GII H PHNG TRNH I S BNG

PHNG PHP SONG KIM HP BCH

(Cm nang n thi i hc!)
TG: Ng Vit Vn
Trong tc phm Thn iu i hip ca Kim
Dung, Dng Qu v Long N hnh tu giang h
v i v h c tuyt hc song kim hp bch do
Vng Trng Dng Chn Nhn phi Ton Chn
v T S B phi C M sng lp li. Bt c ai
mun hc kim php ny cn bit kim php Ton
Chn v C M, s kt hp vi diuca Ngc N
kim php v Ton Chn kim php. Gic ng
c s kt hp ny l t n nh ca v hc.
Trn ba kha cnh ca song kim hp bch, ti
xut n mt phng php gii h phng trnh i
s trong nhng thi i hc gn y l to PT
n gin t PT(1) hoc t PT (2) hoc t PT (1) v
(2).
T MT PHNG TRNH CHO
PHNG TRNH N GIN
Mt tay xy dng c
By lu b S sng Ng tung honh
VD1: (H B 02)

3 x y = x y (1)
S: (1;1), (3/2; 1/2)

x + y = x + y + 2 (2)

Ta khng kho c nh th th gii PT bc 2

n y c y = -x; y = (x + 1)/2 v th vo PT (2).
Mt cch khc to ra PT n gin l quy ng
MS v rt gn.
VD 4: (H A 2003)

1
1
x

=
y

(1)
x
y

2 y = x 3 + 1 (2)

Ta thy nu th (2) vo (1) th PT bc tht ln, ta

K, quy ng MS (1) ra PT tch n gin:
( x y )(1 +

1
) = 0. Hay x = y; xy = -1 v th vo
xy

(2).
Nu bn khng mun phn tch thnh nhn t PT
(1) th c th gii PT bc 2 n x ta cng c x = y
v x = 1/y
VD5:(H D 02)
23x = 5y 2 4y (1)
x x +1
S: (0; 1) v (2; 4)
4 + 2
=y
(2)
x
2 +2
rng PT (2) s rt gn thnh: y = 2 x v th
vo PT (1) v c PT m kh n gin.
Chng ta s dng logarit rt gn.

Sau khi K, ta nng lu tha su hai v phng VD 6: (H A 2004)

trnh (1) ra PT tch n gin: x = y; x = y + 1 th x 2 + y 2 = 25
vo (2) l gii c h phng trnh.

Nh vy bng phng php lu tha hai v ta

1

to ra phng trnh (1) n gin. Ta hy xem mt

log
(
y

x
)

log
4
1
cch khc to phng trnh n gin.
y
VD2: (Hc vin K Thut Qun S)
2
2

x y + 2 y = 1 (1)
2 2
x + y + xy = 3 (2)

S(-1; 2), (2; -1).

S (1; 1).

(1)
= 1 ( 2)

S: (3;4).

T PT (2), ta K, i c s, dn li:
y x
log 1/ 4
= 1 y = 4x / 3 v thay vo (2).
y
VD7:(H B05)

x 1 + 2 y = 1 (1)

3 log (9 x ) log y = 3 (2)

T phng trnh (1) ta phn tch thnh nhn t

S (11), (2;2)
ra phng trnh tch n gin: y = 1 + x v y = 1-x,
2
3
2
2
nh l y + 2 y 1 = ( y 1) .
9
3
Nh vy ta dng hng ng thc ng nh to
Ta K, v t (2) bin i cng c s, dn li,
PT tch v t to PT n gin, sau th vo (2)
log 3 y = log 3 x x = y , th vo (1) c PT
tm nghim. Ta hy tm cch khc to PT n c:
kh gn.
gin t PT(1).
VD3: (H D 2008)

T HAI PHNG TRNH CHO

PHNG TRNH N GIN
S: (5; 2).
Trai anh hng gi thuyn quyn
2
Ph
nguyn
snh phng p duyn ci rng
K; t PT (1) ngi ta kho lo tch -2y
to thnh 6 s v chia lm ba cp, t nhn t chung
VD 8: (H B 08)
v ra PT tch.
xy + x + y = x 2 2y 2
(1)

x 2y y x 1 = 2x 2y (2)

 x4 + 2 x3 y + x2 y 2 = 2 x + 9 (1)
2
x + 2 xy = 6 x + 6
(2)

S(-4; 17/4)

xy( x + y) = 20

2
3
( x + y)[( x + y) 3xy] = ( x + y) 3xy( x + y) = 65

3
Nhn thy (1) c th bin thnh bnh phng ca Ri t n ph c SP = 20, S -3SP = 65 c S = 5
v P = 4, t tm c x,y.
tng v lc c th th (2) vo kh gn.
Khng phi PT i xng loi 1 no cng d dng
2
2
bin i thnh tng v tch, khi t n ph kho
l mt vn .
2
VD12: (C SP)

( x + xy) = 2x + 9

xy = 3x + 3 x / 2

x 2 + y 2 + 2 xy = 8 2

x + y = 4

VD 9: (H B 03)

3y =

3x =

y2 + 2
(1)
2
x
x2 + 2
( 2)
2
y

S: (1;1)

S (2;2)

Xem ra i xng loi 1 th r rng ri m bin

thnh tng v tch t n ph cho gn th hi
ngi! t x =u ; y =v s c u + v = 4 v th
vo PT cn li

(16 2uv) 2(uv) + 2uv = 8 2

Nhn thy VT > 0 nn K x, y > 0. Quy ng MS
v ly (1) tr (2) ra 3xy + x + y = 0 (VN) v x = y v c uv = 4 Vy u = v = 2 dn n x = y = 4.
VD13:
thay vo (1) hoc (2).
Nh vy nu to PT mi t (1) v (2) th thay vo
2
2
(1) hoc (2). Cn to PT mi t (1) th phi thay
S: (1;4), (4;1).
vo (2).
Cng c khi chia hai PT cho nhau tao PT n
gin. Sau kt hp vi mt trong hai PT u c
t: u = x2 + x ; v = y2 + y ta c u + v = 7 v
VD 10:
uv = 12
3
3
VD 14 (HSP)
2
2
S: (0;1), (1;0)
5
5
2
2
3 13
;0
S:

,
2

2
2
Ly (2) chia (1) ri nhn cho ta c:
x 5 + y 5 = ( x 2 + y 2 )( x 3 + y 3 ) rt gn ta c: (x + y)
Nhn thy c th t n ph u = x2 -3x, v = y2 + 4y
= 0 khng tho (1), xy = 0 x = 0 hoc y = 0 v
cho ta PT kh n gin u + v = 1 v 3u - 2v = 3.
th vo (1).
By gi ta s gii mt s h PT m trc khi t n
Vi PT i xng loi 2 ngi ta thng tr hai PT
ph phi bin i rt kho.
to PT n gin. Vi PT i xng loi 1 ngi ta
VD 15 (H A 08)
hay bin i c hai PT ra tng v tch v t
2
3
2
S = x + y; P = xy, (S2 4P) ra PT n gin.
2

x + x+ y + y = 7

x( x + 1) y( y + 1) = 12

x + y = 1
(1)

x + y = x + y (2)

x + y 3x + 4 y = 1 (1)

3x 2 y 9 x 8 y = 3 (2)

x + y + x y + xy + xy = 5 / 4 (1)
4 2
x + y + xy(1 + 2 x) = 5 / 4 (2)

S:(1;-3/2)
T HAI PHNG TRNH + T N PH
CHO PT N GIN
Bn b bt ngt mnh mng...
Nhn thy (2) c th bin i mt phn thnh bnh
...Kho tay gp g cng trong chuyn vn
phng mt tng: ( x 2 + y ) 2 + xy = 5 / 4 . Cn (1)
VD11 (H Bch Khoa)
VT c 5 i lng tch thnh hai nhm c d theo
2
2
cc i lng (2): x 2 + y + xy( x 2 + y ) + xy = 5 / 4 , ta
t x 2 + y = u ; xy = v s c: u + uv + v = -5/4 v
S (1;4), (4;1)
3
3
u2 + v = -5/4.
VD 16 (H B 09)
Bin i thnh tng v tch c hai PT:
xy + x + 1 = 7y
(x, y ) S: (3;1), (1/3; 1)
2 2
2
x y + xy + 1 = 13y

x y + xy = 20

x + y = 65

Thy y = 0 khng l nghim ca h, chia hai v

ca PT (1) cho y v PT (2) cho y2 v t
x + 1/y = u; x/y = v ta c: u + v = 7 v u 2-v = 13.
Tht l phu xng ph tng! Hi ho v cng!
VD 17 (H D 09)
x(x + y + 1) 3 = 0
(x + y) 2 5 + 1 = 0 S: (1;1), (2; -3/2)

x2
Nhn thy x = 0 khng l nghim, nn chia hai v
ca PT th nht cho x v t x + y = u; 1/x = v ta
c: u-3v + 1 = 0 v u2-5v2 + 1 = 0

'> 0
m ( ; 1);( ;2 + )

0 + 2m.0 + m + 2 0 m 2
1 3 + 4
d (M ; d ) = = 2
2

GII TON C THNG (10-11-12)

4
4
4

Ta c: dt MBC =

8( x + y ) = ( x + y)
Gii h PT
y3 3x 2 + 2 = 0

Nn: BC =

1
BC.d ( M ; d ) = 8 2
2

2.8 2
= 16 BC 2 = 256
2

Gi xB, xC l nghim ca pt (*) ta c:

BC2 = (xBxC)2 + (yByC)2 = 2(xB + xC)2 -8xB xC
Cc bn hy gi bi v Thy gio Ng Vit Vn M xB + xC = -2m, xBxC = m + 2
nh!
Nn: 2(-2m)2 - 8(m + 2) = 256
m =

1)
H
s
ca
M
=
x n 2 l
1 1
1 1
1 1
++
+ + n 1 n
2 22
2 2n
2 2
2
1
1 1
1
1 1 1
: + 2 + 3 + .... + n = 2 + 4 + ... + 2n + 2M
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2n
n
2 3.2 + 2
Vy M =
.
3.2 2 n
2) K: x 5 . 5 x 2 + 14 x + 9 x 2 x 20 = 5 x + 1
5 x 2 + 14 x + 9 = 5 x + 1 + x 2 x 20

Bnh phng:

2 ( x2 4 x 5) + 3 ( x + 4 ) = 5

(x

4 x 5) ( x + 4)

x2 4 x 5
, t 0. Ta c:
x+4
3
2t 2 5t + 3 = 0 t = 1, t = . Vy PT c nghim
2
5 + 61
x=
, x =8.
2

t t =

3) PT x3 + 2mx2 + (m + 3)x + 4 = x + 4
x = 0
2
x + 2mx + m + 2 = 0(*)
(d) ct (Cm) ti 3 im phn bit A(0;4), B, C
th pt (*) c 2 n0 phn bit khc 0

1 137
(t / m )
2