!s o' worshippi!" "ods a!d o' maki!" prayers, *e should cause his people to pray 'or the lo!" li'e o' his protector, a!d he should always proclaim his readi!ess to place himsel' at the disposal o' his protector. ` %er(i!" him who is stro!" a!d com*i!ed with others a!d *ei!" 'ar away 'rom the society o' suspected perso!s, a co!)uered ki!" should thus always *eha(e himsel' towards his protector. :&hus e!ds hapter XV, G4easures o!duci(e to -eace with a %tro!" a!d -ro(oked 3!emy a!d the Attitude o' a o!)uered 3!emy,H i! Book VII, G&he 3!d o' the %i1/'old -olicyH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d thirtee!th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER *'I. THE ATTIT.DE OF A CON3.ERED KING. IF (iew o' causi!" 'i!a!cial trou*le to his protector, a power'ul (assal ki!", desirous o' maki!" co!)uests, may, u!der the permissio! o' his protector, march o! cou!tries where the 'ormatio! o' the "rou!d a!d the climate are 'a(oura*le 'or the ma!bu(re o' his army, his e!emy ha(i!" !either 'orts, !or a!y other de'e!si(e works, a!d the co!)ueror himsel' ha(i!" !o e!emies i! the rear. +therwise >i! case o' e!emies i! the rear?, he should march a'ter maki!" pro(isio!s 'or the de'e!ce o' his rear. By mea!s o' co!ciliatio! a!d "i'ts, he should su*due weak ki!"s, a!d *y mea!s o' sowi!" the seeds o' disse!sio! a!d *y threats, stro!" ki!"s. By adopti!" a particular, or a! alter!ati(e, or all o' the strate"ic mea!s, he should su*due his immediate a!d dista!t e!emies. De should o*ser(e the policy o' co!ciliatio! *y promisi!" the protectio! o' (illa"es, o' those who li(e i! 'orests, o' 'locks o' cattle, a!d o' the roads o' tra''ic as well as the restoratio! o' those who ha(e *ee! *a!ished or who ha(e ru! away or who ha(e do!e some harm. 2i'ts o' la!d, o' thi!"s, a!d o' "irls i! marria"e a!d a*se!ce o' 'ear,//*y declari!" these, he should o*ser(e the policy o' "i'ts.

By i!sti"ati!" a!y o!e o' a !ei"h*ouri!" ki!", a wild chie', a scio! o' the e!emy's 'amily, or a! impriso!ed pri!ce, he should sow the seeds o' disse!sio!. By capturi!" the e!emy i! a! ope! *attle, or i! a treacherous 'i"ht, or throu"h a co!spiracy, or i! the tumult o' sei0i!" the e!emy's 'ort *y strate"ic mea!s, he should pu!ish the e!emy. De may rei!state ki!"s who are spirited a!d who ca! stre!"the! his army, likewise he may rei!state those who are possessed o' a "ood treasury a!d army a!d who ca! there'ore help him with mo!ey, as well as those who are wise a!d who ca! there'ore pro(ide him with la!ds. Bhoe(er amo!" his 'rie!ds helps him with "ems, precious thi!"s, raw materials ac)uired 'rom commercial tow!s, (illa"es, a!d mi!es, or with co!(eya!ces a!d drau"ht/ a!imals ac)uired 'rom tim*er a!d elepha!t/'orests, a!d herds o' cattle, is a 'rie!d a''ordi!" a (ariety o' e!joyme!t >chitra&ho%a?, whoe(er supplies him with wealth a!d army is a 'rie!d a''ordi!" (ast e!joyme!t >mah&ho%a?, whoe(er supplies him with army, wealth, a!d la!ds is a 'rie!d a''ordi!" all e!joyme!ts >sarva&ho%a?, whoe(er sa'e"uards him a"ai!st a side/e!emy is a 'rie!d a''ordi!" e!joyme!ts o! o!e side >ekato&ho%i?, whoe(er helps also his e!emy a!d his e!emy's allies is a 'rie!d a''ordi!" e!joyme!t to *oth sides >u&hayato&ho%i?, a!d whoe(er helps him a"ai!st his e!emy, his e!emy's ally, his !ei"h*our, a!d wild tri*es is a 'rie!d a''ordi!" e!joyme!t o! all sides >sarvato&o%i?. I' he happe!s to ha(e a! e!emy i! the rear, or a wild chie', or a! e!emy, or a chie' e!emy capa*le o' *ei!" propitiated with the "i't o' la!ds, he should pro(ide such a! e!emy with a useless piece o' la!d,, a! e!emy possessed o' 'orts with a piece o' la!d !ot co!!ected with his >co!)ueror's? ow! territory, a wild chie' with a piece o' la!d yieldi!" !o li(elihood, a scio! o' the e!emy's 'amily with a piece o' la!d that ca! *e take! *ack, a! e!emy's priso!er with a piece o' la!d which is >!ot@? s!atched 'rom the e!emy, a corporatio! o' armed me! with a piece o' la!d, co!sta!tly u!der trou*les 'rom a! e!emy, the com*i!atio! o' corporatio!s with a piece o' la!d close to the territory o' a power'ul ki!", a corporatio! i!(i!ci*le i! war with a piece o' la!d u!der *oth the a*o(e trou*les, a spirited ki!" desirous o' war with a piece o' la!d which a''ords !o ad(a!ta"eous positio!s 'or the ma!bu(re o' the army, a! e!emy's partisa! with waste la!ds, a *a!ished pri!ce with a piece o' la!d e1hausted o' its resources, a ki!" who has re!ewed the o*ser(a!ce o' a treaty o' peace a'ter *reaki!" it, with a piece o' la!d which ca! *e colo!i0ed at co!sidera*le cost o' me! a!d mo!ey, a deserted pri!ce with a piece o' la!d which a''ords !o protectio!, a!d his ow! protector with a! u!i!ha*ita*le piece o' la!d. >&he ki!" who is desirous o' maki!" co!)uests? should co!ti!ue i! 'ollowi!" the same policy towards him, who, amo!" the a*o(e ki!"s, is most help'ul a!d keeps the same attitude, should *y secret mea!s *ri!" him rou!d who is opposed, should 'a(our the help'ul with 'acilities 'or "i(i!" 'urther help, *esides *estowi!" rewards a!d ho!our at all costs upo! him, should "i(e relie' to him who is u!der trou*les, should recei(e (isitors at their ow! choice a!d a''ord satis'actio! to them, should a(oid usi!" co!temptuous,

threate!i!", de'amatory, or harsh words towards them, should like a 'ather protect those who are promised security 'rom 'ear, should pu!ish the "uilty a'ter pu*lishi!" their "uilt, a!d i! order to a(oid causi!" suspicio! to the protector, the (assal/ki!" should adopt the procedure o' i!'licti!" secret pu!ishme!ts upo! o''e!ders. De should !e(er co(et the la!d, thi!"s, a!d so!s a!d wi(es o' the ki!" slai! *y him, he should rei!state i! their ow! estates the relati(es o' the ki!"s slai!. De should i!stall i! the ki!"dom the heir/appare!t o' the ki!" who has died while worki!" >with the co!)ueror?, all co!)uered ki!"s will, i' thus treated, loyally 'ollow the so!s a!d "ra!dso!s o' the co!)ueror. Bhoe(er co(ets the la!ds, thi!"s, so!s, a!d wi(es o' the ki!"s whom he has either slai! or *ou!d i! chai!s will cause pro(ocatio! to the ircle o' %tates a!d make it rise a"ai!st himsel', also his ow! mi!isters employed i! his ow! territory will *e pro(oked a!d will seek shelter u!der the circle o' states, ha(i!" a! eye upo! his li'e a!d ki!"dom. ` De!ce co!)uered ki!"s preser(ed i! their ow! la!ds i! accorda!ce with the policy o' co!ciliatio! will *e loyal to the co!)ueror a!d 'ollow his so!s a!d "ra!dso!s. :&hus e!ds hapter XVI, "&he Attitude o' a o!)uered Ki!"," i! Book VII, "&he 3!d o' the %i1/'old -olicy,H o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d 'ourtee!th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER *'II. -AKING PEACE AND BREAKING IT. &D3 words sama >)uiet?, sandhi >a"reeme!t o' peace?, a!d samdhi >reco!cileme!t?, are sy!o!ymous. &hat which is co!duci(e to mutual 'aith amo!" ki!"s is termed sama, sandhi, or samdhi. 4y teacher says that peace, depe!ded upo! ho!esty or oath, is muta*le, while peace with a security or a! hosta"e is immuta*le. Fo, says Kautilya, peace, depe!de!t upo! ho!esty or oath is immuta*le *oth i! this a!d the !e1t world. It is 'or this world o!ly that a security or a! hosta"e is re)uired 'or stre!"the!i!" the a"reeme!t. Do!est ki!"s o' old made their a"reeme!t o' peace with this declaratio!: "Be ha(e joi!ed i! peace." I! case o' a!y apprehe!sio! o' *reach o' ho!esty, they made their a"reeme!t *y sweari!" *y 'ire, water, plou"h, the *rick o' a 'ort/wall, the shoulder o' a! elepha!t, the hips o' a horse, the 'ro!t o' a chariot, a weapo!, seeds, sce!ts, juice >rasa?, wrou"ht "old >suvarna?, or *ullio! "old >hiranya?, a!d *y declari!" that these thi!"s will destroy a!d desert him who (iolates the oath.

I! order to a(oid the co!ti!"e!cy o' (iolatio! o' oath, peace made with the security o' such perso!s as ascetics e!"a"ed i! pe!a!ce, or !o*les is peace with a security. I! such a peace, whoe(er takes as security a perso! capa*le o' co!trolli!" the e!emy "ai!s more ad(a!ta"es, while he who acts to the co!trary is decei(ed. I! peace made with childre! as hosta"es, a!d i! the case o' "i(i!" a pri!cess or a pri!ce as a! hosta"e, whoe(er "i(es a pri!cess "ai!s ad(a!ta"es, 'or a pri!cess, whe! take! as a! hosta"e, causes trou*les to the recei(er, while a pri!ce is o' re(erse !ature. Bith re"ard to two so!s, whoe(er ha!ds o(er a hi"h*or!, *ra(e a!d wise so!, trai!ed i! military art, or a! o!ly so! is decei(ed, while he who acts otherwise "ai!s ad(a!ta"es. It is *etter to "i(e a *ase/*or! so! as a! hosta"e tha! a hi"h/*or! o!e, i!asmuch as the 'ormer has !either heirship !or the ri"ht to *e"et heirs, it is *etter to "i(e a stupid so! tha! a wise o!e, i!asmuch as the 'ormer is destitute o' the power o' deli*eratio!, *etter to "i(e a timid so! tha! a *ra(e o!e, i!asmuch as the 'ormer is destitute o' martial spirit, *etter, a so! who is !ot trai!ed i! military art tha! o!e who is trai!ed, i!asmuch as the 'ormer is de(oid o' the capacity 'or striki!" a! e!emy, a!d *etter o!e o' ma!y so!s tha! a! o!ly so!, si!ce ma!y so!s are !ot wa!ted. Bith re"ard to a hi"h/*or! a!d a wise so!, people will co!ti!ue to *e loyal to a hi"h/*or! so! thou"h he is !ot wise, a wise so!, thou"h *ase/*or!, is characteri0ed with capacity to co!sider state matters, *ut so 'ar as capacity to co!sider state matters is co!cer!ed, a. hi"h/*or! pri!ce associati!" himsel' with the a"ed, has more ad(a!ta"es tha! a wise *ut *ase/*or! pri!ce. Bith re"ard to a wise a!d a *ra(e pri!ce, a wise pri!ce, thou"h timid, is characteri0ed with capacity 'or i!tellectual works, a!d a *ra(e pri!ce thou"h !ot wise, possesses warlike spirit. %o 'ar as warlike spirit is co!cer!ed, a wise pri!ce o(erreaches a *ra(e o!e just as a hu!ter does a! elepha!t. Bith re"ard to a *ra(e a!d a trai!ed pri!ce, a *ra(e pri!ce, thou"h u!trai!ed, is characteri0ed with capacity 'or war, a!d a trai!ed pri!ce, thou"h timid, is capa*le o' hitti!" o*jects ari"ht. Fotwithsta!di!" the capacity 'or hitti!" o*jects ari"ht, a *ra(e pri!ce e1cels a trai!ed pri!ce i! determi!atio! a!d 'irm adhere!ce to his policy. Bith re"ard to a ki!" ha(i!" ma!y so!s a!d a!other a! o!ly so!, the 'ormer, "i(i!" o!e o' his so!s as a hosta"e a!d *ei!" co!te!ted with the rest, is a*le to *reak the peace *ut !ot the latter. Bhe! peace is made *y ha!di!" o(er the whole lot o' so!s, ad(a!ta"e is to *e sou"ht i! capacity to *e"et additio!al so!s, capacity to *e"et additio!al so!s *ei!" commo!, he who ca! *e"et a*le so!s will ha(e more ad(a!ta"es tha! a!other ki!" >who is !ot so 'ortu!ate?, capacity to *e"et a*le so!s *ei!" commo!, he *y whom the *irth o' a so! is early e1pected will ha(e more ad(a!ta"es tha! a!other >who is !ot so 'ortu!ate?.

I! the case o' a! o!ly so! who is also *ra(e, he who has lost capacity to *e"et a!y more so!s should surre!der himsel' as a! hosta"e, *ut !ot the o!ly so!. Bhoe(er is risi!" i! power may *reak the a"reeme!t o' peace. arpe!ters, artisa!s, a!d other spies, atte!di!" upo! the pri!ce >kept as a! hosta"e? a!d doi!" work u!der the e!emy, may take away the pri!ce at !i"ht throu"h a! u!der"rou!d tu!!el du" 'or the purpose. #a!cers, actors, si!"ers, players o! musical i!strume!ts, *u''oo!s, court/*ards, swimmers, a!d sau&hikas >@?, pre(iously set a*out the e!emy, may co!ti!ue u!der his ser(ice a!d may i!directly ser(e the pri!ce. &hey should ha(e the pri(ile"e o' e!teri!" i!to, stayi!" i! a!d "oi!" out o', the palace at a!y time without rule. &he pri!ce may there'ore "et out at !i"ht dis"uised as a!y o!e o' the a*o(e spies. &his e1plai!s the work o' prostitutes a!d other wome! spies u!der the "ar* o' wi(es, the pri!ce may "et out, carryi!" their pipes, ute!sils, or (essels. +r the pri!ce may *e remo(ed co!cealed u!der thi!"s, clothes, commodities, (essels, *eds, seats a!d other articles *y cooks, co!'ectio!ers, ser(a!ts employed to ser(e the ki!" while *athi!", ser(a!ts employed 'or carryi!" co!(eya!ces, 'or spreadi!" the *ed, toilet/maki!", dressi!", a!d procuri!" water, or taki!" somethi!" i! pitch dark, he may "et out, dis"uised as a ser(a!t. +r he may >prete!d to? *e i! commu!io! with "od Varuna i! a reser(oir >which is see!? throu"h a tu!!el or to which he is take! at !i"ht, spies u!der the "uise o' traders deali!" i! cooked rice a!d 'ruits may >poiso! those thi!"s a!d? distri*ute amo!" the se!ti!els. +r ha(i!" ser(ed the se!ti!els with cooked rice a!d *e(era"e mi1ed with the juice o' mada!a pla!t o! occasio!s o' maki!" o''eri!"s to "ods or o' per'ormi!" a! a!cestral ceremo!y or some sacri'icial rite, the pri!ce may "et out, or *y *ri*i!" the se!ti!els, or spies dis"uised as a n%araka >o''icer i! char"e o' the city?, a court/*ard, or a physicia! may set 'ire to a *uildi!" 'illed with (alua*le articles, or se!ti!els or spies dis"uised as mercha!ts may set 'ire to the store o' commercial articles, or i! (iew o' a(oidi!" the 'ear o' pursuit, the pri!ce may, a'ter putti!" some huma! *ody i! the house occupied *y him, set 'ire to it a!d escape *y *reaki!" ope! some house/joi!ts, or a wi!dow, or throu"h a tu!!el, or ha(i!" dis"uised himsel' as a carrier o' "lass/*eads, pots, a!d other commodities, he may set out at !i"ht, or ha(i!" e!tered the reside!ce o' ascetics with sha(e! heads or with twisted hair, he may set out at !i"ht, dis"uised as a!y o!e o' them, or ha(i!" dis"uised himsel' as o!e su''eri!" 'rom a peculiar disease or as a 'orest/ma!, he may "et out, or spies may carry him away as a corpse, or dis"uised as a widowed wi'e, *e may 'ollow a corpse that is *ei!" carried away. %pies dis"uised as 'orest/people, should mislead the pursuers o' the pri!ce *y poi!ti!" out a!other directio!, a!d the pri!ce himsel' may take a di''ere!t directio!. +r he may escape, hidi!" himsel' i! the midst o' carts o' cart/dri(ers, i' he is closely 'ollowed, he may lead the pursuers to a! am*uscade >sattra?, i! the a*se!ce o' a!

am*uscade he may lea(e here a!d there "old or morsels o' poiso!ed 'ood o! *oth sides o' a road a!d take a di''ere!t road. I' he is captured, he should try to wi! o(er the pursuers *y co!ciliatio! a!d other mea!s, or ser(e them with poiso!ed 'ood, a!d ha(i!" caused a!other *ody to *e put i! a sacri'ice per'ormed to please "od Varuna or i! a 'ire that has *roke! out >the pri!ce's 'ather?, may accuse the e!emy o' the murder o' his so! a!d attack the e!emy. ` +r taki!" out a co!cealed sword, a!d 'alli!" upo! the se!ti!els, he may )uickly ru! away to"ether with the spies co!cealed *e'ore. :&hus e!ds hapter XVII, G4aki!" -eace a!d Breaki!" It,H i! Book VII, G&he 3!d o' the %i1/'old -olicyH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d 'i'tee!th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER *'III. THE COND.CT OF A -ADH/A-A KING5 A NE.TRAL KING5 AND OF A CIRCLE OF #TATE#. &D3 third a!d the 'i'th states 'rom a madhyama ki!" are states 'rie!dly to him, while the seco!d, the 'ourth, a!d the si1th are u!'rie!dly. I' the madhyama ki!" shows 'a(our to *oth o' these states, the co!)ueror should *e 'rie!dly with him, i' he does !ot 'a(our them, the co!)ueror should *e 'rie!dly with those states. I' the madhyama ki!" is desirous o' securi!" the 'rie!dship o' the co!)ueor's would/ *e 'rie!d, the! ha(i!" set his ow! a!d his 'rie!d's 'rie!ds a"ai!st the madhyama, a!d ha(i!" separated the madhyama 'rom the latter's 'rie!ds, the co!)ueror should preser(e his ow! 'rie!d, or the co!)ueror may i!cite the ircle o' %tates a"ai!st the madhyama *y telli!" them, "this madhyama ki!" has "row! hau"hty, a!d is aimi!" at our destructio!: let us there'ore com*i!e a!d i!terrupt his march." I' the ircle o' %tates is 'a(oura*le to his cause, the! he may a""ra!dise himsel' *y putti!" dow! the madhyama, i' !ot 'a(oura*le, the! ha(i!" helped his 'rie!d with me! a!d mo!ey, he should, *y mea!s o' co!ciliatio! a!d "i'ts, wi! o(er either the leader or a !ei"**ouri!" ki!" amo!" the ki!"s who hate the madhyama, or who ha(e *ee! li(i!" with mutual support, or who will 'ollow the o!e that is wo! o(er >*y the co!)ueror?, or who do !ot rise owi!" to mutual suspicio!, thus *y wi!!i!" o(er a seco!d >ki!"?, he should dou*le his ow! power, *y securi!" a third, he should tre*le his ow! power, thus "ai!i!" i! stre!"th, he should put dow! the madhyama ki!". Bhe! place a!d time are 'ou!d u!suita*le 'or success i! the a*o(e attempt, he should, *y peace, seek the 'rie!dship o' o!e o' the e!emies o' the madhyama ki!", or cause some traitors to com*i!e a"ai!st the madhyama, i' the madhyama ki!" is desirous o' reduci!" the co!)ueror's 'rie!d, the co!)ueror should pre(e!t it, a!d tell the 'rie!d: "I shall protect you as lo!" as you are weak," a!d should accordi!"ly protect him whe! he

is poor i! resources, i' the madhyama ki!" desires to rout out a 'rie!d o' the co!)ueror, the latter should protect him i! his di''iculties, or ha(i!" remo(ed him 'rom the 'ear o' the madhyama ki!", the co!)ueror should pro(ide him with !ew la!ds a!d keep him u!der his >the co!)ueror's? protectio!, lest he mi"ht "o elsewhere. I', amo!" the co!)ueror's 'rie!ds who are either reduci*le or assaila*le e!emies o' the madhyama ki!", some u!dertake to help the madhyama, the! the co!)ueror should make peace with a third ki!", a!d i' amo!" the madhyama ki!"'s 'rie!ds who are either reduci*le or assaila*le e!emies o' the co!)ueror, some are capa*le o' o''e!ce a!d de'e!ce a!d *ecome 'rie!dly to the co!)ueror, the! he should make peace with them, thus the co!)ueror ca!!ot o!ly attai! his ow! e!ds, *ut also please the madhyama ki!". I' the madhyama ki!" is desirous o' securi!" a would/*e 'rie!d o' the co!)ueror as a 'rie!d, the! the co!)ueror may make peace with a!other ki!", or pre(e!t the 'rie!d 'rom "oi!" to the madhyama, telli!" him: "It is u!worthy o' you to 'orsake a 'rie!d who is desirous o' your 'rie!dship," or the co!)ueror may keep )uiet, i' the co!)ueror thi!ks that the ircle o' %tates would *e e!ra"ed a"ai!st the 'rie!d 'or deserti!" his ow! party. I' the madhyama ki!" is desirous o' securi!" the co!)ueror's e!emy as his 'rie!d, the! the co!)ueror should i!directly >i.e.2 without *ei!" k!ow! to the madhyama? help the e!emy with wealth a!d army. I' the madhyama ki!" desires to wi! the !eutral ki!", the co!)ueror should sow the seeds o' disse!sio! *etwee! them. Bhoe(er o' the madhyama a!d the !eutral ki!"s is esteemed *y the ircle o' %tates, his protectio! should the co!)ueror seek. &he co!duct o' the madhyama ki!" e1plai!s that o' the !eutral ki!". I' the !eutral ki!" is desirous o' com*i!i!" with the madhyama ki!", the! the co!)ueror should so attempt as to 'rustrate the desire o' the !eutral ki!" to o(erreach a! e!emy or to help a 'rie!d or to secure the ser(ices o' the army o' a!other !eutral ki!". Da(i!" thus stre!"the!ed himsel', the co!)ueror should reduce his e!emies a!d help his 'rie!ds, thou"h their positio! is i!imical towards him. &hose who may *e i!imical to the co!)ueror are a ki!" who is o' wicked character a!d who is there'ore always harm'ul, a rear/e!emy i! com*i!atio! with a 'ro!tal e!emy, a reduci*le e!emy u!der trou*les, a!d o!e who is watchi!" the trou*les o' the co!)ueror to i!(ade him. &hose who may *e 'rie!dly with the co!)ueror are o!e who marches with him with the same e!d i! (iew, o!e who marches with him with a di''ere!t e!d i! (iew, o!e who wa!ts to com*i!e with the co!)ueror to march >a"ai!st a commo! e!emy?, o!e who marches u!der a! a"reeme!t 'or peace, o!e who marches with a set purpose o', his ow!, o!e who rises alo!" with others, o!e who is ready to purchase or to sell either the army or the treasury, a!d o!e who adopts the dou*le policy >i.e., maki!" peace with o!e a!d wa"i!" war with a!other?.

&hose !ei"h*ouri!" ki!"s who ca! *e ser(a!ts to the co!)ueror are a !ei"h*ouri!" ki!" u!der the apprehe!sio! o' a! attack 'rom a power'ul ki!", o!e who is situated *etwee! the co!)ueror a!d his e!emy, the rear/e!emy o' a power'ul ki!", o!e who has (olu!tarily surre!dered o!e/sel' to the co!)ueror, o!e who has surre!dered o!esel' u!der 'ear, a!d o!e who has *ee! su*dued. &he same is the case with those ki!"s who are !e1t to the territory o' the immediate e!emies o' the co!)ueror. ` +' these ki!"s, the co!)ueror should, as 'ar as possi*le, help that 'rie!d who has the same e!d i! (iew as the co!)ueror i! his co!'lict with the e!emy, a!d thus hold the e!emy at *ay. ` Bhe!, a'ter ha(i!" put dow! the e!emy, a!d a'ter ha(i!" "row! i! power, a 'rie!d *ecomes u!su*missi(e, the co!)ueror should cause the 'rie!d to i!cur the displeasure o' a !ei"h*our a!d o' the ki!" who is !e1t to the !ei"h*our. ` +r the co!)ueror may employ a scio! o' the 'rie!d's 'amily or a! impriso!ed pri!ce to sei0e his la!ds, or the co!)ueror may so act that his 'rie!d, desirous o' 'urther help, may co!ti!ue to *e o*edie!t. ` &he co!)ueror should !e(er help his 'rie!d whe! the latter is more a!d more deteriorati!", a politicia! should so keep his 'rie!d that the latter !either deteriorates !or "rows i! power. ` Bhe!, with the desire o' "etti!" wealth, a wa!deri!" 'rie!d >i.e., a !omadic ki!"? makes a! a"reeme!t with the co!)ueror, the latter should so remo(e the cause o' the 'rie!d's 'li"ht that he !e(er 'lies a"ai!. ` Bhe! a 'rie!d is as accessi*le to the co!)ueror as to the latter's e!emy, the co!)ueror should 'irst separate that o*sti!ate 'rie!d 'rom the e!emy, a!d the! destroy him, a!d a'terwards the e!emy also. ` Bhe! a 'rie!d remai!s !eutral, the co!)ueror should cause him to i!cur the displeasure o' his immediate e!emies, a!d whe! he is worried i! his wars with them, the co!)ueror should o*li"e him with help. ` Bhe!, owi!" to his ow! weak!ess, a 'rie!d seeks protectio! *oth 'rom the co!)ueror a!d the latter's e!emy, the co!)ueror should help him with the army, so that he !e(er tur!s his atte!tio! elsewhere. ` +r ha(i!", remo(ed him 'rom his ow! la!ds, the co!)ueror may keep him i! a!other tract o' la!d, ha(i!" made some pre(ious arra!"eme!ts to pu!ish or 'a(our the 'rie!d. ` +r the co!)ueror may harm him whe! he has "row! power'ul, or destroy him whe! he does !ut help the co!)ueror i! da!"er a!d whe! he lies o! the co!)ueror's lap i! "ood 'aith.

` Bhe! a! e!emy 'uriously rises a"ai!st his ow! e!emy >i.e., the co!)ueror's 'rie!d? u!der trou*les, the 'ormer should *e put dow! *y the latter himsel' with trou*les co!cealed. ` Bhe! a 'rie!d keeps )uiet a'ter risi!" a"ai!st a! e!emy u!der trou*les, that 'rie!d will *e su*dued *y the e!emy himsel' a'ter "etti!" rid o' his trou*les. ` Bhoe(er is ac)uai!ted with the scie!ce o' polity should clearly o*ser(e the co!ditio!s o' pro"ress, deterioratio!, sta"!atio!, reductio!, a!d destructio!, as well as the use o' all ki!ds o' strate"ic mea!s. ` Bhoe(er thus k!ows the i!terdepe!de!ce o' the si1 ki!ds o' policy plays at his pleasure with ki!"s, *ou!d rou!d, as it were, i! chai!s skill'ully de(ised *y himsel'. :&hus e!ds hapter XVIII, "&he o!duct o' a Madhyama Ki!", a Feutral Ki!" a!d o' a ircle o' %tates," i! Book VII, "&he 3!d o' the %i1/'old -olicyH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d si1tee!th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!". Bith this e!ds the se(e!th Book G&he 3!d o' the %i1/'old -olicyH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya.<

.rom: Kautilya. Arthashastra. &ra!slated *y A. %hamashastry. Ba!"alore: 2o(er!me!t -ress, 5Q56, MNV/M8Q.

Kautilya's Arthasastra: Book VIII, " o!cer!i!" Vices a!d alamities"

CHAPTER I. THE AGGREGATE OF THE CALA-ITIE# OF THE ELE-ENT# OF #O'EREIGNT/. BD3F calamities happe! to"ether, the 'orm o' co!sideratio! should *e whether it is easier to take a! o''e!si(e or de'e!si(e attitude. Fatio!al calamities, comi!" 'rom -ro(ide!ce or 'rom ma! happe! 'rom o!e's mis'ortu!e or *ad policy. &he word vyasana >(ices or calamities?, mea!s the re(erse or a*se!ce o' (irtue, the prepo!dera!ce o' (ices, a!d occasio!al trou*les. &hat which depri(es >vyasyati? a perso! o' his happi!ess is termed vyasana >(ices or calamities?. 4y teacher says that o' the calamities, vi1., the ki!" i! distress, the mi!ister i! distress, the people i! distress, distress due to *ad 'orti'icatio!s, 'i!a!cial distress, the army i! distress, a!d a! ally i! distress,//that which is 'irst me!tio!ed is more serious tha! the o!e, comi!" later i! the order o' e!umeratio!. Fo, says BhCrad(Cja, o' the distress o' the ki!" a!d o' his mi!ister, mi!isterial distress is more serious, deli*eratio!s i! cou!cil, the attai!me!t o' results as a!ticipated while deli*erati!" i! cou!cil, the accomplishme!t o' works, the *usi!ess o' re(e!ue/

collectio! a!d its e1pe!diture, recruiti!" the army, the dri(i!" out o' the e!emy a!d o' wild tri*es, the protectio! o' the ki!"dom, taki!" remedial measures a"ai!st calamities, the protectio! o' the heir/appare!t, a!d the i!stallatio! o' pri!ces co!stitute the duties o' mi!isters. I! the a*se!ce o' mi!isters, the a*o(e works are ill/do!e, a!d like a *ird, depri(ed o' its 'eathers, the ki!" loses his acti(e capacity. I! such calamities, the i!tri"ues o' the e!emy 'i!d a ready scope. I! mi!isterial distress, the ki!"'s li'e itsel' comes i!to da!"er, 'or a mi!ister is the mai!stay o' the security o' the ki!"'s li'e. Fo, says Kautilya, it is (erily the ki!" who atte!ds to the *usi!ess o' appoi!ti!" mi!isters, priests, a!d other ser(a!ts, i!cludi!" the superi!te!de!ts o' se(eral departme!ts, the applicatio! o' remedies a"ai!st the trou*les o' his people, a!d o' his ki!"dom, a!d the adoptio! o' pro"ressi(e measures, whe! his mi!isters 'all i!to trou*les, he employs others, he is e(er ready to *estow rewards o! the worthy a!d i!'lict pu!ishme!ts o! the wicked, whe! the ki!" is well o'', *y his wel'are a!d prosperity, he pleases the people, o' what ki!d the ki!"'s character is, o' the same ki!d will *e the character o' his people, 'or their pro"ress or dow!'all, the people depe!d upo! the ki!", the ki!" is, as it were, the a""re"ate o' the people. VisClCksha says that o' the trou*les o' the mi!ister a!d o' the people, the trou*les o' the people are more serious, 'i!a!ce, army, raw products, 'ree la*our, carria"e o' thi!"s, a!d collectio! >o' !ecessaries? are all secured 'rom the people. &here will *e !o such thi!"s i! the a*se!ce o' people, !e1t to the ki!" a!d his mi!ister. Fo, says Kautilya, all acti(ities proceed 'rom the mi!ister, acti(ities such as the success'ul accomplishme!t o' the works o' the people, security o' perso! a!d property 'rom i!ter!al a!d e1ter!al e!emies, remedial measures a"ai!st calamities, colo!i0atio! a!d impro(eme!t o' wild tracts o' la!d, recruiti!" the army, collectio! o' re(e!ue, a!d *estowal o' 'a(our. &he school o' -arCsara say that o' the distress o' the people a!d distress due to *ad 'orti'icatio!s, the latter is a more serious e(il, 'or it is i! 'orti'ied tow!s that the treasury a!d the army are secured, they >'orti'ied tow!s? are a secure place 'or the people, they are a stro!"er power tha! the citi0e!s or cou!try people, a!d they are a power'ul de'e!si(e i!strume!t i! times o' da!"er 'or the ki!". As to the people, they are commo! *oth to the ki!" a!d his e!emy. Fo, says Kautilya, 'or 'orts, 'i!a!ce, a!d the army depe!d upo! the people, likewise *uildi!"s, trade, a"ricu5ture, cattle/reari!", *ra(ery, sta*ility, power, a!d a*u!da!ce >o' thi!"s?. I! cou!tries i!ha*ited *y people, there are mou!tai!s a!d isla!ds >as !atural 'orts?, i! the a*se!ce o' a! e1pa!si(e cou!try, 'orts are resorted to. Bhe! a cou!try co!sists purely o' culti(ators, trou*les due to the a*se!ce o' 'orti'icatio!s >are appare!t?, while i! a cou!try which co!sists purely o' warlike people, trou*les that may appear are due to the a*se!ce o' >a! e1pa!si(e a!d culti(ated? territory. -isu!a says that o' the trou*les due to the a*se!ce o' 'orts a!d to wa!t o' 'i!a!ce, trou*les due to wa!t o' 'i!a!ce are more serious, the repair o' 'orti'icatio!s a!d their

mai!te!a!ce depe!d upo! 'i!a!ce, *y mea!s o' wealth, i!tri"ue to capture a! e!emy's 'ort may *e carried o!, *y mea!s o' wealth, the people, 'rie!ds, a!d e!emies ca! *e kept u!der co!trol, *y mea!s o' it, outsiders ca! *e e!coura"ed a!d the esta*lishme!t o' the army a!d its operatio!s co!ducted. It is possi*le to remo(e the treasure i! times o' da!"er, *ut !ot the 'ort. Fo, says Kautilya, 'or it is i! the 'ort that the treasury a!d the army are sa'ely kept, a!d it is 'rom the 'ort that secret war >i!tri"ue?, co!trol o(er o!e's partisa!s, the upkeep o' the army, the receptio! o' allies a!d the dri(i!" out o' e!emies a!d o' wild tri*es are success'ully practised. I! the a*se!ce o' 'orts, the treasury is to the e!emy, 'or it seems that 'or those who ow! 'orts, there is !o destructio!. Kau!apada!ta says that o' distress due to wa!t o' 'i!a!ce or to a! i!e''icie!t army, that which is due to the wa!t o' a! e''icie!t army is more serious, 'or co!trol o(er o!e's ow! 'rie!ds a!d e!emies, the wi!!i!" o(er the army o' a! e!emy, a!d the *usi!ess o' admi!istratio! are all depe!de!t upo! the army. I! the a*se!ce o' the army, it is certai! that the treasury will *e lost, whereas lack o' 'i!a!ce ca! *e made up *y procuri!" raw products a!d la!ds or *y sei0i!" a! e!emy's territory. &he army may "o to the e!emy, or murder the ki!" himsel', a!d *ri!" a*out all ki!ds o' trou*les. But 'i!a!ce is the chie' mea!s o' o*ser(i!" (irtuous acts a!d o' e!joyi!" desires. +wi!" to a cha!"e i! place, time, a!d policy, either 'i!a!ce or the army may *e a superior power, 'or the army is >sometimes? the mea!s o' securi!" the wealth ac)uired, *ut wealth is >always? the mea!s o' securi!" *oth the treasury a!d the army. %i!ce all acti(ities are depe!de!t upo! 'i!a!ce, 'i!a!cial trou*les are more serious. VCta(yCdhi says that o' the distress o' the army a!d o' a! ally, the distress o' a! ally is more serious//a! ally, thou"h he is !ot 'ed a!d is 'ar o'', is still ser(icea*le, he dri(es o'' !ot o!ly the rear/e!emy a!d the 'rie!ds o' the rear/e!emy, *ut also the 'ro!tal e!emy a!d wild tri*es, he also helps his 'rie!d with mo!ey, army, a!d la!ds o! occasio!s o' trou*les. Fo, says Kautilya, the ally o' him who has a power'ul army keeps the allia!ce, a!d e(e! the e!emy assumes a 'rie!dly attitude, whe! there is a work that ca! *e e)ually accomplished either *y the army or *y a! ally, the! pre'ere!ce to the army or to the ally should depe!d o! the ad(a!ta"es o' securi!" the appropriate place a!d time 'or war a!d the e1pected pro'it. I! times o' sudde! e1peditio! a!d o! occasio!s o' trou*les 'rom a! e!emy, a wild tri*e, or local re*els, !o 'rie!d ca! *e trusted. Bhe! calamities happe! to"ether, or whe! a! e!emy has "row! stro!", a 'rie!d keeps up his 'rie!dship as lo!" as mo!ey is 'orthcomi!". &hus the determi!atio! o' the comparati(e serious!ess o' the calamities o' the (arious eleme!ts o' so(erei"!ty. ` Bhe! a part o' o!e o' the eleme!ts o' so(erei"!ty is u!der trou*les, the e1te!t, a''ectio!, a!d stre!"th o' the ser(icea*le part ca! *e the mea!s o' accomplishi!" a work.

` Bhe! a!y two eleme!ts o' so(erei"!ty are e)ually u!der trou*les, they should *e disti!"uished i! respect o' their pro"ressi(e or decli!i!" te!de!cy, pro(ided that the "ood co!ditio! o' the rest o' the eleme!ts !eeds !o descriptio!. ` Bhe! the calamities o' a si!"le eleme!t te!d to destroy the rest o' the eleme!ts, those calamities, whether they *e o' the 'u!dame!tal or a!y other eleme!t, are (erily serious. :&hus e!ds hapter I, G&he A""re"ate o' the alamities o' the 3leme!ts o' %o(erei"!ty,H i! Book VIII, G o!cer!i!" Vices a!d alamitiesH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d se(e!tee!th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER II. CON#IDERATION# ABO.T THE TRO.BLE# OF THE KING AND OF HI# KINGDO-. &D3 ki!" a!d his ki!"dom are the primary eleme!ts o' the state. &he trou*les o' the ki!" may *e either i!ter!al or e1ter!al. I!ter!al trou*les are more serious tha! e1ter!al trou*les which are like the da!"er arisi!" 'rom a lurki!" s!ake. &rou*les due to a mi!ister are more serious tha! other ki!ds o' i!ter!al trou*les. De!ce, the ki!" should keep u!der his ow! co!trol the powers o' 'i!a!ce a!d the army. +' di(ided rule a!d 'orei"! rule, di(ided rule or rule o' a cou!try *y two ki!"s, perishes owi!" to mutual hatred, partiality a!d ri(alry. .orei"! rule which comes i!to e1iste!ce *y sei0i!" the cou!try 'rom its ki!" still ali(e, thi!ks that the cou!try is !ot its ow!, impo(erishes it, a!d carries o'' its wealth, or treats it as a commercial article, a!d whe! the cou!try ceases to lo(e it, it retires a*a!do!i!" the cou!try. Bhich is *etter, a *li!d ki!", or a ki!" erri!" a"ai!st the scie!ce@ 4y teacher says that a *li!d ki!", i.e., a ki!" who is !ot possessed o' a! eye i! scie!ces, is i!discrimi!ate i! doi!" works, (ery o*sti!ate, a!d is led *y others, such a ki!" destroys the ki!"dom *y his ow! maladmi!istratio!. But a! erri!" ki!" ca! *e easily *rou"ht rou!d whe! a!d where his mi!d "oes astray 'rom the procedure laid dow! i! scie!ces. Fo, says Kautilya, a *li!d ki!" ca! *e made *y his supporters to adhere to whate(er li!e o' policy he ou"ht to. But a! erri!" ki!" who is *e!t upo! doi!" what is a"ai!st the scie!ce, *ri!"s a*out destructio! to himsel' a!d his ki!"dom *y maladmi!istratio!. Bhich is *etter, a diseased or a !ew ki!" @ 4y teacher says that a diseased ki!" loses his ki!"dom owi!" to the i!tri"ue o' his mi!isters, or loses his li'e o! accou!t o' the ki!"dom, *ut a !ew ki!" pleases the people

*y such popular deeds as the o*ser(a!ce o' his ow! duties a!d the act o' *estowi!" 'a(ours, remissio!s >o' ta1es?, "i'ts, a!d prese!ts upo! others. Fo, says Kautilya, a diseased ki!" co!ti!ues to o*ser(e his duties as usual. But a !ew ki!" *e"i!s to act as he pleases u!der the impressio! that the cou!try, ac)uired *y his ow! mi"ht, *elo!"s to himsel', whe! pressed *y com*i!ed ki!"s >'or plu!der?, he tolerates their oppressio! o' the cou!try. +r ha(i!" !o 'irm co!trol o(er the eleme!ts o' the state, he is easily remo(ed. &here is this di''ere!ce amo!" diseased ki!"s: a ki!" who is morally diseased, a!d a ki!" who is su''eri!" 'rom physical disease, there is also this di''ere!ce amo!" !ew ki!"s: a hi"h/*or! ki!" a!d a *ase/*or! ki!". Bhich is *etter, a weak *ut hi"h/*or! ki!", or a stro!" *ut low/*or! ki!"@ 4y teacher says that a people, e(e! i' i!terested i! ha(i!" a weak ki!", hardly allow room 'or the i!tri"ues o' a weak *ut hi"h/*or! perso! to *e their ki!", *ut that i' they desire power, they will easily yield themsel(es to the i!tri"ues o' a stro!" *ut *ase/*or! perso! to *e their ki!". Fo, says Kautilya, a people will !aturally o*ey a hi"h/*or! ki!" thou"h he is weak, 'or the te!de!cy o' a prosperous people is to 'ollow a hi"h/*or! ki!". Also they re!der the i!tri"ues o' a stro!" *ut *ase/*or! perso!, u!a(aili!", as the sayi!" is, that possessio! o' (irtues makes 'or 'rie!dship. &he destructio! o' crops is worse tha! the destructio! o' ha!d'uls >o' "rai!s?, si!ce it is the la*our that is destroyed there*y, a*se!ce o' rai! is worse tha! too much rai!. ` &he comparati(e serious!ess or i!si"!i'ica!ce o' a!y two ki!ds o' trou*les a''ecti!" the eleme!ts o' so(erei"!ty, i! the order o' e!umeratio! o' the se(eral ki!ds o' distress, is the cause o' adopti!" o''e!si(e or de'e!si(e operatio!s. :&hus e!ds hapter II, " o!sideratio!s a*out the &rou*les o' the Ki!" a!d o' his Ki!"dom,H i! Book VIII, G o!cer!i!" Vices a!d alamities,H o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d ei"htee!th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER III. THE AGGREGATE OF THE TRO.BLE OF -EN. I2F+AAF 3 a!d a*se!ce o' discipli!e are the causes o' a ma!'s trou*les. A! u!trai!ed ma! does !ot percei(e the i!juries arisi!" 'rom (ices. Be are "oi!" to treat o' them >(ices?:// Vice's due to a!"er 'orm a triad, a!d those due to desire are 'our'old. +' these two, a!"er is worse, 'or a!"er proceeds a"ai!st all. I! a majority o' cases, ki!"s "i(e! to a!"er are said to ha(e 'alle! a prey to popular 'ury. But ki!"s addicted to pleasures ha(e

perished i! co!se)ue!ce o' serious diseases *rou"ht a*out *y deterioratio! a!d impro(erishme!t. Fo, says BhCrad(Cja, a!"er is the characteristic o' a ri"hteous ma!. It is the 'ou!datio! o' *ra(ery, it puts a! e!d to despica*le >perso!s?, a!d it keeps the people u!der 'ear. A!"er is always a !ecessary )uality 'or the pre(e!tio! o' si!. But desire >accompa!ies? the e!joyme!t o' results, reco!ciliatio!, "e!erosity, a!d the act o' e!deari!" o!esel' to all. -ossessio! o' desire is always !ecessary 'or him who is i!cli!ed to e!joy the 'ruits o' what he has accomplished. Fo, says Kautilya, a!"er *ri!"s a*out e!mity with, a!d trou*les 'rom, a! e!emy, a!d is always associated with pai!. Addictio! to pleasure >kma? occasio!s co!tempt a!d loss o' wealth, a!d throws the addicted perso! i!to the compa!y o' thie(es, "am*lers, hu!ters, si!"ers, players o! musical i!strume!ts, a!d other u!desira*le perso!s. +' these, e!mity is more serious tha! co!tempt, 'or a despised perso! is cau"ht hold o' *y his ow! people a!d *y his e!emies, whereas a hated perso! is destroyed. &rou*les 'rom a! e!emy are more serious tha! loss o' wealth, 'or loss o' wealth causes 'i!a!cial trou*les, whereas trou*les 'rom a! e!emy are i!jurious to li'e. %u''eri!" o! accou!t o' (ices is more serious tha! keepi!" compa!y with u!desira*le perso!s, 'or the compa!y o' u!desira*le perso!s ca! *e "ot rid o' i! a mome!t, whereas su''eri!" 'rom (ices causes i!jury 'or a lo!" time. De!ce, a!"er is a more serious e(il. Bhich is worse: a*use o' la!"ua"e, or o' mo!ey, or oppressi(e pu!ishme!t@ VisClCksha says that o' a*use o' la!"ua"e a!d o' mo!ey, a*use o' la!"ua"e is worse, 'or whe! harshly spoke! to, a *ra(e ma! retaliates, a!d *ad la!"ua"e, like a !ail pierci!" the heart, e1cites a!"er a!d "i(es pai! to the se!ses. Fo, says Kautilya, "i't o' mo!ey palliates the 'ury occasio!ed *y a*usi(e la!"ua"e, whereas a*use o' mo!ey causes the loss o' li(elihood itsel'. A*use o' mo!ey mea!s "i'ts, e1actio!, loss or a*a!do!me!t o' mo!ey. &he %chool o' -arCsara say that o' a*use o' mo!ey a!d oppressi(e pu!ishme!t, a*use o' mo!ey is worse, 'or "ood deeds a!d e!joyme!ts depe!d upo! wealth, the world itsel' is *ou!d *y wealth. De!ce, its a*use is a more serious e(il. Fo, says Kautilya, i! pre'ere!ce to a lar"e amou!t o' wealth, !o ma! desires the loss o' his ow! li'e. +wi!" to oppressi(e pu!ishme!t, o!e is lia*le to the same pu!ishme!t at the ha!ds o' o!e's e!emies. %uch is the !ature o' the triad o' e(ils due to a!"er. &he 'our'old (ices due to desire are hu!ti!", "am*li!", wome! a!d dri!ki!". -isu!a says that o' hu!ti!" a!d "am*li!", hu!ti!" is a worse (ice, 'or 'alli!" i!to the ha!d o' ro**ers, e!emies a!d elepha!ts, "etti!" i!to wild 'ire, 'ear, i!a*ility to

disti!"uish *etwee! the cardi!al poi!ts, hu!"er, thirst a!d loss o' li'e are e(ils co!se)ue!t upo! hu!ti!", whereas i! "am*li!", the e1pert "am*ler wi!s a (ictory like Kayatse!a a!d #uryodha!a. Fo, says Kautilya, o' the two parties, o!e has to su''er 'rom de'eat, as is well k!ow! 'rom the history o' Fala a!d Wudhishthira, the same wealth that is wo! like a piece o' 'lesh i! "am*li!", causes e!mity. ;ack o' reco"!itio! o' wealth properly ac)uired, ac)uisitio! o' ill/"otte! wealth, loss o' wealth without e!joyme!t, stayi!" away 'rom a!sweri!" the calls o' !ature, a!d co!tracti!" diseases 'rom !ot taki!" timely meals, are the e(ils o' "am*li!", whereas i! hu!ti!", e1ercise, the disappeara!ce o' phle"m, *ile, 'at, a!d sweat, the ac)uisitio! o' skill i! aimi!" at statio!ary a!d mo(i!" *odies, the ascertai!me!t o' the appeara!ce o' *easts whe! pro(oked, a!d occasio!al march >are its "ood characteristics?. Kau!apada!ta says that o' addictio! to "am*li!" a!d to wome!, "am*li!" is a more serious e(il, 'or "am*lers always play, e(e! at !i"ht *y lamp li"ht, a!d e(e! whe! the mother >o' o!e o' the players? is dead, the "am*ler e1hi*its a!"er whe! spoke! to i! times o' trou*le, whereas i! the case o' addictio! to wome!, it is possi*le to hold co!(ersatio! a*out (irtue a!d wealth, at the time o' *athi!", dressi!" a!d eati!". Also it is possi*le to make, *y mea!s o' secret pu!ishme!t, a woma! to *e so "ood as to secure the wel'are o' the ki!", or to "et rid o' her, or dri(e her out, u!der the plea o' disease. Fo, says Kautilya, it is possi*le to di(ert the atte!tio! 'rom "am*li!", *ut !ot so 'rom wome!. >&he e(ils o' the latter are? 'ailure to see >what ou"ht to *e see!?, (iolatio! o' duty, the e(il o' postpo!i!" works that are to *e immediately do!e, i!capacity to deal with politics, a!d co!tracti!" the e(il o' dri!ki!". VCta(yCdhi says that o' addictio! to wome! a!d to dri!ki!", addictio! to wome! is a more serious e(il: there are (arious ki!ds o' childish!ess amo!" wome!, as e1plai!ed i! the chapter o! I&he Darem,J whereas i! dri!ki!", the e!joyme!t o' sou!d a!d other o*jects o' the se!ses, pleasi!" other people, ho!ouri!" the 'ollowers, a!d rela1atio! 'rom the 'ati"ue o' work >are the ad(a!ta"es?. Fo, says Kautilya, i! the case o' addictio! to wome!, the co!se)ue!ces are the *irth o' childre!, sel'/protectio!, cha!"e o' wi(es i! the harem, a!d a*se!ce o' such co!se)ue!ces i! the case o' u!worthy outside wome!. Both the a*o(e co!se)ue!ces 'ollow 'rom dri!ki!". &he auspicious e''ects o' dri!ki!" are loss o' mo!ey, lu!acy i! a se!sate ma!, corpselike appeara!ce while li(i!", !aked!ess, the loss o' the k!owled"e o' the Vedas, loss o' li'e, wealth, a!d 'rie!ds, disassociatio! with the "ood, su''eri!" 'rom pai!, a!d i!dul"e!ce i! playi!" o! musical i!strume!ts a!d i! si!"i!" at the e1pe!se o' wealth. +' "am*li!" a!d dri!ki!", "am*li!" causes "ai! or loss o' the stakes to o!e party or other. 3(e! amo!" dum* a!imals, it splits them i!to 'actio!s a!d causes pro(ocatio!. It is specially due to "am*li!" that assem*lies a!d royal co!'ederacies possessi!" the characteristics o' assem*lies are split i!to 'actio!s, a!d are co!se)ue!tly destroyed. &he

receptio! o' what is co!dem!ed is the worst o' all e(ils si!ce it causes i!capacity to deal with politics. ` &he receptio! o' what is co!dem!ed is >due to? desire, a!d a!"er co!sists i! oppressi!" the "ood, si!ce *oth these are producti(e o' ma!y e(ils, *oth o' them are held to *e the worst e(ils. ` De!ce *e who is possessed o' discretio! should associate with the a"ed, a!d, a'ter co!trolli!" his passio!s, a*a!do! *oth a!"er a!d desire which are producti(e o' other e(ils a!d destructi(e o' the (ery *asis >o' li'e?. :&hus e!ds hapter III, "&he A""re"ate o' the &rou*les o' 4e!," i! Book VIII. " o!cer!i!" Vices a!d alamitiesH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d !i!etee!th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER I'. THE GRO.P OF -OLE#TATION#5 THE GRO.P OF OB#TR.CTION#5 AND THE GRO.P OF FINANCIAL TRO.BLE#. -A+VI#3F&IA; calamities are 'ire, 'loods, pestile!ce, 'ami!e, a!d >the epidemic disease called? maraka. 4y teacher says that o' 'ire a!d 'loods, destructio! due to 'ire is irremedia*le, all ki!ds o' trou*les, e1cept those due to 'ire, ca! *e alle(iated, a!d trou*les due to 'loods ca! *e passed o(er. Fo, says Kautilya, 'ire destroys a (illa"e, or part o' a (illa"e whereas 'loods carry o'' hu!dreds o' (illa"es. 4y teacher says that o' pestile!ce a!d 'ami!e, pestile!ce *ri!"s all ki!ds o' *usi!ess to a stop *y causi!" o*structio! to work o! accou!t o' disease a!d death amo!" me! a!d owi!" to the 'li"ht o' ser(a!ts, whereas 'ami!e stops !o work, *ut is producti(e o' "old, cattle a!d ta1es. Fo, says Kautilya, pestile!ce de(astates o!ly a part >o' the cou!try? a!d ca! *e remedied, whereas 'ami!e causes trou*les to the whole >o' the cou!try? a!d occasio!s dearth o' li(elihood to all creatures. &his e1plai!s the co!se)ue!ces o' maraka. 4y teacher says that o' the loss o' chie' a!d (ul"ar me!, the loss o' (ul"ar me! causes o*structio! to work. Fo, says Kautilya, it is possi*le to recruit (ul"ar me!, si!ce they 'orm the majority o' people, 'or the sake o' (ul"ar me!, !o*les should !ot *e allowed to perish, o!e i! a

thousa!d may or may !ot *e a !o*le ma!, he it is who is possessed o' e1cessi(e coura"e a!d wisdom a!d is the re'u"e o' (ul"ar people. 4y teacher says that o' the trou*les arisi!" 'rom o!e's ow! or o!eJs e!emy's ircle o' %tates, those due to o!e's ow! ircle are dou*ly i!jurious a!d are irremedia*le, whereas a! i!imical ircle o' %tates ca! *e 'ou"ht out or kept away *y the i!ter(e!tio! o' a! ally or *y maki!" peace. Fo, says Kautilya, trou*les due to o!e's ow! ircle ca! *e "ot rid o' *y arresti!" or destroyi!" the leaders amo!" the su*jecti(e people, or they may *e i!jurious to a part o' the cou!try, whereas trou*les due to a! e!emy's ircle o' %tates cause oppressio! *y i!'licti!" loss a!d destructio! a!d *y *ur!i!", de(astatio!, a!d plu!der. 4y teacher says that o' the )uarrels amo!" the people a!d amo!" ki!"s, )uarrel amo!" the people *ri!"s a*out disu!io! a!d there*y e!a*les a! e!emy to i!(ade the cou!try, whereas )uarrel amo!" ki!"s is producti(e o' dou*le pay a!d wa"es a!d o' remissio! o' ta1es to the people. Fo, says Kautilya, it is possi*le to e!d the )uarrel amo!" the people *y arresti!" the leaders, or *y remo(i!" the cause o' )uarrel, a!d people )uarrelli!" amo!" themsel(es (ie with each other a!d there*y help the cou!try, whereas )uarrel amo!" ki!"s causes trou*le a!d destructio! to the people a!d re)uires dou*le the e!er"y 'or its settleme!t. 4y teacher says that o' a sporti(e ki!" a!d a sporti(e cou!try, a sporti(e cou!try is always rui!ous to the results o' work, whereas a sporti(e ki!" is *e!e'icial to artisa!s, carpe!ters, musicia!s, *u''oo!s a!d traders. Fo, says Kautilya, a sporti(e cou!try, taki!" to sports 'or rela1atio! 'rom la*our, causes o!ly a tri'li!" loss, a!d a'ter e!joyme!t, it resumes work, whereas a sporti(e ki!" causes oppressio! *y showi!" i!dul"e!ce to his courtiers, *y sei0i!" a!d *e""i!", a!d *y o*structi!" work i! the ma!u'actories. 4y teacher says that o' a 'a(ourite wi'e a!d a pri!ce, the pri!ce causes oppressio! *y showi!" i!dul"e!ce to his 'ollowers, *y sei0i!" a!d *e""i!", a!d *y o*structi!" the work i! ma!u'actories whereas the 'a(ourite wi'e is addicted to her amorous sports. Fo, says Kautilya, it is possi*le to pre(e!t throu"h the mi!ister a!d the priest, the oppressio! caused *y the pri!ce, *ut !ot the oppressio! caused *y the 'a(ourite wi'e, si!ce she is usually stu**or! a!d keeps compa!y with wicked perso!s. 4y teacher says that o' the trou*les due to a corporatio! o' people a!d to a leader >a chie'?, the corporatio! o' people people ca!!ot *e put dow! si!ce it co!sists o' a !um*er o' me! a!d causes oppressio! *y the't a!d (iole!ce, whereas a leader causes trou*les *y o*structio! to, a!d destructio! o', work.

Fo, says Kautilya, it is (ery easy to "et rid o' >the trou*les 'rom? a corporatio!, si!ce it has to rise or 'all with the ki!", or it ca! *e put dow! *y arresti!" its leader or a part o' the corporatio! itsel', whereas a leader *acked up with support causes oppressio! *y i!juri!" the li'e a!d property o' others. 4y teacher says that o' the cham*erlai! a!d the collector o' re(e!ue, the cham*erlai! causes oppressio! *y spoili!" works a!d *y i!'licti!" 'i!es, whereas the collector o' re(e!ue makes use o' the ascertai!ed re(e!ue i! the departme!t o(er which he presides. Fo, says Kautilya, the cham*erlai! takes to himsel' what is prese!ted *y others to *e e!tered i!to the treasury whereas the collector makes his ow! re(e!ue 'irst a!d the! the ki!"s', or he destroys the ki!"s' re(e!ue a!d proceeds as he pleases to sei0e the property o' others. 4y teacher says that o' the superi!te!de!t o' the *ou!dary a!d a trader, the superi!te!de!t o' the *ou!dary destroys tra''ic *y allowi!" thie(es a!d taki!" ta1es more tha! he ou"ht to, whereas a trader re!ders the cou!try prosperous *y a 'a(oura*le *arter o' commercial articles. Fo, says Kautilya, the superi!te!de!t o' the *ou!dary i!creases commercial tra''ic *y welcomi!" the arri(al o' mercha!dise, whereas traders u!ite i! causi!" rise a!d 'all i! the (alue o' articles, a!d li(e *y maki!" pro'its ce!t per ce!t i! panas or kum&has >measures o' "rai!?. Bhich is more desira*le, la!d occupied *y a hi"h/*or! perso! or la!d reser(ed 'or "ra0i!" a 'lock o' cattle@ 4y teacher says that the la!d occupied *y a hi"h/*or! perso! is (ery producti(e, a!d it supplies me! to the army, he!ce it does !ot deser(e to *e co!'iscated lest the ow!er mi"ht cause trou*les, whereas the la!d occupied 'or "ra0i!" a 'lock o' cattle is culti(a*le a!d deser(es there'ore to *e 'reed, 'or culti(a*le la!d is pre'erred to pasture la!d. Fo, says Kautilya, thou"h imme!sely use'ul, the la!d occupied *y a hi"h/*or! perso! deser(es to *e 'reed, lest he mi"ht cause trou*les >otherwise?, whereas the la!d held 'or "ra0i!" a 'lock o' cattle is producti(e o' mo!ey a!d *easts, a!d does !ot there'ore deser(e to *e co!'iscated u!less culti(atio! o' crops is impeded there*y. 4y teacher says that o' ro**ers a!d wild tri*es, ro**ers are e(er *e!t o! carryi!" o'' wome! at !i"ht, make assaults o! perso!s, a!d take away hu!dreds a!d thousa!ds o' panas, whereas wild tri*es, li(i!" u!der a leader a!d mo(i!" i! the !ei"h*ouri!" 'orests ca! *e see! here a!d there causi!" destructio! o!ly to a part. Fo, says Kautilya, ro**ers carry o'' the property o' the careless a!d ca! *e put dow! as they are easily reco"!i0ed a!d cau"ht hold o', whereas wild tri*es ha(e their ow!

stro!"holds, *ei!" !umerous a!d *ra(e, ready to 'i"ht i! *road dayli"ht, a!d sei0i!" a!d destroyi!" cou!tries like ki!"s. +' the 'orests o' *easts a!d o' elepha!ts, *easts are !umerous a!d producti(e o' ple!ty o' 'lesh a!d ski!s, they arrest the "rowth o' the "rass a!d are easily co!trolled, whereas elepha!ts are o' the re(erse !ature a!d are see! to *e destructi(e o' cou!tries e(e! whe! they are captured a!d tamed. +' *e!e'its deri(ed 'rom o!e's ow! or a 'orei"! cou!try, *e!e'its deri(ed 'rom o!e's ow! cou!try co!sists o' "rai!s, cattle, "old, a!d raw products a!d are use'ul 'or the mai!te!a!ce o' the people i! calamities, whereas *e!e'its deri(ed 'rom a 'orei"! cou!try are o' the re(erse !ature. %uch is the "roup o' molestatio!s. +*structio! to mo(eme!ts caused *y a chie' is i!ter!al o*structio!, a!d o*structio! to mo(eme!ts caused *y a! e!emy or a wild tri*e is e1ter!al o*structio!. %uch is the "roup o' o*structio!s. .i!a!cial trou*les due to the two ki!ds o' o*structio! a!d to the molestatio!s descri*ed a*o(e are sta"!atio! o' 'i!a!cial positio!, loss o' wealth due to the allowa!ce o' remissio! o' ta1es i! 'a(our o' leaders, scattered re(e!ue, 'alse accou!t o' re(e!ue collected, a!d re(e!ue le't i! the custody o' a !ei"h*ouri!" ki!" or o' a wild tri*e. &hus the "roup o' 'i!a!cial trou*les. ` I! the i!terests o' the prosperity o' the cou!try, o!e should attempt to a(oid the cause o' trou*les, remedy them whe! they happe!, a!d a(ert o*structio!s a!d 'i!a!cial trou*les. :&hus e!ds hapter IV, "&he 2roup o' 4olestatio!s, the 2roup o' +*structio!s, a!d the 2roup o' .i!a!cial &rou*les" i! BookVIII, " o!cer!i!" Vices a!d alamities," o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d twe!tieth chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER '. THE GRO.P OF TRO.BLE# OF THE AR-/5 AND THE GRO.P OF TRO.BLE# OF A FRIEND. &he trou*les o' the army are//&hat which is disrespected, that which is morti'ied, that which is !ot paid 'or, that which is diseased, that which has 'reshly arri(ed, that which has made a lo!" jour!ey, that which is tired, that which has sustai!ed loss, that which has *ee! repelled, that o' which the 'ro!t portio! is destroyed, that which is su''eri!" 'rom i!cleme!cy o' weather, that which has 'ou!d itsel' i! a! u!suita*le "rou!d, that which is displeased 'rom disappoi!tme!t, that which has ru! away, that o'

which the me! are 'o!d o' their wi(es, that which co!tai!s traitors, that o' which the prime portio! is pro(oked, that which has disse!sio!s, that which has come 'rom a 'orei"! state, that which has ser(ed i! ma!y states, that which is specially trai!ed to a particular ki!d o' ma!bu(re a!d e!campme!t, that which is trai!ed to a particular mo(eme!t i! a particular place, that which is o*structed, that which is surrou!ded, that which has its supply o' "rai!s cut o'', that which has its me! a!d stores cut o'', that which is kept i! o!e's ow! cou!try, that which is u!der the protectio! o' a! ally, that which co!tai!s i!imical perso!s, that which is a'raid o' a! e!emy i! the rear, that which has lost its commu!icatio!, that which has lost its comma!der, that which has lost its leader, a!d that which is *li!d >i.e., u!trai!ed?. +' the disrespected a!d the morti'ied amo!" these, that which is disrespected may *e take! to 'i"ht a'ter *ei!" ho!oured, *ut !ot that which is su''eri!" 'rom its ow! morti'icatio!. +' u!paid a!d diseased armies, the u!paid may *e take! to 'i"ht a'ter maki!" 'ull payme!t *ut !ot the diseased, which is u!'it 'or work. +' 'reshly arri(ed a!d lo!"/tra(elled armies, that which has 'reshly arri(ed may *e take! to 'i"ht a'ter it has take! its positio! without mi!"li!" with a!y other !ew army, *ut !ot that which is tired 'rom its lo!" jour!ey. +' tired a!d reduced armies, the army that is tired may *e take! to 'i"ht a'ter it has re'reshed itsel' 'rom *athi!", eati!", a!d sleepi!", *ut !ot the reduced army, i.e., the army, the leaders o' which ha(e *ee! killed. +' armies which ha(e either *ee! repelled or ha(e their 'ro!t destroyed, that which has *ee! repelled may *e take! to 'i"ht to"ether with 'resh me! attached to it, *ut !ot the army which has lost ma!y o' its *ra(e me! i! its 'ro!tal attack. +' armies, either su''eri!" 'rom i!cleme!cy o' weather or dri(e! to a! u!suita*le "rou!d, that which is su''eri!" 'rom i!cleme!cy o' weather may *e take! to 'i"ht a'ter pro(idi!" it with weapo!s a!d dress appropriate 'or the seaso!, *ut !ot the army o! a! u!'a(oura*le "rou!d o*structi!" its mo(eme!ts. +' disappoi!ted a!d re!e"ade armies, that which is disappoi!ted may *e take! to 'i"ht a'ter satis'yi!" it *ut !ot the army which has >o!ce? ru! away. +' soldiers who are either 'o!d o' their wi(es or are u!der a! e!emy, those who are 'o!d o' their wi(es may *e take! to 'i"ht a'ter separati!" them 'rom their wi(es, *ut !ot those who are u!der a! e!emy, a!d are, there'ore, like i!ter!al e!emies. +' pro(oked a!d disu!ited armies, that, o' which a part is pro(oked, may *e take! to 'i"ht a'ter paci'yi!" it *y co!ciliatio! a!d other strate"ic mea!s *ut !ot the disu!ited army, the mem*ers o' which are estra!"ed 'rom each other.

+' armies which ha(e le't ser(ice either i! o!e state or i! ma!y states, that whose resi"!atio! o' ser(ice i! a 'orei"! state is !ot due to i!sti"atio! or co!spiracy may *e take! to 'i"ht u!der the leadership o' spies a!d 'rie!ds, *ut !ot the army which has resi"!ed its ser(ice i! ma!y states a!d is, there'ore, da!"erous. +' armies which are trai!ed either to a particular ki!d o' ma!bu(re a!d e!campme!t or to a particular mo(eme!t i! a particular place, that which is tau"ht a special ki!d o' ma!bu(re a!d e!campme!t may *e take! to 'i"ht, *ut !ot the army whose way o' maki!" e!campme!ts a!d marches is o!ly suited 'or a particular place. +' o*structed a!d surrou!ded armies, that which is pre(e!ted 'rom its mo(eme!ts i! o!e directio! may *e take! to 'i"ht a"ai!st the o*structor i! a!other directio!, *ut !ot the army whose mo(eme!ts are o*structed o! all sides. +' troops whose supply o' "rai! is cut o'' or whose supply o' me! a!d stores is cut o'', that which has lost its supply o' "rai! may *e take! to 'i"ht a'ter pro(idi!" it with "rai! *rou"ht 'rom a!other )uarter or a'ter supplyi!" to it mo(ea*le a!d immo(ea*le 'ood/stu''s >a!imal a!d (e"eta*le 'ood/stu''s? *ut !ot the army to which me! a!d pro(isio!s ca!!ot *e supplied. +' armies kept i! o!e's ow! cou!try or u!der the protectio! o' a! ally, that which is kept i! o!e's ow! cou!try ca! possi*ly *e dis*a!ded i! time o' da!"er, *ut !ot the army u!der the protectio! o' a! ally, as it is 'ar remo(ed i! place a!d time. +' armies either 'illed with traitors, or 'ri"hte!ed *y a! e!emy i! the rear, that which is 'ull o' traitors may *e take! to 'i"ht apart u!der the leadership o' a trusted comma!der, *ut !ot the army which is a'raid o' a! attack 'rom the rear. +' armies without commu!icatio! or without leaders, that which has lost its commu!icatio! with the *ase o' operatio!s may *e take! to 'i"ht a'ter restori!" the commu!icatio! a!d placi!" it u!der the protectio! o' citi0e!s a!d cou!try people, *ut !ot the army which is without a leader such as the ki!" or a!y other perso!s. +' troops which ha(e lost their leader or which are !ot trai!ed, those that ha(e lost their leader may *e take! to 'i"ht u!der the leadership o' a di''ere!t perso! *ut !ot the troops which are !ot trai!ed. ` Aemo(al o' (ices a!d trou*les, recruitme!t >o' !ew me!?, keepi!" away 'rom places o' a! e!emy's am*ush, a!d harmo!y amo!" the o''icers o' the army, are the mea!s o' protecti!" the army 'rom trou*les. ` De >the ki!"? should e(er care'ully "uard his army 'rom the trou*les caused *y a! e!emy, a!d should e(er *e ready to strike his e!emy's army whe! the latter is u!der trou*les,

` Bhate(er he may come to k!ow as the source o' trou*le to his people, he should )uickly a!d care'ully apply a!tidotes a"ai!st that cause. ` A 'rie!d who, *y himsel', or i! com*i!atio! with others or u!der the i!'lue!ce o' a!other ki!", has marched a"ai!st his ow! ally, a 'rie!d who is a*a!do!ed owi!" to i!a*ility to retai! his 'rie!dship, or owi!" to "reedi!ess or i!di''ere!ce, ` A 'rie!d who is *ou"ht *y a!other a!d who has withdraw! himsel' 'rom 'i"hti!", ` A 'rie!d who, 'ollowi!" the policy o' maki!" peace with o!e a!d marchi!" a"ai!st a!other, has co!tracted 'rie!dship with o!e, who is "oi!" to march either si!"ly or i! com*i!atio! with others a"ai!st a! ally, ` A 'rie!d who is !ot relie(ed 'rom his trou*les owi!" to 'ear, co!tempt, or i!di''ere!ce, a 'rie!d who is surrou!ded i! his ow! place or who has ru! away owi!" to 'ear, ` A 'rie!d who is displeased owi!" to his ha(i!" to pay much, or owi!" to his !ot ha(i!" recei(ed his due or owi!" to his dissatis'actio! e(e! a'ter the receipt o' his due, ` A 'rie!d who has (olu!tarily paid much or who is made *y a!other to pay much >to his ally?, a 'rie!d who is kept u!der pressure, or who, ha(i!" *roke! the *o!d o' 'rie!dship, sou"ht 'rie!dship with a!other, ` A 'rie!d who is !e"lected owi!" to i!a*ility to retai! his 'rie!dship, a!d a 'rie!d who has *ecome a! e!emy i! spite o' his ally's e!treaties to the co!trary,//such 'rie!ds are hardly ac)uired, a!d i' ac)uired at all, they tur! away. `A 'rie!d who has realised the respo!si*ilities o' 'rie!dship, or who is ho!oura*le, or whose disappoi!tme!t is due to wa!t o' i!'ormatio!, or who, thou"h e1cited, is u!e)ual >to the task?, or who is made to tur! *ack owi!" to 'ear 'rom a!other, ` +r who is 'ri"hte!ed at the destructio! o' a!other 'rie!d, or who is apprehe!si(e o' da!"er 'rom the com*i!atio! o' e!emies, or who is made *y traitors to "i(e up his 'rie!dship,//it is possi*le to ac)uire such a 'rie!d, a!d i' ac)uired, he keeps up his 'rie!dship. ` De!ce o!e should !ot "i(e rise to those causes which are destructi(e o' 'rie!dship, a!d whe! they arise, o!e should "et rid o' them *y adopti!" such 'rie!dly attitude as ca! remo(e those causes. :&hus e!ds hapter V, "&he 2roup o' &rou*les o' the Army, a!d the 2roup o' &rou*les o' a .rie!d," i! Book VIII " o!cer!i!" Vices a!d alamities," o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d twe!ty/'irst chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!". Bith this e!ds the ei"hth Book " o!cer!i!" Vices a!d alamities" o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya.<

.rom: Kautilya. Arthashastra. &ra!slated *y A. %hamasastry. Ba!"alore: 2o(er!me!t -ress, 5Q56, MQ5/O7Q.

Kautilya's Arthashastra: Book IX, "&he Bork o' a! I!(ader"

CHAPTER I. THE KNO+LEDGE OF PO+ER5 PLACE5 TI-E5 #TRENGTH5 AND +EAKNE##4 THE TI-E OF IN'A#ION. &D3 co!)ueror should k!ow the comparati(e stre!"th a!d weak!ess o' himsel' a!d o' his e!emy, a!d ha(i!" ascertai!ed the power, place, time, the time o' marchi!" a!d o' recruiti!" the army, the co!se)ue!ces, the loss o' me! a!d mo!ey, a!d pro'its a!d da!"er, he should march with his 'ull 'orce, otherwise, he should keep )uiet. 4y teacher says that o' e!thusiasm a!d power, e!thusiasm is *etter: a ki!", himsel' e!er"etic, *ra(e, stro!", 'ree 'rom disease, skil'ul i! wieldi!" weapo!s, is a*le with his army as a seco!dary power to su*due a power'ul ki!", his army, thou"h small, will, whe! led *y him, *e, capa*le o' tur!i!" out a!y work. But a ki!" who has !o e!thusiasm i! himsel', will perish thou"h possessed o' a stro!" army. Fo, says Kautilya, he who is possessed o' power o(erreaches, *y the sheer 'orce o' his power, a!other who is merely e!thusiastic. Da(i!" ac)uired, captured, or *ou"ht a!other e!thusiastic ki!" as well as *ra(e soldiers, he ca! make his e!thusiastic army o' horses, elepha!ts, chariots, a!d others to mo(e a!ywhere without o*structio!. -ower'ul ki!"s, whether wome!, you!" me!, lame or *li!d, co!)uered the earth *y wi!!i!" o(er or purchasi!" the aid o' e!thusiastic perso!s. 4y teacher says that o' power >mo!ey a!d army? a!d skill i! i!tri"ue, power is *etter, 'or a ki!", thou"h possessed o' skill 'or i!tri"ue >mantrasakti? *ecomes a ma! o' *arre! mi!d i' he has !o power, 'or the work o' i!tri"ue is well de'i!ed. De who has !o power loses his ki!"dom as sprouts o' seeds i! drou"ht (omit their sap. Fo, says Kautilya, skill 'or i!tri"ue is *etter, he who has the eye o' k!owled"e a!d is ac)uai!ted with the scie!ce o' polity ca! with little e''ort make use o' his skill 'or i!tri"ue a!d ca! succeed *y mea!s o' co!ciliatio! a!d other strate"ic mea!s a!d *y spies a!d chemical applia!ces i! o(er/reachi!" e(e! those ki!"s who are possessed o' e!thusiasm a!d power. &hus o' the three ac)uireme!ts, vi1., e!thusiasm, power a!d skill 'or i!tri"ue, he who posesses more o' the )uality me!tio!ed later tha! the o!e me!tio!ed 'irst i! the order o' e!umeratio! will *e success'ul i! o(er/ reachi!" others. ou!try >space? mea!s the earth, i! it the thousa!d yo(anas o' the !orther! portio! o' the cou!try that stretches *etwee! the Dimalayas a!d the ocea! 'orm the domi!io! o' !o i!si"!i'ica!t emperor, i! it there are such (arieties o' la!d, as 'orests, (illa"es, water'alls, le(el plai!s, a!d u!e(e! "rou!ds. I! such la!ds, he should u!dertake such

works as he co!siders to *e co!duci(e to his power a!d prosperity. &hat part o' the cou!try, i! which his army 'i!ds a co!(e!ie!t place 'or its ma!bu(re a!d which pro(es u!'a(oura*le to his e!emy, is the *est, that part o' the cou!try which is o' the re(erse !ature, is the worst, a!d that which partakes o' *oth the characteristics, is a cou!try o' middli!" )uality. &ime co!sists o' cold, hot, a!d rai!y periods. &he di(isio!s o' time are: the !i"ht, the day, the 'ort!i"ht, the mo!th, the seaso!, solstices, the year, a!d the Wu"a >cycle o' 'i(e years?. I! these di(isio!s o' time he should u!dertake such works as are co!duci(e to the "rowth o' his power a!d prosperity. &hat time which is co!"e!ial 'or the ma!bu(re o' his Army, *ut which is o' the re(erse !ature 'or his e!emy is the *est, that which is o' the re(erse !ature is the worst, a!d that which possesses *oth the characteristics is o' middli!" )uality. 4y teacher says that o' stre!"th, place, a!d time, stre!"th is the *est, 'or a ma! who is possessed o' stre!"th ca! o(ercome the di''iculties due either to the u!e(e!!ess o' the "rou!d or to the cold, hot, or rai!y periods o' time. %ome say that place is the *est 'or the reaso! that a do", seated i! a co!(e!ie!t place, ca! dra" a crocodile a!d that a crocodile i! low "rou!d ca! dra" a do". +thers say that time is the *est 'or the reaso! that duri!" the day/time the crow kills the owl, a!d that at !i"ht the owl the crow. Fo, says Kautilya, o' stre!"th, place, a!d time, each is help'ul to the other, whoe(er is possessed o' these three thi!"s should, a'ter ha(i!" placed o!e/third or o!e 'ourth o' his army to protect his *ase o' operatio!s a"ai!st his rear/e!emy a!d wild tri*es i! his (ici!ity a!d a'ter ha(i!" take! with him as much army a!d treasure as is su''icie!t to accomplish his work, march duri!" the mo!th o' Mr%s.rsha >#ecem*er? a"ai!st his e!emy whose collectio! o' 'ood/stu''s is old a!d i!sipid a!d who has !ot o!ly !ot "athered 'resh 'ood/stu''s, *ut also !ot repaired his 'orti'icatio!s, i! order to destroy the e!emy's rai!y crops a!d autum!al ha!d'uls >mushti?. De should march duri!" the mo!th o' )haitra >4arch?, i' he mea!s to destroy the e!emy's autum!al crops a!d (er!al ha!d'uls. De should march duri!" the mo!th o' -yestha >4ay/Ku!e? a"ai!st o!e whose stora"e o' 'odder, 'irewood a!d water has dimi!ished a!d who has !ot repaired his 'orti'icatio!s, i' he mea!s to destroy the e!emy's (er!al crops a!d ha!d'uls o' the rai!y seaso!. +r he may march duri!" the dewy seaso! a"ai!st a cou!try which is o' hot climate a!d i! which 'odder a!d water are o*tai!ed i! little )ua!tities. +r he may march duri!" the summer a"ai!st a cou!try i! which the su! is e!shrouded *y mist a!d which is 'ull o' deep (alleys a!d thickets o' trees a!d "rass, or he may march duri!" the rai!s a"ai!st a cou!try which is suita*le 'or the ma!bu(re o' his ow! army a!d which is o' the re(erse !ature 'or his e!emy's army. De has to u!dertake a lo!" march *etwee! the mo!ths o' Mr%as.rsha >#ecem*er? a!d !aisha >Ka!uary?, a march o' mea! le!"th *etwee! 4arch a!d April, a!d a short march *etwee! 4ay a!d Ku!e, a!d o!e, a''licted with trou*les, should keep )uiet.

4archi!" a"ai!st a! e!emy u!der trou*les has *ee! e1plai!ed i! co!!ectio! with "4arch a'ter declari!" war." 4y teacher says that o!e should almost i!(aria*ly march a"ai!st a! e!emy i! trou*les. But Kautilya says: that whe! o!e's resources are su''icie!t o!e should march, si!ce the trou*les o' a! e!emy ca!!ot *e properly reco"!ised, or whe!e(er o!e 'i!ds it possi*le to reduce or destroy a! e!emy *y marchi!" a"ai!st him, the! o!e may u!dertake a march. Bhe! the weather is 'ree 'rom heat, o!e should march with a! army mostly composed o' elepha!ts. 3lepha!ts with pro'use sweat i! hot weather are attacked *y leprosy, a!d whe! they ha(e !o water 'or *athi!" a!d dri!ki!", they lose their )uick!ess a!d *ecome o*sti!ate. De!ce, a"ai!st a cou!try co!tai!i!" ple!ty o' water a!d duri!" the rai!y seaso!, o!e should march with a! army mostly composed o' elepha!ts. A"ai!st a cou!try o' the re(erse descriptio!, i.e., which as little rai! a!d muddy water, o!e should march with a! army mostly composed o' asses, camels, a!d horses. A"ai!st a desert, o!e should march duri!" the rai!y seaso! with all the 'our co!stitue!ts o' the army >elepha!ts, horses, chariots, a!d me!?. +!e should prepare a pro"ramme o' short a!d lo!" dista!ces to *e marched i! accorda!ce with the !ature o' the "rou!d to *e tra(ersed, vi1., e(e! "rou!d, u!e(e! "rou!d, (alleys a!d plai!s. Bhe! the work to *e accomplished is small, march a"ai!st all ki!ds o' e!emies should *e o' short duratio!, a!d whe! it is "reat, it should also *e o' lo!" duratio!, duri!" the rai!s, e!campme!t should *e made a*road. :&hus e!ds hapter I, G&he K!owled"e o' -ower, -lace, &ime, %tre!"th a!d Beak!ess, the &ime o' I!(asio!,H i! Book IX, G&he Bork o' a! I!(ader,H o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d twe!ty/seco!d chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER II. THE TI-E OF RECR.ITING THE AR-/4 THE FOR- OF E3.IP-ENT4 AND THE +ORK OF ARRA/ING A RI'AL FORCE. &D3 time o' recruiti!" troops, such as hereditary troops >maula?, hired troops, corporatio! o' soldiers >sren.?, troops *elo!"i!" to a 'rie!d or to a! e!emy, a!d wild tri*es. Bhe! he >a ki!"? thi!ks that his hereditary army is more tha! he re)uires 'or the de'e!ce o' his ow! possessio!s or whe! he thi!ks that as his hereditary army co!sists o' more me! tha! he re)uires, some o' them may *e disa''ected, or whe! he thi!ks that his e!emy has a stro!" hereditary army 'amous 'or its attachme!t, a!d is, there'ore, to *e 'ou"ht out with much skill o! his part, or whe! he thi!ks that thou"h the roads are "ood

a!d the weather 'a(oura*le, it is still the hereditary army that ca! e!dure wear a!d tear, or whe! he thi!ks that thou"h they are 'amous 'or their attachme!t, hired soldiers a!d other ki!ds o' troops ca!!ot *e relied upo! lest they mi"ht le!d their ears to the i!tri"ues o' the e!emy to *e i!(aded, or whe! he thi!ks that other ki!ds o' 'orce are wa!ti!" i! stre!"th, the! is the time 'or taki!" the hereditary army. Bhe! he thi!ks that the army he has hired is "reater tha! his hereditary army, that his e!emy's hereditary army is small a!d disa''ected, while the army his e!emy has hired is i!si"!i'ica!t a!d weak, that actual 'i"ht is less tha! treacherous 'i"ht, that the place to *e tra(ersed a!d the time re)uired do !ot e!tail much loss, that his ow! army is little "i(e! to stupor, is *eyo!d the 'ear o' i!tri"ue, a!d is relia*le, or that little is the e!emy's power which he has to put dow!, the! is the time 'or leadi!" the hired army. Bhe! he thi!ks that the imme!se corporatio! o' soldiers he possesses ca! *e trusted *oth to de'e!d his cou!try a!d to march a"ai!st his e!emy, that he has to *e a*se!t o!ly 'or a short time, or that his e!emy's army co!sists mostly o' soldiers o' corporatio!s, a!d co!se)ue!tly the e!emy is desirous o' carryi!" o! treacherous 'i"ht rather tha! a! actual war, the! is the time 'or the e!listme!t o' corporatio!s o' soldiers >sren.?. Bhe! he thi!ks that the stro!" help he has i! his 'rie!d ca! *e made use o' *oth i! his ow! cou!try a!d i! his marches, that he has to *e a*se!t o!ly 'or a short time, a!d actual 'i"ht is more tha! treacherous 'i"ht, that ha(i!" made his 'rie!d's army to occupy wild tracts, cities, or plai!s a!d to 'i"ht with the e!emy's ally, he, himsel', would lead his ow! army to 'i"ht with the e!emy's army, that his work ca! *e accomplished *y his 'rie!d as well, that his success depe!ds o! his 'rie!d, that he has a 'rie!d !ear a!d deser(i!" o' o*li"atio!, or that he has to utili0e the e1cessi(e 'orce o' his 'rie!d, the! is the time 'or the e!listme!t o' a 'rie!d's army. Bhe! he thi!ks that he will ha(e to make his stro!" e!emy to 'i"ht a"ai!st a!other e!emy o! accou!t o' a city, a plai!, or a wild tract o' la!d, a!d that i! that 'i"ht he will achie(e o!e or the other o' his o*jects, just like a! outcast perso! i! the 'i"ht *etwee! a do" a!d a pi", that throu"h the *attle, he will ha(e the mischie(ous power o' his e!emy's allies or o' wild tri*es destroyed, that he will ha(e to make his immediate a!d power'ul e!emy to march elsewhere a!d thus "et rid o' i!ter!al re*ellio! which his e!emy mi"ht ha(e occasio!ed, a!d that the time o' *attle *etwee! e!emies or *etwee! i!'erior ki!"s has arri(ed, the! is the time 'or the e1ercise o' a! e!emy's 'orces. &his e1plai!s the time 'or the e!"a"eme!t o' wild tri*es. Bhe! he thi!ks that the army o' wild tri*es is li(i!" *y the same road >that his e!emy has to tra(erse?, that the road is u!'a(oura*le 'or the march o' his e!emy's army, that his e!emy's army co!sists mostly o' wild tri*es, that just as a wood/apple >&ilva? is *roke! *y mea!s o' a!other wood/apple, the small army o' his e!emy is to *e destroyed, the! is the time 'or e!"a"i!" the army o' wild tri*es.

&hat army which is (ast a!d is composed o' (arious ki!ds o' me! a!d is so e!thusiastic as to rise e(e! without pro(isio! a!d wa"es 'or plu!der whe! told or u!told, that which is capa*le o' applyi!" its ow! remedies a"ai!st u!'a(oura*le rai!s, that which ca! *e dis*a!ded a!d which is i!(i!ci*le 'or e!emies, a!d that, o' which all the me! are o' the same cou!try, same caste, a!d same trai!i!", is >to *e co!sidered as? a compact *ody o' (ast power. %uch are the periods o' time 'or recruiti!" the army. +' these armies, o!e has to pay the army o' wild tri*es either with raw produce or with allowa!ce 'or plu!der. Bhe! the time 'or the march o' o!e's e!emy's army has approached, o!e has to o*struct the e!emy or se!d him 'ar away, or make his mo(eme!ts 'ruitless, or, *y 'alse promise, cause him to delay the march, a!d the! decei(e him a'ter the time 'or his march has passed away. +!e should e(er *e (i"ila!t to i!crease o!e's ow! resources a!d 'rustrate the attempts o' o!e's e!emy to "ai! i! stre!"th. +' these armies, that which is me!tio!ed 'irst is *etter tha! the o!e su*se)ue!tly me!tio!ed i! the order o' e!umeratio!. Dereditary army is *etter tha! hired army i!asmuch as the 'ormer has its e1iste!ce depe!de!t o! that o' its master, a!d is co!sta!tly drilled. &hat ki!d o' hired army which is e(er !ear, ready to rise )uickly, a!d o*edie!t, is *etter tha! a corporatio! o' soldiers. &hat corporatio! o' soldiers which is !ati(e, which has the same e!d i! (iew >as the ki!"?, a!d which is actuated with similar 'eeli!"s o' ri(alry, a!"er, a!d e1pectatio! o' success a!d "ai!, is *etter tha! the army o' a 'rie!d. 3(e! that corporatio! o' soldiers which is 'urther remo(ed i! place a!d time is, i! (irtue o' its ha(i!" the same e!d i! (iew, *etter tha! the army o' a 'rie!d. &he army o' a! e!emy u!der the leadership o' a! Arya is *etter tha! the army o' wild tri*es. Both o' them >the army o' a! e!emy a!d o' wild tri*es? are a!1ious 'or plu!der. I! the a*se!ce o' plu!der a!d u!der trou*les, they pro(e as da!"erous as a lurki!" s!ake. 4y teacher says that o' the armies composed o' Brhmans, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas, or S0dras, that which is me!tio!ed 'irst is, o! accou!t o' *ra(ery, *etter to *e e!listed tha! the o!e su*se)ue!tly me!tio!ed i! the order o' e!umeratio!. Fo, says Kautilya, the e!emy may wi! o(er to himsel' the army o' Brhmans *y mea!s o' prostratio!. De!ce, the army o' Kshatriyas trai!ed i! the art o' wieldi!" weapo!s is *etter, or the army o' Vaisyas or S0dras ha(i!" "reat !umerical stre!"th >is *etter?.

De!ce o!e should recruit o!eJs army, re'lecti!" that "such is the army o' my e!emy, a!d this is my army to oppose it." &he army which possesses elepha!ts, machi!es, sakata%ar&ha >@?, Kunta >a woode! rod?, prsa >a weapo!, NO i!ches lo!", with two ha!dles?, Kharvataka >@?, *am*oo sticks, a!d iro! sticks is the army to oppose a! army o' elepha!ts. &he same possessed o' sto!es, clu*s, armour, hooks, a!d spears i! ple!ty is the army to oppose a! army o' chariots. &he same is the army to oppose ca(alry. 4e!, clad i! armour, ca! oppose elepha!ts. Dorses ca! oppose me!, clad i! armour. 4e! , clad i! armour, chariots, me! possessi!" de'e!si(e weapo!s, a!d i!'a!try ca! oppose a! army co!sisti!" o' all the 'our co!stitue!ts >elepha!ts, chariots, ca(alry a!d i!'a!try?. ` &hus co!sideri!" the stre!"th o' the co!stitue!ts o' o!eJs ow! )uadripartite army, o!e should recruit me! to it so as to oppose a! e!emyJs army success'ully. :&hus e!ds hapter II, "&he &ime o' Aecruiti!" the Army, the .orm o' 3)uipme!t, a!d the Bork o' Arrayi!" a Ai(al .orce," i! Book IX, "&he Bork o' a! I!(ader," o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d twe!ty/third chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER III. CON#IDERATION OF ANNO/ANCE IN THE REAR4 AND RE-EDIE# AGAIN#T INTERNAL AND E*TERNAL TRO.BLE#. +. the two thi!"s, sli"ht a!!oya!ce i! the rear, a!d co!sidera*le pro'it i! the 'ro!t, sli"ht a!!oya!ce i! the rear is more serious, 'or traitors, e!emies, a!d wild tri*es au"me!t o! all sides the sli"ht a!!oya!ce which o!e may ha(e i! the rear. &he mem*ers o' o!e's ow! state may *e pro(oked a*out the ac)uisitio! o' co!sidera*le pro'it i! the 'ro!t. Bhe! o!e u!der the protectio! o' a!other has come to such a co!ditio! >i.e., sli"ht a!!oya!ce i! the rear a!d co!sidera*le pro'it i! the 'ro!t?, the! o!e should e!dea(our so as to cause to the rear e!emy the loss a!d impo(erishme!t o' his ser(a!ts a!d 'rie!ds, a!d i! order to 'etch the pro'it i! the 'ro!t, o!e should also employ the comma!der o' the army or the heir/appare!t to lead the army.

+r the ki!" himsel' may "o i! perso! to recei(e the pro'it i! the 'ro!t, i' he is a*le to ward o'' the a!!oya!ce i! the rear. I' he is apprehe!si(e o' i!ter!al trou*les, he may take with him the suspected leaders. I' he is apprehe!si(e o' e1ter!al trou*les, he should march a'ter keepi!" i!side his capital as hosta"es the so!s a!d wi(es o' suspected e!emies a!d a'ter ha(i!" split i!to a !um*er o' di(isio!s the troops o' the o''icer i! char"e o' waste la!ds >s0nyapla? a!d ha(i!" placed those di(isio!s u!der the comma!d o' se(eral chie's, or he may a*a!do! his march, 'or it has *ee! already stated that i!ter!al trou*les are more serious tha! e1ter!al trou*les. &he pro(ocatio! o' a!y o!e o' the mi!ister, the priest, the comma!der/i!/chie', a!d the heir/appare!t is what is termed i!ter!al trou*le. &he ki!" should "et rid o' such a! i!ter!al e!emy either *y "i(i!" up his ow! 'ault or *y poi!ti!" out the da!"er arisi!" 'rom a! e1ter!al e!emy. Bhe! the priest is "uilty o' the "ra(est treaso!, relie' should *e 'ou!d either *y co!'i!i!" him or *y *a!ishi!" him, whe! the heir/appare!t is so, co!'i!eme!t or death >ni%raha?, pro(ided that there is a!other so! o' "ood character. .rom these, the case o' the mi!ister a!d the comma!der/i!/chie' is e1plai!ed. Bhe! a so!, or a *rother, or a!y other perso! o' the royal 'amily attempts to sei0e the ki!"dom, he should *e wo! o(er *y holdi!" out hopes, whe! this is !ot possi*le, he should *e co!ciliated *y allowi!" him to e!joy what he has already sei0ed, or *y maki!" a! a"reeme!t with him, or *y mea!s o' i!tri"ue throu"h a! e!emy, or *y securi!" to him la!d 'rom a! e!emy, or a!y other perso! o' i!imical character. +r he may *e se!t out o! a missio! with a! i!imical 'orce to recei(e the o!ly pu!ishme!t he deser(es, or a co!spiracy may *e made with a 'ro!tier ki!" or wild tri*es whose displeasure he has i!curred, or the same policy that is employed i! securi!" a! impriso!ed pri!ce or i! sei0i!" a! e!emy's (illa"es may *e resorted to. &he pro(ocatio! o' mi!isters other tha! the prime mi!ister is what is called the i!ter!al mi!isterial trou*les. 3(e! i! this case, !ecessary strate"ic mea!s should *e employed. &he pro(ocatio! o' the chie' o' a district >rshramukhya?, the o''icer i! char"e o' the *ou!dary, the chie' o' wild tri*es, a!d a co!)uered ki!" is what is termed e1ter!al trou*le. &his should *e o(ercome *y setti!" o!e a"ai!st the other. Bhoe(er amo!" these has stro!"ly 'orti'ied himsel' should *e cau"ht hold o' throu"h the a"e!cy o' a 'ro!tier ki!", or the chie' o' wild tri*es, or a scio! o' his 'amily, or a! impriso!ed pri!ce, or he may *e captured throu"h the a"e!cy o' a 'rie!d, so that he may !ot com*i!e with a! e!emy, or a spy may pre(e!t him 'rom com*i!i!" with a! e!emy *y sayi!": "&his e!emy makes a cat's/paw o' you a!d causes you to 'all upo! your ow! lord, Bhe! his aim is realised, he makes you to lead a! army a"ai!st e!emies or wild tri*es, or to sojour! i! a trou*lesome place, or he causes you to reside at a 'ro!tier statio! 'ar 'rom the compa!y o' your so!s a!d wi'e. Bhe! you ha(e lost all your stre!"th, he sells you to your ow! lord, or ha(i!" made peace with you, he will please your ow! lord. De!ce it is ad(isa*le 'or you to "o to the *est 'rie!d o' your lord." Bhe! he a"rees to the proposal, he is to *e ho!oured, *ut whe! he re'uses to liste!, he is to *e told: "I am specially se!t to separate you 'rom the e!emy." &he spy should howe(er appoi!t some perso!s to murder him, or

he may *e killed *y some co!cealed perso!s, or some perso!s prete!di!" to *e *ra(e soldiers may *e made to accompa!y him a!d may *e told *y a spy >to murder him?. &hus the e!d o' trou*les. +!e should cause such trou*les to o!e's e!emy a!d ward o'' those o' o!e's ow!. I! the case o' a perso! who is capa*le o' causi!" or alle(iati!" trou*les, i!tri"ue should *e made use o', a!d i! the case o' a perso! who is o' relia*le character, a*le to u!dertake works, a!d to 'a(our his ally i! his success, a!d to a''ord protectio! a"ai!st calamities, cou!ter/i!tri"ue >prati(pa? should *e made use o' >to keep his 'rie!dship secure?. It should also *e co!sidered whether the perso! is o' "ood dispositio! or o' o*sti!ate temper >satha?. &he i!tri"ue carried o! *y a 'orei"!er o' o*sti!ate temper with local perso!s is o' the 'ollowi!" 'orm://"I' a'ter killi!" his ow! master, he comes to me, the! I will secure these two o*jects, the destructio! o' my e!emy a!d the ac)uisitio! o' the e!emy's la!ds, or else my e!emy kills him, with the co!se)ue!ce that the partisa!s o' the relatio!s killed, a!d other perso!s who are e)ually "uilty a!d are there'ore apprehe!si(e o' similar pu!ishme!t to themsel(es will pertur* my e!emy's peace whe! my e!emy has !o 'rie!ds to cou!t, or whe! my e!emy 'alls to suspect a!y other perso! who is e)ually "uilty, I shall *e a*le to cause the death o' this or that o''icer u!der my e!emy's ow! comma!d." &he i!tri"ue carried o! *y a local perso! o' o*sti!ate temper with a 'orei"!er is o' the 'ollowi!" 'orm://"I shall either plu!der the treasury o' this ki!" or destroy his army, I shall murder my master *y employi!" this ma!, i' my master co!se!ts, I shall cause him to march a"ai!st a! e1ter!al e!emy or a wild tri*e, let his ircle o' %tates *e *rou"ht to co!'usio!, let him i!cur e!mity with them, the! it is easy to keep him u!der my power, a!d co!ciliate him, or I mysel' shall sei0e the ki!"dom, or, ha(i!" *ou!d him i! chai!s, I shall o*tai! *oth my master's la!d a!d outside la!d, or ha(i!" caused the e!emy >o' my master? to march out, I shall cause the e!emy to *e murdered i! "ood 'aith, or I shall sei0e the e!emy's capital whe! it is empty >o' soldiers?. Bhe! a perso! o' "ood dispositio! makes a co!spiracy 'or the purpose o' ac)uiri!" what is to *e e!joyed *y *oth the! a! a"reeme!t should *e made with him. But whe! a perso! o' o*sti!ate temper so co!spires, he should *e allowed to ha(e his ow! way a!d the! decei(ed. &hus the 'orm o' policy to *e adopted should *e co!sidered. ` 3!emies 'rom e!emies, su*jects 'rom su*jects, su*jects 'rom e!emies, a!d e!emies 'rom su*jects should e(er *e "uarded, a!d *oth 'rom his su*jects a!d e!emies, a lear!ed ma! should e(er "uard his ow! perso!. :&hus e!ds hapter III, " o!sideratio! o' A!!oya!ce i! the Aear, a!d Aemedies A"ai!st I!ter!al a!d 31ter!al &rou*les," i! Book IX, "&he Bork o' a! I!(ader," o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d twe!ty/'ourth chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER I'. CON#IDERATION ABO.T LO## OF -EN5 +EALTH5 AND PROFIT. ;oss o' trai!ed me! is what is called kshaya, loss o' me!. #imi!utio! o' "old a!d "rai!s is loss o' wealth. Bhe! the e1pected pro'it o(erwei"hs *oth these, the! o!e should march >a"ai!st a! e!emy?. &he characteristics o' a! e1pected pro'it are: that which is recei(a*le, that which is to *e retur!ed, that which pleases all, that which e1cites hatred, that which is realised i! a short time, that which e!tails little loss o' me! to ear!, that which e!tails little loss o' wealth to ear!, that which is (ast, that which is producti(e, that which is harmless, that which is just, a!d that which comes 'irst. Bhe! a pro'it is easily ac)uired a!d secured without the !ecessity o' retur!i!" it to others, it is termed Irecei(a*leJ, that which is o' the re(erse !ature is Irepaya*leJ, whoe(er "oes to recei(e a repaya*le pro'it or is e!joyi!" it "ets destructio!. Bhe! he, howe(er, thi!ks that "*y taki!" a repaya*le pro'it I shall cause my e!emyJs treasury, army, a!d other de'e!si(e resources to dwi!dle, I shall e1ploit to impo(erishme!t the mi!es, tim*er a!d elepha!t 'orests, irri"atio!al works a!d roads o' tra''ic o' my e!emy, I shall impo(erish his su*jects, or cause them to mi"rate, or co!spire a"ai!st him, whe! they are reduced to this co!ditio!, my e!emy i!'lames their hatred >*y pu!ishi!" them?, or I shall set my e!emy a"ai!st a!other e!emy, my e!emy will "i(e up his hopes a!d ru! away to o!e who has some *lood/relatio!ship with him, or ha(i!" impro(ed his la!ds, I shall retur! them to him, a!d whe! he is thus *rou"ht to asce!da!cy, he will *e a lasti!" 'rie!d o' mi!e,"//the! he may take e(e! a repaya*le pro'it. &hus recei(a*le a!d repaya*le pro'its are e1plai!ed. &hat pro'it which a (irtuous ki!" recei(es 'rom a wicked ki!" pleases *oth his ow! a!d other people, that which is o' the re(erse !ature e1cites hatred, that pro'it which is recei(ed at the ad(ice o' mi!isters e1cites hatred, 'or they thi!k: I&his ki!" has reduced our party a!d impo(erished us." &hat pro'it which is recei(ed without cari!" 'or the opi!io! o' treacherous mi!isters e1cites hatred, 'or they thi!k: "Da(i!" made the pro'it, this ki!" destroys us." But that which is o' the re(erse !ature pleases. &hus pleasi!" a!d pro(oki!" pro'its are e1plai!ed. &hat which is ac)uired *y mere marchi!" is what is ac)uired soo!. &hat which is to *e realised *y !e"otiatio! >mantrasddhya? e!tails little loss o' me!. &hat which re)uires merely the e1pe!diture o' pro(isio!s >'or ser(a!ts employed to ear! it? e!tails little loss o' wealth.

&hat which is immediately o' co!sidera*le (alue is (ast. &hat which is the source o' wealth is producti(e. &hat which is attai!ed with !o trou*les is harmless. &hat which is ac)uired *est is just. &hat which is ac)uired without a!y hi!dra!ce 'rom allies is pro'it comi!" 'irst. Bhe! pro'its >'rom two sources? are e)ual, he should co!sider the place a!d time, the stre!"th a!d mea!s >re)uired to ac)uire it?, a''ectio! a!d disa''ectio! >caused *y it?, i!tri"ue a!d a*se!ce o' i!tri"ue >i!(ol(i!" it?, its !ear!ess a!d dista!ce, its prese!t a!d 'uture e''ects, its co!sta!t worth or worthless!ess, a!d its ple!ti'ul!ess a!d use'ul!ess, a!d he should accept o!ly that pro'it which is possessed o' most o' the a*o(e "ood characteristics. +*structio!s to pro'it are: passio!, a!"er, timidity, mercy, *ash'ul!ess, li(i!" like o!e who is !ot a! Arya, hau"hti!ess, pity, desire 'or the other world, strict adhere!ce to (irtuous li'e, deceptio!, !eedi!ess, e!(y, !e"li"e!ce o' what is at ha!d, "e!erosity, wa!t o' 'aith, 'ear, i!a*ility to e!dure cold, heat, a!d rai!, a!d 'aith i! the auspicious!ess o' lu!ar days a!d stars. `Bealth will pass away 'rom that childish ma! who i!)uires most a'ter the stars, 'or wealth is the star 'or wealth, what will the stars do@ ` apa*le me! will certai!ly secure wealth at least a'ter a hu!dred trials, a!d wealth is *ou!d *y wealth just as elepha!ts are *ou!d *y cou!ter/elepha!ts. :&hus e!ds hapter IV, G o!sideratio! a*out ;oss o' 4e!, Bealth a!d -ro'it,J i! Book IX, G&he Bork o' a! I!(ader,H o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d twe!ty/'i'th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER '. E*TERNAL AND INTERNAL DANGER#. &D3 'ormatio! o' a treaty a!d other settleme!ts otherwise tha! they ou"ht to ha(e *ee! made is impolicy. .rom it arise da!"ers. &he (arious ki!ds o' da!"ers are: that which is o' e1ter!al ori"i! a!d o' i!ter!al a*etme!t, that which is o' i!ter!al ori"i! a!d o' e1ter!al a*etme!t, that which is o' e1ter!al ori"i! a!d o' e1ter!al a*etme!t, a!d that which is o' i!ter!al ori"i! a!d o' i!ter!al a*etme!t.

Bhere 'orei"!ers carry o! a! i!tri"ue with local me! or local me! with 'orei"!ers, there the co!se)ue!ce o' the i!tri"ue carried o! *y the com*i!atio! o' local a!d 'orei"! perso!s will *e (ery serious. A*ettors o' a! i!tri"ue ha(e a *etter cha!ce o' success tha! its ori"i!ators, 'or whe! the ori"i!ators o' a! i!tri"ue are put dow!, others will hardly succeed i! u!dertaki!" a!y other i!tri"ue. .orei"!ers ca! hardly wi! o(er local perso!s *y i!tri"ue, !or ca! local me! seduce 'orei"!ers. .orei"!ers will 'i!d their (ast e''orts a'ter all u!a(aili!", a!d o!ly co!duci(e, to the prosperity o' the ki!" >a"ai!st whom they wa!t to co!spire?. Bhe! local perso!s are a*etti!" >with 'orei"!ers?, the mea!s to *e employed to suppress them are co!ciliatio! >sma? a!d "i'ts >dna?. &he act o' pleasi!" a ma! with a hi"h ra!k a!d ho!our is co!ciliatio!, 'a(our a!d remissio! o' ta1es or employme!t to co!duct state/works is what is termed "i'ts. Bhe! 'orei"!ers are a*etti!", the ki!" should employ the policy o' disse!sio! a!d coercio!. %pies u!der the "uise o' 'rie!ds may i!'orm 'orei"!ers: "4i!d, this ma! is desirous o' decei(i!" you with the help o' his ow! spies who are dis"uised as traitors." %pies u!der the "ar* o' traitors may mi1 with traitors a!d separate them 'rom 'orei"!ers, or 'orei"!ers 'rom local traitors. .iery spies may make 'rie!dship with traitors a!d kill them with weapo!s or poiso!, or ha(i!" i!(ited the plotti!" 'orei"!ers, they may murder the latter. Bhere 'orei"!ers carry o! a! i!tri"ue with 'orei"!ers, or local me! with local me!, there the co!se)ue!ces o' the i!tri"ue, u!a!imously carried o! with a set purpose, will *e (ery serious. Bhe! "uilt is "ot rid o', there will *e !o "uilty perso!s, *ut whe! a "uilty perso! is "ot rid o', the "uilt will co!tami!ate others. De!ce, whe! 'orei"!ers carry o! a! i!tri"ue, the ki!" should employ the policy o' disse!sio! a!d coercio!. %pies u!der the "uise o' 'rie!ds may i!'orm 'orei"! co!spirators: "4i!d, this your ki!", with the desire o' e!richi!" himsel', is !aturally pro(oked a"ai!st you all." &he! 'iery spies may mi1 with the ser(a!ts a!d soldiers o' the a*ettor >o' 'orei"! co!spirators? a!d kill them with weapo!s, poiso!, a!d other mea!s. +ther spies may the! e1pose or *etray the a*ettor. Bhe! local me! carry o! a! i!tri"ue with local me!, the ki!" should employ !ecessary strate"ic mea!s to put it dow!. De may employ the policy o' co!ciliatio! with re"ard to those who keep the appeara!ce o' co!te!tme!t, or who are !aturally disco!te!ted or otherwise. 2i'ts may *e "i(e! u!der the prete1t o' ha(i!" *ee! satis'ied with a 'a(oured ma!'s stead'ast!ess i! mai!tai!i!" the purity o' his character, or u!der the plea o' a!1ious care a*out his weal or woe. A spy u!der the "ar* o' a 'rie!d may tell the local perso!s: IWour ki!" is attempti!" to 'i!d your heart, you should tell him the truth." +r local me! may *e separated 'rom each other, *y telli!" them: "&his ma! carries such a tale to the ki!" a"ai!st you." A!d coerci(e measures may *e employed as descri*ed i! the hapter o! "Awards o' -u!ishme!ts."

+' these 'our ki!ds o' da!"er, i!ter!al da!"er should 'irst *e "ot rid o', 'or it has *ee! already stated that i!ter!al trou*les like the 'ear 'rom a lurki!" s!ake are more serious tha! e1ter!al trou*les. ` +!e must co!sider that o' these 'our ki!ds o' da!"er, that which is me!tio!ed 'irst is less "ra(e tha! the o!e su*se)ue!tly me!tio!ed, whether or !ot it is caused *y power'ul perso!s, otherwise >i.e., whe! the da!"er is caused *y i!si"!i'ica!t perso!s?, simple mea!s may *e used to "et rid o' it. :&hus e!ds hapter V, "31ter!al a!d I!ter!al #a!"ers" i! Book IX, "&he Bork o' a! I!(ader,H o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d twe!ty/si1th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER 'I. PER#ON# A##OCIATED +ITH TRAITOR# AND ENE-IE# &D3A3 are two ki!ds o' i!!oce!t perso!s, those who ha(e disassociated themsel(es 'rom traitors a!d those who ha(e kept themsel(es away 'rom e!emies. I! order to separate citi0e!s a!d cou!try/people 'rom traitors, the ki!" should employ all the strate"ic mea!s, e1cept coercio!. It is (ery di''icult to i!'lict pu!ishme!t o! a! assem*ly o' i!'lue!tial me!, a!d i' i!'licted at all, it may !ot produce the desired e''ect, *ut may "i(e rise to u!desira*le co!se)ue!ces. De may, howe(er, take steps a"ai!st the leaders o' the seditious as show! i! the chapter o! "Awards o' -u!ishme!ts." I! order to separate his people 'rom a! e!emy, he should employ co!ciliatio! a!d other strate"ic mea!s to 'rustrate the attempt o' those who are the e!emy's pri!cipal a"e!ts or *y whom the e!emy's work is to *e carried out. %uccess i! securi!" the ser(ices o' capa*le a"e!ts depe!ds upo! the ki!", success o' e''orts depe!ds upo! mi!isters, a!d success to *e achie(ed throu"h capa*le a"e!ts is, there'ore, depe!de!t *oth upo! the ki!" a!d his mi!isters. Bhe!, i! spite o' the com*i!atio! o' traitors a!d loyal perso!s, success is achie(ed, it is mi1ed success, whe! people are thus mi1ed, success is to *e achie(ed throu"h the a"e!cy o' loyal perso!s, 'or i! the a*se!ce o' a support, !othi!" that re)uires a support 'or its e1iste!ce ca! e1ist. Bhe! success is i!(ol(ed i! the u!io! o' 'rie!ds a!d e!emies it is termed a success co!tami!ated *y a! e!emy, whe! success is co!tami!ated *y a! e!emy, it is to *e achie(ed throu"h the a"e!cy o' a 'rie!d, 'or it is easy to attai! success throu"h a 'rie!d, *ut !ot throu"h a! e!emy. Bhe! a 'rie!d does !ot come to terms, i!tri"ue should *e 're)ue!tly resorted to. &hrou"h the a"e!cy o' spies, the 'rie!d should *e wo! o(er a'ter separati!" him 'rom the e!emy. +r attempts may *e made to wi! him o(er who is the last amo!" com*i!ed 'rie!ds, 'or whe! he who is the last amo!" com*i!ed 'rie!ds is secured, those who

occupy the middle ra!k will *e separated 'rom each other, or attempts may *e made to wi! o(er a 'rie!d who occupies middle ra!k, 'or whe! a 'rie!d occupyi!" middle ra!k amo!" com*i!ed ki!"s is secured, 'rie!ds, occupyi!" the e1treme ra!ks ca!!ot keep the u!io!. >I! *rie'? all those measures which te!d to *reak their com*i!atio! should *e employed. A (irtuous ki!" may *e co!ciliated *y praisi!" his *irth, 'amily, lear!i!" a!d character, a!d *y poi!ti!" out the relatio!ship which his a!cestors had >with the proposer o' peace?, or *y descri*i!" the *e!e'its a!d a*se!ce o' e!mity show! to him. +r a ki!" who is o' "ood i!te!tio!s, or who has lost his e!thusiastic spirits, or whose strate"ic mea!s are all e1hausted a!d thwarted i! a !um*er o' wars, or who has lost his me! a!d wealth, or who has su''ered 'rom sojour!i!" a*road, or who is desirous o' "ai!i!" a 'rie!d i! "ood 'aith, or who is apprehe!si(e o' da!"er 'rom a!other, or who cares more 'or 'rie!dship tha! a!ythi!" else, may *e wo! o(er *y co!ciliatio!. +r a ki!" who is "reedy or who has lost his me! may *e wo! o(er *y "i(i!" "i'ts throu"h the medium o' ascetics a!d chie's who ha(e *ee! pre(iously kept with him 'or the purpose. 2i'ts are o' 'i(e ki!ds: a*a!do!me!t o' what is to *e paid, co!ti!ua!ce o' what is *ei!" "i(e!, repayme!t o' what is recei(ed, payme!t o' o!e's ow! wealth, a!d help 'or a (olu!tary raid o! the property o' others. Bhe! a!y two ki!"s are apprehe!si(e o' e!mity a!d sei0ure o' la!d 'rom each other, seeds o' disse!sio! may *e sow! *etwee! them. &he timid o' the two may *e threate!ed with destructio! a!d may *e told: "Da(i!" made peace with you, this ki!" works a"ai!st you, the 'rie!d o' this other ki!" is permitted to make a! ope! peace." Bhe! 'rom o!e's ow! cou!try or 'rom a!other's cou!try mercha!dise or commodities 'or ma!u'acture i! a ma!u'actory are "oi!" to a! e!emy's cou!try, spies may spread the i!'ormatio! that those commodities are o*tai!ed 'rom o!e whom the e!emy wa!ted to march a"ai!st. Bhe! commodities are thus "athered i! a*u!da!ce >the ow!er o' the articles? may se!d a messa"e to the e!emy: "&hese commodities a!d mercha!dise are se!t *y me to you, please declare war a"ai!st the com*i!ed ki!"s or desert them, you will the! "et the rest o' the tri*ute." &he! spies may i!'orm the other ki!"s o' the com*i!atio!, "&hese articles are "i(e! to him *y your e!emy." &he co!)ueror may "ather some mercha!dise peculiar to his e!emy's cou!try a!d u!k!ow! elsewhere. %pies, u!der the "ar* o' mercha!ts, may sell that mercha!dise to other importa!t e!emies a!d tell them that that mercha!dise was "i(e! >to the co!)ueror? *y the e!emy >whose cou!try's product it is?. +r ha(i!" pleased with wealth a!d ho!our those who are hi"hly treacherous >amo!" a! e!emy's people?, the co!)ueror may cause them to li(e with the e!emy, armed with weapo!s, poiso! a!d 'ire. +!e o' the mi!isters o' the e!emy may *e killed. Dis so!s a!d

wi'e may *e i!duced to say that the mi!ister was killed at !i"ht >*y such a!d such a perso!?. &he! the e!emy's mi!ister may ask e(ery o!e o' the 'amily o' the murdered mi!ister >as to the cause o' the death?. I' they say i! reply as they are told, they may *e caused to *e set 'ree, i' they do !ot do so, they may *e caused to *e cau"ht hold o'. Bhoe(er has "ai!ed the co!'ide!ce o' the ki!" may tell the ki!" >the e!emy? that he >the e!emy? has to "uard his ow! perso! 'rom such a!d such a mi!ister. &he! the recipie!t o' salaries 'rom the two states >the co!)ueror's a!d the e!emy's state? may i!'orm the suspected mi!ister to destroy >the ki!"?. +r such ki!"s as are possessed o' e!thusiasm a!d power may *e told: "%ei0e the cou!try o' this ki!", our treaty o' peace sta!di!" as *e'ore." &he! spies should i!'orm the particular ki!" o' the attempt o' these ki!"s a!d cause the destructio! o' the commissariat a!d o' the 'ollowers o' o!e o' these ki!"s. +ther spies, prete!di!" to *e 'rie!ds, should i!'orm these ki!"s o' the !ecessity o' destroyi!" the particular ki!". Bhe! a! e!emy's *ra(e soldier, elepha!t, or horse dies, or is killed, or carried o'' *y spies, other spies may tell the e!emy that the death is due to mutual co!'lict amo!" his 'ollowers. &he ma! who is employed to commit such murders may *e asked to repeat his work a"ai! o! the co!ditio! o' his recei(i!" the *ala!ce due to him. De should recei(e the amou!t 'rom the recipie!t o' salaries 'rom two states, whe! the ki!"'s party is thus di(ided, some may *e wo! o(er >to the side o' the co!)ueror?. &his e1plai!s the case o' the comma!der/i!/chie', the pri!ce, a!d the o''icers o' the army >o' the e!emy?. ;ikewise seeds o' disse!sio! may *e sow! amo!" com*i!ed states. &hus the work o' sowi!" the seeds o' disse!sio!. %pies u!der co!cealme!t may, without the help o' a 'iery spy, murder *y mea!s o' weapo!s, poiso! or other thi!"s a 'orti'ied e!emy who is o' mea! character or who is u!der trou*les, a!y o!e o' hidde! spies may do the work whe! it is 'ou!d easy, or a 'iery spy alo!e may do the work *y mea!s o' weapo!s, poiso! or 'ire, 'or a 'iery spy ca! do what others re)uire all the !ecessary aids to do. &hus the 'our 'orms o' strate"ic mea!s. +' these mea!s, that which comes 'irst i! the order o' e!umeratio! is, as stated i! co!!ectio! with "i!(aders," easier tha! the rest. o!ciliatio! is o' si!"le )uality, "i't is two/'old, si!ce co!ciliatio! precedes it, disse!sio! is three'old, si!ce co!ciliatio! a!d "i't precede it, a!d co!ciliatory coercio! is 'our'old, si!ce co!ciliatio!, "i't, a!d disse!sio! precede it. &he same mea!s are employed i! the case o' local e!emies, too, the di''ere!ce is this: the chie' messe!"ers k!ow! to the ma!u'actories may *e se!t to a!y o!e o' the local e!emies i! order to employ him 'or the purpose o' maki!" a treaty or 'or the purpose o' destroyi!" a!other perso!. Bhe! he a"rees to the proposal, the messe!"ers should i!'orm

>their master? o' their success. &he! recipie!ts o' salaries 'rom two states should i!'orm the people or e!emies co!cer!ed i! the local e!emy's work: "&his perso! >the local e!emy? is your wicked ki!"." Bhe! a perso! has reaso! to 'ear or hate a!other, spies may au"me!t disse!sio! *etwee! them *y telli!" o!e o' them: "&his ma! is maki!" a! a"reeme!t with your e!emy, a!d will soo! decei(e you, he!ce make peace >with the ki!"? soo! a!d attempt to put dow! this ma!." +r *y *ri!"i!" a*out 'rie!dship or marria"e co!!ectio! *etwee! perso!s who ha(e !ot *ee! hitherto co!!ected, spies may separate them 'rom others, or throu"h the aid o' a !ei"h*ouri!" ki!", a wild chie', a scio! o' a! e!emyJs 'amily, or a! impriso!ed pri!ce, local e!emies may *e destroyed outside the ki!"dom, or throu"h the a"e!cy o' a cara(a! or wild tri*es, a local e!emy may *e killed alo!" with his army, or perso!s, prete!di!" to *e the supporters o' a local e!emy a!d who are o' the same caste, may u!der 'a(oura*le opportu!ities kill him, or spies u!der co!cealme!t may kill local e!emies with 'ire, poiso!, a!d weapo!s. ` Bhe! the cou!try is 'ull o' local e!emies, they may *e "ot rid o' *y maki!" them dri!k poiso!ous >li)uids?, a! o*sti!ate >cle(er? e!emy may *e destroyed *y spies or *y mea!s o' >poiso!ed? 'lesh "i(e! to him i! "ood 'aith. :&hus e!ds hapter VI, "-erso!s Associated with &raitors a!d 3!emies,H i! Book IX, G&he Bork o' a! I!(ader,H o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d twe!ty/se(e!th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!",<

CHAPTER 'II. DO.BT# ABO.T +EALTH AND HAR-4 AND #.CCE## TO BE OBTAINED B/ THE E-PLO/-ENT OF ALTERNATI'E #TRATEGIC -EAN#. IF&3F%I&W o' desire a!d other passio!s pro(oke o!e's ow! people, impolicy pro(okes e1ter!al e!emies. Both these are the characteristics o' demo!iac li'e. A!"er distur*s the 'eeli!"s o' o!e's ow! me!. &hose causes which are co!duci(e to the prosperity o' o!e's e!emy are da!"erous wealth, pro(ocati(e wealth, a!d wealth o' dou*t'ul co!se)ue!ces. Bealth which, whe! o*tai!ed, i!creases the e!emy's prosperity, or which, thou"h o*tai!ed, is repaya*le to the e!emy, or which causes loss o' me! a!d mo!ey, is da!"erous wealth, 'or e1ample, wealth which is e!joyed i! commo! *y !ei"h*ouri!" ki!"s a!d which is ac)uired at their e1pe!se, or wealth which is asked 'or *y a! e!emy, or wealth which is sei0ed like o!e's ow! property, or wealth which is ac)uired i! the 'ro!t a!d which causes 'uture trou*les or pro(okes a! e!emy i! the rear, or wealth which is o*tai!ed *y destroyi!" a 'rie!d or *y *reaki!" a treaty a!d which is there'ore detested *y the ircle o' %tates//all these are the (arieties o' da!"erous wealth. Bealth which causes 'ear 'rom o!e's ow! people or 'rom a! e!emy is pro(ocati(e wealth.

Bhe!, i! co!!ectio! with these two ki!ds o' wealth, there arise dou*ts, such as: "Is it pro(ocati(e wealth or !ot@ Darmless wealth or pro(ocati(e wealth@ .irst pro(ocati(e a!d the! harmless@ Is it pro'ita*le to e!coura"e a! e!emy or a 'rie!d@ Bould the *estowal o' wealth a!d ho!our o! a! e!emy's army e1cite hatred or !ot@"//o' these dou*ts, dou*t re"ardi!" the ac)uireme!t o' wealth is pre'era*le to >dou*ts re"ardi!" harm or pro(ocatio!?. Bealth producti(e o' wealth, wealth producti(e o' !othi!", wealth producti(e o' harm, loss or harm producti(e o' wealth, suste!a!ce o' harm 'or !o pro'it, harm producti(e o' harm//these are the si1 (arieties o' harm'ul wealth. #estructio! o' a! e!emy i! the 'ro!t resulti!" i! the destructio! o' a! e!emy i! the rear is what is termed "wealth producti(e o' wealth." Bealth ac)uired *y helpi!" a !eutral ki!" with the army is what is called "wealth producti(e o' !othi!"." &he reductio! o' the i!ter!al stre!"th o' a! e!emy is "wealth producti(e o' harm." Delpi!" the !ei"h*ouri!" ki!" o' a! e!emy with me! a!d mo!ey is "harm producti(e o' wealth." Bithdrawal a'ter e!coura"i!" or setti!" a ki!" o' poor resources >a"ai!st a!other? is "harm producti(e o' !othi!"." I!acti(ity a'ter causi!" e1citeme!t to a superior ki!" is "harm producti(e o' harm." +' these, it is *etter to pursue that which is me!tio!ed 'irst i! the order o' e!umeratio! tha! that which is su*se)ue!tly me!tio!ed. &hus the procedure o' setti!" to work. Bhe! the surrou!di!" circumsta!ces are co!duci(e to wealth, it is k!ow! as wealth 'rom all sides. Bhe! the ac)uireme!t o' wealth 'rom all sides is o*structed *y a! e!emy i! the rear, it takes the 'orm o' da!"erous wealth i!(ol(ed i! dou*ts. I! these two cases, success ca! *e achie(ed *y securi!" the help o' a 'rie!d a!d the e!emy o' the rear/e!emy. Bhe! there is reaso! to apprehe!d 'ear 'rom e!emies o! all sides, it is a da!"erous trou*le, whe! a 'rie!d comes 'orward to a(ert this 'ear, that trou*le *ecomes i!(ol(ed i! dou*t. I! these two cases, success ca! *e achie(ed *y securi!" the support o' a !omadic e!emy a!d the e!emy o' the rear/e!emy.

Bhe! the prospect o' ac)uiri!" pro'it 'rom o!e or the other side is irremedia*ly o*structed *y e!emies, it is called "da!"erous wealth." I! this case as well as i! the case o' pro'it 'rom all sides, o!e should u!dertake to march 'or ac)uiri!" pro'ita*le wealth. Bhe! the prospects o' "etti!" wealth >'rom two sides? are e)ual, o!e should march to secure that which is importa!t, !ear, u!'aili!", a!d o*tai!a*le *y easy mea!s. Bhe! there is the apprehe!sio! o' harm 'rom o!e )uarter as well as 'rom a!other, it is wealth *eset with da!"er 'rom two sides. I! this case as well as i! the case o' wealth i!(ol(ed i! da!"er 'rom all sides, success is to *e desired with the help o' 'rie!ds. I! the a*se!ce o' 'rie!ds, he should attempt to ward o'' harm 'rom o!e side with the help o' a! ally who ca! *e easily wo! o(er, he should ward o'' harm 'rom two sides with help o' a! ally o' superior power, a!d he should ward o'' harm 'rom all sides with all the resources he ca! comma!d. Bhe! it is impossi*le to do this, he should ru! away, lea(i!" all that *elo!"s to him, 'or i' he li(es, his retur! to power is certai! as i! the case o' Suytra a!d #dayana. Bhe! there is the prospect o' wealth 'rom o!e side a!d the apprehe!sio! o' a! attack 'rom a!other, it is termed a situatio! *eset with wealth a!d harm. I! this case, he should march to ac)uire that wealth which will e!a*le him to ward o'' the attack, otherwise he should attempt to a(ert the attack. &his e1plai!s the situatio! which is *eset with wealth a!d harm o! all sides. Bhe! there is the apprehe!sio! o' harm 'rom o!e side a!d whe! the prospect o' ac)uiri!" wealth 'rom a!other side is i!(ol(ed i! dou*t, it is termed dou*t o' harm a!d wealth 'rom two sides. I! this, he should ward o'' the harm 'irst, whe! this is do!e, he should attempt to ac)uire the dou*t'ul wealth. &his e1plai!s the dou*t'ul situatio! o' harm a!d wealth 'rom all sides. Bhe! there is the prospect o' wealth 'rom o!e side a!d the apprehe!sio! o' dou*t'ul harm 'rom a!other, it is a dou*t'ul situatio! o' harm a!d wealth 'rom two sides. &his e1plai!s the situatio! o' dou*t'ul harm a!d wealth 'rom all sides. I! this, he should attempt to ward o'' the dou*ts o' harm a"ai!st each o' the eleme!ts o' his so(erei"!ty i! order, 'or it is *etter to lea(e a 'rie!d u!der circumsta!ces o' dou*t'ul harm, tha! the army, also the army may *e le't u!der circumsta!ces o' dou*t'ul harm, *ut !ot the treasury. Bhe! all the eleme!ts o' his so(erei"!ty ca!!ot *e relie(ed 'rom harm, he should attempt to relie(e some o' them at least. Amo!" the eleme!ts, he should attempt to relie(e 'irst those a!imate eleme!ts which are most loyal, a!d 'ree 'rom 'ire*ra!ds a!d "reedy me!, o' i!a!imate eleme!ts >he should relie(e? that which is most precious a!d use'ul. %uch eleme!ts as are capa*le o' easy relie' may *e relie(ed *y such mea!s as a! a"reeme!t o' peace, o*ser(a!ce o' !eutrality, a!d maki!" peace with o!e a!d wa"i!" war with a!other. &hose which re)uire "reater e''orts may *e relie(ed *y other mea!s. +' deterioratio!, sta"!atio! a!d pro"ress, he should attempt to secure that which is me!tio!ed later i! the order o' e!umeratio!, or i! the re(erse order, i' he 'i!ds that deterioratio! a!d other sta"es are co!duci(e to 'uture prosperity. &hus the determi!atio!

o' situatio!s. &his e1plai!s the situatio! o' dou*t'ul harm a!d wealth i! the middle or at the close o' a march. %i!ce dou*ts o' wealth a!d harm are co!sta!tly associated with all e1peditio!s, it is *etter to secure wealth *y which it is easy to destroy a! e!emy i! the rear a!d his allies, to recoup the loss o' me! a!d mo!ey, to make pro(isio!s duri!" the time o' sojour!i!" a*road, to make "ood what is repaya*le, a!d to de'e!d the state. Also harm or dou*t'ul prospects o' wealth i! o!e's ow! state are always i!tolera*le. &his e1plai!s the situatio! o' dou*t'ul harm i! the middle o' a! e1peditio!. But at the close o' a! e1peditio!, it is *etter to ac)uire wealth either *y reduci!" or destroyi!" a reduci*le or assaila*le e!emy tha! to "et i!to a situatio! o' dou*t'ul harm, lest e!emies mi"ht cause trou*les. But, 'or o!e who is !ot the leader o' com*i!atio! o' states, it is *etter to risk the situatio! o' dou*t'ul wealth or harm i! the middle or at the close o' a! e1peditio!, si!ce o!e is !ot o*li"ed to co!ti!ue the e1peditio!. Bealth, (irtue, a!d e!joyme!t 'orm the a""re"ate o' the three ki!ds o' wealth. +' these, it is *etter to secure that which is me!tio!ed 'irst tha! that which is su*se)ue!tly me!tio!ed i! the order o' e!umeratio!. Darm, si! a!d "rie' 'orm the a""re"ate, o' the three ki!ds o' harm. +' these, it is *etter to pro(ide a"ai!st that which is me!tio!ed 'irst, tha! that which is su*se)ue!tly me!tio!ed. Bealth or harm, (irtue or si!, a!d e!joyme!t or "rie', are the a""re"ate o' the three ki!ds o' dou*ts. +' these, it is *etter to try that which is me!tio!ed 'irst tha! that which is me!tio!ed later i! the order o' e!umeratio!, a!d which it is certai! to shake o''. &hus the determi!atio! o' opportu!ities. &hus e!ds the discourse o! da!"er. Ae"ardi!" success i! these da!"erous situatio!s a!d times: i! the case o' trou*les 'rom so!s, *rothers or relati(es, it is *etter to secure relie' *y mea!s o' co!ciliatio! a!d "i'ts, i! the case o' trou*les 'rom citi0e!s, cou!try people, or chie's o' the army, it is *y mea!s o' "i'ts a!d sowi!" the seeds o' disse!sio!, i! the case o' trou*les 'rom a !ei"h*ouri!" ki!" or wild tri*es, it is *y mea!s o' sowi!" the seeds o' disse!sio! a!d coercio!. &his is 'ollowi!" the order o' the mea!s. I! other ki!ds o' situatio!s, the same mea!s may *e employed i! the re(erse order. %uccess a"ai!st 'rie!ds a!d e!emies is always achie(ed *y complicated mea!s, 'or strate"ic mea!s help each other. I! the case o' suspected mi!isters o' a! e!emy, the employme!t o' co!ciliatio! does !ot !eed the use o' the other mea!s, i! the case o' treacherous mi!isters it is *y mea!s o' "i'ts, i! the case o' com*i!atio! o' states, it is *y mea!s o' sowi!" the seeds o' disse!sio!, a!d i! the case o' the power'ul, it is *y mea!s o' coercio!. Bhe! "ra(e a!d li"ht da!"ers are to"ether apprehe!ded, a particular mea!s, or alter!ati(e mea!s or all the mea!s may *e employed.

By this alo!e, *ut !ot *y a!y other mea!s, is what is mea!t *y a particular mea!s. By this or that, is what is mea!t *y alter!ati(e mea!s. By this as well as *y that, is what is mea!t *y all the mea!s. +' these, the si!"le mea!s as well as the com*i!atio! o' a!y three mea!s are 'our, the com*i!atio!s o' a!y two mea!s are si1, a!d the com*i!atio! o' all the 'our is o!e. &hus there are 'i'tee! ki!ds o' strate"ic mea!s. +' the same !um*er are the mea!s i! the re(erse order. Bhe! a ki!" attai!s success *y o!ly o!e mea!s amo!" these (arious mea!s, he is called o!e o' si!"le success, whe! *y two, o!e o' dou*le success, whe! *y three, o!e o' tre*le success, a!d whe! *y 'our, o!e o' 'our/'old success. As (irtue is the *asis o' wealth a!d as e!joyme!t is the e!d o' wealth, success i! achie(i!" that ki!d o' wealth which promotes (irtue, wealth a!d e!joyme!t is termed success i! all >sarvrthasiddhi@. &hus (arieties o' success. %uch pro(ide!tial (isitatio!s as 'ire, 'loods, disease, pestile!ce >pramara?, 'e(er >vidrava?, 'ami!e, a!d demo!iac trou*les are da!"erous. %uccess i! a(erti!" these is to *e sou"ht *y worshippi!" "ods a!d BrChma!s. ` Bhether demo!iacal trou*les are a*se!t, or are too ma!y, or !ormal, the rites prescri*ed i! the Atharvaveda as well as the rites u!dertake! *y accomplished ascetics are to *e per'ormed 'or success. :&hus e!ds hapter VII, G#ou*ts a*out Bealth a!d Darm, a!d %uccess to *e +*tai!ed *y the 3mployme!t o' Alter!ati(e %trate"ic 4ea!sH i! Book IX, G&he Bork o' a! I!(ader,H o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d twe!ty/ei"hth chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!". Bith this, e!ds the !i!th Book G&he Bork o' a! I!(aderH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya.<

.rom: Kautilya. Arthashastra. &ra!slated *y A. %hamasastry. Ba!"alore: 2o(er!me!t -ress, 5Q56, O55/OM9.

Kautilya's Arthashastra: Book X, "Aelati!" to Bar"

CHAPTER I. ENCA-P-ENT. +F a site declared to *e the *est accordi!" to the scie!ce o' *uildi!"s, the leader >nyaka?, the carpe!ter >vardhaki?, a!d the astrolo"er >mauh0rtika? should measure a

circular, recta!"ular, or s)uare spot 'or the camp which should, i! accorda!ce with the a(aila*le space, co!sist o' 'our "ates, si1 roads, a!d !i!e di(isio!s. -ro(ided with ditches, parapets, walls, doors, a!d watch towers 'or de'e!ce a"ai!st 'ear, the )uarters o' the ki!", 5,777 *ows lo!" a!d hal' as *road, should *e situated i! o!e o' the !i!e di(isio!s to the !orth 'rom the ce!tre, while to the west o' it his harem, a!d at its e1tremity the army o' the harem are to *e situated. I! his 'ro!t, the place 'or worshippi!" "ods, to his ri"ht the departme!ts o' 'i!a!ce a!d accou!ts, a!d to his le't the )uarters o' elepha!ts a!d horses mou!ted *y the ki!" himsel'. +utside this a!d at a dista!ce o' 577 *ows 'rom each other, there should *e 'i1ed 'our cart/poles >sakatamedhi? pillars a!d walls. I! the 'irst >o' these 'our di(isio!s?, the prime mi!ister a!d the priest >should ha(e their )uarters?, to its ri"ht the store/house a!d the kitche!: to its le't the store o' raw products a!d weapo!s, i! the seco!d di(isio! the )uarters o' the hereditary army a!d o' horses a!d chariots: outside this, hu!ters a!d keepers o' do"s with their trumpets a!d with 'ire, also spies a!d se!ti!els, also, to pre(e!t the attack o' e!emies, wells, mou!ds a!d thor!s should *e arra!"ed. &he ei"htee! di(isio!s o' se!ti!els employed 'or the purpose o' securi!" the sa'ety o' the ki!" should *e cha!"i!" their watches i! tur!. I! order to ascertai! the mo(eme!ts o' spies, a time/ta*le o' *usi!ess should also *e prepared duri!" the day. #isputes, dri!ki!", social "atheri!"s, a!d "am*li!" should also *e prohi*ited. &he system o' passports should also *e o*ser(ed. &he o''icer i! char"e o' the *ou!dary >o' the camp? should super(ise the co!duct o' the comma!der/i!/chie' a!d the o*ser(a!ce o' the i!structio!s "i(e! to the army. ` &he i!structor >prasst? with his reti!ue a!d with carpe!ters a!d 'ree la*ourers should care'ully march i! 'ro!t o! the road, a!d should di" wells o' water. :&hus e!ds hapter I, G3!campme!t,H i! Book X, GAelati!" to Bar,H o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d twe!ty/!i!th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER II. -ARCH OF THE CA-P4 AND PROTECTION OF THE AR-/ IN TI-E# OF DI#TRE## AND ATTACK. DAVIF2 prepared a list o' the (illa"es a!d 'orests situated o! the road with re'ere!ce to their capacity to supply "rass, 'irewood a!d water, march o' the army should *e re"ulated accordi!" to the pro"ramme o' short a!d lo!" halts. .ood/stu''s a!d pro(isio!s should *e carried i! dou*le the )ua!tity that may *e re)uired i! a!y emer"e!cy. I! the a*se!ce o' separate mea!s to carry 'ood/stu''s, the army itsel' should *e e!trusted with the *usi!ess o' carryi!" them, or they may *e stored i! a ce!tral place. I! 'ro!t the leader >nyaka?, i! the ce!tre the harem a!d the master >the ki!"?, o! the sides horses a!d *ody"uards >&h0tsra?, at the e1tremity o' the >marchi!"? circular/ array, elepha!ts a!d the surplus army, o! all sides the army ha*ituated to 'orest/li'e, a!d other troops 'ollowi!" the camp, the commissariat, the army o' a! ally, a!d his 'ollowers

should select their ow! road: 'or armies who ha(e secured suita*le positio!s will pro(e superior i! 'i"ht to those who are i! *ad positio!s. &he army o' the lowest )uality ca! march a yo(ana >6 6/OO miles a day?, that o' the middle )uality a yo(ana a!d a hal' a!d the *est army two yo(anas. De!ce, it is easy to ascertai! the rate o' march. &he comma!der should march *ehi!d a!d put up his camp i! the 'ro!t. I! case o' a!y o*structio!, the army should march i! crocodile array i! the 'ro!t, i! cart/like array *ehi!d, a!d o! the sides i! diamo!d/like array >i.e., i! 'our or 'i(e rows, each ha(i!" its 'ro!t, rear a!d sides? a!d i! a compact array o! all sides. Bhe! the army is marchi!" o! a path passa*le *y a si!"le ma!, it should march i! pi!/like array. Bhe! peace is made with o!e a!d war is to *e wa"ed with a!other, steps should *e take! to protect the 'rie!ds who are *ri!"i!" help a"ai!st e!emies, such as a! e!emy i! the rear, his ally, a madhyama ki!", or a !eutral ki!". Aoads with o*structio!s should *e e1ami!ed a!d cleared. .i!a!ce, the army, the the stre!"th o' the armies o' 'rie!ds, e!emies, a!d wild tri*es, the prospect o' rai!s, a!d the seaso!s should *e thorou"hly e1ami!ed. Bhe! the protecti(e power o' 'orti'icatio!s a!d stores >o' the e!emies? is o! its decay, whe! it is thou"ht that distress o' the hired army or o' a 'rie!d's army >o' the e!emy? is impe!di!", whe! i!tri"uers are !ot 'or a )uick march, or whe! the e!emy is likely to come to terms >with the i!(ader?, slow march should *e made, otherwise )uick march should *e made. Baters may *e crossed *y mea!s o' elepha!ts, pla!ks spread o(er pillars erected, *rid"es, *oats, tim*er a!d mass o' *am*oos, as well as *y mea!s o' dry sour "ourds, *i" *askets co(ered with ski!s, ra'ts, %andik >i?, a!d venik >i?. Bhe! the crossi!" o' a ri(er is o*structed *y the e!emy, the i!(ader may cross it elsewhere to"ether with his elepha!ts a!d horses, a!d e!ta!"le the e!emy i! a! am*uscade >sattra?. De should protect his army whe! it has to pass a lo!" desert without water, whe! it is without "rass, 'irewood a!d water, whe! it has to tra(erse a di''icult road, whe! it is harassed *y a! e!emy's attacks, whe! it is su''eri!" 'rom hu!"er a!d thirst a'ter a jour!ey, whe! it is asce!di!" or desce!di!" a mou!tai!ous cou!try 'ull o' mire, water/ pools, ri(ers a!d cataracts, whe! it 'i!ds itsel' crowded i! a !arrow a!d di''icult path, whe! it is halti!", starti!" or eati!", whe! it is tired 'rom a lo!" march, whe! it is sleepy, whe! it is su''eri!" 'rom a disease, pestile!ce or 'ami!e, whe! a "reat portio! o' its i!'a!try, ca(alry a!d elepha!ts is diseased, whe! it is !ot su''icie!tly stro!", or whe! it is u!der trou*les. De should destroy the e!emy's army u!der such circumsta!ces. Bhe! the e!emy's army is marchi!" throu"h a path tra(ersa*le *y a si!"le ma!, the comma!der >o' the i!(ader's army? should ascertai! its stre!"th *y estimati!" the

)ua!tity o' 'ood/stu''s, "rass, *eddi!", a!d other re)uisites, 'ire pots >a%ninidhna?, 'la"s a!d weapo!s. De should also co!ceal those o' his ow! army. ` Keepi!" a mou!tai!ous or ri(er 'ortress with all its resources at his *ack i! his ow! cou!try he should 'i"ht or put up his camp. :&hus e!ds hapter II, "4arch o' the amp, a!d -rotectio! o' the Army i! &imes o' #istress a!d Attack" i! Book X, "Aelati!" to Bar" o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d thirtieth chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER III. FOR-# OF TREACHERO.# FIGHT#4 ENCO.RAGE-ENT TO ONE0# O+N AR-/ AND FIGHT BET+EEN ONE0# O+N AND ENE-/0# AR-IE#. D3 who is possessed o' a stro!" army, who has succeeded i! his i!tri"ues, a!d who has applied remedies a"ai!st da!"ers may u!dertake a! ope! 'i"ht, i' he has secured a positio! 'a(oura*le to himsel', otherwise a treacherous 'i"ht. De should strike the e!emy whe! the latter's army is u!der trou*les or is 'uriously attacked, or he who has secured a 'a(oura*le positio! may strike the e!emy e!ta!"led i! a! u!'a(oura*le positio!. +r he who possesses co!trol o(er the eleme!ts o' his ow! state may, throu"h the aid o' the e!emy's traitors, e!emies a!d i!imical wild tri*es, make a 'alse impressio! o' his ow! de'eat o! the mi!d o' the e!emy who is e!tre!ched i! a 'a(oura*le positio!, a!d ha(i!" thus dra""ed the e!emy i!to a! u!'a(oura*le positio!, he may strike the latter. Bhe! the e!emy's army is i! a compact *ody, he should *reak it *y mea!s o' his elepha!ts, whe! the e!emy has come dow! 'rom its 'a(oura*le positio!, 'ollowi!" the 'alse impressio! o' the i!(ader's de'eat, the i!(ader may tur! *ack a!d strike the e!emy's army, *roke! or u!*roke!. Da(i!" struck the 'ro!t o' the e!emy's army, he may strike it a"ai! *y mea!s o' his elepha!ts a!d horses whe! it has show! its *ack a!d is ru!!i!" away. Bhe! 'ro!tal attack is u!'a(oura*le, he should strike it 'rom *ehi!d, whe! attack o! the rear is u!'a(oura*le, he should strike it i! 'ro!t, whe! attack o! o!e side is u!'a(oura*le, he should strike it o! the other. +r ha(i!" caused the e!emy to 'i"ht with his ow! army o' traitors, e!emies a!d wild tri*es, the i!(ader should with his 'resh army strike the e!emy whe! tired. +r ha(i!" throu"h the aid o' the army o' traitors "i(e! to the e!emy the impressio! o' de'eat, the i!(ader with 'ull co!'ide!ce i! his ow! stre!"th may allure a!d strike the o(er/co!'ide!t e!emy. +r the i!(ader, i' he is (i"ila!t, may strike the careless e!emy whe! the latter is deluded with the thou"ht that the i!(ader's mercha!ts, camp a!d carriers ha(e *ee! destroyed. +r ha(i!" made his stro!" 'orce look like a weak 'orce, he may strike the e!emy's *ra(e me! whe! 'alli!" a"ai!st him. +r ha(i!" captured the e!emy's cattle or ha(i!" destroyed the e!emy's do"s >svapadavadha@?, he may i!duce the e!emy's *ra(e me! to come out a!d may slay them. +r ha(i!" made the e!emy's me! sleepless *y harassi!" them at !i"ht, he may strike them duri!" the day, whe! they are weary 'rom

wa!t o' sleep a!d are parched *y heat, himsel' *ei!" u!der the shade. +r with his army o' elepha!ts e!shrouded with cotto! a!d leather dress, he may o''er a !i"ht/*attle to his e!emy. +r he may strike the e!emy's me! duri!" the a'ter!oo! whe! they are tired *y maki!" preparatio!s duri!" the 'ore!oo!, or he may strike the whole o' the e!emy's army whe! it is 'aci!" the su!. A desert, a da!"erous spot, marshy places, mou!tai!s, (alleys, u!e(e! *oats, cows, cart/like array o' the army, mist, a!d !i"ht are sattras >temptatio!s alluri!" the e!emy a"ai!st the i!(ader?. &he *e"i!!i!" o' a! attack is the time 'or treacherous 'i"hts. As to a! ope! or 'air 'i"ht, a (irtuous ki!" should call his army to"ether, a!d, speci'yi!" the place a!d time o' *attle, address them thus: "I am a paid ser(a!t like yoursel(es, this cou!try is to *e e!joyed >*y me? to"ether with you, you ha(e to strike the e!emy speci'ied *y me." Dis mi!ister a!d priest should e!coura"e the army *y sayi!" thus:// "It is declared i! the Vedas that the "oal which is reached *y sacri'icers a'ter per'ormi!" the 'i!al a*lutio!s i! sacri'ices i! which the priests ha(e *ee! duly paid 'or is the (ery "oal which *ra(e me! are desti!ed to attai!." A*out this there are the two (erses// ` Beyo!d those places which BrChma!s, desirous o' "etti!" i!to hea(e!, attai! to"ether with their sacri'icial i!strume!ts *y per'ormi!" a !um*er o' sacri'ices, or *y practisi!" pe!a!ce are the places which *ra(e me!, losi!" li'e i! "ood *attles, are desti!ed to attai! immediately. ` ;et !ot a !ew (essel 'illed with water, co!secrated a!d co(ered o(er with dar&ha "rass *e the ac)uisitio! o' that ma! who does !ot 'i"ht i! retur! 'or the su*siste!ce recei(ed *y him 'rom his master, a!d who is there'ore desti!ed to "o to hell. Astrolo"ers a!d other 'ollowers o' the ki!" should i!'use spirit i!to his army *y poi!ti!" out the impre"!a*le !ature o' the array o' his army, his power to associate with "ods, a!d his om!iscie!cy, a!d they should at the same time 'ri"hte! the e!emy. &he day *e'ore the *attle, the ki!" should 'ast a!d lie dow! o! his chariot with weapo!s. De should also make o*latio!s i!to the 'ire pro!ou!ci!" the mantras o' the Atharvaveda2 a!d cause prayers to *e o''ered 'or the "ood o' the (ictors as well as o' those who attai! to hea(e! *y dyi!" i! the *attle/'ield. De should also su*mit his perso! to BrChma!s, he should make the ce!tral portio! o' his army co!sist o' such me! as are !oted 'or their *ra(ery, skill, hi"h *irth, a!d loyalty a!d as are !ot displeased with the rewards a!d ho!ours *estowed o! them. &he place that is to *e occupied *y the ki!" is that portio! o' the army which is composed o' his 'ather, so!s, *rothers, a!d other me!, skilled i! usi!" weapo!s, a!d ha(i!" !o 'la"s a!d head/dress. De should mou!t a! elepha!t or a chariot, i' the army co!sists mostly o' horses, or he may mou!t that ki!d o' a!imal, o' which the

army is mostly composed or which is the most skill'ully trai!ed. +!e who is dis"uised like the ki!" should atte!d to the work o' arrayi!" the army. %oothsayers a!d court *ards should descri*e hea(e! as the "oal 'or the *ra(e a!d hell 'or the timid, a!d also e1tol the caste, corporatio!, 'amily, deeds, a!d character o' his me!. &he 'ollowers o' the priest should proclaim the auspicious aspects o' the witchcra't per'ormed. %pies, carpe!ters a!d astrolo"ers should also declare the success o' their ow! operatio!s a!d the 'ailure o' those o' the e!emy. A'ter ha(i!" pleased the army with rewards a!d ho!ours, the comma!der/i!/chie' should address it a!d say:// A hu!dred thousa!d >panas? 'or slayi!" the ki!" >the e!emy?, 'i'ty thousa!d 'or slayi!" the comma!der/i!/chie', a!d the heir/appare!t, te! thousa!d 'or slayi!" the chie' o' the *ra(e, 'i(e thousa!d 'or destroyi!" a! elepha!t, or a chariot, a thousa!d 'or killi!" a horse, a hu!dred >panas? 'or slayi!" the chie' o' the i!'a!try, twe!ty 'or *ri!"i!" a head, a!d twice the pay i! additio! to whate(er is sei0ed. &his i!'ormatio! should *e made k!ow! to the leaders o' e(ery "roup o' te! >me!?. -hysicia!s with sur"ical i!strume!ts >sastra?, machi!es, remedial oils, a!d cloth i! their ha!ds, a!d wome! with prepared 'ood a!d *e(era"e should sta!d *ehi!d, utteri!" e!coura"i!" words to 'i"hti!" me!. &he army should *e arrayed o! a 'a(oura*le positio!, 'aci!" other tha! the south )uarter, with its *ack tur!ed to the su!, a!d capa*le to rush as it sta!ds. I' the array is made o! a! u!'a(oura*le spot, horses should *e ru!. I' the army arrayed o! a! u!'a(oura*le positio! is co!'i!ed or is made to ru! away 'rom it >*y the e!emy?, it will *e su*ju"ated either as sta!di!" or ru!!i!" away, otherwise it will co!)uer the e!emy whe! sta!di!" or ru!!i!" away. &he e(e!, u!e(e!, a!d comple1 !ature o' the "rou!d i! the 'ro!t or o! the sides or i! the rear should *e e1ami!ed. +! a! e(e! site, sta''/like or circular array should *e made, a!d o! a! u!e(e! "rou!d, arrays o' compact mo(eme!t or o' detached *odies should *e made. Da(i!" *roke! the whole army >o' the e!emy?, >the i!(ader? should seek 'or peace, i' the armies are o' e)ual stre!"th, he should make peace whe! re)uested 'or it, a!d i' the e!emy's army is i!'erior, he should attempt to destroy it, *ut !ot that which has secured a 'a(oura*le positio! a!d is reckless o' li'e. ` Bhe! a *roke! army, reckless o' li'e, resumes its attack, its 'ury *ecomes irresisti*le, he!ce he should !ot harass a *roke! army >o' the e!emy?. :&hus e!ds hapter III, ".orms o' &reacherous .i"hts, 3!coura"eme!t to +!e's +w! Army, a!d .i"ht Betwee! +!e's +w! a!d 3!emy's Armies," i! Book X, "Aelati!" to Bar," o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d thirty/'irst chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER I'. BATTLEFIELD#4 THE +ORK OF INFANTR/5 CA'ALR/5 CHARIOT#5 AND ELEPHANT#. .AV+EAAB;3 positio!s 'or i!'a!try, ca(alry, chariots, a!d elepha!ts are desira*le *oth 'or war a!d camp. .or me! who are trai!ed to 'i"ht i! desert tracts, 'orests, (alleys, or plai!s, a!d 'or those who are trai!ed to 'i"ht 'rom ditches or hei"hts, duri!" the day or !i"ht, a!d 'or elepha!ts which are *red i! cou!tries with ri(ers, mou!tai!s, marshy la!ds, or lakes, as well as 'or horses, such *attle'ields as they would 'i!d suita*le >are to *e secured?. &hat which is e(e!, sple!didly 'irm, 'ree 'rom mou!ds a!d pits made *y wheels a!d 'oot/pri!ts o' *easts, !ot o''eri!" o*structio!s to the a1le, 'ree 'rom trees, pla!ts, creepers a!d tru!ks o' trees, !ot wet, a!d 'ree 'rom pits, a!t/hills, sa!d, a!d thor!s is the "rou!d 'or chariots. .or elepha!ts, horses a!d me!, e(e! or u!e(e! "rou!ds are "ood, either 'or war or 'or camp. &hat which co!tai!s small sto!es, trees a!d pits that ca! *e jumped o(er a!d which is almost 'ree 'rom thor!s is the "rou!d 'or horses. &hat which co!tai!s *i" sto!es, dry or "ree! trees, a!d a!t/hills is the "rou!d 'or the i!'a!try. &hat which is u!e(e! with assaila*le hills a!d (alleys, which has trees that ca! *e pulled dow! a!d pla!ts that ca! *e tor!, a!d which is 'ull o' muddy soil 'ree 'rom thor!s is the "rou!d 'or elepha!ts. &hat which is 'ree 'rom thor!s, !ot (ery u!e(e!, *ut (ery e1pa!si(e, is a! e1celle!t "rou!d 'or the i!'a!try. &hat which is dou*ly e1pa!si(e, 'ree 'rom mud, water a!d roots o' trees, a!d which is de(oid o' pierci!" "ra(el is a! e1celle!t "rou!d 'or horses. &hat which possesses dust, muddy soil, water, "rass a!d weeds, a!d which is 'ree 'rom thor!s >k!ow! as do"'s teeth? a!d o*structio!s 'rom the *ra!ches o' *i" trees is a! e1celle!t "rou!d 'or elepha!ts. &hat which co!tai!s lakes, which is 'ree 'rom mou!ds a!d wet la!ds, a!d which a''ords space 'or tur!i!" is a! e1celle!t "rou!d 'or chariots.

-ositio!s suita*le 'or all the co!stitue!ts o' the army ha(e *ee! treated o'. &his e1plai!s the !ature o' the "rou!d which is 'it 'or the camp or *attle o' all ki!ds o' the army. o!ce!tratio! o! occupied positio!s, i! camps a!d 'orests, holdi!" the ropes >o' *easts a!d other thi!"s? while crossi!" the ri(ers or whe! the wi!d is *lowi!" hard, destructio! or protectio! o' the commissariat a!d o' troops arri(i!" a'resh, super(isio! o' the discipli!e o' the army, le!"the!i!" the li!e o' the army, protecti!" the sides o' the army, 'irst attack, dispersio! >o' the e!emy's army?, trampli!" it dow!, de'e!ce, sei0i!", letti!" it out, causi!" the army to take a di''ere!t directio!, carryi!" the treasury a!d the pri!ces, 'alli!" a"ai!st the rear o' the e!emy, chasi!" the timid, pursuit, a!d co!ce!tratio!//these co!stitute the work o' horses. 4archi!" i! the 'ro!t, prepari!" the roads, campi!" "rou!ds a!d path 'or *ri!"i!" water, protecti!" the sides, 'irm sta!di!", 'ordi!" a!d e!teri!" i!to water while crossi!" pools o' water a!d asce!di!" 'rom them, 'orced e!tra!ce i!to impre"!a*le places, setti!" or )ue!chi!" the 'ire, the su*ju"atio! o' o!e o' the 'our co!stitue!ts o' the army, "atheri!" the dispersed army, *reaki!" a compact army, protectio! a"ai!st da!"ers, trampli!" dow! >the e!emy's army?, 'ri"hte!i!" a!d dri(i!" it, ma"!i'ice!ce, sei0i!", a*a!do!i!", destructio! o' walls, "ates a!d towers, a!d carryi!" the treasury//these co!stitute the work o' elepha!ts. -rotectio! o' the army, repelli!" the attack made *y all the 'our co!stitue!ts o' the e!emy's army, sei0i!" a!d a*a!do!i!" >positio!s? duri!" the time o' *attle, "atheri!" a dispersed army, *reaki!" the compact array o' the e!emy's army, 'ri"hte!i!" it, ma"!i'ice!ce, a!d 'ear'ul !oise//these co!stitute the work o' chariots. Always carryi!" the weapo!s to all places, a!d 'i"hti!"//these co!stitute the work o' the i!'a!try. &he e1ami!atio! o' camps, roads, *rid"es, wells a!d ri(ers, carryi!" the machi!es, weapo!s, armours, i!strume!ts a!d pro(isio!s, carryi!" away the me! that are k!ocked dow!, alo!" with their weapo!s a!d armours///these co!stitute the work o' 'ree la*ourers. ` &he ki!" who has a small !um*er o' horses may com*i!e *ulls with horses, likewise whe! he is de'icie!t i! elepha!ts, he may 'ill up the ce!tre o' his army with mules, camels a!d carts. :&hus e!ds hapter IV, GBattle'ields, the Bork o' I!'a!try, a(alry, hariots a!d 3lepha!ts,H i! Book X, GAelati!" to Bar,H o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d thirty/seco!d chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".< CHAPTER '. THE DI#TINCTI'E ARRA/ OF TROOP# IN RF#PECT OF +ING#5 FLANK#5 AND FRONT4 DI#TINCTION BET+EEN #TRONG AND

+EAK TROOP#4 AND BATTLE +ITH INFANTR/5 CA'ALR/5 CHARIOT# AND ELEPHANT#. DAVIF2 'orti'ied a camp at the dista!ce o' 'i(e hu!dred *ows he should *e"i! to 'i"ht. Da(i!" detached the 'lower o' the army a!d kept it o! a 'a(oura*le positio! !ot (isi*le >to the e!emy?, the comma!der/i!/chie' a!d the leader should array the rest o' the army. &he i!'a!try should *e arrayed such that the space *etwee! a!y two me! is a sama >5O an%ulas?, ca(alry with three samas, chariots with 'our samasG a!d elepha!ts with twice or thrice as much space >as *etwee! a!y two chariots?. Bith such a! array 'ree to mo(e a!d ha(i!" !o co!'usio!, o!e should 'i"ht. A *ow mea!s 'i(e aratnis >6 1 6O X 5N7 an%ulas?. Archers should *e statio!ed at the dista!ce o' 'i(e *ows >'rom o!e li!e to a!other?, the ca(alry at the dista!ce o' three *ows, a!d chariots or elepha!ts at the dista!ce o' 'i(e *ows. &he i!ter(e!i!" space >an.kasandhi? *etwee! wi!"s, 'la!ks a!d 'ro!t o' the army should *e 'i(e *ows. &here must *e three me! to oppose a horse >pratiyoddha?, 'i'tee! me! or 'i(e horses to oppose a chariot or a! elepha!t, a!d as ma!y >'i'tee!? ser(a!ts > pda%opa@ 'or a horse, a chariot a!d a! elepha!t should *e mai!tai!ed. &hree "roups >an.ka? o' three chariots each should *e statio!ed i! 'ro!t, the same !um*er o! the two 'la!ks a!d the two wi!"s. &hus, i! a! array o' chariots, the !um*er o' chariots amou!ts to 'orty/'i(e, two hu!dred a!d twe!ty/'i(e horses, si1 hu!dred a!d se(e!ty/'i(e me!, a!d as ma!y ser(a!ts to atte!d upo! the horses, chariots a!d elepha!ts//this is called a! e(e! array o' troops. &he !um*er o' chariots i! this array >o' three "roups o' three chariots each? may *e i!creased *y two a!d two till the i!creased !um*er amou!ts to twe!ty/o!e. &hus, this array o' odd !um*ers o' chariots "i(es rise to te! odd (arieties. &hus the surplus o' the army may there'ore *e distri*uted i! the a*o(e ma!!er. &wo/thirds o' the >surplus? chariots may *e added to the 'la!ks a!d the wi!"s, the rest *ei!" put i! 'ro!t. &hus the added surplus o' chariots should *e o!e/third less >tha! the !um*er added to the 'la!ks a!d wi!"s?. &his e1plai!s the distri*utio! o' surplus elepha!ts a!d horses. As ma!y horses, chariots, a!d elepha!ts may *e added as occasio! !o co!'usio! i! 'i"hti!". 31cess o' the army is called surplus >vpa?, de'icie!cy i! i!'a!try is called a*se!ce o' surplus >pratyvpa?, e1cess o' a!y o!e o' the 'our co!stitue!ts o' the army is aki! to surplus >anvvpa?, e1cess o' traitors is 'ar 'rom surplus >atyvpa?, i! accorda!ce with o!e's ow! resources, o!e should i!crease o!e's army 'rom 'our to ei"ht times the e1cess o' the e!emy's army or the de'icie!cy i! the e!emy's i!'a!try. &he array o' elepha!ts is e1plai!ed *y the array o' chariots. A! array o' elepha!ts, chariots, a!d horses mi1ed to"ether may also *e made: at the e1tremities o' the circle >array?, elepha!ts, a!d o! the 'la!ks, horses a!d pri!cipal chariots. &he array i! which the 'ro!t is occupied *y elepha!ts, the 'la!ks *y chariots, a!d the wi!"s *y horses is a! array which ca! *reak the ce!tre o' the e!emy's army, the re(erse o' this ca! harass the e1tremities o' the e!emy's army. A! array o' elepha!ts may also *e made: the 'ro!t *y such elepha!ts as are trai!ed 'or war, the 'la!ks *y such as are trai!ed 'or ridi!", a!d the

wi!"s *y ro"ue elepha!ts. I! a! array o' horses, the 'ro!t *y horses with mail armour, a!d the 'la!ks a!d wi!"s *y horses without armour. I! a! array o' i!'a!try, me! dressed i! mail armour i! 'ro!t, archers i! the rear, a!d me! without armour o! the wi!"s, or horses o! the wi!"s, elepha!ts o! the 'la!ks, a!d chariots i! 'ro!t, other cha!"es may also *e made so as to oppose the e!emy's army success'ully. &he *est army is that which co!sists o' stro!" i!'a!try a!d o' such elepha!ts a!d horses as are !oted 'or their *reed, *irth, stre!"th, youth, (itality, capacity to ru! e(e! i! old a"e, 'ury, skill, 'irm!ess, ma"!a!imity, o*edie!ce, a!d "ood ha*its. +!e/third o' the *est o' i!'a!try, ca(alry a!d elepha!ts should *e kept i! 'ro!t, two/ thirds o! *oth the 'la!ks a!d wi!"s, the array o' the army accordi!" to the stre!"th o' its co!stitue!ts is i! the direct order, that which is arrayed mi1i!" o!e/third o' stro!" a!d weak troops is i! the re(erse order. &hus, o!e should k!ow all the (arieties o' arrayi!" the array. Da(i!" statio!ed the weak troops at the e1tremities, o!e would *e lia*le to the 'orce o' the e!emy's o!slau"ht. Da(i!" statio!ed the 'lower o' the army i! 'ro!t, o!e should make the wi!"s e)ually stro!". +!e/third o' the *est i! the rear, a!d weak troops i! the ce!tre//this array is a*le to resist the e!emy, ha(i!" made a! array, he should strike the e!emy with o!e or two o' the di(isio!s o! the wi!"s, 'la!ks, a!d 'ro!t, a!d capture the e!emy *y mea!s o' the rest o' the troops. Bhe! the e!emy's 'orce is weak, with 'ew horses a!d elepha!ts, a!d is co!tami!ated with the i!tri"ue o' treacherous mi!isters, the co!)ueror should strike it with most o' his *est troops. De should i!crease the !umerical stre!"th o' that co!stitue!t o' the army which is physically weak. De should array his troops o! that side o! which the e!emy is weak or 'rom which da!"er is apprehe!ded. Au!!i!" a"ai!st, ru!!i!" rou!d, ru!!i!" *eyo!d, ru!!i!" *ack, distur*i!" the e!emy's halt, "atheri!" the troops, cur(i!", circli!", miscella!eous operatio!s, remo(al o' the rear, pursuit o' the li!e 'rom the 'ro!t, 'la!ks a!d rear, protectio! o' the *roke! army, a!d 'alli!" upo! the *roke! army//these are the 'orms o' wa"i!" war with horses. &he same (arieties with the e1ceptio! o' >what is called? miscella!eous operatio!s, the destructio! o' the 'our co!stitue!ts o' the army, either si!"le or com*i!ed, the dispersio! o' the 'la!ks, wi!"s a!d 'ro!t trampli!" dow!, a!d attacki!" the army whe! it is asleep//these are the (arieties o' wa"i!" war with elepha!ts. &he same (arieties with the e1ceptio! o' distur*i!" the e!emy's halt, ru!!i!" a"ai!st, ru!!i!" *ack, a!d 'i"hti!" 'rom where it sta!ds o! its ow! "rou!d//these are the (arieties o' wa"i!" war with chariots. %triki!" i! all places a!d at all times, a!d striki!" *y surprise are (arieties o' wa"i!" war with i!'a!try.

` I! this way, he should make odd or e(e! arrays, keepi!" the stre!"th o' the 'our co!stitue!ts o' the army e)ual. ` Da(i!" "o!e to a dista!ce o' N77 *ows, the ki!" should take his positio! to"ether with the reser(e o' his army, a!d without a reser(e, he should !e(er attempt to 'i"ht, 'or it is *y the reser(ed 'orce that dispersed troops are collected to"ether. :&hus e!ds hapter V, "&he #isti!cti(e Array o' &roops i! Aespect o' Bi!"s, .la!ks a!d .ro!t, #isti!ctio! *etwee! %tro!" a!d Beak &roops, a!d Battle with I!'a!try, a(alry, hariots a!d 3lepha!ts,H i! Book X, GAelati!" to Bar,H o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d thirty/third chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER 'I. THE ARRA/ OF THE AR-/ LIKE A #TAFF5 A #NAKE5 A CIRCLE5 OR IN DETACHED ORDER4 THE ARRA/ OF THE AR-/ AGAIN#T THAT OF AN ENE-/. BIF2% a!d 'ro!t, capa*le to tur! >a"ai!st a! e!emy is what is called? a s!ake/like array >&ho%a?, the two wi!"s, the two 'la!ks, the 'ro!t a!d the reser(e >'orm a! array? accordi!" to the school o' Brihaspati. &he pri!cipal 'orms o' the array o' the army, such as that like a sta'', like a s!ake, like a circle, a!d i! detached order, are (arieties o' the a*o(e two 'orms o' the array co!sisti!" o' wi!"s, 'la!ks a!d 'ro!t. %tatio!i!" the army so as to sta!d a*reast, is called a sta''/like array >danda?. %tatio!i!" the army i! a li!e so that o!e may 'ollow the other, is called a s!ake/like array >&ho%a?. %tatio!i!" the army so as to 'ace all the directio!s, is called a circle/like array >mandala?. #etached arra!"eme!t o' the army i!to small *odies so as to e!a*le each to act 'or itsel', is termed a! array i! detached order >asamhata?. &hat which is o' e)ual stre!"th o! its wi!"s, 'la!ks a!d 'ro!t, is a sta''/like array. &he same array is called pradara >*reaki!" the e!emy's array? whe! its 'la!ks are made to project i! 'ro!t. &he same is called dridhaka >'irm? whe! its wi!"s a!d 'la!ks are stretched *ack. &he same is called asahya >irresisti*le? whe! its wi!"s are le!"the!ed. Bhe!, ha(i!" 'ormed the wi!"s, the 'ro!t is made to *ul"e out, it is called a! ea"le/ like array.

&he same 'our (arieties are called "a *ow," "the ce!tre o' a *ow," "a hold," a!d "a stro!" hold," whe! they are arra!"ed i! a re(erse 'orm. &hat, o' which the wi!"s are arrayed like a *ow, is called san(aya >(ictory?. &he same with projected 'ro!t is called vi(aya >co!)ueror?, that which has its 'la!ks a!d wi!"s 'ormed like a sta'' is called sth0lakarna >*i" ear?, the same with its 'ro!t made twice as stro!" as the co!)ueror, is called vislavi(aya >(ast (ictory?, that which has its wi!"s stretched 'orward is called cham0mukha >'ace o' the army?, a!d the same is called %hashsya >'ace o' the 'ish? whe! it is arrayed i! the re(erse 'orm. &he sta''/like array i! which o!e >co!stitue!t o' the army? is made to sta!d *ehi!d the other is called a pi!/like array. Bhe! this array co!sists o' two such li!es, it is called a! a""re"ate >valaya?, a!d whe! o' 'our li!es, it is called a! i!(i!ci*le array//these are the (arieties o' the sta''/like array. &he s!ake/like array i! which the wi!"s, 'la!ks a!d 'ro!t are o' u!e)ual depth is called sarpasri >serpe!ti!e mo(eme!t?, or %om0trika >the course o' a cow's uri!e?. Bhe! it co!sists o' two li!es i! 'ro!t a!d has its wi!"s arra!"ed as i! the sta''/like array, it is called a cart/like array, the re(erse o' this is called a crocodile/like array, the cart/like array which co!sists o' elepha!ts, horses a!d chariots is called vripatantaka >@?//these are the (arieties o' the s!ake/like array. &he circle/like array i! which the disti!ctio! o' wi!"s, 'la!ks a!d 'ro!t is lost is called sarvatomukha >'aci!" all directio!s?, or sarvato&hadra >all auspicious?, ashtn.ka >o!e o' ei"ht di(isio!s?, or vi(aya >(ictory?//these are the (arieties o' the circle/like array. &hat, o' which the wi!"s, 'la!ks a!d 'ro!t are statio!ed apart is called a! array i! detached order, whe! 'i(e di(isio!s o' the army are arra!"ed i! detached order, it is called va(ra >diamo!d?, or %odha >alli"ator?, whe! 'our di(isio!s, it is called udynaka >park?, or kkapadi >crowJs 'oot?, whe! three di(isio!s, it is called ardhachandrika >hal'/ moo!?, or karktakasrin%i >@?//these are the (arieties o' the array i! detached/order. &he array i! which chariots 'orm the 'ro!t, elepha!ts the wi!"s, a!d horses the rear, is called arishta >auspicious?. &he array i! which i!'a!try, ca(alry, chariots a!d elepha!ts sta!d o!e *ehi!d the other is called achala >immo(a*le?. &he array i! which elepha!ts, horses, chariots a!d i!'a!try sta!d i! order o!e *ehi!d the other is called apratihata >i!(i!ci*le?.

+' these, the co!)ueror should assail the pradara *y mea!s o' the dridhaka, dridhaka *y mea!s o' the asahya, syena >ea"le/like array? *y mea!s o' chpa >a! array like a *ow?, a hold *y mea!s o' a stro!"/hold, san(aya *y mea!s o' vi(aya, sth0lakarna *y mea!s o' vislavi(ayaG vripatantaka *y mea!s o' sarvato&hadra. De may assail all ki!ds o' arrays *y mea!s o' the dur(aya. +' i!'a!try, ca(alry, chariots a!d elepha!ts, he should strike the 'irst/me!tio!ed with that which is su*se)ue!tly me!tio!ed, a!d a small co!stitue!t o' the army with a *i" o!e. .or e(ery te! mem*ers o' each o' the co!stitue!ts o' the army, there must *e o!e comma!der, called padika, te! padikas u!der a senpati, te! senpatis u!der a !Cyaka, >leader?. &he co!stitue!ts o' the array o' the army should *e called a'ter the !ames o' trumpet sou!ds, 'la"s a!d e!si"!s. Achie(eme!t o' success i! arra!"i!" the co!stitue!ts o' the army, i! "atheri!" the 'orces, i! campi!", i! marchi!", i! tur!i!" *ack, i! maki!" o!slau"hts, a!d i! the array o' e)ual stre!"th depe!ds upo! the place a!d time o' actio!. ` By the display o' the army, *y secret co!tri(a!ces, *y 'iery spies employed to strike the e!emy e!"a"ed otherwise, *y witch/cra't, *y proclaimi!" the co!)ueror's associatio! with "ods, *y carts, *y the or!ame!ts o' elepha!ts, ` By i!citi!" traitors, *y herds o' cattle, *y setti!" 'ire to the camp, *y destroyi!" the wi!"s a!d the rear o' the e!emy's army, *y sowi!" the seeds o' disse!sio! throu"h the a"e!cy o' me! u!der the "uise o' ser(a!ts, ` +r *y telli!" the e!emy that his 'ort was *ur!t, stormed, or that some o!e o' his 'amily, or a! e!emy or a wild chie' rose i! re*ellio!//*y these a!d other mea!s the co!)ueror should cause e1citeme!t to the e!emy. ` &he arrow shot *y a! archer may or may !ot kill a si!"le ma!, *ut skil'ul i!tri"ue de(ised *y wise me! ca! kill e(e! those who are i! the wom*. :&hus e!ds hapter VI, G&he Array o' the Army like a %ta'', a %!ake, a ircle, or i! #etached +rder, &he Array o' the Army a"ai!st that o' a! 3!emy,Hi! Book X, GAelati!" to Bar,H o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d thirty/'ourth chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!". Bith this e!ds the te!th Book GAelati!" to BarH o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya.<

.rom: Kautilya. Arthashastra. &ra!slated *y A. %hamasastry. Ba!"alore: 2o(er!me!t -ress, 5Q56, OMV/O6M.

Kautilya's Arthashastra: Book XI, "&he o!duct o' orporatio!s"

CHAPTER I. CA.#E# OF DI##EN#ION4 AND #ECRET P.NI#H-ENT. &D3 ac)uisitio! o' the help o' corporatio!s is *etter tha! the ac)uisitio! o' a! army, a 'rie!d, or pro'its. By mea!s o' co!ciliatio! a!d "i'ts, the co!)ueror should secure a!d e!joy the ser(ices o' such corporatio!s as are i!(i!ci*le to the e!emy a!d are 'a(oura*ly disposed towards himsel'. But those who are opposed to him, he should put dow! *y sowi!" the seeds o' disse!sio! amo!" them a!d *y secretly pu!ishi!" them. &he corporatio!s o' warriors >kshattriyasren.? o' KCm*hoja, a!d %urCshtra, a!d other cou!tries li(e *y a"riculture, trade a!d wieldi!" weapo!s. &he corporatio!s o' ;ichchhi(ika,Vrijika, 4allaka, 4udraka, Kukura, Kuru, -C!chCla a!d others li(e *y the title o' a ACja. %pies, "ai!i!" access to all these corporatio!s a!d 'i!di!" out jealousy, hatred a!d other causes o' )uarrel amo!" them, should sow the seeds o' a well/pla!!ed disse!sio! amo!" them, a!d tell o!e o' them: "&his ma! decries you." %pies, u!der the "uise o' teachers >chrya? should cause childish em*roils amo!" those o' mutual e!mity o! occasio!s o' disputatio!s a*out certai! poi!ts o' scie!ce, arts, "am*li!" or sports. .iery spies may occasio! )uarrel amo!" the leaders o' corporatio!s *y praisi!" i!'erior leaders i! ta(er!s a!d theatres, or prete!di!" to *e 'rie!ds, they may e1cite am*itio! i! the mi!ds o' pri!ces *y praisi!" their hi"h *irth, thou"h they >the pri!ces? are low/*or!, they may pre(e!t the superiors 'rom i!terdi!i!" a!d i!termarria"e with others, they may persuade the superiors to i!terdi!e or to i!termarry with i!'eriors, or they may "i(e pu*licity to the co!sideratio! o' priority show! to i!'erior perso!s i! social i!tercourse i! the 'ace o' the esta*lished custom o' reco"!isi!" the status o' other perso!s *y *irth, *ra(ery a!d social positio!, or 'iery spies may *ri!" a*out )uarrel amo!" them at !i"ht *y destroyi!" the thi!"s, *easts, or perso!s co!cer!ed i! some le"al disputes. I! all these disputes, the co!)ueror should help the i!'erior party with me! a!d mo!ey a!d set them a"ai!st the superior party. Bhe! they are di(ided, he should remo(e them >'rom their cou!try?, or he may "ather them to"ether a!d cause them to settle i! a culti(a*le part o' their ow! cou!try, u!der the desi"!atio! o' "'i(e households" a!d "te! households", 'or whe! li(i!" to"ether, they ca! *e trai!ed i! the art o' wieldi!" weapo!s. %peci'ied 'i!es should also *e prescri*ed a"ai!st a!y treacherous com*i!atio!s amo!" them. De may i!stall as the heir/appare!t a pri!ce *or! o' a hi"h 'amily, *ut dethro!ed or impriso!ed. %pies, u!der the "uise o' astrolo"ers a!d others, should *ri!" to the !otice o' the corporatio!s the royal characteristics o' the pri!ce, a!d should i!duce the (irtuous leaders o' the corporatio!s to ack!owled"e their duty to the pri!ce who is the so! o' such a!d such a ki!", a!d who is the hearer o' their complai!ts. &o those who are thus pre(ailed upo!, the co!)ueror should se!d me! a!d mo!ey 'or the purpose o' wi!!i!" o(er other partisa!s. +! occasio!s o' a!y a''ray spies u!der the "uise o' (i!t!ers, should, u!der the plea o' the

*irth o' a so!, o' marria"e or o' the death o' a ma!, distri*ute as toast >naishechanika? hu!dreds o' (essels o' li)uor adulterated with the juice o' madana pla!t. Fear the "ates o' altars >chaitya?, temples, a!d other places u!der the watch o' se!ti!els, spies should prete!d to declare their a"reeme!t >with the e!emy o' the corporatio!s?, their missio!, their rewards, a!d *a"s o' mo!ey with the "olde! seals o' the e!emy, whe! the corporatio!s appear *e'ore the spies, they may tell the corporatio!s that they >the spies? ha(e sold themsel(es to the e!emy, a!d challe!"e the corporatio!s 'or war. +r ha(i!" sei0ed the drau"ht a!imals a!d "olde! articles *elo!"i!" to the corporatio!s, they may "i(e the most importa!t o' those a!imals a!d articles to the chie' o' the corporatio!s, a!d tell the corporatio!s, whe! asked 'or, that it was "i(e! to the chie' >'or the purpose o' causi!" )uarrel amo!" them?. &his e1plai!s the method o' sowi!" the seeds o' disse!sio! i! camps a!d amo!" wild tri*es. +r a spy may tell a sel'/co!'ide!t so! o' the chie' o' corporatio!s: "Wou are the so! o' such a!d such a ki!" a!d are kept here u!der the apprehe!sio! o' da!"er 'rom e!emies." Bhe! he is deluded with this *elie', the co!)ueror may help him with me! a!d mo!ey a!d set him a"ai!st the corporatio!s. Bhe! the o*ject i! (iew is realised, the co!)ueror may also *a!ish him. Keepers o' harlots or da!cers, players, a!d actors may, a'ter "ai!i!" access, e1cite lo(e i! the mi!ds o' the chie's o' corporatio!s *y e1hi*iti!" wome! e!dowed with *ewitchi!" youth a!d *eauty. By causi!" the woma! to "o to a!other perso! or *y prete!di!" that a!other perso! has (iole!tly carried her o'', they may *ri!" a*out )uarrel amo!" those who lo(e that woma!, i! the e!sui!" a''ray, 'iery spies may do their work a!d declare: "&hus has he *ee! killed i! co!se)ue!ce o' his lo(e." A woma! who has disappoi!ted her lo(er a!d has *ee! 'or"i(e!, may approach a chie' a!d say: "&his chie' is trou*li!" me whe! my mi!d is set upo! you, whe! he is ali(e, I ca!!ot stay here," a!d thus i!duce the 'ormer to slay the latter. A woma! who has *ee! (iole!tly carried o'' at !i"ht may cause the death o' her (iolator i! the (ici!ity o' a park or i! a pleasure house, *y mea!s o' 'iery spies or with poiso! admi!istered *y hersel'. &he! she may declare: "&his *elo(ed perso! o' mi!e has *ee! killed *y such a!d such a perso!." A spy, u!der the "ar* o' a! ascetic, may apply to a lo(er such medical oi!tme!ts as are declared to *e capa*le o' capti(ati!" the *elo(ed woma! a!d as are adulterated with poiso!, a!d the! he may disappear. +ther spies may ascri*e the i!cide!t to a! e!emy's actio!. Bidows or wome!, employed as spies with secret i!structio!s, may dispute amo!" themsel(es a*out the claim 'or a deposit kept with the ki!", a!d attract the chie's o' the corporatio!s >*y their *eauty whe! they prese!t themsel(es *e'ore the ki!"?.

Darlots, or a da!ci!" woma!, or a so!"stress may make a! appoi!tme!t to meet a lo(er i! some secret house, a!d whe! the lo(er comes to the house with the desire o' meeti!" her there, 'iery spies may kill him or carry him o'' *ou!d >i! chai!s?. A spy may tell the chie' o' a corporatio! who is 'o!d o' wome!: "I! this (illa"e, the 'amily o' a poor ma! is *erea(ed >o' the householder?, his wi'e deser(es to *e the wi'e o' a ki!", sei0e her." Dal' a mo!th a'ter she has *ee! sei0ed, a! ascetic spy may accuse the chie' i! the midst o' the corporatio! *y sayi!": "&his ma! has ille"ally kept my chie' wi'e, or sister/i!/law, or sister, or dau"hter." I' the corporatio! pu!ishes the chie', the co!)ueror may take the side o' the corporatio! a!d set it a"ai!st wicked perso!s. .iery spies should always cause a! ascetic spy to "o a*road at !i"ht. %pies, selected suita*ly, should accuse >the chie's? *y sayi!": "&his ma! is the slayer o' a Brhman a!d also the adulterer o' a Brhman woma!." A spy, u!der the "uise o' a! astrolo"er, may descri*e to a chie' the desti!y o' a maide! who is at the poi!t o' *ei!" married to a!other, a!d say: "&his ma!'s dau"hter deser(es to *e the wi'e o' a ki!" a!d will *ri!" 'orth a so!, desti!ed to *e a ki!", purchase her with all your wealth, or sei0e her *y 'orce." Bhe! it is !ot possi*le to secure her, spies should e!ra"e the parties, *ut whe! she is secured, )uarrel will !ecessarily e!sue. A me!dica!t woma! may tell a chie' who is 'o!d o' his wi'e: "&his >a!other? chie', proud o' his youth, has se!t me to e!tice your wi'e, *ei!" a'raid o' him, I ha(e take! with me his letter a!d jewellery >'or your wi'e?, your wi'e: is 'ree 'rom si!, secret steps should *e take! a"ai!st him, a!d I am (ery a!1ious >a*out your success?." &hus i! these a!d other ki!ds o' *rawls which ha(e ori"i!ated o' themsel(es or which ha(e *ee! *rou"ht a*out *y spies, the co!)ueror should help the i!'erior party with me! a!d mo!ey a!d set them a"ai!st the wicked or cause them to mi"rate >to other parts o' the cou!try?. &hus he should li(e as the o!ly mo!arch o' all the corporatio!s, the corporatio!s also, u!der the protectio! o' such a si!"le mo!arch, should "uard themsel(es a"ai!st all ki!ds o' treachery. ` &he chie' o' corporatio!s should e!dear himsel' to all the people *y leadi!" a (irtuous li'e, *y co!trolli!" his passio!s, a!d *y pursui!" that course o' actio! which is liked *y all those who are his 'ollowers. :&hus e!ds hapter I, " auses o' #isse!sio!, a!d %ecret -u!ishme!t," i! Book XI, "&he o!duct o' orporatio!s," o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d thirty/ 'i'th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!". Bith this e!ds the ele(e!th Book, "&he o!duct o' orporatio!s," o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya.<

.rom: Kautilya. Arthashastra. &ra!slated *y A. %hamasastry. Ba!"alore: 2o(er!me!t -ress, 5Q56, O66/O6Q.

Kautilya's Arthashastra: Book XII, " o!cer!i!" a -ower'ul 3!emy"

CHAPTER I. THE D.TIE# OF A -E##ENGER. BD3F a ki!" o' poor resources is attacked *y a power'ul e!emy, he should surre!der himsel' to"ether with his so!s to the e!emy a!d li(e like a reed >i! the midst o' a curre!t o' water?. BhCrad(Cja says that he who surre!ders himsel' to the stro!", *ows dow! *e'ore I!dra >the "od o' rai!?. But VisClCksha says that a weak ki!" should rather 'i"ht with all his resources, 'or *ra(ery destroys all trou*les, this >'i"hti!"? is the !atural duty o' a Kshatriya, !o matter whether he achie(es (ictory or sustai!s de'eat i! *attle. Fo, says Kautilya, he who *ows dow! to all like a cra* o! the *a!ks >o' a ri(er? li(es i! despair, whoe(er "oes with his small army to 'i"ht perishes like a ma! attempti!" to cross the sea without a *oat. De!ce, a weak ki!" should either seek the protectio! o' a power'ul ki!" or mai!tai! himsel' i! a! impre"!a*le 'ort. I!(aders are o' three ki!ds: a just co!)ueror, a demo!/like co!)ueror, a!d a "reedy co!)ueror. +' these, the just co!)ueror is satis'ied with mere o*eisa!ce. De!ce, a weak ki!" should seek his protectio!. .eari!" his ow! e!emies, the "reedy co!)ueror is satis'ied with what he ca! sa'ely "ai! i! la!d or mo!ey. De!ce, a weak ki!" should satis'y such a co!)ueror with wealth. &he demo!/like co!)ueror satis'ies himsel' !ot merely *y sei0i!" the la!d, treasure, so!s a!d wi(es o' the co!)uered, *ut *y taki!" the li'e o' the latter. De!ce, a weak ki!" should keep such a co!)ueror at a dista!ce *y o''eri!" him la!d a!d wealth. Bhe! a!y o!e o' these is o! the poi!t o' risi!" a"ai!st a weak ki!", the latter should a(ert the i!(asio! *y maki!" a treaty o' peace, or *y taki!" recourse to the *attle o' i!tri"ue >mantrayuddha?, or *y a treacherous 'i"ht i! the *attle/'ield. De may seduce the e!emy's me! either *y co!ciliatio! or *y "i(i!" "i'ts, a!d should pre(e!t the treacherous proceedi!"s o' his ow! me! either *y sowi!" the seeds o' disse!sio! amo!" them or *y pu!ishi!" them. %pies, u!der co!cealme!t, may capture the e!emy's 'ort, cou!try, or camp with the aid o' weapo!s, poiso!, or 'ire. De may harass the e!emy's rear o! all

sides, a!d he may de(astate the e!emy's cou!try throu"h the help o' wild tri*es. +r he may set up a scio! o' the e!emy's 'amily or a! impriso!ed pri!ce to sei0e the e!emy's territory. Bhe! all this mischie' has *ee! perpetrated, a messe!"er may *e se!t to the e!emy, >to sue 'or peace?, or he may make peace with the e!emy without o''e!di!" the latter. I' the e!emy still co!ti!ues the march, the weak ki!" may sue 'or peace *y o''eri!" more tha! o!e/'ourth o' his wealth a!d army, the payme!t *ei!" made a'ter the lapse o' a day a!d !i"ht. I' the e!emy desires to make peace o! co!ditio! o' the weak ki!" surre!deri!" a portio! o' this army, he may "i(e the e!emy such o' his elepha!ts a!d ca(alry as are u!co!trolla*le or as are pro(ided with poiso!, i' the e!emy desires to make peace o! co!ditio! o' his surre!deri!" his chie' me!, he may se!d o(er to the e!emy such portio! o' his army as is 'ull o' traitors, e!emies a!d wild tri*es u!der the comma!d o' a trusted o''icer, so that *oth his e!emy a!d his ow! u!desira*le army may perish, or he may pro(ide the e!emy with a! army composed o' 'iery spies, taki!" care to satis'y his ow! disappoi!ted me! >*e'ore se!di!" them o(er to the e!emy?, or he may tra!s'er to the e!emy his ow! 'aith'ul a!d hereditary army that is capa*le to hurt the e!emy o! occasio!s o' trou*le, i' the e!emy desires to make peace o! co!ditio! o' his payi!" certai! amou!t o' wealth, he may "i(e the e!emy such precious articles as do !ot 'i!d a purchaser or such raw products as are o' !o use i! war, i' the e!emy desires to make peace o! co!ditio! o' his cedi!" a part o' his la!d, he should pro(ide the e!emy with that ki!d o' la!d which he ca! reco(er, which is always at the mercy o' a!other e!emy, which possesses !o protecti(e de'e!ces, or which ca! *e colo!i0ed at co!sidera*le cost o' me! a!d mo!ey, or he may make peace, surre!deri!" his whole state e1cept his capital. ` De should so co!tri(e as to make the e!emy accept that which a!other e!emy is likely to carry o'' *y 'orce, a!d he should take care more o' his perso! tha! o' his wealth, 'or o' what i!terest is perishi!" wealth@ :&hus e!ds hapter I, "&he #uties o' a 4esse!"er, a!d Ae)uest 'or -eace," i! Book XII, G o!cer!i!" a -ower'ul 3!emy,H o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d thirty/si1th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER II. BATTLE OF INTRIG.E. I. the e!emy does !ot keep peace, he should *e told :// "&hese ki!"s perished *y surre!deri!" themsel(es to the a""re"ate o' the si1 e!emies, it is !ot worthy o' you to 'ollow the lead o' these u!wise ki!"s, *e mi!d'ul o' (irtue a!d wealth, those who ad(ise you to *ra(e da!"er, si! a!d (iolatio! o' wealth, are e!emies u!der the "uise o' 'rie!ds, it is da!"er to 'i"ht with me! who are reckless o' their ow! li(es, it is si! to cause the loss o' li'e o! *oth sides, it is (iolatio! o' wealth to a*a!do! the wealth at ha!d a!d the 'rie!d o' !o mea! character >mea!i!" the addresser himsel'?, that ki!" has ma!y 'rie!ds whom he will set a"ai!st you with the same wealth

>that is ac)uired with your help at my e1pe!se?, a!d who will 'all upo! you 'rom all sides, that ki!" has !ot lost his i!'lue!ce o(er the ircle o' the madhyama a!d !eutral %tates, *ut you ha(e lost that power o(er them who are, there'ore, waiti!" 'or a! opportu!ity to 'all upo! you, patie!tly *ear the loss o' me! a!d mo!ey a"ai!, *reak peace with that 'rie!d, the! we shall *e a*le to remo(e him 'rom that stro!"hold o(er which he has lost his i!'lue!ce. De!ce, it is !ot worthy o' you to le!d your ear to those e!emies with the 'ace o' 'rie!ds, to e1pose your real 'rie!ds to trou*le, to help your e!emies to attai! success, a!d to i!(ol(e yoursel' i! da!"ers costi!" li'e a!d wealth." I' without cari!" 'or the ad(ice, the e!emy proceeds o! his ow! way, the weak ki!" should create disa''ectio! amo!" the e!emy's people *y adopti!" such measures as are e1plai!ed i! the chapters, "&he o!duct o' orporatio!s," a!d "3!ticeme!t o' the e!emy *y secret co!tri(a!ces." De should also make use o' 'iery spies a!d poiso!. A"ai!st what is descri*ed as deser(i!" protectio! i! the chapter, "%a'ety o' his ow! perso!," 'iery spies a!d poiso!ers should *e employed >i! the e!emy's court?. Keepers o' harlots should e1cite lo(e i! the mi!ds o' the leaders o' the e!emy's army *y e1hi*iti!" wome! e!dowed with youth a!d *eauty. .iery spies should *ri!" a*out )uarrels amo!" them whe! o!e or two o' them ha(e 'alle! i! lo(e. I! the a''ray that e!sues they should pre(ail upo! the de'eated party to mi"rate elsewhere or to proceed to help the master >o' the spies? i! the i!(asio! u!dertake! *y the latter. +r to those who ha(e 'alle! i! lo(e, spies, u!der the "uise o' ascetics, may admi!ister poiso! u!der the plea that the medical dru"s "i(e! to them are capa*le o' securi!" the o*ject o' lo(e. A spy, u!der the "uise o' a mercha!t, may, u!der the plea o' wi!!i!" the lo(e o' a! immediate maid/ser(a!t o' the *eauti'ul )uee! >o' the e!emy?, shower wealth upo! her a!d the! "i(e her up. A spy i! the ser(ice o' the mercha!t may "i(e to a!other spy, employed as a ser(a!t o' the maid/ser(a!t, some medical dru", telli!" the latter that >i! order to re"ai! the lo(e o' the mercha!t?, the dru" may *e applied to the perso! o' the mercha!t >*y the maid/ser(a!t?. +! her attai!i!" success >the maid/ser(a!t? may i!'orm the )uee! that the same dru" may *e applied to the perso! o' the ki!" >to secure his lo(e?, a!d the! cha!"e the dru" 'or poiso!. A spy, u!der the "uise o' a! astrolo"er, may "radually delude the e!emy's prime mi!ister with the *elie' that he is possessed o' all the physio"!omical characteristics o' a ki!", a me!dica!t woma! may tell the mi!ister's wi'e that she has the characteristics o' a )uee! a!d that she will *ri!" 'orth a pri!ce, or a woma!, dis"uised as the mi!ister's wi'e, may tell him that, "&he ki!" is trou*li!" me, a!d a! ascetic woma! has *rou"ht to me this letter a!d jewellery." %pies, u!der the "uise o' cooks, may, u!der the prete!ce o' the ki!"'s >the e!emy's? order, take some co(eta*le wealth >to the mi!ister? mea!t 'or use i! a! immediate e1peditio!. A spy u!der the "uise o' a mercha!t may, *y some co!tri(a!ce or other, take possessio! o' that wealth a!d i!'orm the mi!ister o' the readi!ess o' all the preparatio!s >'or the e1peditio!?. &hus *y the employme!t o' o!e, two, or three o' the strate"ic mea!s,

the mi!isters o' each o' the com*i!ed e!emies may *e i!duced to set out o! the e1peditio! a!d thus to *e away 'rom the i!imical ki!"s. %pies, u!der the ser(ice o' the o''icer i! char"e o' the e!emy's waste la!ds, may i!'orm the citi0e!s a!d cou!try people residi!" i! the e!emy's 'orti'ied tow!s o' the co!ditio! o' the o''icer's 'rie!dship with the people, a!d say: "&he o''icer i! char"e o' the waste la!ds tells the warriors a!d departme!tal o''icers thus://'&he ki!" has hardly escaped 'rom da!"er a!d scarcely retur!s with li'e. #o !ot hoard up your wealth a!d there*y create e!emies, i' so, you will all *e put to death.'" Bhe! all the people are collected to"ether, 'iery spies may take the citi0e!s out o' the tow! a!d kill their leaders, sayi!": "&hus will *e treated those who do !ot hear the o''icer i! char"e o' the waste la!ds." +! the waste la!ds u!der the char"e o' the o''icer, the spies may throw dow! weapo!s, mo!ey a!d ropes *espattered with *lood. &he! other spies may spread the !ews that the o''icer i! char"e o' the waste la!ds destroys the people a!d plu!ders them. %imilarly, spies may cause disa"reeme!t *etwee! the e!emy's collector/ "e!eral a!d the people. Addressi!" the ser(a!ts o' the collector/"e!eral i! the ce!tre o' the (illa"e at !i"ht, 'iery spies may say: "&hus will *e treated those who su*ject the people to u!just oppressio!." Bhe! the 'ault o' the collector/"e!eral or o' the o''icer i! char"e o' the waste la!ds is widely k!ow!, the spies may cause the people to slay either o' them, a!d employ i! his place o!e o' his 'amily or o!e who is impriso!ed. ` %preadi!" the 'alse !ews o' the da!"er o' the e!emy, they >spies? may set 'ire to the harem, the "ates o' the tow! a!d the store/house o' "rai!s a!d other thi!"s, a!d slay the se!ti!els who are kept to "uard them. :&hus e!ds hapter II, "&he #uties o' a 4esse!"er a!d Battle o' I!tri"ue," i! Book XII, G o!cer!i!" a -ower'ul 3!emy,H o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' GBattle o' I!tri"ue.H 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d thirty/se(e!th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER III. #LA/ING THE CO--ANDER1IN1CHIEF AND INCITING A CIRCLE OF #TATE#. %-I3% i! the ser(ice o' the ki!" >the e!emy? or o' his courtiers may, u!der the prete!ce o' 'rie!dship, say i! the prese!ce o' other 'rie!ds that the ki!" is a!"ry with the chie's o' i!'a!try, ca(alry, chariots a!d elepha!ts. Bhe! their me! are collected to"ether, 'iery spies, ha(i!" "uarded themsel(es a"ai!st !i"ht watches, may, u!der the prete!ce o' the ki!"'s >the e!emy's? order, i!(ite the chie's to a certai! house a!d slay the chie's whe! retur!i!" 'rom the house. +ther spies i! the (ici!ity may say that it has *ee! the ki!"'s >the e!emy's? order to slay them. %pies may also tell those who ha(e *ee! *a!ished 'rom the cou!try: "&his is just what we 'oretold, 'or perso!al sa'ety, you may "o elsewhere." %pies may also tell those who ha(e !ot recei(ed what they re)uested o' the ki!" >the e!emy? that the o''icer i! char"e o' waste la!ds has *ee! told *y the ki!": "%uch a!d

such a perso! has *e""ed o' me what he should !ot dema!d, I re'used to "ra!t his re)uest, he is i! co!spiracy with my e!emy. %o make attempts to put him dow!." &he! the spies may proceed i! their usual way. %pies may also tell those who ha(e *ee! "ra!ted their re)uest *y the ki!" >the e!emy? that the o''icer i! char"e o' waste la!ds has *ee! told *y the ki!": "%uch a!d such perso!s ha(e dema!ded their due 'rom me, I ha(e "ra!ted them all their re)uests i! order to "ai! their co!'ide!ce. But they are co!spiri!" with my e!emy. %o make attempts to put them dow!." &he! the spies may proceed i! their usual way. %pies may also tell those who do !ot dema!d their due 'rom the ki!" that the o''icer i! char"e o' waste la!ds has *ee! told: "%uch a!d such perso!s do !ot dema!d their due 'rom me. Bhat else ca! *e the reaso! tha! their suspicio! a*out my k!owled"e o' their "uilt@ %o make attempts to put them dow!." &he! the spies may proceed i! their usual way. &his e1plai!s the treatme!t o' partisa!s. A spy employed as the perso!al ser(a!t o' the ki!" >the e!emy? may i!'orm him that such a!d such mi!isters o' his are *ei!" i!ter(iewed *y the e!emy's ser(a!ts. Bhe! he comes to *elie(e this, some treacherous perso!s may *e represe!ted as the messe!"ers o' the e!emy, speci'yi!" as "this is that." &he chie' o''icers o' the army may *e i!duced *y o''eri!" la!d a!d "old to 'all a"ai!st their ow! me! a!d secede 'rom the e!emy >their ki!"?. I' o!e o' the so!s o' the comma!der/i!/chie' is li(i!" !ear or i!side the 'ort, a spy may tell him: "Wou are the most worthy so!, still you are !e"lected, why are you i!di''ere!t@ %ei0e your positio! *y 'orce, otherwise the heir/appare!t will destroy you." +r some o!e o' the 'amily >o' the comma!der/i!/chie' or the ki!"?, or o!e who is impriso!ed may *e *ri*ed i! "old a!d told: "#estroy the i!ter!al stre!"th o' the e!emy, or a portio! o' his 'orce i! the *order o' his cou!try." +r ha(i!" seduced wild tri*es with rewards o' wealth a!d ho!our, they may *e i!cited to de(astate the e!emy's cou!try. +r the e!emy's rear/e!emy may *e told : "I am, as it were, a *rid"e to you all, i' I am *roke! like a ra'ter, this ki!" will drow! you all, let us, there'ore, com*i!e a!d thwart the e!emy i! his march." Accordi!"ly, a messa"e may *e se!t to i!di(idual or com*i!ed states to the e''ect : "A'ter ha(i!" do!e with me, this ki!" will do his work o' you: *eware o' it. I am the *est ma! to *e relied upo!." ` I! order to escape 'rom the da!"er 'rom a! immediate e!emy, a ki!" should 're)ue!tly se!d to a madhyama or a !eutral ki!" >whate(er would please him?, or o!e may put o!e's whole property at the e!emy's disposal.

:&hus e!ds hapter III, "%layi!" the omma!der/i!/ hie' a!d I!citi!" a ircle o' %tates,H i! Book XII, G o!cer!i!" a -ower'ul 3!emy,H o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d thirty/ei"hth chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER I'. #PIE# +ITH +EAPON#5 FIRE5 AND POI#ON4 AND DE#TR.CTION OF #.PPL/5 #TORE# AND GRANARIE#. &D3 co!)ueror's spies who are residi!" as traders i! the e!emy's 'orts, a!d those who are li(i!" as culti(ators i! the e!emy's (illa"es, as well as those who are li(i!" as cowherds or ascetics i! the district *orders o' the e!emy's cou!try may se!d throu"h mercha!ts, i!'ormatio! to a!other !ei"h*ouri!" e!emy, or a wild chie', or a scio! o' the e!emy's 'amily, or a! impriso!ed pri!ce that the e!emy's cou!try is to *e captured. Bhe! their secret emissaries come as i!(ited, they are to *e pleased with rewards o' wealth a!d ho!our a!d shew! the e!emy's weak poi!ts, a!d with the help o' the emissaries, the spies should strike the e!emy at his weak poi!ts. +r ha(i!" put a *a!ished pri!ce i! the e!emy's camp, a spy dis"uised as a (i!t!er i! the ser(ice o' the e!emy, may distri*ute as a toast hu!dreds o' (essels o' li)uor mi1ed with the juice o' the madana pla!t, or, 'or the 'irst day, he may distri*ute a mild or i!to1icati!" (ariety o' li)uor, a!d o! the 'ollowi!" days such li)uor as is mi1ed with poiso!, or ha(i!" "i(e! pure li)uor to the o''icers o' the e!emy's army, he may "i(e them poiso!ed li)uor whe! they are i! i!to1icatio!. A spy, employed as a chie' o''icer o' the e!emy's army, may adopt the same measures as those employed *y the (i!t!er. %pies, dis"uised as e1perts i! tradi!" i! cooked 'lesh, cooked rice, li)uor, a!d cakes, may (ie with each other i! proclaimi!" i! pu*lic the sale o' a 'resh supply o' their special articles at cheap price a!d may sell the articles mi1ed with poiso! to the attracted customers o' the e!emy. Bome! a!d childre! may recei(e i! their poiso!ed (essels, li)uor, milk, curd, "hee, or oil 'rom traders i! those articles, a!d pour those 'luids *ack i!to the (essels o' the traders, sayi!" that at a speci'ied rate the whole may *e sold to them. %pies, dis"uised as mercha!ts, may purchase the a*o(e articles, a!d may so co!tri(e that ser(a!ts, atte!di!" upo! the elepha!ts a!d horses o' the e!emy, may make use o' the same articles i! "i(i!" ratio!s a!d "rass to those a!imals. %pies, u!der the "ar* o' ser(a!ts, may sell poiso!ed "rass a!d water. %pies, let o'' as traders i! cattle 'or a lo!" time, may lea(e herds o' cattle, sheep, or "oats i! tempti!" places so as to di(ert the atte!tio! o' the e!emy 'rom the attack which they >the e!emy? i!te!d to make, spies as cowherds may let o'' such a!imals as are 'erocious amo!" horses, mules, camels, *u''aloes a!d others *easts, ha(i!" smeared the eyes o' those a!imals with the *lood o' a musk/rat >chuchundari?, spies as hu!ters may let o'' cruel *easts 'rom traps, spies as s!ake charmers may let o'' hi"hly poiso!ous s!akes, those who keep elepha!ts may let o'' elepha!ts >!ear the

e!emy's camp?, those who li(e *y maki!" use o' 'ire may set 'ire >to the camp, etc.?. %ecret spies may slay 'rom *ehi!d the chie's o' i!'a!try, ca(alry, chariots a!d elepha!ts, or they may set 'ire to the chie' reside!ces o' the e!emy. &raitors, e!emies a!d wild tri*es, employed 'or the purpose, may destroy the e!emy's rear or o*struct his rei!'orceme!t, or spies, co!cealed i! 'orests, may e!ter i!to the *order o' the e!emy's cou!try, a!d de(astate it, or they may destroy the e!emy's supply, stores, a!d other thi!"s, whe! those thi!"s are *ei!" co!(eyed o! a !arrow path passa*le *y a si!"le ma!. +r i! accorda!ce with a preco!certed pla!, they may, o! the occasio! o' a !i"ht/ *attle, "o to the e!emy's capital, a!d *lowi!" a lar"e !um*er o' trumpets, cry aloud: "Be ha(e e!tered i!to the capital, a!d the cou!try has *ee! co!)uered." A'ter e!teri!" i!to the ki!"'s >the e!emy's? palace, they may kill the ki!" i! the tumult, whe! the ki!" *e"i!s to ru! 'rom o!e directio! to a!other, Mlechchhas, wild tri*es, or chie's o' the army, lyi!" i! am*ush >sattra?, or co!cealed !ear a pillar or a 'e!ce, may slay him, or spies, u!der the "uise o' hu!ters, may slay the ki!" whe! he is directi!" his attack, or i! the tumult o' attack 'ollowi!" the pla! o' treacherous 'i"hts. +r occupyi!" a! ad(a!ta"eous positio!, they may slay the e!emy whe! he is marchi!" i! a !arrow path passa*le *y a si!"le ma!, or o! a mou!tai!, or !ear the tru!k o' a tree, or u!der the *ra!ches o' a *a!ia! tree, or i! water, or they may cause him to *e carried o'' *y the 'orce o' a curre!t o' water let o'' *y the destructio! o' a dam across a ri(er, or o' a lake or po!d, or they may destroy him *y mea!s o' a! e1plosi(e 'ire or poiso!ous s!ake whe! he has e!tre!ched himsel' i! a 'ort, i! a desert, i! a 'orest, or i! a (alley. De should *e destroyed with 'ire whe! he is u!der a thicket, with smoke whe! he is i! a desert, with poiso! whe! he is i! a com'orta*le place, with crocodile a!d other cruel *easts whe! he is i! water, or they may slay him whe! he is "oi!" out o' his *ur!i!" house. ` By mea!s o' such measures as are !arrated i! the chapter, "3!ticeme!t o' the 3!emy *y %ecret 4ea!s" or *y a!y other measures, the e!emy should *e cau"ht hold o' i! places to which he is co!'i!ed or 'rom which he is attempti!" to escape. :&hus e!ds hapter IV, "%pies with Beapo!s, .ire a!d -oiso!, a!d #estructio! o' %upply, %tores a!d 2ra!aries,H i! Book XII, G o!cer!i!" a -ower'ul 3!emy,H o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d thirty/!i!th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER '. CAPT.RE OF THE ENE-/ B/ -EAN# OF #ECRET CONTRI'ANCE# OR B/ -EAN# OF THE AR-/4 AND CO-PLETE 'ICTOR/. +F&AIVAF 3% to kill the e!emy may *e 'ormed i! those places o' worship a!d (isit, which the e!emy, u!der the i!'lue!ce o' 'aith, 're)ue!ts o! occasio!s o' worshippi!" "ods, a!d o' pil"rima"e. A wall or a sto!e, kept *y mecha!ical co!tri(a!ce, may, *y loose!i!" the 'aste!i!"s, *e let to 'all o! the head o' the e!emy whe! he has e!tered i!to a temple, sto!es a!d weapo!s may *e showered o(er his head 'rom the topmost storey, or a door/pa!el may *e

let to 'all, or a hu"e rod kept o(er a wall or partly attached to a wall may *e made to 'all o(er him, or weapo!s kept i!side the *ody o' a! idol may *e throw! o(er his head, or the 'loor o' those places where he usually sta!ds, sits, or walks may *e *e spri!kled with poiso! mi1ed with cow/du!" or with pure water, or u!der the plea o' "i(i!" him 'lowers, sce!ted powders, or o' causi!" sce!ted smoke, he may *e poiso!ed, or *y remo(i!" the 'aste!i!"s made u!der a cot or a seat, he may *e made to 'all i!to a pit co!tai!i!" poi!ted spears, or whe! he is ea"er to escape 'rom impe!di!" impriso!me!t i! his ow! cou!try, he may *e led away to 'all i!to the ha!ds o' a wild tri*e or a! e!emy waiti!" 'or him !ot 'ar 'rom his cou!try, or whe! he is ea"er to "et out o' his castle he may *e like/ wise misled or made to e!ter a! e!emy's cou!try which is to *e restored >to the co!)ueror?, the e!emy's people should also *e kept u!der the protectio! o' so!s a!d *rothers >o' the co!)ueror? i! some 'orts o! a mou!tai!, or i! a 'orest, or i! the midst o' a ri(er separated 'rom the e!emy's cou!try *y wild tracts o' la!ds. 4easures to o*struct the mo(eme!ts o' the e!emy are e1plai!ed i! the chapter, "&he o!duct o' a o!)uered Ki!"." 2rass a!d 'irewood should *e set o! 'ire as 'ar as a yo(ana >6 6/OO miles?, water should *e (itiated a!d caused to 'low away, mou!ds, wells, pits a!d thor!s >outside the 'ort wall? should *e destroyed, ha(i!" wide!ed the mouth o' the u!der"rou!d tu!!el o' the e!emy's 'ort, his stores a!d leaders may *e remo(ed, the e!emy may also *e likewise carried o'', whe! the u!der"rou!d tu!!el has *ee! made *y the e!emy 'or his ow! use, the water i! the ditch outside the 'ort may *e made to 'low i!to it, i! suspicious places alo!" the parapet >o' the e!emy's 'ort? a!d i! the house co!tai!i!" a well outside the 'ort, empty pots or *ro!0e (essels may *e placed i! order to 'i!d out the directio! o' the wi!d >*lowi!" 'rom the u!der"rou!d tu!!el?, whe! the directio! o' the tu!!el is 'ou!d out, a cou!ter/tu!!el may *e 'ormed, or ha(i!" ope!ed the tu!!el, it may *e 'illed with smoke or water. Da(i!" arra!"ed 'or the de'e!ce o' the 'ort *y a scio! o' his 'amily, the e!emy may ru! i! a! opposite directio! where it is possi*le 'or him to meet with 'rie!ds, relati(es, or wild tri*es, or with his e!emy's treacherous 'rie!ds o' (ast resources, or where he may separate his e!emy 'rom the latter's 'rie!ds, or where he may capture the e!emy's rear, or cou!try, or where he may pre(e!t the tra!sport o' supplies to his e!emy, or whe!ce he may strike his e!emy *y throwi!" dow! trees at ha!d, or where he ca! 'i!d mea!s to de'e!d his ow! cou!try or to "ather rei!'orceme!ts 'or his hereditary army, or he may "o to a!y other cou!try whe!ce he ca! o*tai! peace o! his ow! terms. Dis e!emy's >the co!)ueror's? allies may se!d a missio! to him, sayi!": "&his ma!, your e!emy, has 'alle! i!to our ha!ds, u!der the plea o' mercha!dise or some prese!tatio!, se!d "old a!d a stro!" 'orce, we shall either ha!d o(er to you your e!emy *ou!d i! chai!s, or *a!ish him." I' he appro(es o' it, the "old a!d the army he may se!d may *e recei(ed >*y the co!)ueror?. Da(i!" access to the e!emy's castle, the o''icer i! char"e o' the *ou!daries >o' the e!emy's cou!try? may lead a part o' his 'orce a!d slay the e!emy i! "ood 'aith u!der the

plea o' destroyi!" a people i! some place, he may take the e!emy to a! i!imical army, a!d ha(i!" led the e!emy to the surrou!ded place, he may slay the e!emy i! "ood 'aith. A prete!di!" 'rie!d may se!d i!'ormatio! to a! outsider: "2rai!s, oil a!d ja""ery a!d salt stored i! the 'ort >o' the e!emy? ha(e *ee! e1hausted, a 'resh supply o' them is e1pected to reach the 'ort at such a!d such a place a!d time, sei0e it *y 'orce." &he! traitors, e!emies, or wild tri*es, or some other perso!s, specially appoi!ted 'or the purpose, may se!d a supply o' poiso!ed "rai!s, oil, ja""ery, a!d salt to the 'ort. &his e1plai!s the sei0ure o' all ki!ds o' supply. Da(i!" made peace with the co!)ueror, he may "i(e the co!)ueror part o' the "old promised a!d the rest "radually. &hus he may cause the co!)ueror's de'e!si(e 'orce to *e slacke!ed a!d the! strike them dow! with 'ire, poiso! or sword, or he may wi! the co!'ide!ce o' the co!)ueror's courtiers deputed to take the tri*ute. +r i' his resources are e1hausted, he may ru! away a*a!do!i!" his 'ort, he may escape throu"h a tu!!el or throu"h a hole !ewly made or *y *reaki!" the parapet. +r ha(i!" challe!"ed the co!)ueror at !i"ht, he may success'ully co!'ro!t the attack, i' he ca!!ot do this, he may ru! away *y a side path, or dis"uised as a heretic, he may escape with a small reti!ue, or he may *e carried o'' *y spies as a corpse, or dis"uised as a woma!, he may 'ollow a corpse >as it were, o' her hus*a!d to the crematio! "rou!d?, or o! the occasio! o' 'eedi!" the people i! ho!our o' "ods or o' a!cestors or i! some 'esti(al, he may make use o' poiso!ed rice a!d water, a!d ha(i!" co!spired with his e!emy's traitors, he may strike the e!emy with his co!cealed army, or whe! he is surrou!ded i! his 'ort, he may lie co!cealed i! a hole *ored i!to the *ody o' a! idol a'ter eati!" sacrame!tal 'ood a!d setti!" up a! altar, or he may lie i! a secret hole i! a wall, or i! a hole made i! the *ody o' a! idol i! a! u!der"rou!d cham*er, a!d whe! he is 'or"otte!, he may "et out o' his co!cealme!t throu"h a tu!!el, a!d, e!teri!" i!to the palace, slay his e!emy while sleepi!", or loose!i!" the 'aste!i!"s o' a machi!e >yantra?, he may let it 'all o! his e!emy, or whe! his e!emy is lyi!" i! a cham*er which is *esmeared with poiso!ous a!d e1plosi(e su*sta!ces or which is made o' lac, he may set 'ire to it. .iery spies, hidde! i! a! u!der"rou!d cham*er, or i! a tu!!el, or i!side a secret wall, may slay the e!emy whe! the latter is carelessly amusi!" himsel' i! a pleasure park or a!y other place o' recreatio!, or spies u!der co!cealme!t may poiso! him, or wome! u!der co!cealme!t may throw a s!ake, or poiso!, or 'ire or poiso!ous smoke o(er his perso! whe! he is asleep i! co!'i!ed place, or spies, ha(i!" access to the e!emy's harem, may, whe! opportu!ities occur, do to the e!emy whate(er is 'ou!d possi*le o! the occasio!, a!d the! "et out u!k!ow!. +! such occasio!s, they should make use o' the si"!s i!dicati(e o' the purpose o' their society. ` Da(i!" *y mea!s o' trumpet sou!ds called to"ether the se!ti!els at the "ate as well as a"ed me! a!d other spies statio!ed *y others, the e!emy may completely carry out the rest o' his work.

:&hus e!ds hapter V, " apture o' the 3!emy *y 4ea!s o' %ecret o!tri(a!ces or *y 4ea!s o' the Army, a!d omplete Victory," i! Book XII, " o!cer!i!" a -ower'ul 3!emy,H o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d 'ortieth chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!". Bith this e!ds the twel'th Book, G o!cer!i!" a -ower'ul 3!emy,H o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya.<

.rom: Kautilya. Arthashastra. &ra!slated *y A. %hamasastry. Ba!"alore: 2o(er!me!t -ress, 5Q56, O95/OVO.

Kautilya's Arthashastra: Book XIII, "%trate"ic 4ea!s to apture a .ortress"

CHAPTER I. #O+ING THE #EED# OF DI##EN#ION. BD3F the co!)ueror is desirous o' sei0i!" a! e!emy's (illa"e, he should i!'use e!thusiastic spirit amo!" his ow! me! a!d 'ri"hte! his e!emy's people *y "i(i!" pu*licity to his power o' om!iscie!ce a!d close associatio! with "ods. -roclamatio! o' his om!iscie!ce is as 'ollows://rejectio! o' his chie' o''icers whe! their secret, domestic a!d other pri(ate a''airs are k!ow!, re(eali!" the !ames o' traitors a'ter recei(i!" i!'ormatio! 'rom spies specially employed to 'i!d out such me!, poi!ti!" out the impolitic aspect o' a!y course o' actio! su""ested to him, a!d prete!sio!s to the k!owled"e o' 'orei"! a''airs *y mea!s o' his power to read ome!s a!d si"!s i!(isi*le to others whe! i!'ormatio! a*out 'orei"! a''airs is just recei(ed throu"h a domestic pi"eo! which has *rou"ht a sealed letter. -roclamatio! o' his associatio! with "ods is as 'ollows://Doldi!" co!(ersatio! with, a!d worshippi!", the spies who prete!d to *e the "ods o' 'ire or altar whe! throu"h a tu!!el they come to sta!d i! the midst o' 'ire, altar, or i! the i!terior o' a hollow ima"e, holdi!" co!(ersatio! with, a!d worshippi!", the spies who rise up 'rom water a!d prete!d to *e the "ods a!d "oddesses o' N%as >s!akes?, placi!" u!der water at !i"ht a mass o' sea/'oam mi1ed with *ur!i!" oil, a!d e1hi*iti!" it as the spo!ta!eous out*reak o' 'ire, whe! it is *ur!i!" i! a li!e, sitti!" o! a ra't i! water which is secretly 'aste!ed *y a rope to a rock, such ma"ical per'orma!ce i! water as is usually do!e at !i"ht *y *a!ds o' ma"icia!s, usi!" the sack o' a*dome! or wom* o' water a!imals to hide the head a!d the !ose, a!d applyi!" to the !ose the oil, prepared 'rom the e!trails o' red spotted deer a!d the serum o' the 'lesh o' the cra*, crocodile, porpoise a!d otter, holdi!" co!(ersatio!, as thou"h, with wome! o' Varuna >the "od o' water?, or o' N%a >the s!ake/"od? whe! they are per'ormi!" ma"ical tricks i! water, a!d se!di!" out (olumes o' smoke 'rom the mouth o! occasio!s o' a!"er.

Astrolo"ers, sooth/sayers, horolo"ists, story/tellers, >*aurnika?, as well as those who read the 'ore*odi!"s o' e(ery mome!t, to"ether with spies a!d their disciples, i!clusi(e o' those who ha(e wit!essed the wo!der'ul per'orma!ces o' the co!)ueror should "i(e wide pu*licity to the power o' the ki!" to associate with "ods throu"hout his territory. ;ikewise i! 'orei"! cou!tries, they should spread the !ews o' "ods appeari!" *e'ore the co!)ueror a!d o' his ha(i!" recei(ed 'rom hea(e! weapo!s a!d treasure. &hose who are well (ersed i! horary a!d astrolo"y a!d the scie!ce o' ome!s should proclaim a*road that the co!)ueror is a success'ul e1pert i! e1plai!i!" the i!dicatio!s o' dreams a!d i! u!dersta!di!" the la!"ua"e o' *easts a!d *irds. &hey should !ot o!ly attri*ute the co!trary to his e!emy, *ut also show to the e!emy's people the shower o' 'ire*ra!d >ulk? with the !oise o' drums >'rom the sky? o! the day o' the *irth/star o' the e!emy. &he co!)uerorJs chie' messe!"ers, prete!di!" to *e 'rie!dly towards the e!emy, should hi"hly speak o' the co!)ueror's respect'ul treatme!t o' (isitors, o' the stre!"th o' his army, a!d o' the likelihood o' impe!di!" destructio! o' his e!emy's me!. &hey should also make it k!ow! to the e!emy that u!der their master, *oth mi!isters a!d soldiers are e)ually sa'e a!d happy, a!d that their master treats his ser(a!ts with pare!tal care i! their weal or woe. By these a!d other mea!s, they should wi! o(er the e!emy's me! as poi!ted out a*o(e, a!d as we are "oi!" to treat o' them a"ai! at le!"th:// &hey should characterise the e!emy as a! ordi!ary do!key towards skil'ul perso!s, as the *ra!ch o' lakucha >Artocarpus "acucha? *roke! to the o''icers o' his army, as a cra* o! the shore to a!1ious perso!s, as a dow!pour o' li"ht!i!"s to those who are treated with co!tempt, as a reed, a *arre! tree, or a! iro! *all, or as 'alse clouds to those who are disappoi!ted, as the or!ame!ts o' a! u"ly woma! to those who are disappoi!ted i! spite o' their worship'ul ser(ice, as a ti"er's ski!, or as a trap o' death to his 'a(ourites, a!d as eati!" a piece o' the wood o' p.lu >)areya/Ar&orea?, or as chur!i!" the milk o' a she/camel or a she/do!key >'or *utter? to those who are re!deri!" to him (alua*le help. Bhe! the people o' the e!emy are co!(i!ced o' this, they may *e se!t to the co!)ueror to recei(e wealth a!d, ho!our. &hose o' the e!emy who are i! !eed o' mo!ey a!d 'ood should *e supplied with a! a*u!da!ce o' those thi!"s. &hose who do !ot like to recei(e such thi!"s may *e prese!ted with or!ame!ts 'or their wi(es a!d childre!. Bhe! the people o' the e!emy are su''eri!" 'rom 'ami!e a!d the oppressio! o' thie(es a!d wild tri*es, the co!)ueror's spies should sow the seeds o' disse!sio! amo!" them, sayi!": ";et us re)uest the ki!" 'or 'a(our a!d "o elsewhere i' !ot 'a(oured." ` Bhe! they a"ree to such proposals, they should *e supplied with mo!ey, "rai!s, a!d other !ecessary help: thus, much ca! *e do!e *y sowi!" the seeds o' disse!sio!.

:&hus e!ds hapter I, G%owi!" the %eeds o' #isse!sio!,H i! Book XIII, G%trate"ic 4ea!s to apture a .ortressH o' the Arthasstra, o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d 'orty/'irst chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER II. ENTICE-ENT OF KING# B/ #ECRET CONTRI'ANCE#. AF ascetic, with sha(ed head or *raided hair a!d li(i!" i! the ca(e o' a mou!tai!, may prete!d to *e 'our hu!dred years old, a!d, 'ollowed *y a !um*er o' disciples with *raided hair, halt i! the (ici!ity o' the capital city o' the e!emy. &he disciples o' the ascetic may make prese!tatio!s o' roots a!d 'ruits to the ki!" a!d his mi!isters a!d i!(ite them to pay a (isit to the (e!era*le ascetic. +! the arri(al o' the ki!" o! the spot, the ascetic may ac)uai!t him with the history o' a!cie!t ki!"s a!d their states, a!d tell him: "3(ery time whe! I complete the course o' a hu!dred years, I e!ter i!to the 'ire a!d come out o' it as a 'resh youth >&la?. Fow, here i! your prese!ce, I am "oi!" to e!ter i!to the 'ire 'or the 'ourth time. It is hi"hly !ecessary that you may *e pleased to ho!our me with your prese!ce at the time. -lease re)uest three *oo!s." Bhe! the ki!" a"rees to do so, he may *e re)uested to come a!d remai! at the spot with his wi(es a!d childre! 'or se(e! !i"hts to wit!ess the sacri'icial per'orma!ce. Bhe! he does so, he may *e cau"ht hold o'. A! ascetic, with sha(ed head or *raided hair, a!d 'ollowed *y a !um*er o' disciples with sha(ed heads or *raided hair, a!d prete!di!" to *e aware o' whate(er is co!tai!ed i! the i!terior o' the earth, may put i! the i!terior o' a! a!t/hill either a *am*oo stick wou!d rou!d with a piece o' cloth dre!ched i! *lood a!d pai!ted with "old dust, or a hollow "olde! tu*e i!to which a s!ake ca! e!ter a!d remai!. +!e o' the disciples may tell the ki!": "&his ascetic ca! disco(er *loomi!" treasure tro(e." Bhe! he asks the ascetic >as to the (eracity o' the stateme!t?, the latter should ack!owled"e it, a!d produce a co!'irmatory e(ide!ce >*y pulli!" out the *am*oo stick?, or ha(i!" kept some more "old i! the i!terior o' the a!t/hill, the ascetic may tell the ki!": "&his treasure tro(e is "uarded *y a s!ake a!d ca! possi*ly *e take! out *y per'ormi!" !ecessary sacri'ice. Bhe! the ki!" a"rees to do so, he may *e re)uested to come a!d remai!. . . >as *e'ore?. Bhe! a! ascetic, prete!di!" to *e a*le to 'i!d out hidde! treasure tro(e, is seated with his *ody *ur!i!" with ma"ical 'ire at !i"ht i! a lo!ely place, his disciples may *ri!" the ki!" to see him a!d i!'orm the ki!" that the ascetic ca! 'i!d out treasure tro(e. Bhile e!"a"ed i! per'ormi!" some work at the re)uest o' the ki!", the latter may *e re)uested to come a!d remai! at the spot 'or se(e! !i"hts . . . >as *e'ore?. A! accomplished ascetic may *e"uile a ki!" *y his k!owled"e o' the scie!ce o' ma"ic k!ow! as (am&haka, a!d re)uest him to come a!d remai! . . . >as *e'ore?. A! accomplished ascetic, prete!di!" to ha(e secured the 'a(our o' the power'ul "uardia! deity o' the cou!try, may o'te! *e"uile the ki!"'s chie' mi!isters with his wo!der'ul per'orma!ce a!d "radually impose upo! the ki!".

A!y perso!, dis"uised as a! ascetic a!d li(i!" u!der water or i! the i!terior o' a! idol e!tered i!to throu"h a tu!!el or a! u!der"rou!d cham*er, may *e said *y his disciples to *e Varuna, the "od o' water, or the ki!" o' s!akes, a!d show! to the ki!". Bhile "oi!" to accomplish whate(er the ki!" may desire, the latter may *e re)uested to come a!d remai! . . . >as *e'ore.? A! accomplished ascetic, halti!" i! the (ici!ity o' the capital city, may i!(ite the ki!" to wit!ess the perso! >o' his e!emy? whe! he comes to wit!ess the i!(ocatio! o' his e!emy's li'e i! the ima"e to *e destroyed, he may *e murdered i! a! u!"uarded place. %pies, u!der the, "uise o' mercha!ts come to sell horses, may i!(ite the ki!" to e1ami!e a!d purchase a!y o' the a!imals. Bhile atte!ti(ely e1ami!i!" the horses, he may *e murdered i! the tumult or trampled dow! *y horses. 2etti!" i!to a! altar at !i"ht i! the (ici!ity o' the capital city o' the e!emy a!d *lowi!" throu"h tu*es or hollow reeds the 'ire co!tai!ed i! a 'ew pots, some 'iery spies may shout aloud: "Be are "oi!" to eat the 'lesh o' the ki!" or o' his mi!isters, let the worship o' the "ods "o o!." %pies, u!der the "uise o' sooth/sayers a!d horolo"ists may spread the !ews a*road. %pies, dis"uised as Fa"as >s!ake/"ods a!d with their *ody *esmeared with *ur!i!" oil >te(nataila?, may sta!d i! the ce!tre o' a sacred pool o' water or o' a lake at !i"ht, a!d sharpe!i!" their iro! swords or spikes, may shout aloud as *e'ore. %pies, weari!" coats 'ormed o' the ski!s o' *ears a!d se!di!" out (olumes o' smoke 'rom their mouth, may prete!d to *e demo!s, a!d a'ter circumam*ulati!" the city thrice 'rom ri"ht to le't, may shout aloud as *e'ore at a place 'ull o' the horrid !oise o' a!telopes a!d jackals, or spies may set 'ire to a! altar or a! ima"e o' a "od co(ered with a layer o' mica *esmeared with *ur!i!" oil at !i"ht, a!d shout aloud as *e'ore. +thers may spread this !ews a*road, or they may cause >*y some co!tri(a!ce or other? *lood to 'low out i! 'loods 'rom re(ered ima"es o' "ods. +thers may spread this !ews a*road a!d challe!"e a!y *old or *ra(e ma! to come out to wit!ess this 'low o' di(i!e *lood. Bhoe(er accepts the challe!"e may *e *eate! to death *y others with rods, maki!" the people *elie(e that he was killed *y demo!s. %pies a!d other wit!esses may i!'orm the ki!" o' this wo!der. &he! spies, dis"uised as sooth/sayers a!d astrolo"ers may prescri*e auspicious a!d e1piatory rites to a(ert the e(il co!se)ue!ces which would otherwise o(ertake the ki!" a!d his cou!try. Bhe! the ki!" a"rees to the proposal he may *e asked to per'orm i! perso! special sacri'ices a!d o''eri!"s with special mantras e(ery !i"ht 'or se(e! days. &he! >while doi!" this, he may *e slai!? as *e'ore. I! order to delude other ki!"s, the co!)ueror may himsel' u!dertake the per'orma!ce o' e1piatory rites to a(ert such e(il co!se)ue!ces as the a*o(e a!d thus set a! e1ample to others. I! (iew o' a(erti!" the e(il co!se)ue!ces o' u!!atural occurre!ces, he >the co!)ueror? may collect mo!ey >'rom his su*jects?.

Bhe! the e!emy is 'o!d o' elepha!ts, spies may delude him with the si"ht o' a *eauti'ul elepha!t reared *y the o''icer i! char"e o' elepha!t 'orests. Bhe! he desires to capture the elepha!t, he may *e take! to a remote desolate part o' the 'orest, a!d killed or carried o'' as a priso!er. &his e1plai!s the 'ate o' ki!"s addicted to hu!ti!". Bhe! the e!emy is 'o!d o' wealth or wome!, he may *e *e"uiled at the si"ht o' rich a!d *eauti'ul widows *rou"ht *e'ore him with a plai!t 'or the reco(ery o' a deposit kept *y them i! the custody o' o!e o' their ki!sme!, a!d whe! he comes to meet with a woma! at !i"ht as arra!"ed, hidde! spies may kill him with weapo!s or poiso!. Bhe! the e!emy is i! the ha*it o' payi!" 're)ue!t (isits to ascetics, altars, sacred pillars >st0pa?, a!d ima"es o' "ods, spies hidde! i! u!der"rou!d cham*ers or i! su*terra!ea! passa"es, or i!side the walls, may strike him dow!. ` Bhate(er may *e the si"hts or spectacles which the ki!" "oes i! perso! to wit!ess, where(er he may e!"a"e himsel' i! sports or i! swimmi!" i! water, ` Bhere(er he may *e careless i! utteri!" such words o' re*uke as "!ut" or o! the occasio!s o' sacri'icial per'orma!ce or duri!" the accoucheme!t o' wome! or at the time o' death or disease >o' some perso! i! the palace?, or at the time o' lo(e, sorrow, or 'ear, ` Bhate(er may *e the 'esti(ities o' his ow! me!, which the ki!" "oes to atte!d, where(er he is u!"uarded or duri!" a cloudy day, or i! the tumultuous co!course o' people, ` +r i! a! assem*ly o' Brhmans, or whe!e(er he may "o i! perso! to see the out*reak o' 'ire, or whe!, he is i! a lo!ely place, or whe! he is putti!" o! dress or or!ame!ts, or "arla!ds o' 'lower, or whe! he is lyi!" i! his *ed or sitti!" o! a seat, ` +r whe! he is eati!" or dri!ki!", o! these a!d other occasio!s, spies, to"ether with other perso!s pre(iously hidde! at those places, may strike him dow! at the sou!d o' trumpets. `A!d they may "et out as secretly as they came there with the prete!ce o' wit!essi!" the si"hts, thus it is that ki!"s a!d other perso!s are e!ticed to come out a!d *e captured. :&hus e!ds hapter II, "3!ticeme!t o' Ki!"s *y %ecret o!tri(a!ces," i! Book XIII, "%trate"ic mea!s to apture a .ortress," o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d 'orty/seco!d chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER III. THE +ORK OF #PIE# IN A #IEGE.

&D3 co!)ueror may dismiss a co!'ide!tial chie' o' a corporatio!. &he chie' may "o o(er to the e!emy as a 'rie!d a!d o''er to supply him with recruits a!d other help collected 'rom the co!)ueror's territory or 'ollowed *y a *a!d o' spies, the chie' may please the e!emy *y destroyi!" a disloyal (illa"e or a re"ime!t or a! ally o' the co!)ueror a!d *y se!di!" as a prese!t the elepha!ts, horses, a!d disa''ected perso!s o' the co!)ueror's army or o' the latter's ally, or a co!'ide!tial chie' o''icer o' the co!)ueror may solicit help 'rom a portio! o' the territory >o' the e!emy?, or 'rom a corporatio! o' people >sreni? or 'rom wild tri*es, a!d whe! he has "ai!ed their co!'ide!ce, he may se!d them dow! to the co!)ueror to *e routed dow! o! the occasio! o' a 'arcical attempt to capture elepha!ts or wild tri*es. &his e1plai!s the work o' mi!isters a!d wild chie's u!der the missio! o' the co!)ueror. A'ter maki!" peace with the e!emy, the co!)ueror may dismiss his ow! co!'ide!tial mi!isters. &hey may re)uest the e!emy to reco!cile them to their master. Bhe! the e!emy se!ds a messe!"er 'or this purpose, the co!)ueror may re*uke him a!d say: "&hy master attempts to sow the seeds o' disse!sio! *etwee! mysel' a!d my mi!isters, so thou should !ot come here a"ai!." &he! o!e o' the dismissed mi!isters may "o o(er to the e!emy, taki!" with him a *a!d o' spies, disa''ected people, traitors, *ra(e thie(es, a!d wild tri*es who make !o disti!ctio! *etwee! a 'rie!d a!d a 'oe. Da(i!" secured the "ood "races o' the e!emy, the mi!ister may propose to him the destructio! o' his o''icers, such as the *ou!dary/"uard, wild chie', a!d comma!der o' his army, telli!" him: "&hese a!d other perso!s are i! co!cert with your e!emy." &he! these perso!s may *e put to death u!der the u!e)ui(ocal orders o' the e!emy. &he co!)ueror may tell his e!emy: "A chie' with a power'u5 army mea!s to o''e!d us, so let us com*i!e a!d put him dow!, you may take possessio! o' his treasury or territory." Bhe! the e!emy a"rees to the proposal a!d comes out ho!oured *y the co!)ueror, he may *e slai! i! a tumult or i! a! ope! *attle with the chie' >i! co!cert with the co!)ueror?. +r ha(i!" i!(ited the e!emy to *e prese!t as a thick 'rie!d o! the occasio! o' a prete!ded "i't o' territory, or the i!stallatio! o' the heir/appare!t, or the per'orma!ce o' some e1piatory rites, the co!)ueror may capture the e!emy. Bhoe(er withsta!ds such i!duceme!ts may *e slai! *y secret mea!s. I' the e!emy re'uses to meet a!y ma! i! perso!, the! also attempts may *e made to kill him *y employi!" his e!emy. I' the e!emy likes to march alo!e with his army, *ut !ot i! compa!y with the co!)ueror, the! he may *e hemmed i! *etwee! two 'orces a!d destroyed. I', trusti!" to !o!e, he wa!ts to march alo!e i! order to capture a portio! o' the territory o' a! assaila*le e!emy, the! he may *e slai! *y employi!" o!e o' his e!emies or a!y other perso! pro(ided with all !ecessary help. Bhe! he "oes to his su*dued e!emy 'or the purpose o' collecti!" a! army, his capital may *e captured. +r he may *e asked to take possessio! o' the territory o' a!other e!emy or a 'rie!d o' the co!)ueror, a!d whe! he "oes to sei0e the territory, the co!)ueror may ask his >the co!)ueror's? 'rie!d to o''e!d him >the co!)ueror?, a!d the! e!a*le the 'rie!d to catch hold o' the e!emy. &hese a!d other co!tri(a!ces lead to the same e!d.

Bhe! the e!emy is desirous o' taki!" possessio! o' the territory o' the co!)ueror's 'rie!d, the! the co!)ueror may, u!der the prete!ce o' complia!ce, supply the e!emy with army. &he! ha(i!" e!tered i!to a secret co!cert with the 'rie!d, the co!)ueror may prete!d to *e u!der trou*les a!d allow himsel' to *e attacked *y the e!emy com*i!ed with the !e"lected 'rie!d. &he!, hemmed 'rom two sides, the e!emy may *e killed or captured ali(e to distri*ute his territory amo!" the co!)ueror a!d his 'rie!d. I' the e!emy, helped *y his 'rie!d, shuts himsel' i! a! impre"!a*le 'ort, the! his !ei"h*ouri!" e!emies may *e employed to lay waste his territory. I' he attempts to de'e!d his territory *y his army, that army may *e a!!ihilated. I' the e!emy a!d his ally ca!!ot *e separated, the! each o' these may *e ope!ly asked to come to a! a"reeme!t with the co!)ueror to sei0e the territory o' the other. &he! they will, o' course, se!d such o' their messe!"ers as are termed 'rie!ds a!d recipie!ts o' salaries 'rom two states to each other with i!'ormatio!: "&his ki!" >the co!)ueror?, allied with my army, desires to sei0e thy territory." &he! o!e o' them may, with e!ra"eme!t a!d suspicio!, act as *e'ore >i.e., 'all upo! the co!)ueror or the 'rie!d?. &he co!)ueror may dismiss his chie' o''icers i! char"e o' his 'orests, cou!try parts, a!d army, u!der the prete!ce o' their i!tri"ue with the e!emy. &he! "oi!" o(er to 'the e!emy, they may catch hold o' him o! occasio!s o' war, sie"e, or a!y other trou*les, or they may sow the seeds o' disse!sio! *etwee! the e!emy a!d his party, corro*orati!" the causes o' disse!sio! *y produci!" wit!esses specially tutored. %pies, dis"uised as hu!ters, may take a sta!d !ear the "ate o' the e!emy's 'ort to sell 'lesh, a!d make 'rie!dship with the se!ti!els at the "ate. Da(i!" i!'ormed the e!emy o' the arri(al o' thie(es o! two or three occasio!s, they may pro(e themsel(es to *e o' relia*le character a!d cause him to split his army i!to two di(isio!s a!d to statio! them i! two di''ere!t parts o' his territory. Bhe! his (illa"es are *ei!" plu!dered or *esie"ed, they may tell him that thie(es are come (ery !ear, that the tumult is (ery "reat, a!d that a lar"e army is re)uired. &hey may take the army supplied, a!d surre!deri!" it to the comma!der layi!" waste the (illa"es, retur! at !i"ht with a part o' the comma!der's army, a!d cry aloud at the "ate o' the 'ort that the thie(es are slai!, that the army has retur!ed (ictorious, a!d that the "ate may *e ope!ed. Bhe! the "ate is ope!ed *y the watchme! u!der the e!emyJs order or *y others i! co!'ide!ce, they may strike the e!emy with the help o' the army. -ai!ters, carpe!ters, heretics, actors, mercha!ts, a!d other dis"uised spies *elo!"i!" to the co!)ueror's army may also reside i!side the 'ort o' the e!emy. %pies, dis"uised as a"riculturists, may supply them with weapo!s take! i! carts loaded with 'irewood, "rass, "rai!s, a!d other commodities o' commerce, or dis"uised as ima"es a!d 'la"s o' "ods. &he! spies, dis"uised as priests, may a!!ou!ce to the e!emy, *lowi!" their co!ch shells a!d *eati!" their drums, that a *esie"i!" army, ea"er to destroy all, a!d armed with weapo!s, is comi!" closely *ehi!d them. &he! i! the e!sui!" tumult, they may surre!der the 'ort/"ate a!d the towers o' the 'ort to the army o' the co!)ueror or disperse the e!emyJs army a!d *ri!" a*out his 'all.

+r taki!" ad(a!ta"e o' peace a!d 'rie!dship with the e!emy, army a!d weapo!s may *e collected i!side the e!emy's 'ort *y spies dis"uised as mercha!ts, cara(a!s, processio!s leadi!" a *ride, mercha!ts selli!" horses, peddlers tradi!" i! miscella!eous articles, purchasers or sellers o' "rai!s, a!d as ascetics. &hese a!d others are the spies aimi!" o! the li'e o' a ki!". &he same spies, to"ether with those descri*ed i! "Aemo(al o' thor!s" may, *y employi!" thie(es, destroy the 'lock o' the e!emy's cattle or mercha!dise i! the (ici!ity o' wild tracts. &hey may poiso! with the juice o' the madana pla!t, the 'ood/stu''s a!d *e(era"e kept, as pre(iously arra!"ed, i! a de'i!ite place 'or the e!emy's cowherds, a!d "o out u!k!ow!. Bhe! the cowherds show si"!s o' i!to1icatio! i! co!se)ue!ce o' their eati!" the a*o(e 'ood/stu''s, spies, dis"uised as cowherds, mercha!ts, a!d thie(es, may 'all upo! the e!emy's cowherds, a!d carry o'' the cattle. %pies dis"uised as ascetics with sha(ed head or *raided hair a!d prete!di!" to *e the worshippers o' "od, Sankarshana, may mi1 their sacri'icial *e(era"e with the juice o' the madana pla!t >a!d "i(e it to the cowherds?, a!d carry o'' the cattle. A spy, u!der the "uise o' a (i!t!er, may, o! the occasio! o' processio! o' "ods, 'u!eral rites, 'esti(als, a!d other co!"re"atio!s o' people, "o to sell li)uor a!d prese!t the cowherds with some li)uor mi1ed with the juice o' the madana pla!t. &he! others may 'all upo! the i!to1icated cowherds >a!d carry o'' the cattle?. ` &hose spies, who e!ter i!to the wild tracts o' the e!emy with the i!te!tio! o' plu!deri!" his (illa"es, a!d who, lea(i!" that work, set themsel(es to destroy the e!emy, are termed spies u!der the "ar* o' thie(es. :&hus e!ds hapter III, G&he Bork o' %pies i! a %ie"e,H i! Book XIII, G&he %trate"ic 4ea!s to apture a .ortress,H o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d 'orty/third chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER I'. THE OPERATION OF A #IEGE. A3#E &I+F >o' the e!emy? must precede a sie"e. &he territory that has *ee! co!)uered should *e kept so peace'ully that it mi"ht sleep without a!y 'ear. Bhe! it is i! re*ellio!, it is to *e paci'ied *y *estowi!" re/ wards a!d remitti!" ta1es, u!less the co!)ueror mea!s to )uit it. +r he may select his *attle 'ields i! a remote part o' the e!emy's territory, 'ar 'rom the populous ce!tres, 'or, i! the opi!io! o' Kautilya, !o territory deser(es the !ame o' a ki!"dom or cou!try u!less it is 'ull o' people. Bhe! a people resist the attempt o' the co!)ueror, the! he may destroy their stores, crops, a!d "ra!aries, a!d trade.

` By the destructio! o' trade, a"ricultural produce, a!d sta!di!" crops, *y causi!" the people to ru! away, a!d *y slayi!" their leaders i! secret, the cou!try will *e de!uded o' its people. Bhe! the co!)ueror thi!ks: "4y army is pro(ided with a*u!da!ce o' staple cor!, raw materials, machi!es, weapo!s, dress, la*ourers, ropes a!d the like, a!d has a 'a(oura*le seaso! to act, whereas my e!emy has a! u!'a(oura*le seaso! a!d is su''eri!" 'rom disease, 'ami!e a!d loss o' stores a!d de'e!ci(e 'orce, while his hired troops as well as the army o' his 'rie!d are i! a misera*le co!ditio!,"//the! he may *e"i! the sie"e. Da(i!" well "uarded his camp, tra!sports, supplies a!d also the roads o' commu!icatio!, a!d ha(i!" du" up a ditch a!d raised a rampart rou!d his camp, he may (itiate the water i! the ditches rou!d the e!emy's 'ort, or empty the ditches o' their water or 'ill them with water i' empty, a!d the! he may assail the rampart a!d the parapets *y maki!" use o' u!der"rou!d tu!!els a!d iro! rods. I' the ditch >dvram? is (ery deep, he may 'ill it up with soil. I' it is de'e!ded *y a !um*er o' me!, he may destroy it *y mea!s o' machi!es. Dorse soldiers may 'orce their passa"e throu"h the "ate i!to the 'ort a!d smite the e!emy. Fow a!d the! i! the midst o' tumult, he may o''er terms to the e!emy *y taki!" recourse to o!e, two, three, or all o' the strate"ic mea!s. Da(i!" captured the *irds such as the (ulture, crow, naptri2 &hsa2 parrot, mina, a!d pi"eo! which ha(e their !ests i! the 'ort/walls, a!d ha(i!" tied to their tails i!'lamma*le powders >a%niyo%a?, he may let them 'ly to the 'orts. I' the camp is situated at a dista!ce 'rom the 'ort a!d is pro(ided with a! ele(ated post 'or archers a!d their 'la"s, the! the e!emy's 'ort may *e set o! 'ire. %pies, li(i!" as watchme! o' the 'ort, may tie i!'lamma*le powder to the tails o' mo!"ooses, mo!keys, cats a!d do"s a!d let them "o o(er the thatched roo's o' the houses. A spli!ter o' 'ire kept i! the *ody o' a dried 'ish may *e caused to *e carried o'' *y a mo!key, or a crow, or a!y other *ird >to the thatched roo's o' the houses?. %mall *alls prepared 'rom the mi1ture o' sarala >*inus "on%ifolia?, devadru >deodCr?, p0titrina >sti!ki!" "rass?, %u%%ulu >Bdellium?, sriveshtaka >turpe!ti!e?, the juice o' sar(a >Vatica 'o&usta?, a!d lksha >lac? com*i!ed with du!"s o' a! ass, camel, sheep, a!d "oat are i!'lamma*le >a%nidharanah, i.e., such as keep 'ire.? &he mi1ture o' the powder o' priyala >)hiron(ia Sapida?, the charcoal o' aval%u(a >oany1a, serratula2 anthelmintica?, madh0chchhishta >wa1?, a!d the du!" o' a horse, ass, camel, a!d cow is a! i!'lamma*le powder to *e hurled a"ai!st the e!emy. &he powder o' all the metals >sarvaloha? as red as 'ire, or the mi1ture o' the powder o' kum&h. >%melia ar&erea, s.sa >lead?, trapu >0i!c?, mi1ed with the charcoal powder o' the 'lowers o' pri&hadraka >deodar?, palsa >Butea 8rondosa?, a!d hair, a!d with oil, wa1, a!d turpe!ti!e, is also a! i!'lamma*le powder. A stick o' visvsa%hti pai!ted with the a*o(e mi1ture a!d wou!d rou!d with a *ark made o' hemp, 0i!c, a!d lead, is a 'ire/arrow >to *e hurled a"ai!st the e!emy?.

Bhe! a 'ort ca! *e captured *y other mea!s, !o attempt should *e made to set 'ire to it, 'or 'ire ca!!ot *e trusted, it !ot o!ly o''e!ds "ods, *ut also destroys the people, "rai!s, cattle, "old, raw materials a!d the like. Also the ac)uisitio! o' a 'ort with its property all destroyed is a source o' 'urther loss. %uch is the aspect o' a sie"e. Bhe! the co!)ueror thi!ks: "I am well pro(ided with all !ecessary mea!s a!d with workme! whereas my e!emy is diseased with o''icers pro(ed to *e impure u!der temptatio!s, with u!'i!ished 'orts a!d de'icie!t stores, allied with !o 'rie!ds, or with 'rie!ds i!imical at heart," the! he should co!sider it as a! opportu!e mome!t to take up arms a!d storm the 'ort. Bhe! 'ire, accide!tal or i!te!tio!ally ki!dled, *reaks out, whe! the e!emy's people are e!"a"ed i! a sacri'icial per'orma!ce, or i! wit!essi!" spectacles or the troops, or i! a )uarrel due to the dri!ki!" o' li)uor, or whe! the e!emy's army is too much tired *y daily e!"a"eme!ts i! *attles a!d is reduced i! stre!"th i! co!se)ue!ce o' the slau"hter o' a !um*er o' its me! i! a !um*er o' *attles, whe! the e!emy's people wearied 'rom sleepless!ess ha(e 'alle! asleep, or o! the occasio! o' a cloudy day, o' 'loods, or o' a thick 'o" or s!ow, "e!eral assault should *e made. +r ha(i!" co!cealed himsel' i! a 'orest a'ter a*a!do!i!" the camp, the co!)ueror may strike the e!emy whe! the latter comes out. A ki!" prete!di!" to *e the e!emy's chie' 'rie!d or ally, may make the 'rie!dship closer with the *esie"ed, a!d se!d a messe!"er to say: "&his is thy weak poi!t, these are thy i!ter!al e!emies, that is the weak poi!t o' the *esie"er, a!d this perso! >who, deserti!" the co!)ueror, is !ow comi!" to thee? is thy partisa!." Bhe! this partisa! is retur!i!" with a!other messe!"er 'rom the e!emy, the co!)ueror should catch hold o' him a!d, ha(i!" pu*lished the partisa!'s "uilt, should *a!ish him, a!d retire 'rom the sie"e operatio!s. &he! the prete!di!" 'rie!d may tell the *esie"ed: " ome out to help me, or let us com*i!e a!d strike the *esie"er." Accordi!"ly, whe! the e!emy comes out, he may *e hemmed *etwee! the two 'orces >the co!)ueror's 'orce a!d the prete!di!" 'rie!d's 'orce? a!d killed or captured ali(e to distri*ute his territory >*etwee! the co!)ueror a!d the 'rie!d?. Dis capital city may *e ra0ed to the "rou!d, a!d the 'lower o' his army made to come out a!d destroyed. &his e1plai!s the treatme!t o' a co!)uered e!emy or wild chie'. 3ither a co!)uered e!emy or the chie' o' a wild tri*e >i! co!spiracy with the co!)ueror? may i!'orm the *esie"ed: "Bith the i!te!tio! o' escapi!" 'rom a disease, or 'rom the attack i! his weak poi!t *y his e!emy i! the rear, or 'rom a re*ellio! i! his army, the co!)ueror seems to *e thi!ki!" o' "oi!" elsewhere, a*a!do!i!" the sie"e." Bhe! the e!emy is made to *elie(e this, the co!)ueror may set 'ire to his camp a!d retire. &he! the e!emy comi!" out may *e hemmed . . . as *e'ore. +r ha(i!" collected mercha!dise mi1ed with poiso!, the co!)ueror may decei(e the e!emy *y se!di!" that mercha!dise to the latter.

+r a prete!di!" ally o' the e!emy may se!d a messe!"er to the e!emy, aski!" him: " ome out to smite the co!)ueror already struck *y me." Bhe! he does so, he may *e hemmed . . . as *e'ore. %pies, dis"uised as 'rie!ds or relati(es a!d with passports a!d orders i! their ha!ds, may e!ter the e!emy's 'ort a!d help to its capture. +r a prete!di!" ally o' the e!emy may se!d i!'ormatio! to the *esie"ed: "I am "oi!" to strike the *esie"i!" camp at such a time a!d place, the! you should also 'i"ht alo!" with me." Bhe! the e!emy does so, or whe! he comes out o' his 'ort a'ter wit!essi!" the tumult a!d uproar o' the *esie"i!" army i! da!"er, he may *e slai! as *e'ore. +r a 'rie!d or a wild chie' i! 'rie!dship with the e!emy may *e i!duced a!d e!coura"ed to sei0e the la!d o' the e!emy whe! the latter is *esie"ed *y the co!)ueror. Bhe! accordi!"ly a!y o!e o' them attempts to sei0e the e!emy's territory, the e!emy's people or the leaders o' the e!emy's traitors may *e employed to murder him >the 'rie!d or the wild chie'?, or the co!)ueror himsel' may admi!ister poiso! to him. &he! a!other prete!di!" 'rie!d may i!'orm the e!emy that the murdered perso! was a 'ratricide >as he attempted to sei0e the territory o' his 'rie!d i! trou*les?. A'ter stre!"the!i!" his i!timacy with the e!emy, the prete!di!" 'rie!d may sow the seeds o' disse!sio! *etwee! the e!emy a!d his o''icers a!d ha(e the latter ha!"ed. ausi!" the peace'ul people o' the e!emy to re*el, he may put them dow!, u!k!ow! to the e!emy. &he! ha(i!" take! with him a portio! o' his army composed o' 'urious wild tri*es, he may e!ter the e!emy's 'ort a!d allow it to *e captured *y the co!)ueror. +r traitors, e!emies, wild tri*es a!d other perso!s who ha(e deserted the e!emy, may, u!der the plea o' ha(i!" *ee! reco!ciled, ho!oured a!d rewarded, "o *ack to the e!emy a!d allow the 'ort to *e captured *y the co!)ueror. Da(i!" captured the 'ort or ha(i!" retur!ed to the camp a'ter its capture, he should "i(e )uarter to those o' the e!emy's army who, whether as lyi!" prostrate i! the 'ield, or as sta!di!" with their *ack tur!ed to the co!)ueror, or with their hair dishe(elled, with their weapo!s throw! dow! or with their *ody dis'i"ured a!d shi(eri!" u!der 'ear, surre!der themsel(es. A'ter the captured 'ort is cleared o' the e!emy's partisa!s a!d is well "uarded *y the co!)ueror's me! *oth withi! a!d without, he should make his (ictorious e!try i!to it. Da(i!" thus sei0ed the territory o' the e!emy close to his cou!try, the co!)ueror should direct his atte!tio! to that o' the madhyama ki!", this *ei!" take!, he should catch hold o' that o' the !eutral ki!". &his is the 'irst way to co!)uer the world. I! the a*se!ce o' the madhyama a!d !eutral ki!"s, he should, i! (irtue o' his ow! e1celle!t )ualities, wi! the hearts o' his e!emy's su*jects, a!d the! direct his atte!tio! to other remote e!emies. &his is the seco!d way. I! the a*se!ce o' a ircle o' %tates >to *e co!)uered?, he should co!)uer his 'rie!d or his e!emy *y hemmi!" each *etwee! his ow! 'orce a!d that o' his e!emy or that o' his 'rie!d respecti(ely. &his is the third way.

+r he may 'irst put dow! a! almost i!(i!ci*le immediate e!emy. Da(i!" dou*led his power *y this (ictory, he may "o a"ai!st a seco!d e!emy, ha(i!" tre*led his power *y this (ictory, he may attack a third. &his is the 'ourth way to co!)uer the world. Da(i!" co!)uered the earth with its people o' disti!ct castes a!d di(isio!s o' reli"ious li'e, he should e!joy it *y "o(er!i!" it i! accorda!ce with the duties prescri*ed to ki!"s. ` I!tri"ue, spies, wi!!i!" o(er the e!emy's people, sie"e, a!d assault are the 'i(e mea!s to capture a 'ort. :&hus e!ds hapter IV, "&he +peratio! o' a %ie"e a!d %tormi!" a .ort," i! Book XIII, "%trate"ic 4ea!s to apture a .ortress," o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d 'orty/'ourth chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER '. RE#TORATION OF PEACE IN A CON3.ERED CO.NTR/. &D3 e1peditio! which the co!)ueror has to u!dertake may *e o' two ki!ds: i! wild tracts or i! si!"le (illa"es a!d the like. &he territory which he ac)uires may *e o' three ki!ds: that which is !ewly ac)uired, that which is reco(ered >'rom a! usurper? a!d that which is i!herited. Da(i!" ac)uired a !ew territory, he should co(er the e!emy's (ices with his ow! (irtues, a!d the e!emy's (irtues *y dou*li!" his ow! (irtues, *y strict o*ser(a!ce o' his ow! duties, *y atte!di!" to his works, *y *estowi!" rewards, *y remitti!" ta1es, *y "i(i!" "i'ts, a!d *y *estowi!" ho!ours. De should 'ollow the 'rie!ds a!d leaders o' the people. De should "i(e rewards, as promised, to those who deserted the e!emy 'or his cause, he should also o''er rewards to them as o'te! as they re!der help to him, 'or whoe(er 'ails to 'ull'il his promises *ecomes u!trustworthy *oth to his ow! a!d his e!emy's people. Bhoe(er acts a"ai!st the will o' the people will also *ecome u!relia*le. De should adopt the same mode o' li'e, the same dress, la!"ua"e, a!d customs as those o' the people. De should 'ollow the people i! their 'aith with which they cele*rate their !atio!al, reli"ious a!d co!"re"atio!al 'esti(als or amuseme!ts. Dis spies should o'te! *ri!" home to the mi!d o' the leaders o' pro(i!ces, (illa"es, castes, a!d corporatio!s the hurt i!'licted o! the e!emies i! co!trast with the hi"h esteem a!d 'a(our with which they are treated *y the co!)ueror, who 'i!ds his ow! prosperity i! theirs. De should please them *y "i(i!" "i'ts, remitti!" ta1es, a!d pro(idi!" 'or their security. De should always hold reli"ious 5i'e i! hi"h esteem. ;ear!ed me!, orators, charita*le a!d *ra(e perso!s should *e 'a(oured with "i'ts o' la!d a!d mo!ey a!d with remissio! o' ta1es. De should release all the priso!ers, a!d a''ord help to misera*le, helpless, a!d diseased perso!s. De should prohi*it the slau"hter o' a!imals 'or hal' a mo!th duri!" the period o' )hturmsya >'rom Kuly to %eptem*er?, 'or 'our !i"hts duri!" the 'ull moo!, a!d 'or a !i"ht o! the day o' the *irth/star o' the co!)ueror or o' the !atio!al star. De should also

prohi*it the slau"hter o' 'emales a!d you!" o!es >yoni&lavadham? as well as castratio!. Da(i!" a*olished those customs or tra!sactio!s which he mi"ht co!sider either as i!jurious to the "rowth o' his re(e!ue a!d army or as u!ri"hteous, he should esta*lish ri"hteous tra!sactio!s. De should compel *or! thie(es as well as the Mlechchhas to cha!"e their ha*itatio!s o'te! a!d reside i! ma!y places. %uch o' his chie' o''icers i! char"e o' the 'orts, cou!try parts, a!d the army, a!d mi!isters a!d priests as are 'ou!d to ha(e *ee! i! co!spiracy with the e!emy should also *e compelled to ha(e their ha*itatio!s i! di''ere!t places o! the *orders o' the e!emy's cou!try. %uch o' his me! as are capa*le to hurt him, *ut are co!(i!ced o' their ow! 'all with that o' their master, should *e paci'ied *y secret remo!stra!ce. %uch re!e"ades o' his ow! cou!try as are captured alo!" with the e!emy should *e made to reside i! remote cor!ers. Bhoe(er o' the e!emy's 'amily is capa*le to wrest the co!)uered territory a!d is taki!" shelter i! a wild tract o! the *order, o'te! harassi!" the co!)ueror, should *e pro(ided with a sterile portio! o' territory or with a 'ourth part o' a 'ertile tract o! the co!ditio! o' supplyi!" to the co!)ueror a 'i1ed amou!t o' mo!ey a!d a 'i1ed !um*er o' troops, i! raisi!" which he may i!cur the displeasure o' the people a!d may *e destroyed *y them. Bhoe(er has caused e1citeme!t to the people or i!curred their displeasure should *e remo(ed a!d placed i! a da!"erous locality. Da(i!" reco(ered a lost territory, he should hide those (ices o' his, owi!" to which he lost it, a!d i!crease those (irtues *y which he reco(ered it. Bith re"ard to the i!herited territory, he should co(er the (ices o' his 'ather, a!d display his ow! (irtues. ` De should i!itiate the o*ser(a!ce o' all those customs, which, thou"h ri"hteous a!d practised *y others, are !ot o*ser(ed i! his ow! cou!try, a!d "i(e !o room 'or the practice o' whate(er is u!ri"hteous, thou"h o*ser(ed *y others. :&hus e!ds hapter V, "Aestoratio! o' -eace i! a o!)uered ou!try,H i! Book XIII, G%trate"ic 4ea!s to apture a .ortress,H o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d 'orty/'i'th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!". Bith this e!ds the thirtee!th Book G%trate"ic 4ea!s to apture a .ortress,H o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya.<

.rom: Kautilya. Arthashastra. &ra!slated *y A. %hamasastry. Ba!"alore: 2o(er!me!t -ress, 5Q56, OV6/OQM.

Kautilya's Arthashastra: Book XIV, "%ecret 4ea!s"

CHAPTER I. -EAN# TO IN6.RE AN ENE-/.

IF order to protect the i!stitutio! o' the 'our castes, such measures as are treated o' i! secret scie!ce shall *e applied a"ai!st the wicked. &hrou"h the i!strume!tality o' such me! or wome! o' Mlechchha class as ca! put o! dis"uises, appropriate to di''ere!t cou!tries, arts, or pro'essio!s, or as ca! put o! the appeara!ce o' a hump/*acked, dwar'ish, or short/si0ed perso!, or o' a dum*, dea', idiot, or *li!d perso!, klak0ta a!d other ma!i'old poiso!s should *e admi!istered i! the diet a!d other physical e!joyme!ts o' the wicked. %pies lyi!" i! wait or li(i!" as i!mates >i! the same house? may make use o' weapo!s o! occasio!s o' royal sports or musical a!d other e!tertai!me!ts. %pies, u!der the dis"uise o' !i"ht/walkers >rtrichri? or o' 'ire/keepers >a%ni/(.vi? may set 'ire >to the houses o' the wicked?. &he powder >prepared 'rom the carcass? o' a!imals such as chitra >@?2 &heka >'ro"?, kaundinyaka >@?2 krikana >perdi+ sylvatika?2 panchakushtha >@?, a!d satapadi2 >ce!tipede?, or o' a!imals such as uchchitin%a >cra*?, kam&ali >@?, krikalsa >li0ard? with the powder o' the *ark o' satakanda >*hyalis 8le+uosa?, or o' a!imals such as %riha%aulika >a small house/li0ard?, andhhika >a *li!d s!ake?, krakanthaka >a ki!d o' partrid"e?, p0tik.ta >a sti!ki!" i!sect?, a!d %omrika >@? com*i!ed with the juice o' *hallCtaka >Semecarpus Anacardium?, a!d val%aka >@?,//the smoke caused *y *ur!i!" the a*o(e powders causes i!sta!ta!eous death. ` A!y o' the >a*o(e? i!sects may *e heated with a *lack s!ake a!d priyan%u >pa!ic seed? a!d reduced to powder. &his mi1ture, whe! *ur!t, causes i!sta!ta!eous death. &he powder prepared 'rom the roots o' dhmr%ava >lufta foetida? a!d ytudhna >@? mi1ed with the powder o' the 'lower o' &halltaka >Semecarpus Anacardium? causes, whe! admi!istered, death i! the course o' hal' a mo!th. &he root o' vy%hta >casia fistula? reduced to powder with the 'lower o' &halltaka >Semecarpus A nacardium? mi1ed with the esse!ce o' a! i!sect >k.ta? causes, whe! admi!istered, death i! the course o' a mo!th. As much as a kal >59th o' a tola? to me!, twice as much to mules a!d horses, a!d 'our times as much to elepha!ts a!d camels. &he smoke caused *y *ur!i!" the powder o' satakardama >@?, uchchitin%a >cra*?, karavira >nerium odorum?, katutum&i >a ki!d o' *itter "ourd?, a!d 'ish to"ether with the cha'' o' the "rai!s o' madana >@? a!d kodrava >paspalam scro&iculatum?, or with the cha'' o' the seeds o' hastikarna >castor oil tree? a!d palsa >&utea frondosa? destroys a!imal li'e as 'ar as it is carried o'' *y the wi!d. &he smoke caused *y *ur!i!" the powder o' p0tikita >a sti!ki!" i!sect?, 'ish, katutum&i >a ki!d o' *itter "ourd?, the *ark o' satakardama >@?, a!d indra%opa >the i!sect cochi!eal?, or the powder o' p0tikita2 kshudrrla >the resi! o' the pla!t, shorea ro&usta?, a!d hemavidri >@? mi1ed with the powder o' the hoo' a!d hor! o' a "oat causes *li!d!ess.

&he smoke caused *y *ur!i!" the lea(es o' p0tikaran(a >%uilandina &onducella?, yellow arse!ic, real"ar, the seeds o' %un(a >a&rus precatorius?, the cha'' o' the seeds o' red cotto!, sphota >a pla!t, careya ar&orea?, khcha >salt @?, a!d the du!" a!d uri!e o' a cow causes *li!d!ess. &he smoke caused *y *ur!i!" the ski! o' a s!ake, the du!" o' a cow a!d a horse, a!d the head o' a *li!d s!ake causes *li!d!ess. &he smoke caused *y *ur!i!" the powder made o' the mi1ture o' the du!" a!d uri!e o' pi"eo!s, 'ro"s, 'lesh/eati!" a!imals, elepha!ts, me!, a!d *oars, the cha'' a!d powder o' *arley mi1ed with ks.sa >"ree! sulphate o' iro!?, rice, the seeds o' cotto!, kutaja >nerium antidysentericum?, a!d kostaki >lufta pentandra?, cow's uri!e, the root o' &hndi >hydroeotyle asiatica?, the powder o' nim&a >nim&a meria?, si%ru >hyperanthera morun%a?, phanir(aka >a ki!d o' tulasi pla!t?, ksh.&ap.luka >ripe coreya ar&orea?, a!d *hC!"a >a commo! i!to1icati!" dru"?, the ski! o' a s!ake a!d 'ish, a!d the powder o' the !ails a!d tusk o' a! elepha!t, all mi1ed with the cha'' o' madana a!d kodrav >paspalam scro&iculatum?, or with the cha'' o' the seeds of hastikarna >castor oil tree? a!d palsa >&utea frondosa? causes i!sta!ta!eous death where(er the smoke is carried o'' *y the wi!d. Bhe! a ma! who has kept his eyes secure with the applicatio! o' oi!tme!t a!d medici!al water *ur!s, o! the occasio! o' the comme!ceme!t o' a *attle a!d the assaili!" o' 'orts, the roots o' kli >tra%ia involucrata@2 kushtha >costus?, nada >a ki!d o' reed? a!d satvari >aspera%us racemosus@2 or the powder o' >the ski! o'? a s!ake, the tail o' a peacock, krikana >a ki!d o' partrid"e?, a!d panchakushtha >@?, to"ether with the cha'' as pre(iously descri*ed or with wet or dry cha'', the smoke caused there*y destroys the eyes o' all a!imals. &he oi!tme!t prepared *y mi1i!" the e1cretio! o' srik >maina?, kapota >pi"eo!?, &aka >cra!e?, a!d &alka >a ki!d o' small cra!e? with the milk o' kkshiva >hyperanthera morun%a?, p.luka >a species o' careya ar&orea? a!d snuhi >euphor&ia? causes *li!d!ess a!d poiso!s water. &he mi1ture o' yavaka >a ki!d o' *arley?, the root o' sla >achyrantes triandria?, the 'ruit o' madana >datt0ra pla!t@?, the lea(es o' (t. >!utme"@?, a!d the uri!e o' a ma! mi1ed with the powder o' the root o' plaksha >'i" tree?, a!d vidri >li)uorice?, as well as the esse!ce o' the decoctio! o' musta >a ki!d o' poiso!?, udum&ara >"lomerous 'i" tree?, a!d kodrava >paspalam scro&iculatum? or with the decoctio! o' hastikarna >castor oil tree? a!d palsa >&utea frondosa? is termed the juice o' madana >madanayo%a?. &he mi1ture o' the powders o' srin%i >atis &etula?, %aumevriksha >@?, kantakra >solanum +anthocarpum?, a!d may0rapadi >@?, the powder o' %un(a seeds, ln%uli >(usseina repens?, visham0lika >@?, a!d in%udi >heart/pea?, a!d the powder o' karavira >olea!der?, akshipiluka >careya ar&orea?, arka pla!t, a!d mri%amr.ni >@? com*i!ed with the decoctio! o' madana a!d kodrava or with that o' hastikarna a!d palsa is termed madana mi1ture >madanayo%a?.

&he com*i!atio! o' >the a*o(e two? mi1tures poiso!s "rass a!d water whe! applied to them. &he smoke caused *y *ur!i!" the mi1ture o' the powders o' krikana >a ki!d o' partrid"e?, krikalCsa >li0ard?, %riha%aulika >a small house/li0ard? a!d andhhika >a *li!d s!ake? destroys the eyes a!d causes mad!ess. &he >smoke caused *y *ur!i!" the? mi1ture o' krikalsa a!d %riha%aulika causes leprosy. &he smoke caused *y *ur!i!" the same mi1ture to"ether with the e!trails o' chitra&heka >a ki!d o' 'ro" o' (arie"ated colour?, a!d madhu >celtis orientalis@@ causes "o!orrhba. &he same mi1ture, wetted with huma! *lood causes co!sumptio!. &he powder o' d0sh.visha >@?, madana >dattUra pla!t @?, a!d kodrava >paspalam scro&iculatum? destroys the to!"ue. &he mi1ture o' the powder o' mtrivhaka >@?, jalUka >leech?, the tail o' a peacock, the eyes o' a 'ro", a!d p.luk >careya ar&orea? causes the disease k!ow! as vish0chika. &he mi1ture o' panchakushtha >@?, kaundinyaka >@?, r(avriksha >cassia fistula?, a!d madhupushpa >&assia latifolia? a!d madhu >ho!ey@? causes 'e(er. &he mi1ture prepared 'rom the powder o' the k!ot o' the to!"ue o' &h(a >@?, a!d nakula >mo!"oose? reduced to a paste with the milk o' a she/do!key causes *oth dum*!ess a!d dea'!ess. &he proportio! o' a dose to *ri!" o! the desired de'ormities i! me! a!d a!imals i! the course o' a 'ort!i"ht or a mo!th is as laid dow! *e'ore. 4i1tures *ecome (ery power'ul whe!, i! the case o' dru"s, they are prepared *y the process o' decoctio!, a!d i! the case o' a!imals, *y the process o' maki!" powders, or i! all cases *y the process o' decoctio!. Bhoe(er is pierced *y the arrow prepared 'rom the "rai!s o' slmali >&om&a+ heptaphyllum? a!d vidri >li)uorice? reduced to powder a!d mi1ed with the powder o' m0lavatsan&ha >a ki!d o' poiso!? a!d smeared o(er with the *lood o' chuchundari >musk/rat? *ites some te! other perso!s who i! their tur! *ite others. &he mi1ture prepared 'rom the 'lowers o' &halltaka >semecarpus anacardium?, ytudhna >@?, dhmr%ava >achyranthes aspera?, a!d &na >sal tree? mi1ed with the powder o' el >lar"e cardamom?, kkshi >red alumi!ous earth?, %u%%ulu >*dellium?, a!d hlhala >a ki!d o' poiso!? to"ether with the *lood o' a "oat a!d a ma! causes *iti!" mad!ess.

Bhe! hal' a dharana o' this mi1ture to"ether with 'lour a!d oil/cakes is throw! i!to water o' a reser(oir measuri!" a hu!dred *ows i! le!"th, it (itiates the whole mass o' water, all the 'ish swallowi!" or touchi!" this mi1ture *ecome poiso!ous, a!d whoe(er dri!ks or touches this water will *e poiso!ed. Fo soo!er does a perso! co!dem!ed to death pull out 'rom the earth a! alli"ator or i"ua!a >%odh? which, with three or 'i(e ha!d'uls o' *oth red a!d white mustard seeds, is e!tered i!to the earth tha! he dies at its si"ht. Bhe!, o! the days o' the stars o' krittik or &haran. a!d 'ollowi!" the method o' per'ormi!" 'ear'ul rites, a! o*latio! with a *lack co*ra emitti!" 'roth at the shock o' li"ht!i!" or cau"ht hold o' *y mea!s o' the sticks o' a tree struck *y li"ht!i!" a!d per'umed is made i!to the 'ire, that 'ire co!ti!ues to *ur! u!)ue!cha*ly. ` A! o*latio! o' ho!ey shall *e made i!to the 'ire 'etched 'rom the house o' a *lacksmith, o' spirituous li)uor i!to the 'ire *rou"ht 'rom the house o' a (i!t!er, o' clari'ied *utter i!to the 'ire o' a sacri'icer >@?, ` +' a "arla!d i!to the 'ire kept *y a sacri'icer with o!e wi'e, o' mustard seeds i!to the 'ire kept *y a! adulterous woma!, o' curds i!to the 'ire kept duri!" the *irth o' a child, o' rice/"rai! i!to the 'ire o' a sacri'icer, ` +' 'lesh i!to the 'ire kept *y a chandala, o' huma! 'lesh i!to the 'ire *ur!i!" i! crematio! "rou!ds, a! o*latio! o' the serum o' the 'lesh o' a "oat a!d a ma! shall *e made *y mea!s o' a sacri'icial ladle i!to the 'ire which is made o' all the a*o(e 'ires, ` Aepeati!" the mantras addressed to the 'ire, a! o*latio! o' the woode! pieces o' r(avriksha >cassia fistula? i!to the same 'ire. &his 'ire will u!)ue!cha*ly *ur! deludi!" the eyes o' the e!emies. %alutatio! to Aditi, salutatio! to A!umati, salutatio! to %aras(ati a!d salutatio! to the %u!, o*latio! to A"!i, o*latio! to soma, o*latio! to the earth, a!d o*latio! to the atmosphere. :&hus e!ds hapter I, G4ea!s to I!jure a! 3!emy,H i! Book XIV, G%ecret 4ea!s,H o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d 'orty/si1th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".<

CHAPTER II. +ONDERF.L AND DEL.#I'E CONTRI'ANCE#. A #+%3 o' the powder o' sir.sha >mimosa sir.sa?, udum&ara >"lomerous 'i"/tree?, a!d sami >acacia suma? mi1ed with clari'ied *utter, re!ders 'asti!" possi*le 'or hal' a mo!th, the scum prepared 'rom the mi1ture o' the root o' kaseruka >a ki!d o' water/ creeper?, utpala >costus?, a!d su"ar/ca!e mi1ed with &isa >water/lily?, d0rva >"rass?, milk, a!d clari'ied *utter e!a*les a ma! to 'ast 'or a mo!th.

&he powder o' msha >phraseolus radiatus?, yava >*arley?, kuluttha >horse/"ram? a!d the root o' dar&ha >sacri'icial "rass? mi1ed with milk a!d clari'ied *utter, the milk o' valli >a ki!d o' creeper? a!d clari'ied *utter deri(ed 'rom it a!d mi1ed i! e)ual proportio!s a!d com*i!ed with the paste prepared 'rom the root o' sla >shorea ro&usta? a!d prisniparni >hedysarum la%opodioides?, whe! dru!k with milk, or a dose o' milk mi1ed with clari'ied *utter a!d spirituous li)uor, *oth prepared 'rom the a*o(e su*sta!ces, e!a*les o!e to 'ast 'or a mo!th. &he oil prepared 'rom mustard seeds pre(iously kept 'or se(e! !i"hts i! the uri!e o' a white "oat will, whe! used >e1ter!ally? a'ter keepi!" the oil i!side a lar"e *itter "ourd 'or a mo!th a!d a hal', alter the colour o' *oth *iped a!d )uadruped a!imals. &he oil e1tracted 'rom white mustard seeds mi1ed with the *arley/cor!s co!tai!ed i! the du!" o' a white do!key, which has *ee! li(i!" 'or more tha! se(e! !i"hts o! a diet o' *utter, milk a!d *arley, causes alteratio! i! colour. &he oil prepared 'rom mustard seeds which ha(e *ee! pre(iously kept i! the uri!e a!d 'luid du!" o' a!y o' the two a!imals, a white "oat a!d a white do!key, causes >whe! applied? such white colour as that o' the 'i*re o' arka pla!t or the dow! o' a >white? *ird. &he mi1ture o' the du!" o' a white cock a!d a(a%ara >*oa/co!strictor? causes white colour. &he pastry made 'rom white mustard seeds kept 'or se(e! !i"hts i! the uri!e o' a white "oat mi1ed with *utter/milk, the milk o' arka pla!t, salt, a!d "rai!s >dhnya?, causes, whe! applied 'or a 'ort!i"ht, white colour. &he paste, prepared 'rom white mustard seeds which ha(e *ee! pre(iously kept withi! a lar"e *itter "ourd a!d with clari'ied *utter prepared 'rom the milk o' valli >a creeper? 'or hal' a mo!th, makes the hair white. ` A *itter "ourd, a sti!ki!" i!sect >p0tik.ta?, a!d a white house/li0ard, whe! a paste prepared 'rom these is applied to the hair, the latter *ecomes as white as a co!ch/shell. Bhe! a!y part o' the *ody o' a ma! is ru**ed o(er with the pastry >kalka? prepared 'rom tinduka >%lutinosa? a!d arishta >soap/*erry?, to"ether with the du!" o' a cow, the part o' the *ody *ei!" also smeared o(er with the juice o' &halltaka >semecarpus anacardium?, he will catch leprosy i! the course o' a mo!th. >&he applicatio! o' the paste prepared 'rom? %un(a seeds kept pre(iously 'or se(e! !i"hts i! the mouth o' a white co*ra or i! the mouth o' a house/li0ard *ri!"s o! leprosy. 31ter!al applicatio! o' the li)uid esse!ce o' the e"" o' a parrot a!d a cuckoo *ri!"s o! leprosy.

&he pastry or decoctio! prepared 'rom priyla >chiron(ia sapida or vitis vinifera @? is a remedy 'or leprosy. Bhoe(er eats the mi1ture o' the powders o' the roots o' kukkuta >marsilia dentata?, kostaki >duffa pentandra?, a!d satvari >aspara%us racemosus? 'or a mo!th will *ecome white. Bhoe(er *athes i! the decoctio! o' vata >*a!ya! tree? a!d ru*s his *ody with the paste prepared 'rom sahachara >yellow &arleria? *ecomes *lack. %ulphuret o' arse!ic a!d red arse!ic mi1ed with the oil e1tracted 'rom sakuna >a ki!d o' *ird? a!d kanka >a (ulture? causes *lack!ess. &he powder o' khadyota >'ire/'ly? mi1ed with the oil o' mustard seeds emits li"ht at !i"ht. &he powder o' khadyota >'ire/'ly? a!d %and0pada >earth/worm? or the powder o' ocea! a!imals mi1ed with the powder o' &hrin%a >mala&athrum?, kapla >a pot/her*?, a!d khadira >mimosa catechu?, a!d karnikra >pentapetes acerifolia?, com*i!ed with the oil o' sakuna >a *ird? a!d kanka >(ulture?, is te(anach0rna >i"!itio! powder?. Bhe! the *ody o' a ma! is ru**ed o(er with the powder o' the charcoal o' the *ark o' pri&hadraka >erythrina indica? mi1ed with the serum o' the 'lesh o' mand0ka >a 'ro"?, it ca! *e *ur!t with 'ire >without causi!" hurt?. &he *ody which is pai!ted with the pastry >kalka? prepared 'rom the *ark o' pri&hadraka >erythrina indica? a!d sesamum seeds *ur!s with 'ire. &he *all prepared 'rom the powder o' the charcoal o' the *ark o' p.lu >careya ar&orea? ca! *e held i! ha!d a!d *ur!t with 'ire. Bhe! the *ody o' a ma! is smeared o(er with the serum o' the 'lesh o' a 'ro", it *ur!s with 'ire >with !o hurt?. Bhe! the *ody o' a ma! is smeared o(er with the a*o(e serum as well as with the oil e1tracted 'rom the 'ruits o' kusa >ficus reli%iosa?, a!d Cmra >ma!"o tree?, a!d whe! the powder prepared 'rom a! ocea! 'ro" >samdura mand0ki?, phenaka >sea/'oam?, a!d sar(arasa >the juice o' vatica ro&usta? is spri!kled o(er the *ody, it *ur!s with 'ire >without *ei!" hurt?. Bhe! the *ody o' a ma! is smeared o(er with sesamum oil mi1ed with e)ual )ua!tities o' the serum o' the 'lesh o' a 'ro", cra*, a!d other a!imals, it ca! *ur! with 'ire >without hurt?. &he *ody which is smeared o(er with the serum o' the 'lesh o' a 'ro" *ur!s with 'ire.

&he *ody o' a ma!, which is ru**ed o(er with the powder o' the root o' *am*oo >venu? a!d saivla >a)uatic pla!t?, a!d is smeared o(er with the serum o' the 'lesh o' a 'ro", *ur!s with 'ire. Bhoe(er has a!oi!ted his le"s with the oil e1tracted 'rom the paste prepared 'rom the roots o' pri&hadraka >erythrina indica?, prati&ala >@?, van(ula >a ki!d o' ratan or tree?, va(ra >andropo%on muricatum or euphor&ia?, a!d kadali >*a!a!a?, mi1ed with the serum o' the 'lesh o' a 'ro", ca! walk o(er 'ire >without hurt?. ` +il should *e e1tracted 'rom the paste prepared 'rom the roots o' prati&ala, van(ula a!d pri&hadraka, all "rowi!" !ear water, the paste *ei!" mi1ed with the serum o' the 'lesh o' a 'ro". ` Da(i!" a!oi!ted o!e's le"s with this oil, o!e ca! walk o(er a white/hot mass o' 'ire as thou"h o! a *ed o' roses. Bhe! *irds such as a hamsa >"oose?, krauncha >hero!?, may0ra >peacock? a!d other lar"e swimmi!" *irds are let to 'ly at !i"ht with a *ur!i!" reed attached to their tail it prese!ts the appeara!ce o' a 'ire/*ra!d 'alli!" 'rom the sky >ulk?. Ashes caused *y li"ht!i!" )ue!ch the 'ire. Bhe!, i! a 'ireplace, kid!ey *ea!s >msha? wetted with the me!strual 'luid o' a woma!, as well as the roots o' va(ra >andropo%on muricatum? a!d kadali >*a!a!a?, wetted with the serum o' the 'lesh o' a 'ro" are kept, !o "rai!s ca! *e cooked there. lea!si!" the 'ire place is its remedy. By keepi!" i! the mouth a *all/like piece o' pilu >careya ar&erea? or a k!ot o' the root o' li!seed tree >suvarchala? with 'ire i!serted withi! the mass o' the *all a!d wou!d rou!d with threads a!d cotto! >pichu?, (olumes o' smoke a!d 'ire ca! *e *reathed out. Bhe! the oil e1tracted 'rom the 'ruits o' kusa >ficus reli%iosa? a!d mra >ma!"o? is poured o(er the 'ire, it *ur!s e(e! i! the storm. %ea/'oam wetted with oil a!d i"!ited keeps *ur!i!" whe! 'loati!" o! water. &he 'ire "e!erated *y chur!i!" the *o!e o' a mo!key *y mea!s o' a *am*oo stick o' white a!d *lack colour >kalmshavenu? *ur!s i! water i!stead o' *ei!" )ue!ched. &here will *ur! !o other 'ire where the 'ire "e!erated *y chur!i!", *y mea!s o' a *am*oo stick o' white a!d *lack colour, the le't side ri*/*o!e o' a ma! killed *y a weapo! or put to the "allows, or the 'ire "e!erated *y chur!i!" the *o!e o' a ma! or woma! *y mea!s o' the *o!e o' a!other ma! is circumam*ulated thrice 'rom ri"ht to le't.

` Bhe! the paste prepared 'rom the a!imals such as chuchundari >musk/rat?, khan(ar.ta >@? a!d khrak.ta >@?, with the uri!e o' a horse is applied to the chai!s with which the le"s o' a ma! are *ou!d, they will *e *roke! to pieces. &he su!/sto!e >ayasknta? or a!y other sto!e >will *reak to pieces? whe! wetted with the serum o' the 'lesh o' the a!imals kulinda >@?, dardura >@?, a!d khrak.ta >@?. &he paste prepared 'rom the powder o' the ri*/*o!e o' nraka >@?, a do!key, kanka >a ki!d o' (ulture?, a!d &hsa >a *ird?, mi1ed with the juice o' water/lily, is applied to the le"s o' *ipeds a!d )uadrupeds >while maki!" a jour!ey?. Bhe! a ma! makes a jour!ey, weari!" the shoes made o' the ski! o' a camel, smeared o(er with the serum o' the 'lesh o' a! owl a!d a (ulture a!d co(ered o(er with the lea(es o' the *a!ya! tree, he ca! walk 'i'ty yo(anas without a!y 'ati"ue. >Bhe! the shoes are smeared o(er with? the pith, marrow or sperm o' the *irds, syena, kanka2 kka2 %ridhra2 hams2 krauncha, a!d vichiralla, >the tra(eller weari!" them? ca! walk a hu!dred yo(anas >without a!y 'ati"ue?. &he 'at or serum deri(ed 'rom roasti!" a pre"!a!t camel to"ether with saptaparna >lechites scholaris? or 'rom roasti!" dead childre! i! crematio! "rou!ds, is applied to re!der a jour!ey o' a hu!dred yo(anas easy. ` &error should *e caused to the e!emy *y e1hi*iti!" these a!d other wo!der'ul a!d delusi(e per'orma!ces, while a!"er causi!" terror is commo! to all, terri'icatio! *y such wo!ders is held as a mea!s to co!solidate peace. :&hus e!ds hapter II, "Bo!der'ul a!d #elusi(e o!tri(a!ces," i! Book XIV, "%ecret 4ea!s,H o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d 'orty/se(e!th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".< CHAPTER III. THE APPLICATION OF -EDICINE# AND -ANTRA#. DAVIF2 pulled out *oth the ri"ht a!d the le't eye/*alls o' a cat, camel, wol', *oar, porcupi!e, v%uli >@?, naptri >@?, crow a!d owl, or o' a!y o!e, two, or three, or ma!y o' such a!imals as roam at !i"hts, o!e should reduce them to two ki!ds o' powder. Bhoe(er a!oi!ts his ow! ri"ht eye with the powder o' the le't eye a!d his le't eye with the powder o' the ri"ht eye/*all ca! clearly see thi!"s e(e! i! pitch dark at !i"ht. ` +!e is the eye o' a *oar, a!other is that o' a khadyota >'ire/'ly?, or a crow, or a mi!a *ird. Da(i!" a!oi!ted o!e's ow! eyes with the a*o(e, o!e ca! clearly see thi!"s at !i"ht. Da(i!" 'asted 'or three !i"hts, o!e should, o! the day o' the star, *ushya, catch hold o' the skull o' a ma! who has *ee! killed with a weapo! or put to the "allows. Da(i!" 'illed the skull with soil a!d *arley seeds, o!e should irri"ate them with the milk o' "oats

a!d sheep. -utti!" o! the "arla!d 'ormed o' the sprouts o' the a*o(e *arley crop, o!e ca! walk i!(isi*le to others. Da(i!" 'asted 'or three !i"hts a!d ha(i!" a'terwards pulled out o! the day o' the star o' *ushya *oth the ri"ht a!d the le't eyes o' a do", a cat, a! owl, a!d a v%uli >@?, o!e should reduce them to two ki!ds o' powder. &he! ha(i!" a!oi!ted o!e's ow! eyes with this oi!tme!t as usual, o!e ca! walk i!(isi*le to others. Da(i!" 'asted 'or three !i"hts, o!e should, o! the day o' the star o' *ushya, prepare a rou!d/headed pi! >salk? 'rom the *ra!ch o' purusha%hti >punn%a tree?. &he! ha(i!" 'illed with oi!tme!t >an(ana? the skull o' a!y o' the a!imals which roam at !i"hts, a!d ha(i!" i!serted that skull i! the or"a! o' procreatio! o' a dead woma!, o!e should *ur! it. Da(i!" take! it out o! the day o' the star o' *ushya a!d ha(i!" a!oi!ted o!e's ow! eyes with that oi!tme!t, o!e ca! walk i!(isi*le to others. Bhere(er o!e may happe! to see the corpse *ur!t or just *ei!" *ur!t o' a Brhman who kept sacri'icial 'ire >while ali(e?, there o!e should 'ast 'or three !i"hts, a!d ha(i!" o! the day o' the star o' *ushya 'ormed a sack 'rom the "arme!t o' the corpse o' a ma! who has died 'rom !atural causes, a!d ha(i!" 'illed the sack with the ashes o' the Brhman5s corpse, o!e may put o! the sack o! o!e's *ack, a!d walk i!(isi*le to others. &he slou"h o' a s!ake 'illed with the powder o' the *o!es a!d marrow or 'at o' the cow sacri'iced duri!" the 'u!eral rites o' a Brhman, ca!, whe! put o! the *ack o' cattle, re!der them i!(isi*le. &he slou"h o' prachalka >a *ird@? 'illed with the ashes o' the corpse o' a ma! dead 'rom s!ake/*ite, ca! re!der *easts >mri%a? i!(isi*le. &he slou"h o' a s!ake >ahi? 'illed with the powder o' the *o!e o' the k!ee/joi!t mi1ed with that o' the tail a!d du!" >pur.sha? o' a! owl a!d a v%uli >@?, ca! re!der *irds i!(isi*le. %uch are the ei"ht ki!ds o' the co!tri(a!ces causi!" i!(isi*ility. ` I *ow to Bali, so! o' Virochana, to Sam&ara ac)uai!ted with a hu!dred ki!ds o' ma"ic, to Bhand.rapka, Naraka, Nikum&ha, a!d Kum&ha. ` I *ow to Devala a!d Nrada, I *ow to Svarni%lava, with the permissio! o' these I cause deep slum*er to thee. ` Kust as the s!akes, k!ow! as a(a%ara >*oa/co!strictor? 'all i!to deep slum*er, so may the ro"ues o' the army who are (ery a!1ious to keep watch o(er the (illa"e, ` Bith their thousa!ds o' do"s >&handaka? a!d hu!dreds o' ruddy "eese a!d do!keys, 'all i!to deep slum*er, I shall e!ter this house, a!d may the do"s *e )uiet.

` Da(i!" *owed to 4a!u, a!d ha(i!" tethered the ro"uish do"s >sunakaphelaka?, a!d ha(i!" also *owed to those "ods who are i! hea(e!, a!d to Brhmans amo!" ma!ki!d, ` &o those who are well (ersed i! their Vedic studies, those who ha(e attai!ed to Kailsa >a mou!tai! o' "od Siva? *y o*ser(i!" pe!a!ce, a!d to all prophets, I do cause deep slum*er to thee. &he 'a! >chamari? comes out, may all com*i!atio!s retire. +*latio! to Manu, + Aliti a!d *aliti. &he applicatio! o' the a*o(e mantra is as 'ollows:// Da(i!" 'asted 'or three !i"hts, o!e should, o! the 'ourtee!th day o' the dark hal' o' the mo!th, the day *ei!" assi"!ed to the star o' *ushya, purchase 'rom a low/caste woma! >svapki? vilikhvalekhana >'i!"er !ails@?. Da(i!" kept them i! a *asket >kandolika?, o!e should *ury them apart i! crematio! "rou!ds. Da(i!" u!earthed them o! the !e1t 'ourtee!th day, o!e should reduce them to a paste with kumri >aloe @? a!d prepare small pills out o' the paste. Bhere(er o!e o' the pills is throw!, cha!ti!" the a*o(e mantra, there the whole a!imal li'e 'alls i!to deep slum*er. .ollowi!" the same procedure, o!e should separately *ury i! crematio! "rou!ds three white a!d three *lack dart/like hairs >salyaka? o' a porcupi!e. Bhe!, ha(i!" o! the !e1t 'ourtee!th day take! them out, o!e throws them to"ether with the ashes o' a *ur!t corpse, cha!ti!" the a*o(e mantra, the whole a!imal li'e i! that place 'alls i!to deep slum*er. ` I *ow to the "oddess Suvarnapushpi a!d to Brahmni, to the "od Brhma, a!d to Kusadhva(a, I *ow to all serpe!ts a!d "oddesses, I *ow to all ascetics. ` 4ay all Brhmans a!d Kshattriyas come u!der my power, may all Vaisyas a!d, S0dras *e at my *eck a!d call, +*latio! to thee, +, Amile, Kimile, Vayu(re, *rayo%e, *hake, Kavayusve, Vihle, a!d Dantakatake, o*latio! to thee. ` 4ay the do"s which are a!1iously keepi!" watch o(er the (illa"e 'all i!to deep a!d happy slum*er, these three white dart/like hairs o' the porcupi!e are the creatio! o' Brhma. ` All prophets >siddha? ha(e 'alle! i!to deep slum*er. I do cause sleep to the whole (illa"e as 'ar as its *ou!dary till the su! rises. +*latio!Y &he applicatio! o' the a*o(e mantra is as 'ollows://

Bhe! a ma!, ha(i!" 'asted 'or se(e! !i"hts a!d secured three white dart/like hairs o' a porcupi!e, makes o! the 'ourtee!th day o' the dark hal' o' the mo!th o*latio!s i!to the 'ire with 578 pieces o' the sacri'icial 'ire/wood o' khadira >mimosa catechu? a!d other trees to"ether with ho!ey a!d clari'ied *utter cha!ti!" the a*o(e mantra, a!d whe!, cha!ti!" the same mantra, he *uries o!e o' the hairs at the e!tra!ce o' either a (illa"e or a house withi! it, he causes the whole a!imal li'e therei! to 'all i!to deep slum*er. ` I *ow to Bali, the so! o' Vairochana, to S5atamya, S5am&ara, Nikum&ha, Naraka, Kum&ha, !antukachchha, the "reat demo!, ` &o Armlava, *ram.la, Mandol0ka, <hatod&ala, to Krishna with his 'ollowers, a!d to the 'amous woma!, *aulomi. ` ha!ti!" the sacred ma!tras, I do take the pith or the *o!e o' the corpse >savasrika? producti(e o' my desired e!ds//may S5alaka demo!s *e (ictorious, salutatio! to them, o*latio!Y//4ay the do"s which are a!1iously keepi!" watch o(er the (illa"e 'all i!to deep a!d happy slum*er. ` 4ay all prophets >siddhrthh? 'all i!to happy sleep a*out the o*ject which we are seeki!" 'rom su!set to su!rise a!d till the attai!me!t o' my desired e!d. +*latio!Y &he applicatio! o' the a*o(e mantra is as 'ollows:// Da(i!" 'asted 'or 'our !i"hts a!d ha(i!" o! the 'ourtee!th day o' the dark hal' o' the mo!th per'ormed a!imal sacri'ice >&ali? i! crematio! "rou!ds, o!e should, repeati!" the a*o(e ma!tra, collect the pith o' a corpse >savasrika? a!d keep it i! a *asket made o' lea(es >pattrapauttalik?. Bhe! this *asket, *ei!" pierced i! the ce!tre *y a dart/like hair o' a porcupi!e, is *uried, cha!ti!" the a*o(e mantra, the whole a!imal li'e therei! 'alls i!to deep slum*er. ` I take re'u"e with the "od o' 'ire a!d with all the "oddesses i! the te! )uarters, may all o*structio!s (a!ish a!d may all thi!"s come u!der my power. +*latio!. &he applicatio! o' the a*o(e mantra is as 'ollows:// Da(i!" 'asted 'or three !i"hts a!d ha(i!" o! the day o' the star o' *ushya prepared twe!ty/o!e pieces o' su"ar/ca!dy, o!e should make o*latio! i!to the 'ire with ho!ey a!d clari'ied *utter, a!d ha(i!" worshipped the pieces o' su"ar/ca!dy with sce!ts a!d "arla!ds o' 'lowers, o!e should *ury them. Bhe!, ha(i!" o! the !e1t day o' the star o' *ushya u!earthed the pieces o' su"ar/ca!dy, a!d cha!ti!" the a*o(e mantra, o!e strikes the door/pa!el o' a house with o!e piece a!d throws 'our pieces i! the i!terior, the door will ope! itsel'. Da(i!" 'asted 'or 'our !i"hts, o!e should o! the 'ourtee!th day o' the dark hal' o' the mo!th "et a 'i"ure o' a *ull prepared 'rom the *o!e o' a ma!, a!d worship it, repeati!" the a*o(e mantra. &he! a cart draw! *y two *ulls will *e *rou"ht *e'ore the

worshipper who ca! >mou!t it a!d? dri(e i! the sky a!d tell all that is co!!ected with the su! a!d other pla!ets o' the sky. +, )handli Kum&hi, !um&a Katuka, a!d Sri%ha, thou art possessed o' the &ha%a o' a woma!, o*latio! to thee. Bhe! this mantra is repeated, the door will ope! a!d the i!mates 'all i!to sleep. Da(i!" 'asted 'or three !i"hts, o!e should o! the day o' the star o' *ushya 'ill with soil the skull o' a ma! killed with weapo!s or put to the "allows, a!d, pla!ti!" i! it valli >vallari @? pla!ts, should irri"ate them with water. Da(i!" take! up the "row!/up pla!ts o! the !e1t day o' the star o' *ushya >i.e., a'ter NV days?, o!e should ma!u'acture a rope 'rom them. Bhe! this rope is cut i!to two pieces *e'ore a draw! *ow or a!y other shooti!" machi!e, the stri!" o' those machi!es will *e sudde!ly cut i!to two pieces. Bhe! the slou"h o' a water/s!ake >udakhi? is 'illed with the *reathed/out dirt >uchchhvsamrittikaH? o' a ma! or woma! >a!d is held *e'ore the 'ace a!d !ose o' a!y perso!?, it causes those or"a!s to swell. Bhe! the sack/like ski! o' the a*dome! o' a do" or a *oar is 'illed with the *reathed/out dirt >uchchhvsamrittika? o' a ma! or woma! a!d is *ou!d >to the *ody o' a ma!? with the li"ame!ts o' a mo!key, it causes the ma!'s *ody to "row i! width a!d le!"th >nha?, Bhe! the 'i"ure o' a! e!emy car(ed out o' r(avriksha >cassia fistula? is *esmeared with the *ile o' a *row! cow killed with a weapo! o! the 'ourtee!th day o' the dark hal' o' the mo!th, it causes *li!d!ess >to the e!emy?. Da(i!" 'asted 'or 'our !i"hts a!d o''ered a!imal sacri'ice >&ali? o! the 'ourtee!th day o' the dark hal' o' the mo!th, o!e should "et a 'ew *olt/like pieces prepared 'rom the *o!e o' a ma! put to the "allows. Bhe! o!e o' these pieces is put i! the 'eces or uri!e >o' a! e!emy?, it causes >his? *ody to "row i! si0e >nha?, a!d whe! the same piece is *uried u!der the 'eet or seat >o' a! e!emy?, it causes death *y co!sumptio!, a!d whe! it is *uried i! the shop, 'ields, or the house >o' a! e!emy?, it causes him loss o' li(elihood. &he same process o' smeari!" a!d *uryi!" holds "ood with the *olt/like pieces >k.laka? prepared 'rom vidyuddanda tree. ` Bhe! the !ail o' the little 'i!"er >punarnavam avch.nam @? nim&a >nim&a melia?, kma >&dellium?, madhu >celtis orientalis?, the hair o' a mo!key, a!d the *o!e o' a ma!, all wou!d rou!d with the "arme!t o' a dead ma!. ` Is *uried i! the house o', or is trodde! dow! *y, a ma!, that ma! with his wi'e, childre! a!d wealth will !ot sur(i(e three 'ort!i"hts.

` Bhe! the !ail o' the little 'i!"er, nim&a >nim&a melia?, kma >&dellium?, madhu >celtis orientalis?, a!d the *o!e o' a ma! dead 'rom !atural causes are *uried u!der the 'eet o', ` +r !ear the house o', a ma! or i! the (ici!ity o' the camp o' a! army, o' a (illa"e, or o' a city, that ma! >or the *ody o' me!? with wi'e, childre!, a!d wealth will !ot sur(i(e three 'ort!i"hts. ` Bhe! the hair o' a sheep a!d a mo!key, o' a cat a!d mo!"oose, o' Brhmans, o' low/caste me! >svapka?, a!d o' a crow a!d a! owl is collected, ` A!d is made i!to a paste with 'Pces >vishtvakshunna?, its applicatio! *ri!"s o! i!sta!ta!eous death. Bhe! a 'lower "arla!d o' a dead *ody, the 'erme!t deri(ed 'rom *ur!i!" corpse, the hair o' a ma!"oose, ` A!d the ski! o' scorpio!, a *ee, a!d a s!ake are *uried u!der the 'eet o' a ma!, that ma! will lose all huma! appeara!ce so lo!" as they are !ot remo(ed. Da(i!" 'asted 'or three !i"hts a!d ha(i!" o! the day o' the star o' *ushya pla!ted %un(a seeds i! the skull, 'illed with soil, o' a ma! killed with weapo!s or put to the "allows, o!e should irri"ate it with water. +! the !ew or 'ull moo! day with the star o' *ushya, o!e should take out the pla!ts whe! "row!, a!d prepare out o' them circular pedestals >mandalik?. Bhe! (essels co!tai!i!" 'ood a!d water are placed o! these pedestals, the 'ood stu''s will !e(er decrease i! )ua!tity. Bhe! a "ra!d processio! is *ei!" cele*rated at !i"ht, o!e should cut o'' the !ipples o' the udder o' a dead cow a!d *ur! them i! a torch/li"ht 'lame. A 'resh (essel should *e plastered i! the i!terior with the paste prepared 'rom these *ur!t !ipples, mi1ed with the uri!e o' a *ull. Bhe! this (essel, take! rou!d the (illa"e i! circumam*ulatio! 'rom ri"ht to le't, is placed *elow, the whole )ua!tity o' the *utter produced *y all the cows >o' the (illa"e? will collect itsel' i! the (essel. +! the 'ourtee!th day o' the dark hal' o' the mo!th com*i!ed with the star o' *ushya, o!e should thrust i!to the or"a! o' procreatio! o' a do" or heat a! iro! seal >katalyasam mudrikam? a!d take it up whe! it 'alls dow! o' itsel'. Bhe!, with this seal i! ha!d, a collectio! o' 'ruits is called out, it will come o' itsel' >*e'ore the ma"icia!?. ` By the power o' ma!tras, dru"s, a!d other ma"ical per'orma!ces, o!e should protect o!e's ow! people a!d hurt those o' the e!emy. :&hus e!ds hapter III, G&he Applicatio! o' 4edici!e a!d 4a!tras,H i! Book XIV, G%ecret 4ea!s,H o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d 'orty/ei"hth chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!".< CHAPTER I'. RE-EDIE# AGAIN#T THE IN6.RIE# OF ONE0# O+N AR-/.

BI&D re"ard to remedies a"ai!st poiso!s a!d poiso!ous compou!ds applied *y a! e!emy a"ai!st o!e's ow! army or people:// Bhe! the thi!"s that are mea!t 'or the ki!"'s use, i!clusi(e o' the lim*s o' wome!, as well as the thi!"s o' the army are washed i! the tepid water prepared 'rom the decoctio! o' sleshmtaki >se&esten or cordia myk?, kapi >em&lica officinalis?, madanti >@?, danta >i(ory?, satha > itro! tree?, %o(i%i >%o(ihva @//elephantophus sca&er?, visha >aconitum fero+?, ptali >&i%nonia suave olens?, &ala >lida cardifolia et rom&ifolia?, syonka >&i%nonia indica?, punarnava >@?, sveta >andropo%on aciculatum?, a!d ta%ara >ta&ern9montana coronaria?, mi1ed with chandana >sandal? a!d the *lood o' salvriki >jackal?, it remo(es the *ad e''ects o' poiso!. &he mi1ture prepared 'rom the *iles o' prishata >red/spotted deer?, nakula >mo!"oose?, n.lakantha >peacock?, a!d %odh >alli"ator?, with charcoal powder >mash.r(i?, com*i!ed with the sprouts >a%ra? o' sinduvra >vite+ trifolia?, ta%ara >ta&ern9montana coronaria2 varuna? >teriandium indicum?, tandul.yaka >amaranthus poly%amus?, a!d sataparva >convolvulus repens? to"ether with pind.taka >van%ueria spinosa? remo(es the e''ects o' the mi1ture o' madana. Amo!" the decoctio!s o' the roots o' sri%la >&i%nonia indica?, vinna >@?, madana, sinduvra >vite+ trifolia?, ta%ara >ta&ern9montana coronaria?, a!d valli, >a creeper @?, a!y o!e or all mi1ed with milk remo(es, whe! dru!k, the e''ects o' the mi1ture o' madana. &he sti!ki!" oil e1tracted 'rom kaidarya >van%ueria spinosa? remo(es mad!ess. &he mi1ture prepared 'rom priyan%u >pa!ic seed? a!d naktamla >%aledupa ar&orea? remo(es, whe! applied throu"h the !ose, leprosy. &he mi1ture prepared 'rom kushtha >costus? a!d lodhra >symplocus? remo(es co!sumptio!. &he mi1ture prepared 'rom katuphala >%lelina ar&orea?, dravanti >anthericum tu&erosum?, a!d vilan%a >a ki!d o' seed? remo(es, whe! applied throu"h the !ose, headache a!d other diseases o' the head. &he applicatio! o' the mi1ture prepared 'rom priyan%u >pa!ic seed?, man(ishtha >ru&ia man(it?, ta%ara >ta&ern9montana coronaria?, lkshrasa >the juice or esse!ce o' lac? madhuka >@?, haridr >turmeric?, a!d kshaudra >ho!ey? to perso!s who ha(e 'alle! se!seless *y *ei!" *eate! *y a rope, *y 'alli!" i!to water, or *y eati!" poiso!, or *y *ei!" whipped, or *y 'alli!", resuscitates them. &he proportio! o' a dose is as much as a! aksha >@? to me!, twice as much to cows a!d horses, a!d 'our times as much to elepha!ts a!d camels.

A rou!d *all >mani? prepared 'rom the a*o(e mi1ture a!d co!tai!i!" "old >rukma? i! its ce!tre, remo(es the the e''ects due to a!y ki!d o' poiso!. A rou!d *all >mani? prepared 'rom the wood o' asvattha >holy 'i" tree? "rowi!" wou!d rou!d with the pla!ts such as (.vant. >a medici!al pla!t?, sveta >andropo%an aciculatum? the 'lower o' mushkaka >a species o' tree?, a!d vanadka >epidendrum tesseloides?, remo(es the e''ects due to a!y ki!d o' poiso!. ` &he sou!d o' trumpets pai!ted with the a*o(e mi1ture destroys poiso!, whoe(er looks at a 'la" or *a!!er *esmeared with the a*o(e mi1ture will "et rid o' poiso!. ` Da(i!" applied these remedies to secure the sa'ety o' himsel' a!d his army, a ki!" should make use o' poiso!ous smokes a!d other mi1tures to (itiate water a"ai!st his e!emy. :&hus e!ds hapter IV, "Aemedies a"ai!st the I!juries o' +!e's +w! Army," i! Book XIV, "%ecret 4ea!s," o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya. 3!d o' the hu!dred a!d 'orty/!i!th chapter 'rom the *e"i!!i!". Bith this, e!ds the 'ourtee!th Book G%ecret 4ea!s,H o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya.<

.rom: Kautilya. Arthashastra. &ra!slated *y A. %hamasastry. Ba!"alore: 2o(er!me!t -ress, 5Q56, OQ6/65O.

Kautilya's Arthashastra: Book XV, "&he -la! o' a &reatise"

CHAPTER I. PARAGRAPHICAL DI'I#ION# OF THI# TREATI#E. &D3 su*siste!ce o' ma!ki!d is termed artha, wealth, the earth which co!tai!s ma!ki!d is also termed artha, wealth, that scie!ce which treats o' the mea!s o' ac)uiri!" a!d mai!tai!i!" the earth is the Arthasstra, %cie!ce o' -olity. It co!tai!s thirty/two para"raphical di(isio!s, the *ook >adhikarana?, co!te!ts >vidhna?, su""estio! o' similar 'acts >yo%a?, the mea!i!" o' a word >padrtha?, the purport o' reaso! >hetvartha?, me!tio! o' a 'act i! *rie' >uddesa?, me!tio! o' a 'act i! detail >nirdesa?, "uida!ce >upadesa?, )uotatio!, >apadesa?, applicatio! >atidesa? the place o' re'ere!ce >pradesa?, simile >upamna?, implicatio! >arthpatti?, dou*t >samsaya?, re'ere!ce to similar procedure >presan%a?, co!trariety >viparyaya?, ellipsis >vakyasesha?, accepta!ce >anumata?, e1pla!atio! >vykhayna?, deri(atio! >nirvachana?, illustratio! >nidarsana?, e1ceptio! >apavar%a?, the authorJs ow! tech!ical terms >svasan(?, prima facie (iew >p0rva paksha?, rejoi!der >uttrapaksha?, co!clusio! >eknta?, re'ere!ce to a su*se)ue!t portio! >an%atvekshana?, re'ere!ce to a pre(ious portio!

>atikrantvekshana?, comma!d >niyo%a?, alter!ati(e >vikalpa?, compou!di!" to"ether >samuchchaya?, a!d determi!a*le 'act >0hya?. &hat portio! o' a work i! which a su*ject or topic is treated o' is a *ook, as 'or e1ample: G&his ArthasCstra or %cie!ce o' -olity has *ee! made as a compe!dium o' all those ArthasCstras which, as a "uida!ce to ki!"s i! ac)uiri!" a!d mai!tai!i!" the earth, ha(e *ee! writte! *y a!cie!t teachers.H A *rie' descriptio! o' the matter co!tai!ed i! a *ook is its co!te!ts, as: "the e!d o' lear!i!", associatio! with the a"ed, co!trol o' the or"a!s o' se!se, the creatio! o' mi!isters, a!d the like." -oi!ti!" out similar 'acts *y the use o' such words as I&hese a!d the like,J is su""estio! o' similar 'acts, 'or e1ample: "&he world co!sisti!" o' the 'our castes a!d the 'our reli"ious di(isio!s a!d the like." &he se!se which a word has to co!(ey is its mea!i!", 'or e1ample, with re"ard to the words m0lahara: "Bhoe(er s)ua!ders the wealth ac)uired 'or him *y his 'ather a!d "ra!d'ather is a m0lahara, prodi"al so!." Bhat is mea!t to pro(e a! assertio! is the purport o' reaso!, 'or e1ample: ".or charity a!d e!joyme!t o' li'e depe!d upo! wealth." %ayi!" i! o!e word is me!tio!i!" a 'act i! *rie', 'or e1ample: "It is the co!trol o' the or"a!s o' se!se o! which success i! lear!i!" a!d discipli!e depe!d." 31pla!atio! i! detached words is the me!tio!i!" o' a 'act i! detail, 'or e1ample: "A*se!ce o' discrepa!cy i! the perceptio! o' sou!d, touch, colour, 'la(our, a!d sce!t *y mea!s o' the ear, the ski!, the eyes, the to!"ue, a!d the !ose, is what is mea!t *y restrai!t o' the or"a!s o' se!se." %uch stateme!t as "&hus o!e should li(e," is "uida!ce, 'or e1ample: "Fot (iolati!" the laws o' ri"hteous!ess a!d eco!omy, he should li(e." %uch stateme!t, as Ihe says thus,J is a )uotatio!, 'or e1ample: "&he school o' 4a!u say that a ki!" should make his assem*ly o' mi!isters co!sist o' twel(e mi!isters, the school o' Brihaspati say that it should co!sist o' si1tee! mi!isters, the school o' #sans say it should co!tai! twe!ty mem*ers, *ut Kautilya holds that it should co!tai! as ma!y mi!isters as the !eed o' the ki!"dom re)uires.H Bhe! a rule dwelt upo! i! co!!ectio! with a )uestio! is said to apply to a!other )uestio! also, it is termed applicatio!, 'or e1ample: "Bhat is said o' a de*t !ot repaid holds "ood with 'ailure to make "ood a promised "i't."

3sta*lishi!" a 'act *y what is to *e treated o' later o! is Iplace o' re'ere!ce,J 'or e1ample: "By maki!" use o' such strate"ic mea!s as co!ciliatio!, *ri*ery, disse!sio!, a!d coercio!, as we shall e1plai! i! co!!ectio! with calamities." -ro(i!" a! u!see! thi!" or course o' circumsta!ces *y what has *ee! see! is simile, 'or e1ample: ";ike a 'ather his so!, he should protect those o' his su*jects who ha(e passed the period o' the remissio! o' ta1es." Bhat !aturally 'ollows 'rom a stateme!t o' 'acts, thou"h !ot spoke! o' i! plai! terms, is implicatio!, 'or e1ample, "Bhoe(er has 'ull e1perie!ce o' the a''airs o' this world should, throu"h the medium o' the courtiers a!d other 'rie!ds, wi! the 'a(our o' a ki!" who is o' "ood character a!d worthy so(erei"!. It 'ollows 'rom this that !o o!e should seek the 'a(our o' a ki!" throu"h the medium o' the ki!"'s e!emies." Bhe! the stateme!t o' a reaso! is e)ually applica*le to two cases o' circumsta!ces, it is termed dou*t, 'or e1ample: "Bhich o' the two should a co!)ueror march a"ai!st: o!e whose su*jects are impo(erished a!d "reedy, or o!e whose su*jects are oppressed@" Bhe! the !ature o' procedure to *e speci'ied i! co!!ectio! with a thi!" is said to *e e)ual to what has already *ee! speci'ied i! co!!ectio! with a!other, it is termed re'ere!ce to similar procedure, 'or e1ample: "+! the la!ds allotted to him 'or the purpose o' carryi!" o! a"ricultural operatio!s, he should do as *e'ore." &he i!'ere!ce o' a re(erse stateme!t 'rom a positi(e stateme!t is termed co!trariety, 'or e1ample: "&he re(erse will *e the appeara!ce o' a ki!" who is !ot pleased with the messe!"er." &hat portio! o' a se!te!ce which is omitted, thou"h !ecessary to co!(ey a complete se!se, is ellipsis, 'or e1ample: "Bith his 'eathers plucked o'', he will lose his power to mo(e." Dere Ilike a *irdJ is omitted. Bhe! the opi!io! o' a!other perso! is stated *ut !ot re'uted, it is accepta!ce o' that opi!io!, 'or e1ample: GBi!"s, 'ro!t, a!d reser(e, is the 'orm o' a! array o' the army accordi!" to the school o' #sanas.H #escriptio! i! detail is e1pla!atio!, 'or e1ample: "3specially amo!"st assem*lies a!d co!'ederacies o' ki!"s possessi!" the characteristics o' assem*lies, )uarrel is due to "am*li!" , a!d destructio! o' perso!s due to the )uarrel. De!ce, amo!" e(il prope!sities, "am*li!" is the worst e(il, si!ce it re!ders the ki!" powerless 'or acti(ity." %tati!" the deri(ati(e se!se o' a word, is deri(atio!, 'or e1ample: "&hat which throws o'' >vyasyati? a ki!" 'rom his prosperous career is prope!sity >vyasana?. &he me!tio!i!" o' a 'act to illustrate a stateme!t, is illustratio!, 'or e1ample: "I! war with a superior, the i!'erior will *e reduced to the same co!ditio! as that o' a 'oot/ soldier 'i"hti!" with a! elepha!t."

Aemo(al o' a! u!desired implicatio! 'rom a stateme!t is e1ceptio!, 'or e1ample: "A ki!" may allow his e!emy's army to *e prese!t close to his territory, u!less he suspects o' the e1iste!ce o' a!y i!ter!al trou*le." Bords which are !ot used *y others i! the special se!se i! which they are used *y the author are his ow! tech!ical terms, 'or e1ample: "De who is close to the co!)ueror's territory is the 'irst mem*er, !e1t to him comes the seco!d mem*er, a!d !e1t to the seco!d comes the third." &he citatio! o' a!other's opi!io! to *e re'uted, is prima facie (iew, 'or e1ample: "+' the two e(ils, the distress o' the ki!" a!d that o' his mi!ister, the latter is worse." %ettled opi!io! is rejoi!der, 'or e1ample: "&he distress o' the ki!" is worse, si!ce e(erythi!" depe!ds upo! him, 'or the ki!" is the ce!tral pi(ot, as it were." &hat which is u!i(ersal i! its applicatio! is co!clusio! or a! esta*lished 'act: 'or e1ample: "A ki!" should e(er *e ready 'or ma!ly e''ort." #rawi!" atte!tio! to a later chapter is re'ere!ce to a su*se)ue!t portio!, 'or e1ample: "Be shall e1plai! *ala!ce a!d wei"hts i! the chapter, I&he %uperi!te!de!t o' Bei"hts a!d 4easuresJ." &he stateme!t that it has *ee! already spoke! o' is re'ere!ce to a pre(ious portio!: 'or e1ample, "&he )uali'icatio!s o' a mi!ister ha(e already *ee! descri*ed." I&hus a!d !ot otherwiseJ is comma!d, 'or e1ample: "De!ce he should *e tau"ht the laws o' ri"hteous!ess a!d wealth, *ut !ot u!ri"hteous!ess a!d !o!/wealth." I&his or thatJ is alter!ati(e, 'or e1ample: "or dau"hters *or! o' appro(ed marria"e >dharmavivha?." IBoth with this a!d thatJ is compou!di!" to"ether, 'or e1ample: "Bhoe(er is *e"otte! *y a ma! o! his wi'e is a"!atic *oth to the 'ather a!d the 'ather's relati(es." &hat which is to *e determi!ed a'ter co!sideratio! is determi!a*le 'act, 'or e1ample: "31perts shall determi!e the (alidity or i!(alidity o' "i'ts so that !either the "i(er !or the recei(er is likely to *e hurt there*y." ` &hus this Sstra, co!'ormi!" to these para"raphic di(isio!s is composed as a "uide to ac)uire a!d secure this a!d the other world. ` I! the li"ht o' this Sstra o!e ca!!ot o!ly set o! 'oot ri"hteous, eco!omical, a!d aesthetical acts a!d mai!tai! them, *ut also put dow! u!ri"hteous, u!eco!omical a!d displeasi!" acts.

` &his Sstra has *ee! made *y him who 'rom i!tolera!ce >o' misrule? )uickly rescued the scriptures a!d the scie!ce o' weapo!s a!d the earth which had passed to the Nanda ki!". :&hus e!ds the hapter I, I-ara"raphic di(isio!s o' the &reatiseJ i! the 'i'tee!th Book, I-la! o' &reatise.J &his is the o!e hu!dred a!d 'i'tieth chapter 'rom the 'irst chapter o' the e!tire work. &he 'i'tee!th *ook, I-la! o' &reatise, o' the Arthasstra o' Kautilya is thus *rou"ht to a close.< ` Da(i!" see! discrepa!cies i! ma!y ways o! the part o' the writers o' comme!taries o! the Sstras, Vish!u 2upta himsel' has made >this? S0tra a!d comme!tary.

.rom: Kautilya. Arthashastra. &ra!slated *y A. %hamasastry. Ba!"alore: 2o(er!me!t -ress, 5Q56, 656/6N7.