Cong Pha de Thi Toan Bang Casio

Lm Hu Minh - sherlockttmt@gmail.
com
CNG PH
THI THPT QUC GIA
MN TON
BNG
K THUT CASIO
Lm Hu Minh - sherlockttmt@gmail.com
NHP MN K THUT CASIO

K thut CASIO luyn thi THPT Quc gia l 1 tp hp nhng thao tc s dng MTBT
CASIO theo cch khc bnh thng m thm ch nhng ngi thi Hc sinh gii gii ton trn
my tnh CASIO cng cha chc thc hin c. Bi v K thut CASIO y c sng
to di hnh thc luyn thi THPT Quc gia, m nhng bi ton trong thi Hc sinh gii
gii ton trn my tnh CASIO th li thuc mt dng khc hn.
K thut CASIO hng n mc tiu:
+ Th nht: luyn cho cc bn s do tay khi bm my tnh trong qu trnh gii ton. Sau
1 thi gian luyn tp n s khin cc bn nhanh nhy hn khi cm my trc 1 vn d l
nh, dn n tng tc CNG PH trc gii hn ca thi gian.
+ Th hai: a ra cho cc bn nhng phng php bm my hiu qu trnh nhng
thao tc thuc loi tru b m lu nay nhiu bn vn ang bm, x l p nhng s liu
xu, v tm ra hng gii ngn nht cho bi ton. D thi ngy cng hng n t duy, suy
lun cao v tm cch hn ch vic bm my, nhng mt khi hc K thut CASIO ri th
cn lu B mi hn ch c cc bn s dng my tnh, min l c mang my vo phng
thi!
+ Th ba: luyn cho cc bn s linh hot khi s dng my tnh. l nim am m
nghin cu khm ph nhng tnh nng mi, li t duy bi ton kt hp hi ha gia vic gii
tay v gii my, v c sng to tm ra nhng phng php ngy cng ngn gn, nhm n
ti u ha qu trnh gii ton. V t , cc bn c th t nghin cu m rng K thut
CASIO sang nhng mn hc t nhin khc.
+ Th t: thnh thc K thut CASIO kt hp vi vn kin thc Ton hc ca cc bn,
s to nn 1 tm l vng vng khi bc vo k thi (tt nhin l khng c php ch quan
u y! ).
t c nhng iu , mnh phi suy ngh rt nhiu khi vit cun sch ny:
+ Th nht l phi s dng cch truyn t no cc bn d tip thu nht m li kch
thch c c sng to ca cc bn ch khng phi tnh li!
Mun vy, mnh cht lc mt lng VD va a vo, cng nh phn tch bi ton
mt mc di cc bn tip thu c. D c 1 s bi mnh chun b y trc
khi vit vo, nhng cng nh hu ht cc bi t ba ngay lc vit, mnh phn tch theo ng
t duy ca 1 ngi va mi bt u tip xc vn mi ch khng phi l chun b ni
li. Do , cc hng lm a ra s c di c ngn, c hay c d, thm ch tc cng c!
Trong qu trnh phn tch mnh s thng xuyn hi cc bn nhng cu hi tm ra
cng vic tip theo phi lm, v rn luyn t duy th cc bn nn th suy ngh n trc khi
c tip.
+ Th hai: khng nhng phn tch d hiu, m phi c thm cht hng v hi hc
to hng th cho cc bn am m khm ph!
Vy bm st nhng K thut CASIO nh th ny liu c lm cc bn suy gim tr tu
khng nh?
Cu hi ng phi tr li y!
Cc bn s t duy km i nu nh mt php tnh n gin nh 45 32; 665 23; cng
li my bm. Nhng ci cc bn hy c gng nhm trong qu trnh hc, tp nhm tnh
thng xuyn s gip cho u c nhanh nhy hn y, cn trong ny th khng dy my ci
. Nu mun cc bn c th search Google tm 30 k thut tnh nhm nhanh nht m luyn
tp mi ngy.
Nhng k thut ti u ha trong ny phn nhiu s gip cc bn loi b nhng cng vic
n gin nhng li mt thi gian, hoc khng cn thit, VD nh khai trin a thc bc cao,
nhm nghim PT, Nhng ci s khng lm cho bn b dt i.
Tuy nhin nhng k thut cao hn nh phn tch PT, h PT, khai cn s phc hay chng
minh BT i xng l nhng k thut m nu lm dng qu mc cc bn s dt i. Do ,
hy luyn tp gii tay cho n ri hy tnh n my tnh. V v vy, K thut CASIO s ph
hp hn vi nhng HS lp 12 ni ring v luyn thi THPT Quc gia ni chung hn l HS lp
10; 11.
Nhng d hc th no th cc bn cng phi nh tinh thn hc xuyn sut ca chng ta,
l: khng ngng sng to vn xa! Mnh thit ngh nu c th a vic sng to k thut
CASIO vo lm 1 mn hc trong chng trnh THPT th n cng kh hn mn Tin hc hin
ti y! (Thun ming ni vui!!! ).
Bng cch c gng xy dng cu ni gia nhng bi ton cha tm ra cch gii vi nhng
vn tng ng m my tnh c th lm c, kt hp vi vic p dng nhng k thut
c sn trong ny x l th, th cc bn c th nghin cu ra c k thut CASIO cho bi
ton . T m rng phm vi p dng ca n k thut tr nn hon chnh v hu ch
hn.
y chnh l phng php nghin cu c bn m mnh p dng, v ni s qua 1 cht
cho cc bn c thm ch khm ph!
Loi my tnh mnh s dng trong ny kh thng dng: CASIO fx-570ES, cc loi khc
ch cn c mn hnh hin th tng t l p dng c (t iu chnh lm theo c ch?),
thm ch c nhiu chc nng hn na v nhng ci u ang ch cc bn khai thc.
Tt c nhng g trong cun sch ny khng phi do mnh hon ton nghin cu ra, nhiu
K thut c mnh su tm t nhiu ngun khc nhau, tiu biu l cc tc gi:
+ Bn Bi Th Vit: hin l admin Fb group: Th Thut Gii Ton Bng CASIO. Link
group: https://www.facebook.com/thuthuatcasio
+ Thy on Tr Dng: admin Fb group: VIDEO BI GING CASIO MAN. Link
group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/141497249516023
+ Anh Nguyn Th Lc: fanpage: B Kp Th Lc. Link fanpage:
https://www.facebook.com/bikiptheluc.com.No1
Nu cc bn mun gii K thut CASIO, cc bn cng cn phi tm ti hc hi tht nhiu
nh th!
Li cui cng mnh mun ni, l nhng trang sch ny c php sao chp di mi
hnh thc, c iu, hy ghi r ngun v tc gi khi sao chp!
Facebook ca mnh, c g thc mc cc bn c lin h:
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100009537923474
Chc cc bn hc tt!
I. Mt s k thut n gin nhng quan trng

Hn nhiu ngi s c cht thc mc v vic chia phn ra lm k thut n gin v k
thut phc tp nh th ny lm g cho mt cng, theo h chc ch cn sp xp cc k thut
t d n kh l c ri.
Mnh cng ngh qua vn .
Mnh thy lm vy cng hp l, song v mt l do khc m mnh mi tch ring ra lm 2
phn v thm cm t nhng quan trng vo, nghe hi cht nhng li nh du c ci
l do khc .
L do l: nhng k thut phn ny l nhng k thut s xut hin trong hu ht cc
k thut phn th hai, ngha l chng c dng xuyn sut trong cc k thut phc tp
sau ny v l mt thao tc ph tr cho cc k thut .
Ni cch khc, chng mang tnh kt ni, v l nhng im chung ca cc k thut phc
tp, cn v nhng k thut phc tp kia, hu nh ni dung khng h c g lin quan n nhau
c. V l bn chng mi c nh ring!
V cng v vy m nhng k thut nh ny rt quan trng, chng l 1 thao tc gp
phn tng nhanh tc gii ton m cc bn cn nm k trc khi lnh hi nhng k thut
pha sau.
By gi chng ta bt u!
1. Nhp phng trnh hiu qu nht
Ci ny chc chn rt nhiu ngi s l i, nhng tic thay ngi cha chc bit
cch nhp PT (phng trnh) th no mi l ph hp, thun tin tnh ton nht.
n gin cc bn ngh rng PT th no th nhp vo th, nhng nu nhp thm k hiu
0 vo th vic kt hp vi cc k thut cao cp khc cc phn sau s rt bt tin, gy
chm chp, do cc bn khng nn nhp k hiu = 0 m chuyn ht cc i lng sang v
tri ri nhp mnh v tri vo thi!
VD. Ta nhp PT 2( x 2 2) 5 x3 1 vo my nh hnh sau:
2( x 2 2) 5 x 3 1
Khi nhp nh th ny, bn s:

+ Th nht: ti u ha c vic gii nghim PT k xo pha di.
+ Th hai: tnh gi tr ca biu thc 2( x 2 2) 5 x 3 1 vi cc gi tr x khc nhau rt
nhanh m ch cn nhn CALC lun khng cn quay li xa 2 k t = 0 (nht l khi PT
cng knh), hoc khi sa PT thnh biu thc tnh vi CALC cng rt nhanh.
2. Ti u ha vic gii nghim PT
Chng ta vn xt PT trn: 2( x 2 2) 5 x 3 1
Sau khi nhp PT theo k thut 1, cc bn nhn , khi ra kt qu my k n v ta ch
cn gi li c PT gii nhiu ln l c. Ci kt qu y chng qua ch ti gi tr X c
sn t trc m thi.
Khi u cc bn nn gn X theo iu kin (K) ca x, nu khng tm c (hoc ngi
tm) K th cc bn c gn X = 0 (nu X cha bng 0), c gi l gi tr khi u ca
vic d nghim.
Bi ny sau khi gn X = 0, my cho ta X 5,541381265 , cc bn lu n vo bin A.
y c 1 thao tc mnh phi nhc li v cn kh nhiu ngi khng bit lm sao, l
lu nghim trong bin ny (c th l X, do ban u ta dng bin X gii) sang bin khc
( y l bin A) cc bn nhn: ALPHA X SHIFT RCL ( STO) () ( A) , khi mn hnh
hin X A
By gi cc bn nhn quay ln PT lu, nhn con tr s nm u. Tip tc
nhn ( SHIFT DEL , lc ny con tr s chuyn thnh hnh tam gic, chnh l chc
nng chn biu thc ang xut hin vo 1 biu thc khc. C th n hin nh hnh:
2( X 2 2) 5 X 3 1
Tip tc bm
, biu thc ang xut hin c chn ngay ln t s ca 1 phn thc no
. Tip tc cc thao tc chnh sa ta thu c:

2( X 2 2) 5 X 3 1
( X A)
(ch phi c du ngoc n di mu!)
By gi cc bn tip tc cho my gii PT
2( X 2 2) 5 X 3 1
, my hi gi tr X hay A
( X A)
ng c thay i, c th m cho n gii thi!

Do ta a ( X A) xung mu nn tuyt nhin my khng th hin th li ci nghim
tm trn ( lu vo A), buc phi tm nghim khc (nu c). V nh vy ta ti a ha
c vic vt nghim ca PT.
Nghim mi ta thu c chnh l: X 5,541381265 . Trc khi lu n vo B cc bn
2( X 2 2) 5 X 3 1
li quay li PT
v n lu n li (kt qu my vn mc k! ).
( X A)
2( X 2 2) 5 X 3 1
By gi, thc hin thao tc tng t cc bn sa PT kia thnh
sau
( X A)( X B )
li cho my gii, khng cn quan tm cc gi tr X, A, B lm g
Vng, ln ny my bo Cant Solve, ngha l PT
2( X 2 2) 5 X 3 1
v nghim, ni
( X A)( X B )
cch khc, PT cho khng cn nghim no khc ngoi 2 nghim A, B na c.

Vy vi PT c v s nghim nh PT lng gic th sao?
Khi hc mt k thut, cc bn s ch tip thu tt nht khi bit t ra nhng bn khon,
thc mc v mt vn no ang c ni n.
Vi PT lng gic, nghim ca n c dng x a kb (k ) , trong a ( 2;2) , do
vic vt nghim ca PT lng gic m chng c ch cho vic gii PT, th ta ch cn vt
ht cc gi tr a l c, cn phn kb th khng cn quan tm. V cch vt , hon ton
ging nh vi cc loi PT khc ni trn, vi gi tr ban u X = 0
Khi c n nhng phn pha sau lin quan n vic gii PT lng gic, cc bn s
c hiu r hn cc thao tc mnh s dng vt nghim ca n nh th no
3. Nguyn tc th gi tr tt nht
Nguyn tc n gin ny l do mnh ngh ra, v t trc n nay cng cha thy ti liu
v MTBT no c cp n n, nn cc bn xem nh y l ln u tin n c a ra
vy!
Nh ni, nguyn tc ny rt n gin, l khi mun kim tra bng my tnh xem
f ( x) g ( x ) hay khng, ta s nhp khong 1; 2 gi tr X ph hp tnh gi tr biu thc
f ( X ) g ( X ) , nu kt qu u bng 0 th chng t f ( x) g ( x) !
Ni ra c v bun ci, nhng thc ra khng phi cc bn c th 2 gi tr X bt k l c

th kt lun c f ( x) g ( x ) ngay u! Thi gian th khng cho php, l k thut ti u
ha th phi lm sao ti u c c thi gian ch khng phi ch mnh kt qu.
C th:
+ Nu f(x), g(x) l cc hm v t (cha cn), ta th vi X l cc s thp phn hu hn
(nh 1,364; 5,2235;).
+ Nu chng l cc hm lng gic, ta th vi cc s nguyn khc 0 (cng ln cng tt).
+ Cui cng nu f(x), g(x) khng ri vo 2 trng hp trn, th ta gn X l cc s siu
vit (nh ; e; ).
Mnh quy nh ra nhng cch th khc nhau nh vy mc ch l ch cn th 1; 2 ln
l kt lun c c xy ra f ( x) g ( x) mt cch chc chn nht, vic n gin ch l
da vo c trng ca hm m ta mun th m thi.
Chnh v nhng iu trn m cng vic c v bun ci ny mi c xem l 1 k thut.
Nhn c v l lm phc tp ha vn nhng thc ra khng phi u, cc bn dng 1 vi
ln s quen ngay thi. N s bin thnh phn x t nhin ca cc bn.
Ging nh mnh y: dng n nh l 1 phn x t nhin t trc n gi v ch phn nh
rch ri ra lm 3 kiu nh vy khi vit sch ny.
sin
x
cos
x
2
sin
x
VD. Ta bit cc ng thc lng gic sau y l ng:

cos x sin x 2 cos x
Th nhng khi ngi trong phng thi ri th khng t ngi s nhm ln khi nh nhng
ng thc ny. C th nu chng ta ch nh mang mng thi th ta s lm sao xc nh
chnh xc c cos x sin x ?
Gi s mnh nh mang mng rng cos x sin x 2 cos x , khi mnh nhp vo
4
my nh sau: cos( X ) sin( X ) 2 cos X (lu nu cc bn ghi

th my phi
4
4
t ch radian, nu khng b sai li trch mnh! ).
S dng CALC tnh biu thc f ( x) cos x sin x 2 cos x , nu ai khng

4
bit k thut ny, thng thng s gn X 0 hoc p nh X , v thu c kt qu:
f (0) f ( ) 0 f ( x) 0 cos x sin x 2 cos x , hon ton sai!

4
Thay vo , vi k thut trn, ta cho X = 1 i, thu c f (1) 1,68294197 v kt lun
lun cos x sin x 2 cos x (khc nhau th ch cn 1 gi tr l ).

4
Do , quay li biu thc nhp, mnh sa thnh cos( X ) sin( X ) 2 cos X

4
(vn theo nhng g nh mang mng! ).

X 1
Vng, ln ny vi
th ta u thu c kt qu = 0
X 2
Vy ta kt lun chc chn: cos x sin x 2 cos x

4
Qua VD trn cc bn rt ra c iu g?
R rng, chng ta thy iu kin tin quyt s dng k thut ny l chng ta phi nh
mang mng biu thc bn v phi (ci m ta cn bin i thnh), cn v bn tri th c
trong bi ri (c c sn th ta mi cn ng thc bin i ch! ).
Th nh t ri sa v th nhiu ln, cn hn khng nh 1 t g. Du p dng th thut c
cao siu n u th cng cn c kin thc, d rt t!
Sau ny khi s dng n mnh s vit tt k thut ny l nguyn tc TGTTN nh!
II. Nhng k thut phc tp

Sau y cc bn s c hc nhng k thut mang tnh c lp cho tng dng ton, khc
vi s xuyn sut trong hu ht cc bi ton phn I.
Nhng k thut ny i hi s phn tch, tnh ton nhiu bc hn hn v quan trng l
cn s linh hot trong mi mt hon cnh nht nh, n gin l v nhng k thut ny nhiu
bc hn na mnh khng th k ht ra cho cc bn tt c nhng trng hp c th gp phi,
m ch ni c nhng g hay gp nht thi.
Hc th thut my tnh lun cn s sng to v linh hot kt hp cc phng php khc
nhau, c nh vy mi c th tn dng ht c nhng chc nng ca my tnh cng nh gii
quyt c bi ton mt cch nhanh nht.
1. Xc nh nghim p ca phng trnh
Nh cc bn bit, PT m v loga l loi PT n gin nht trong thi THPT Quc gia
mn Ton, th nh l PT lng gic, v cui cng l loi PT thuc phn phn loi HS kh gii, l PT v t.
c trng nghim ca mi loi th ch c 3 loi, l:
+ Nghim l s hu t.
+ H nghim lng gic x a kb (k ) .
+ Nghim v t thuc dng PT bc 2: x
b
2a
V PT m v loga l loi d nht, nn mnh s khng ni thm na. Cc bn trong qu

trnh hc c th thy n di, n phc tp hay nh th no y th ty nhng khi th lm thi
THPT Quc gia ri th mi thy n tht khng ng tnh tin. Nu chng may n c kh
xut hin trong thi HSG th thng s kh sau khi chuyn c v PT v t thi.
Cn PT lng gic, bt u t nm 2015 B th n bng cu tnh gi tr ca biu thc
lng gic, tuy khng hon ton lin quan n PT lng gic nhng mnh cng vn vit v
khng th trnh c trng hp B s quay li cho HS gii PT.
a) V nghim ca PT hin th trn MTBT
Phn ny mnh b sung vo sau khi suy ngm li, v thc ra lc u mnh cng ngh
n khng quan trng, ai cng bit c ri.
Nghim nguyn th khng ni lm g ri, nhng nu khng nguyn th sao?
Trong trng hp , thao tc nhn RCL ) hin th li dng p (nu c th) ca
nghim (m my t ng lu trong X) l ci ai cng lm c.
Tuy nhin chng ta cn xt thm n ci sai s ca my tnh gy ra bi vic s dng
thut ton lp Newton d (ng hn l hi t nghim) ca my tnh b ti hin nay. iu
ngha l khng mt nghim no my gii ra thc s l chnh xc, ni cch khc cc
nghim nguyn m cc bn thu c thc ra c chc nng lm trn sa i thnh s
nguyn (v thnh nghim chnh xc), t ci nghim thc s ca qu trnh hi t. V do ,
nu nghim khng hu t th vic hin li dng p hu nh khng th.
Nghim ca qu trnh gii thc ra l kt qu ca 1 php tnh gii hn! Mnh kim
tra c iu bng cch xy dng li qu trnh d nghim bng thut ton lp Newton ni
trn ca my, c th mnh s dng lnh tng qut sau d nghim: X X
f (X )
f '( X )
VD1. Xt PT f ( x) x 2 x 6 0
X2 X 6
Ta c f '( x) 2 x 1 , khi mnh nhp vo my tnh lnh X X
sau
2X 1
nhn CALC , nhp gi tr khi u, chng hn cho X = 0 i (tng t nh khi gii bng
Solve), sau n lin t t v xem qu trnh hi t nghim din ra.
C phi cc kt qu cc bn thy trn mn hnh hi t dn v 2 ng khng? n 1 lc
no (sau 1 thi gian ngn thi), gi tr nhn c ng bng 2, v l 1 nghim ca PT
f ( x) 0 . iu minh chng cho vic lm trn nghim mnh ni trn, v qu trnh
gii trn thc ra l tnh gii hn.

By gi th li vi biu thc trn ln na, vi gi tr ban u X 10 , c phi my li
hi t v 3 ng khng? l nghim th 2 (v cng ht nghim ri).
Va ri mnh biu din mt cch r rng cho cc bn thy cch thc m my tnh
s dng gii PT cho cc bn by lu nay. Nhng mc ny c tc dng nh ni,
mnh s vit thm vi iu hu ch na v cch s dng ci sai s ca my tnh, ch ci trn
ch l 1 b mt nh c bt m cho bit, khng dng lm g.
Loi nghim mang sai s cao nht chnh l nghim ca PT v t. My khng th hin th
li nghim cha cn khi dng Solve v 2 l do:
+ Th nht hnh thc phc tp.
+ Th hai: sai s.
Thm ch i khi PT c nghim nhng my khng tm c nghim ca n v bo
Cant Solve, hoc khng th no hi t c nghim chnh xc hn (sai s kh cao). C
th lc my s bo Continue: [=] ( mun hi bn c tip tc gii vic hi t ln na
c chnh xc hn khng), hoc nu khng th n cng s cho gi tr L R rt l nga
mt.
Chng hn my hin th nh hnh ny:
Continue :[ ]
X
99,09375454 ( L R tc l Left Right : v tri v phi, t nghim X ).
LR
102264320.3
l nhng g my p li khi ta cho gi tr ban u X = 0 gii PT sau:
VD2. Gii PT x 4 6 x3 2 x3 2 x 2 0 (PT ny mnh ba ra lm VD m! ).
TH ny nu tip tc n , my s gii 1 lc na V ri kt qu hin th vn nh c!
Ni cch khc, my khng th hi t nghim t X = 0, v gi tr X trn khin cho
x 4 6 x3 2 x3 2 x 2 102264320,3 nn khng th no chp nhn ni!

ng trc hon cnh ny, cch tt nht l thay i gi tr ban u, cho X = 10 v th li.
Vng, ln ny my cho X 0,881752245 vi L R 0 , y chnh l gi tr ta cn.
Lu ci L R nh, hu nh ai cng khng ti c.
C i khi L R khng ln nh trn, v nh mn hnh hin th nh hnh sau, m sau khi
sa gi tr ban u, n vn cho y ht nh th
PT
X
4,738342233
L R 10,632443 1036
Vy th lc ny, cc bn ng bn khon thm na, ly lun ci 4,738342233 lm

nghim nh!
L do l v gi tr L R trn nhn qua rt hi , nhng thc ra n l 1 s rt nh, tc l
L R 0 , khi sai s ca nghim cng nh hn, ni cch khc n gn nh l nghim ng,

v l , my s khng c xut Continue: [=] v cng s khng th hin th gi tr chnh
xc hn c na, do cc bn c yn tm s dng nghim nh thng.
l cch m chng ta nhn L R xc nh nghim c sai s nh th no, c nn ly
hay khng. Tuy nhin ang cn mt kiu na, l nhn ngay nghim xc nh nghim
ng m khng cn bit L R mun ni g vi mnh.
Kiu ny ch xy ra vi nghim hu t m thi. Tc l khi my hin X 0,499999999
1
th ta bit ngay x ! Kiu nghim ny rt t gp, v cng rt d on, nhn c v l, nhng
2
khng c ngha l my khng c kh nng hin nh th m khng chu lm trn. Theo mnh,
li ny ca my c l do nghim X
ton lp X X
1
vi phm iu kin f '( X ) 0 khi s dng thut
2
f (X )
, cho nn my buc phi hin gi tr xp x.
f '( X )
Vy nu my hin X 1, 250000001 th ngha l th no? n gin ri, X 1,25
5
4
Nhn ci nghim ng s th nhng m n ch l loi thng rng ku to m thi!

Nh nh, sau khi nhn X phi nhn n L R , ng c vi vng m ht!
S sai s trn khng ch biu hin trong vic gii PT vi Solve m cn trong nhiu php
tnh khc nhng him thy hn, ring MODE EQN, trong lch s s dng my tnh ca mnh
ch bt gp c 2 ln n mc li ny, do ta hon ton yn tm v chc nng ny.
D sao bt u t y, by ny khng cn khin cc bn lng tng c na.
Trn y l nhng iu n gin nhng cn mi l vi kh nhiu ngi, tuy di vy
nhng vn cha ht u, cn nhiu k xo cho cc bn hc lm! Mnh s nhng t cho
nhng k thut hay hn vo 2 phn di y cc bn tip tc lnh hi
b) Nghim PT lng gic
Nh ni, nghim c dng x a kb (k ) v ta thng gp trng hp n gin
b 1
nht a l phn s v
, nhng ch l d on m tp trung vo gii quyt thi.
b 2
Nh hng dn mc 2, cc bn nn cho gi tr ban u X = 0 gii, vic ny cng

quan trng hn vi PT lng gic v c h nghim, ngha l v s nghim. Khng tin cc bn
c th th ngay vi PT sinx = 1, d nht y, con nt cng lm c!
Ta bit rng sin x 1 x
k 2 (k ) . Nu cho X = 0 th my cho cc bn nghim
nh th no? C phi X 1,570796191 khng? Nghim kh xu, v du thot ra mn hnh

bnh thng ri nhn RCL ) cng khng th chuyn con s trn v
c (ng ngha
vi vic nhn S D l v ch). Lc ny, trong trng hp my cho s nh vy c mt vi

cch n gin sau c th chuyn c n v dng p:
+ Cch 1: n gin nht m ai cng ngh ra c, l chia ngay cho !
+ Cch 2: nhp vo biu thc sin 1 (sin( X )) ri n (s dng SHIFT sin nhp
sin 1 , c th thay sin bng cos).
By gi cc bn th gii li vi gi tr ban u kh ln xem sao, m thi, hi ln nh
X 15 thi cng c, c phi nghim l X 14,13716706 khng? Vng, du cho X ln

my th my cng cho c nghim gn gn ci s y, min l n thuc h x
k 2 l
c. Nghim trn ng vi k = my? Ly X chia th xem?

Kt qu l 4,5 ng khng?
Vi
k 2 4,5 d dng suy ra k 2 x
9
l gi tr ng trong X.
2
Cc bn thy ci bt li ca vic cho gi tr ban u ca X qu ln hay qu nh ri ch?

+ Th nht: v nghim l x a kb (k ) nn khi cho X = 0 my s cho cc bn
nghim p nht ca h, ng vi k = 0, tc l X a , cn X ln hay nh qu th hu nh
khng c chuyn . y l cch m ta d ra phn chnh ca nghim (theo cch gi ca
mnh m ), l phn a
+ Th hai: trng hp sinx = 1 l n gin nht y, ch cn khi vo trn chin ri th
nhiu nghim ng vi k 0 cc bn c chia th no cng khng xc nh c chnh xc
nghim nh mnh lm trn u!
Vic cho X = 0 khi gii PT lng gic trn ch l nn ch khng c ngha s lun nhn
c nghim p nht, chng hn vi PT cosx = 0, my vn hin th X 199,4911335 sau
khong 10s tnh ton. Bm RCL ) ta c X
127
. y r rng l 1 nghim khng p.
2
Khi gp nhng trng hp nh vy cc bn ng chia m nn p dng cch th 2

trong s 2 cch xc nh nghim p nu trn:
1
+ Nu dng sin: tnh sin 1 (sin( X )) ta c
2
1
+ Nu dng cos: cos 1 (cos( X )) (!???).
2
Ti sao li c s khc nhau ?

S khc nhau ny cho thy X
x
127
s thuc 1 trong 2 h nghim l x kb1 hoc

2
2
kb2 . iu khng nh tip rng cc bn nn dng c sin ln cos th.
Vi nhng nghim xu nh vy, sau khi xc nh c phn chnh a ta s s dng lun

tm phn tun hon kb . y vi X
127
ta c
2
kb1 63
kb 64 . Do k nguyn, nn ta s
2
xem xt b theo hng t nguyn n khng nguyn.
b 1
b nguyn th ch c th l
, do ta c 3 TH (trng hp):
b
b1 1
b 1 . Ta thy 2 TH
2
b2 2
u thc ra l mt, v TH3 th bao trong 2 TH u ri, vy nn h nghim ng l

x
Ni tm li l cc bn thy mt vic tng nh n gin nh th thc ra li kh nhiu
cng on lt nht, nhng nu quen ri th vic thao tc 2 bc ny ch mt tm 2 pht
(khng k thi gian my gii!):
sin 1 (sin( X ))
+ u tin chia nghim nhn c cho hoc tnh 1
tm phn chnh.
cos
(cos(
X
))
+ Nu nghim nhn c khng phi a , ta tnh kb
a ri xt b t 1; 2 n cc gi
1 3
tr hu t hay gp ( ; ; ). Trong cc TH ca b, loi nhng h nghim trng nhau hoc b
2 2
bao trong 1 h khc. Sau khi loi ri, nhng TH cn li ly 2 gi tr k ln v lin tip nhau
thay vo PT th ri kt lun.
Cc bn liu c g hi bn khon khi c tm tt trn hay khng?
Nu theo du cng th nht, ta nn cho X = 0 gii th vic tm a s d dng hn ht.
Nhng theo du cng th 2, tm c b ta li nn cho X ln nghim nhn c
khng phi l a !
Trong hon cnh ny, cch ti u ai cng ngh ra c v l gii 2 ln (1 ln tm a , ln kia
tm b), nhng thc ra mnh vn khuyn cc bn nn gn X = 0. L do l v
Cn na!
c) Nghim PT v t
V nghim ny ch ra dng x
b
nn ta s i theo hng lt li PT bc 2 cha n
2a
sau s s dng CT nghim ly c dng p ca n! Cc bn c yn tm rng l

PT bc 2 trong thi Quc gia th khng c chuyn h s xu u, v cng chng to lm, do
m cch ny chc chn c hiu qu.
s dng c k thut ny trc ht cc bn phi hiu r v MODE 7 , tc chc
nng TABLE. Ci ny hu ht mi ngi khng ti, th nhng hc th thut CASIO
th khng th no b qua c mt chc nng hu ch nh th!
Mnh lun s dng chc nng ny cu v th hm s, v mnh khuyn cc bn nn
bit dng v sau ny ta s p dng kh nhiu.
y l chc nng tnh gi tr ca biu thc f(X) vi cc gi tr X chy cch u nhau
trong 1 khong no do ngi dng t quy nh, nh rng ch c bin X l my chp nhn.
C th my s yu cu bn phi xc nh r cc gi tr:
+ Bt u (Start): gi tr mt u on.
+ Kt thc (End): gi tr mt cui on.
+ Bc nhy (Step): chnh l lng cch nhau ca mi gi tr X trong khong .
Cc bn tip tc xem cc VD sau hiu r hn nh!
VD1. Ta t gi thuyt rng ang cn truy nghim x
1 5
v dng p ca n.
2
y l 1 nghim rt quen thuc. Cc bn hy trit dng p ca n bng cch tnh

2
1 5
3 5
, sau tnh
, ta thu c
2
2
Ans v lu kt qu vo A, r rng lc ny
nghim ta lu ch hin th c 1,618033989 m khng phi l dng p ban u, v

chnh l nhim v ca chng ta: lm sao bit c dng p ca n nu chng may lc gii
PT ta nhn c ci s in thoi nh vy?
u tin mnh n MODE 7 sau nhp vo f ( X ) A2 XA .
L do nhp nh vy th l do ta cn d cc h s ca PT bc 2 no ang cn tm m c
cha nghim trn (lu vo A), do mnh mi cho X chy v n chnh l h s ca PT:
A2 XA c 0
Nh ni, cc h s PT trn s l s hu t p nn mnh khng cn lo khi cho lun h
s u tin bng 1 , ch cn d cc gi tr X trong 1 khong nh no xem gi tr no
s cho c p, khi ta s ly.
By gi n , nhp vo gi tr Start 14 , li v cho End 14 (nh vy l d
trong on [ 14;14] ), cn Step th n mc nh l 1, thi c 1 d th .
n ln cui v ta nhn c 1 ci TABLE (bng)
By gi d no, ta c f ( X ) A2 XA c nn ta cn tm 1 gi tr hu t bn ct f(X)
Vng, on u rt l nn, nhng m, , c 1 gi tr p. Phi, chnh l f (1) 1
, thay vo f ( X ) A2 XA ta c A2 (1) A 1 A2 A 1 0 , y chnh l PT cn
tm.
n y gii PT A2 A 1 0 d dng truy ra c gi tr p trong A l x
1 5
.
2
Cc bn hiu nguyn tc ri ch? Tip tc nh!
VD2. Tng t VD1 cc bn hy ph dng p ca nghim x
2 6
ri lu n vo A v
4
thao tc th no!
u tin vo MODE 7 , nhp f ( X ) A2 XA
1 pht, cho ngay Start 14 , li pht na, cho lun End 14 lun cho u mng
i xng! Cn Step = 1 th c nguyn thng s khng phi thay i u.

Png pht cui! Xem bng v d f(X) no
on ny nhn k nh cc bn, nu khng b qua mt f (1) 0,125 th tic lm ! S
hu t p m.
Vy ta c A2 A
2 6
1
1
A2 A 0 , t d dng truy li c A x
4
8
8
VD3. Hy th vi nghim x
3 6
thy s khc bit!
4
T lm nh, kt qu th no cc bn?
Phi chng cc bn khng tm c kt qu vi khong [ 14;14] v Step = 1?
Vy m mnh vn c kt qu n!!! l: khng tm c gi tr f(X) hu t no!
y ng l 1 kt qu ti t ca k thut ny ri cn g. Vy chng phi k thut ny
tht bi?
Khng u, hy linh hot ln mt cht nh, hy nhn li biu thc chng ta nhp:
f ( X ) A2 XA , nu trc cc bn vn thy bn khon khi mnh ni cu cho ngay h s

u tin l 1 th cc bn thc mc ng ri . y chnh l nguyn nhn gy ra vic
khng c f(X) no hu t y!
Vy nn mnh s sa thnh f ( X ) 2 A2 XA , ln ny th ta c f (3) 0,375
3
8
Ok ri ch cc bn, ch cn ci cng thc nghim ca PT bc 2 l ta s hiu c

y l do s c ca VD3 ny. Ci qu d th nn mnh khng ni g thm na!
C l ch cn 3 VD l cc bn r cch lm lm ri, cn nu ai m km qu y , th
t ra cng d dng ba ra c hng ng VD m thao tc cho quen tay, trm hay khng
bng tay quen m!
n y, nu chu kh suy ngh 1 cht cc bn c th d dng nhn ra rng ta khng nht
thit c phi dng biu thc f ( X ) A2 XA , m c th i gi thnh: f ( X )
Cc bn c hiu khng?
A2 X
A
Lc ny ta d b tm c f ( X ) , cn by gi ta li d c tm b f ( X ) , v PT bc 2
lc ny l A2 bA X 0 . n gin th thi, ch cn cc bn ng ln ln b, c (X v f(X))
nu thch i gi l c!
Chc ch cn vit thm vi dng tm tt na l xong ri:
+ Th nht nghim my gii n lu vo X th cc bn phi chuyn n sang bin khc
(thng chn A) v bin X l ta d trong TABLE.
+ Th 2 cc bn nn dng khong chy [ 14;14] v Step = 1 v t l thnh cng l 100%.
VD3 trn, chc chn nhiu bn ngh n vic thay i khong chy ny khi thy khng
c f(X) no hu t, nhng thc ra u phi th, chng ta ch cn nng dn h s u ca f(X)
ln (2; 3;), nht nh s ra thi.
Mnh mun lu thm 1 TH na, y l TH hi hu ca nghim PT v t, l n c
dng lng gic. Nu chng may cu PT thuc mc kh sau cu BT trong thi, m sau
khi lm nh trn cc bn khng tm c dng
b
, th hy nn nghi n dng lng
2a
gic.
Khi ta th dng lng gic bng cch lu nghim vo A (B, C,), ri tnh 3 gi tr
sin 1 ( A); cos 1 ( A); tan 1 ( A) ( 1 y khng phi m m l hm lng gic ngc arc).
V nghim lng gic c dng x a sin , nn may ra ta tm c
Cn nu vn khng lm r c chn tng ca n, th nh thi qun lng CASIO,
th lng gic ha m gii tay bo thi.
Hy tip tc c bit c rng, k thut ca mc ny cha kt thc
2. Tm nghim phng trnh cha tham s m
Ci ny thng dng cho cu hi ph phn kho st hm s. Chng hn chng ta c 1 cu
nh sau:
VD1. Tm m th hm s y f ( x) x3 2(m 1) x 2 (1 5m) x 2(m 1) (C ) ct Ox
ti 3 im phn bit.
i vi loi ny, c n 99% PT f(x) = 0 s c 1 nghim hu t (khng cha tham s),
cn nu khng c nghim hu t th chc chn hng s dng nghim ny ca ta l khng
ng, ni cch khc, khi cc bn phi dng Viet.
Trc ht ta nhp f(X) vo my: X 3 2( M 1) X 2 (1 5M ) X 2( M 1)
Bm SHIFT CALC cho my gii nghim vi M = 0 (gn th cho n gin) ta c
X = 2. Ta kim tra li bng cch bm CALC ri thay i M bt k, gi nguyn X = 2,
tnh biu thc. Ta thy rng f (2) 0M , vy phng trnh f(x) = 0 c nghim x = 2
T ta phn tch c: f ( x) ( x 2)( x 2 2mx 1 m)
Cc bn ch cn lu rng nghim phi hu t l c.
ng dng phng php trn, cc bn th tm nghim bi sau xem th no:
VD2. y f ( x) x3 ( m 2 2m 1) x 2m 2
Vi M = 0 my gii c X 1 , khi f ( 1) m 2 4m , khng tha mn v n vn
ph thuc vo m.
Tip tc vi M = 0, my vn ch cho X 1 , nh vy xem ra f(x) = 0 khng c nghim
c nh, bi ton khng th i theo hng ny.
Nhng tht ra p s li chnh l: x m 1 (khng tin c th li! ).
Vy lm sao tm c nghim cha tham s ca PT bng MTBT?
Ta lm nh sau: thay v cho X = 0, ta cho M = 1000 (!) v gii.
V M kh ln, nn chc X cng ln, do ta cho gi tr ban u X = 1000 lun!
Kt qu ta c X = 999
Do M = 1000 nn tr li vo X ta c X 999 M 1 , t d on x m 1
Th li vi cc cp gi tr ( X ; M ) ( 1; ); (e 1; e) ( nhp s e cc bn nhn
ALPHA v 10 x (bn tri nt Ans )) ta thy kt qu l 0, do nghim l x m 1
Vy f ( x) ( x m 1)[x 2 (m 1) x 2]
Mc d loi nghim ny him gp, song ta cng phi bit i ph vi n nu chng may
xi phi.
Nh vy nu ngay t u khng chc PT c nghim c nh hay nghim cha tham s th
cc bn c gn M 1000 (ng thi cng phi chn X ln ln nu khng my kh gii):
+ Nu my cho gi tr X hu t v X 5 ( thi THPT Quc gia ch c n th l cng,
khng th X 10 ) th n 99% n l nghim c nh cn tm.
+ Cn nu X 100 v hu t th th ta phn tch n thnh x = am + b ( a 5; b 5 ),
chnh l nghim cha tham s ca PT.
Trng hp no cng phn tch c, tr phi X v t.
c bit khi PT c bc 2; 3 th ta cho M = 1000 ri dng MODE EQN gii, s nhanh
hn rt nhiu.
C l cc bn cn thc mc l do ti sao mnh li chn 2 cp ( 1; ); (e 1; e) th kt
qu m khng phi s khc? Th thc ra n l nguyn tc TGTTNm mnh hng dn
t lu ri y thi.
Hy lun nh n nguyn tc TGTTN nh!
Phng php gn 1000 trn cc bn cn nm k v s c kh nhiu trng hp ta phi s
dng n n. Hy th 1 VD cui cng xem bn nm k cha nh!
VD3. Gii PT f ( x) 2 x 4 (m 7) x3 ( m 2 m 4) x 2 ( m 7) x m 2 m 6 0
Di, s tht! Qu thc ci ny m khng c my tnh th cng nhc lm y!
Gn M = 1000 ng thi cho X = 1000 ta c nghim: X = 1002 = M + 2
2 X 4 ( M 7) X 3 ( M 2 M 4) X 2 ( M 7) X M 2 M 6
Ti u ha vic gii PT:
( X M 2)
Gii biu thc ny, ta li c 1 nghim na: X = 1, rt l bt ng!

Tip tc ti u ha:
2 X 4 ( M 7) X 3 ( M 2 M 4) X 2 ( M 7) X M 2 M 6
( X M 2)( X 1)
V ta c tip X 1 . Vy r rng PT c 1 nhn t bc 2: ( X 2 1)
Nu tip tc vi
2 X 4 ( M 7) X 3 ( M 2 M 4) X 2 ( M 7) X M 2 M 6
, cc
( X M 2)( X 1)( X 1)
bn s thu c 1 s khin ta mt hng: X 498,5

N m nh ta ch ti ci hnh thc b ngoi c v khng hp l cho lm, nhng khi ta
n RCL ) th chn tng ca n hin ra li rt p: X
997
M 3
(d hiu thi v h
2
2
s u tin ca PT l 2 m).
Vy ni chung f ( x) ( x m 2)(2 x m 3)( x 2 1) , m thi khng cn, ch cn bit PT
c 4 nghim nh th l okay ri, c th ri khi y!
m khoan , ni cht v ci ti u ha, phn I. K thut n gin r rng trc
2 X 4 ( M 7) X 3 ( M 2 M 4) X 2 ( M 7) X M 2 M 6
khi sa biu thc thnh
( X M 2)
ti u ha, ta phi lu nghim vo A, B, g , nhng vi nghim hu t th khng cn

nh, lm nh mnh va lm trn mi y nhanh c tc . l iu m bt c ai ch cn
ng no t xu l ra ngay!
Cc bn s c luyn tp li mc ny mt ln na y!
3. Khai trin a thc nguyn
y chnh l a thc h s nguyn v ta s khai trin n ra dng chnh tc, l dng sau:
f n ( x) a1 x n a2 x n1 ... an x an1
Nu a thc c cha tham s th tham s s nm trong cc h s ai (i 1; n 1) .
y chnh l 1 trong s nhng k thut u tin ca bn Bi Th Vit cho mnh thy

nhng sc mnh b n ca my tnh CASIO trong Ton hc, v n ko mnh vo nim
am m nghin cu cc th thut my tnh CASIO.
Cn i vi cc bn, hi vng cc bn am m n ngay t nhng dng u tin ca
cun sch.
Chng ta cng bt u thi no!
a) a thc khng cha tham s
Cc bn c th khai trin a thc f ( x) ( x 3)3 (1 4 x)(2 x 7) 2 d dng v mt ton
hc, nhng li khng d dng v mt thi gian nu cc bn ch c 1 pht. Do k thut khai
trin trn my tnh l mt t ph, n s khng lm cc bn suy gim tr tu bi v y
ch l vic cn con m thi, nhng li cn phi lm nhanh chng.
Hy xem f(x) trn c my tnh khai trin nhanh n mc no nh:
VD1. Khai trin f ( x) ( x 3)3 (1 4 x)(2 x 7) 2
Trc ht nhp f(X) vo my v dng CALC tnh f(1000), ta c kt qu:
K1 1,489319698 1010
D thy f(x) c bc 3, nn ta xp x: K1 14,89319698 109 15 109 15 X 3
Do quay li f(x), sa thnh: ( X 3)3 (1 4 X )(2 X 7) 2 15 X 3 , n thu c
K 2 106803022 107 X 2
Li sa thnh: ( X 3)3 (1 4 X )(2 X 7) 2 15 X 3 107 X 2 , ta c:

K 3 196978 197 X
Cui cng ( X 3)3 (1 4 X )(2 X 7) 2 15 X 3 107 X 2 197 X cho ta K 4 22 , nn

( X 3)3 (1 4 X )(2 X 7) 2 15 X 3 107 X 2 197 X 22 0 , hay:
( X 3)3 (1 4 X )(2 X 7) 2 15 X 3 107 X 2 197 X 22
Nh c nguyn tc TGTTN m kt qu trn c xc nhn l ng.

Cc bn thy ri , kh l nhanh chng trong mt bi thi i hc v ch cn bm my ri
ghi kt qu dn dn, khng ng t giy nhp no c.
Sau ny mnh s gi y l phng php xp x nh!
VD2. a thc f ( x) ( x 2)3 ( x 2 1)( x 2 3x 2)
Vi CALC ta c f (1000) K1 1,004007009 1012
Lic mt pht thy ngay f(x) bc 4, d qu: K1 1 1012 X 4 (nh l X = 1000 nh!).
Nu ai m quen vic ny, th t 1012 X 4 l lm c ri khng cn nhn li bc.
Bt i X 4 ta c 1 biu thc bc 3 mi: ( X 2)3 ( X 2 1)( X 2 3 X 2) X 4
Nh rng ng thay i X nh, ta thu c kt qu mi: K 2 4007009006
Mo nh n, khi kt qu p nh th ny ri, cc bn ch cn phn chia theo nhm 3 ch
s mt t phi sang tri l d dng xp x ngay: K 2 4'007 '009'006 4 103 4 X 3 (vic
phn chia 3 ch s chc ti v X = 1000 c 3 ch s 0, phi khng no?).
Tip tc bt 4X 3 v nhn , th biu thc ( X 2)3 ( X 2 1)( X 2 3 X 2) X 4 4 X 3
cho ta K 3 7009006
Nu lo luyn th nhn qua ngay ci s ny bit l K 3 7 X 2 9 X 6 ri ch
ch cn phi xp x lm g na, thm ch bit c kt qu sm hn t K 2 ri kia.
Cc bn hiu ri ch?
Vy: f ( x) x 4 4 x 3 7 x 2 9 x 6
t vn : nu chng may cn khai trin a thc m h s l phn s ti gin th sao?
2
x2
1
Chng hn nh a thc: f ( x) 2 x 1 x ???
3
2
Khi m xc nh h s y nguyn nh cch trn coi nh toi ri!

Nhng v chng ta khng th no toi ch v vn b cn con ny c, do cch
n gin chnh l: vit li f ( x)
( x 2 4 x 2)(3 x 1) 2
18
Nh vy xem nh xong, khai trin a thc nguyn trn t ri em kt qu chia cho 18

l ok!
Mt ch rt l hu hiu v mt l thuyt cho k xo ny l vi bc 5 tr ln m tr tuyt
i ca h s cao gn 100 (thm ch cao hn nh h s 107 VD1 y), th k xo ny bt
u thnh qu xo ri , ngha l kt qu bt u b sai! Bc cng cao, h s cng to th ci
sai cng tng, v tng rt nhanh bt u t bc 5 tr ln, ch yu l ti bc.
Do bc 5 cc bn khng nn s dng, v ch tip tc tnh ton nu thy nhng h s
u tin thu c l nh m thi (ni chung l chng ta vn thu nhng h s nh lm kt qu
c). Cn bc 6 th thi hn!
Mnh sng to c thm 6 cch na cho vic khai trin a thc khng c tham s ny,
trong c cch hu hiu n tn bc 10, nhng v cc bn s khng gp loi a thc nh
vy, nn thi khng vit thm na. Cng l do cng vic ny khng phi l quan trng trong
thi.
S d mnh ni v mt l thuyt l v trong thi THPT QG cc him gp a thc bc 5
tr ln, nu chng may cc bn c gp th hu nh ti phng php cc bn s dng khng
ng m thi, tiu biu trong s l bnh phng ln my ln, c c!
b) a thc cha tham s
VD1. Ta xt a thc f ( x) ( x 2)( x 2 2mx 1 m) cn khai trin ra dng chnh tc.
D thy m c bc 1 (hy xem m l 1 bin nh x v cc bn s nhanh chng nhn thy bc
ca n nh lm vi x), nn ta s tm cch khai trin n ra dng sau: f ( x) g ( x) mh( x) ,
ri nhm li theo bc ca x.
Nhng bn hc s phc c thy dng ny kh quen thuc khng? Z = a + bi? T
tng p dng z = a + bi m cch lm sau c mnh s dng:
Trc ht vo MODE CMPLX ( MODE 2 , dnh cho ton s phc), dng i (n v o)
thay th cho m ta c a thc: f ( X ) ( X 2)( X 2 2iX 1 i )
(Khi vo MODE ny, nhp n v o i, ta nhn ENG ).
S dng CALC tnh f(1000) ta c kt qu K1 998000998 1995002i , ci ny th
sao? ! N chnh l vn m mc a gii quyt: phng php xp x!
Ta c K1 ' 998'000'998 1'995' 002i ' X 3 2 X 2i
Do f ( X ) X 3 (2 X 2 )i 1'999'002 4'998i 2 X 2 5 Xi
f ( X ) X 3 2 X 2 (2 X 2 5 X )i 998 2i X 2i
Cui cng f ( X ) X 3 2 X 2 X (2 X 2 5 X 2)i 2
Vy f ( X ) X 3 2 X 2 X 2 (2 X 2 5 X 2)i X 3 2(i 2) X 2 (1 5i ) X 2(i 1)
i li i = m: f ( x) x3 2( m 1) x 2 (1 5m) x 2(m 1)
y l f(x) c bc 3 (cn nh l bc ca x nh) v vn ang cn n gin y, bc cao
hn hay biu thc phc tp hn lc y cc bn s thy c phng php my tnh ny hu
hiu n mc no.
C 1 lu l cc bn c th tm phn g(x) trc ri n h(x) ch khng nht thit phi
lm ng thi nh mnh va lm, mnh lm th chng qua tn giy m thi.
Khi lm vy ta vn xp x nh bnh thng c iu ch lm cho mi phn s 998000998
cn phn 1995002i c mc k n, n khng thay i g. Tc dng duy nht v cng quan
trng nht chnh l trnh c sai st khi lm ng thi.
VD2. Hy th sc khai trin a thc f ( x) ( x 2 mx 2m)(2 x 2 3)
Bc ca m l my? C phi bc 1 khng?
MODE 2 v nhp vo biu thc: ( X 2 iX 2i )(2 X 2 3) (lu nh: VD1 mnh c
ghi thm "f(X) =" th ch l t tn cho biu thc d gi m thi, khng phi l cc bn
cng nhp vo my l "f(X) =" u ).
Vi X = 1000, ta c s phc K1 2,000003 1012 1996002994i . Nu cc bn thnh
tho phng php xp x ri th d dng nhn thy bi ny d hn bi trc rt nhiu, v kt
qu c nhiu s 0 v s 9.
Ci 1012 li l 1 ci d na v n gip bn xc nh c bc cao nht ca x thng qua
vic X = 1000, nhng y th khng cn, r rng ta bit y l a thc bc 4.
Tin hnh xp x no:
K1 2,000003 1012 1'996'002'994i 2 1012 2 109 i 2 X 4 2 X 3i
Bt i, v tnh biu thc mi: ( X 2 iX 2i )(2 X 2 3) 2 X 4 (2 X 3 )i , ta c:
K 2 3'000'000 3'997'006i 3 X 2 4 X 2i , qu p!
Tip tc vi ( X 2 iX 2i )(2 X 2 3) 2 X 4 3 X 2 (2 X 3 4 X 2 )i :
K 3 2994i (3 X 6)i
Vy: ( X 2 iX 2i )(2 X 2 3) 2 X 4 3 X 2 (2 X 3 4 X 2 3 X 6)i

Hay: f ( x) 2 x 4 3x 2 m(2 x 3 4 x 2 3 x 6) 2 x 4 2mx 3 (4m 3) x 2 3mx 6m
Lu rng cch trn ch p dng vi m c bc 1 m thi, do mt cu hi ng nhin
s ny sinh
l: a thc sau s khai trin nh th no?
VD3. Khai trin f ( x) ( x m 1)[x 2 (m 1) x 2]
R rng m c bc 2 v ta khng dng c cch c v i 2 1 , ngha l nu dng i thay
cho m th s lm mt m 2 trong khai trin, dn n sai kt qu. Kh nh!
ng trc tnh hung ny, mnh phi xem li phn gii PT s phc mi sau, ri
quay li v th p dng cch khai trin kh khn vo bi ny xem sao.
y l mt cch kh l l kh khn, v n i hi u c ta phi on m nhiu hn, cn
on c c s r rng th t.
Nhp biu thc trn vo my MODE COMP (s dng bin X v M), ri cho X = 100,
M = 10000
h tr c tt hn, mnh s nhn ngay h s ca x3 kh lun, iu ai cng thy
ngay. Tc l ta s nhp lun vo my nh ny: ( X M 1)( X 2 ( M 1) X 2) X 3
Kt qu nhn c l: 9998019898
Kh khn chnh l y, ta phi xp x con s "t i" ny thnh 1 hng t ca X, M. Trong
chc chn X ch c bc cao nht l 2 m thi, v ta kh bc 3 ng u ri.
Nu vy, ch c th l: 9998019898 1010 M 2 X m thi!
Do , sa li biu thc: ( X M 1)( X 2 ( M 1) X 2) X 3 M 2 X
Ta nhn c 1 s kh xu: 1980102 2 106
Suy on tng t nh trn, ta vit c 2 106 2MX
Tip tc sa i: ( X M 1)( X 2 ( M 1) X 2) X 3 M 2 X 2MX
Kt qu ang t t gim dn: 19898 2 104
Ci ny th chn 2X 2 hay 2M l ph hp y? Bng kinh nghim ca mnh, mnh
on l 2X 2 ! Khng sao, c th .
Biu thc ( X M 1)( X 2 ( M 1) X 2) X 3 M 2 X 2 MX 2 X 2 cho ta p s:
102 X 2
Vy c ngha l: ( X M 1)( X 2 ( M 1) X 2) X 3 M 2 X 2MX 2 X 2 X 2 0

S dng nguyn tc TGTTN cho thy biu thc trn thay i vo vo khi X, M thay
i, nh vy kinh nghim ca mnh khng chnh xc!
Nhng khng sao, th m, ta thay ci 2X 2 thnh 2M l okay lin ch g!
Ln ny th ( X M 1)( X 2 ( M 1) X 2) X 3 M 2 X 2MX 2M X 2 0 chnh
xc vi mi X, M
Vy: ( x m 1)[x 2 (m 1) x 2] x 3 (m 2 2m 1) x 2m 2
Ni tm li, phng php xp x vn kh l pro vi nhng ngi chu kh t duy! Tuy
rng v l xp x nn d nhm ln, v bc p dng cng khng c qu cao, nhng cc
bn gii thi Quc gia mt cch ngon ri!
Xp x 2 bin nh trn l 1 kiu xp x kh, do , chng ta nn lm thm 1 VD na.
VD4. a thc f ( x) (mx 2 1)( x 2 2 x m 2 3)
Nhn qua thy hng t bc cao nht l mx 4 , v thp nht l m 2 3 ri, nn m ra li qu
d.
Vi X = 100; M = 10000 th biu thc ( MX 2 1)( X 2 2 X M 2 3) MX 4 M 2 3
cho kt qu: 9,9999797 1015 1016
Hng t cn xp x thnh ch cha X vi bc ti a l 3 m thi, v hng t bc 4 b
trit tiu ri, M cng tng t nh th, do nu chn 1016 M 4 l hon ton sai. Hn na
ta ang xp x t cao xung thp nn phi u tin cho bc ca X trc.
Vy ta c th xp x: 1016 M 3 X 2
T , biu thc mi ( MX 2 1)( X 2 2 X M 2 3) MX 4 M 2 3 M 3 X 2 s cho kt
qu tip theo: 2,02999903 1010 2 1010
2M 2 X
Kt qu ny th c th l
, nhng kh nng chnh xc cao th thuc v ci di.
3
2 MX
Qu vy, kt qu ca ( MX 2 1)( X 2 2 X M 2 3) MX 4 M 2 3 M 3 X 2 2MX 3

3MX 2
gim i kh nhiu, ngha l kh nng ng dng ln: 299990300 3 108
2
3M
Va ri chng ta phi on m, cho nn gp thm ln ny na thy khng c vui

cho lm! Tuy nhin, ch ny s khng hn l on bi v nu chn 3M 2 th n l hng t
t do, trong khi hng t t do ta xc nh c ngay t u l M 2 3 ri, do phi
chn 3MX 2
Sa ln cui, kt qu nhn c l: 9700 10000 X 2
V sau cng: 300 3X
Vy ta c:
( MX 2 1)( X 2 2 X M 2 3) MX 4 M 2 3 M 3 X 2 2 MX 3 3MX 2 X 2 3 X 0
Ch! Xem ra mnh khai trin sai ri, nguyn tc TGTTN cho bit.
Nhng hy khoan cung ln m sa i lung tung, cc bn c thy l khi ta dng
nguyn tc TGTTN th li biu thc trn th kt qu nhn c lun chnh l gi tr X
gn vo hay khng? Ni cch khc, iu c ngha l:
( MX 2 1)( X 2 2 X M 2 3) MX 4 M 2 3 M 3 X 2 2MX 3 3MX 2 X 2 3 X X

Vy kt qu ca ta l: f ( x) mx 4 2mx 3 (m3 3m 1) x 2 2 x m 2 3
y gi l s linh hot tm ra ci ng n trong ci sai!
Hin tng trng nghim trn l 1 hin tng him gp khi ta s dng xp x khai
trin a thc, v n l nguyn nhn dn n b sai nh trn. V chng may cp gi tr
( X ; M ) (100;10000) li trng vi 1 cp nghim ca a thc sai, dn n n lm cho a thc
bng 0 ti cp gi tr ny, v khin ta tng l khai trin nh vy l ng ri.

Gp tnh hung nh vy cc bn ng vi quay li xem mnh xp x sai t bc no,
m hy quan st kt qu nhn c t nguyn tc TGTTN, xem c tm c c biu
thc lin h no gia nhng kt qu ny hay khng, t b sung lun n vo, khng cn
sa i g ng trc. Quay li sa s gy ri rm cng vic ngay lp tc, v mt thi gian l
ci chc!
Kt thc mc ny, mnh cng mun ni rng mnh sng to c 1 cch khc x
nhng a thc m bc ca m cao hn 1, phc tp hn. Nhng cch kh ri rm, v thi
cng khng yu cu cao ci , nn mnh s khng vit thm na.
4. Phn tch phng trnh
Thc cht mnh tng t mc ny l mc 5, nhng thit ngh vic phn tch a thc
nguyn thnh nhn t cng thuc ni dung ny nn mnh ct khu phn mc 4 ca ring
n i v di nhp n vo trong ny cho cc bn b phn tn!
a) Phng trnh lng gic
Th nht mc ny s gii thch cho cc bn l do mnh vit Cn na mc 1b). Mc y
hng dn cc bn cch xc nh (h) nghim p ca PT lng gic.
Kt thc mc y mnh khuyn cc bn khi gii PT lng gic nn cho X = 0 m
khng phi 1 s ln, d s cng c tc dng trong vic xc nh chnh xc h nghim, l
do l v: khng cn thit.
Bi v khng c ngha l vic phn tch PT lng gic trong mc ny s nht thit phi
tm bng c h nghim ri mi tm c nhn t m phn tch. M chng ta ch cn tm
c phn chnh a ca nghim l chuyn sang bc tm nhn t c ri, tm thm phn
tun hon kb ch t lm ph cng m thi. Chng qua v mc 1b) c tn l xc nh
nghim p nn mnh mi phi lm th.
VD1 (A - 2014). sin x 4cos x 2 sin 2 x
VD2 (A - 2013). 1 tan x 2 2 sin x

4
Gii no!
VD1.
Bc 1: tm nghim.
Nhp PT vo my: sin( X ) 4cos( X ) 2 sin(2 X )
Gn X = 0 cho my gii, ta c X
By gi quay li PT, cho gi tr ban u X X (gi tr i ca X trc ), ta c tip
X . y gi l: th theo kinh nghim.

3
Bc 2: Tm nhn t.
Nhn t no m cha c X
v X ?
3
3
cho n gin, ta s tm nhn t di dng sin(ax b ) hoc cos(ax b )
D thy rng nhn t cos x
1
cha c 2 nghim trn, nh vy ta s phn tch PT sao
2
cho c nhn t 2cos x 1

Bc 3: Phn tch.
n y l rt d ri cn g: PT tng ng vi 4cos x 2 sin 2 x sin x
2cos x 1 0
2(2cos x 1) sin x(2cos x 1)

sin x 2
VD2.
K: x
Bc 1: Tm nghim.
Trc ht ta c X
tm ra chng?
nh VD1, nhng PT c th c nghim khc, phi lm sao
Cc bn s dng k xo ti u ha vic vt nghim ca PT, c th ta sa PT thnh
1 tan X 2 2 sin X
4
, ri gn X = 0 cho my gii. Nh vy my s khng th hin th

2
2
X 9
li nghim X
na.
Ta c tip X , gn tip X X vn c X . Lc ny cc bn gn
4
4
X X (tc gn X
3
3
), my cho nghim mi X
4
4
Nh vy PT c 3 h nghim (c th cn na, nhng chng y l ri ):

X
k 2 ; X
Bc 2. Tm nhn t.
Vi X
Vi X
k 2 : nhn t 2cos x 1
k : gi s n l nghim ca sin(ax b ) th:
a 1
b
k
sin(ax b ) 0 ax b k x
1
a
a
b 4
sin x cos x
Do nhn t cn tm l sin x (hay l

).
4
2
Bc 3. Phn tch.
cos x sin x
1 tan x 2 2 sin x
2 2 sin x
4
cos x
4
sin x 0
2 sin x
4
4
2 2 sin x
...
cos x
4
cos x 2
C nhiu bn s ngay lp tc bin i:
1 tan x 2 2 sin x 1 tan x 2(sin x cos x ) , bi v hu ht chng ta khng

4
thch cc loi cung lin kt v do lun tm cch ph n ra. Lm nh vy cng ra thi

nhng s khng nhanh bng cch trn, v rt bun ci bi v sau li phi gp li:
sin x cos x 2 sin x .

4
Cui cng mnh mun ni mt iu l nu cc bn th nhn t bng cch trn tm 4; 5

ln m khng ra th phi t b ngay my tnh v lp tc gii tay.
b) Phng trnh a thc
a thc ca B Gio dc ch c th l a thc nguyn m thi!
Sau khi c hc cch khai trin a thc nguyn mc 3a) ri, liu cc bn c sng
to ra c cch phn tch a thc nguyn thnh nhn t hay khng?
Hay l ngh phn sau th chi cng c nn khng nghin cu g thm na?
Phn tch PT thc ra l trnh by bi, ch lm p trn my tnh thi th chng c g
kh, nhng s mt hng qu!
Nh ta bit bt c PT a thc no cng c th phn tch thnh tch ca cc nh thc
bc nht hoc tam thc bc hai, v l vic phi lm ca chng ta trong mc ny.
Do nu a thc c nghim th s rt d, c th nh sau:
VD1. Gii PT x 5 2 x 4 3x 3 3x 2 4 x 1 0
Vi X = 0 th Solve cho s xu: 0,3027756377
Mc k n p n th no, ta c lu vo A : X A
Ti u ha ta li c X = 1. Cc bn cm thy sao ch mnh thy nghim ny l khng
thch, v mnh hi vng n l 1 nghim xu tng ng vi nghim A kia!
Phi i n tip theo l gii PT
X 5 2 X 4 3X 3 3X 2 4 X 1
, mnh mi c ci
( X A)( X 1)
nghim tng ng vi A, l X 3,302775638 , lu ngay vo B.

Nh mnh ni trc , L R 9,02417 1014 0 nn khng phi lo lng thm g
v nghim nhn c c.
Cui cng th PT ch c 3 nghim thi.
S d mnh ni ci nghim B tng ng vi A v nhn qua thy, phn thp phn
gn nh ging nhau, v kh nng chng ging phn thp phn l rt cao bi v nghim B
c cht sai s, do nu chng c chung phn thp phn th s l phn thp phn ca A
m cc bn hin ang thy.
Khi c 2 nghim nh vy, th yn tm l ta tm c 1 nhn t bc 2 ca PT ri, n
gin v n l 2 nghim lin hp, cho nn mnh mi ni Mc k n p n th no.
Nu cha r, cc bn c th xem li 2 nghim ca PT bc 2: x1
b
b
; x2
2a
2a
R rng y l 2 nghim lin hp ra s p, v tng cng p, v l m ta d dng truy

A B 3
c ci nhn t bc 2 kia, bng cch Viet:
AB 1
Vy PT c nhn t bc 2 l ( x 2 3x 1) v 1 nhn t bc 1 l ( x 1)
Cc bn cn nh cu kt mc 1c) (K thut xc nh nghim p PT v t) khng?
S d mnh ni k thut mc cha kt thc l v y cn 1 cch na xc nh
nghim p s dng Viet, khi c c nghim lin hp ( mc khng c nghim lin
hp), cc bn thy trn. V nu ang gia lc gii PT th ta s dng lun nghim lin
hp s nhanh hn d TABLE nhiu. Do m mnh mi n sang phn ny ch khng
vit tip mc 1c).
Nhn y mnh cng b sung lun 1 mo na cho 1c), cng s dng Viet ly nghim
p nhanh hn m khng cn phi ghi ra PT bc 2 cha n.
l nu tnh A + B v AB m ra s nguyn, th tnh lun 2 biu thc sau, chnh l 2
A B
nghim cn tm:
A B
( A B)2
2
(ci ny chnh l Viet phi khng? ).
( A B)2
2
S d mnh ni s nguyn l v hu nh phn s khi tnh 2 biu thc trn u khng hin
th c dng p, li vn ra s xu nh c. Nhng ni chung mo ny khng quan trng, v
cng thc trn hi kh nh.
Quay tr li vn chnh nh, nh vy nhn t cui cng ca PT chc chn bc 2, v PT
cho c bc 5.
Hn na nhn t v nghim, v ta khng kim thm c nghim th 4 no na.
Do , chia a thc l cch nhanh nht.
x5 2 x4 3x3 3x2 4 x 1
n y, thng minh 1 cht cc bn s thy vic chia
hon
( x 1)( x 2 3 x 1)
ton c th bm my, bi v chnh l: phng php xp x!
nguyn biu thc
thu c
X 5 2 X 4 3X 3 3X 2 4 X 1
trn mn hnh ri gn X = 1000 ta
( X A)( X 1)( X B)
X 5 2 X 4 3X 3 3X 2 4 X 1
1000001, v khng kh lun ra c n chnh
( X 1)( X 2 3 X 1)
l nhn t ( x 2 1)
Vy sau vi dng phn tch (v trong bi thi cc bn khng c vit ngay kt qu cui
cng ca vic phn tch), ta c:
x5 2 x 4 3x3 3x 2 4 x 1 0 ... ( x 1)( x 2 1)( x 2 3x 1) 0

Mnh mun ni thm 1 cch khc xc nh nhn t bc 2 cui cng nu trn, nhanh hn
phng php chia a thc nu trn 1 cht, m linh hot cc bn s nhn ra, nh sau:
Ta bit c: x 5 2 x 4 3 x 3 3 x 2 4 x 1 ( x 1)( x 2 3 x 1)(ax 2 bx c)
Nhn h s u cui trong PT, v h s u cui ca cc nhn t ( x 1); ( x 2 3x 1) ta
d dng c a = c = 1, do ch cn dng my tm b m thi.
V
x5 2 x4 3x3 3x2 4 x 1
x 2 bx 1 nn ta gn vo X 1 gi tr bt k tnh:
2
( x 1)( x 3 x 1)
X 5 2 X 4 3X 3 3X 2 4 X 1
X 2 1 , ri chia kt qu nhn c cho X, lun ra chnh
( X A)( X 1)( X B)
xc b = 0
Gi tr X bt k, ng khng no?
Trc khi tip tc VD2 mnh cn ni vi iu quan trng ch s dng Viet tm nhn
t bc 2 t 2 nghim A, B.
C 1 s c k thut c th xy ra ch , l khi tch AB p (lun lun p), nhng
tng xu (s in thoi).
Vn khin mnh rt thc mc, v cho n nay mnh mi hiu ra, rng n thc ra
cng l s p thi, c th l phn s, nhng phn thp phn li khin ta tng l v t.
Vy lm sao t s in thoi ny c th lin h c n ci phn s ?
Nu AB m l 1 phn s, th cc bn nhn ngay lp tc ci tng A + B ny vi mu s
ca AB, s ra t s ca A + B, th thi.
Cn nu n khng l phn s th s khng c chuyn ny!
VD2. Gii PT x 4 3x 3 x 2 4 0
Ln gii u tin tht l nn: L R 102279300,5
Gp trng hp nh vy nn t li gi tr ban u hn l tip tc lm theo lnh
Continue: [=], c th mnh t li X = 10, v ch i
Hm, tnh trng vn y ht nh c!
Nhng cha ht u, ta vn cn gi tr ban u X 10 m, v qu thc ln ny, s kin
nhn c n p xng ng: con s 2 trn trnh!
Tuy nhin kh khn cha dng li ! Bng chng l cc bn khng th truy thm
nghim no na d ti u ha bng mi cch, phi chng PT ch c 1 nghim duy nht???
Trong tnh hung tc nghim nh vy, cc bn nn s dng kin thc v PT ca mnh
x tip, c th l o hm.
Ta c c bng bin thin nh sau:
f(x)
f(x)
1
4
1029
256
Nhn vo thy ngay PT ch c 1 nghim duy nht x 2 m thi.
n y mnh t gi thit l cc bn ang cn phn tch PT trn thnh nhn t, vy
chng ta s phn tch th no khi n ch c 1 nghim nh vy?
R rng v PT lun phn tch c thnh 2 tam thc bc 2 no , do 2 phi l
nghim ca t nht 1 trong 2 tam thc , nh vy tam thc ny c nghim kp, ni cch
khc, n ch c th l tam thc ( x 2) 2
Do , nhn h s ta c nhn t cn li l: x 2 bx 1
x 4 3x3 x 2 4
( x 2) 2
D dng bm ra b 1
T tin n vi tnh hung kh nht nh:
VD3. Gii PT sau trn tp s phc: 2 x 4 x3 4 x 2 2 x 3 0
Xc nh l trong bi thi loi PT ny ch c th ra cu s phc thi cc bn nh, v do
n thng khng c nghim thc m ch c nghim phc.
Nhng d nghim g i na, th n 99% chc chn rng cc v mun cc bn phi
phn tch PT thnh 2 tam thc bc 2, t gii ra cc nghim.
Loi ny mnh gp kha kh nhiu cu s phc ri.
Mnh cng ni lun l PT ny khng c nghim thc cc bn Solve na, by gi
ch cn vic s dng my tnh phn tch n ra 2 tam thc bc 2 v nghim.
Lm cch no y?
Mnh s nu ra y 1 cch da vo kin thc v s linh hot m mnh s dng trc
y, v khi y mnh cha c cch no nhanh hn phn tch dng ny.
Th nht l: h s sau phn tch hu nh lun l s nguyn nh, l c trng ca 1 ci
p: nh vo kin thc suy lun ch khng nh vo vic tnh ton x l nhng s xu,
v l xu hng ra ca B.
T nhn h s u v cui ca PT, suy ra h s u ca 2 nhn t ln lt l 1 v 2, h
s cui ca chng l 1 hoc 3
Cn c vo mnh bt u dng my tnh th 2 trng hp sau:
2X 4 X 3 4X 2 2X 3
+ TH1: nhp vo my
. Nu vi X nguyn c nh, mnh cho
X 2 BX 3
B chy trong cc s nguyn m kt qu php chia ny nguyn, th tha mn, v vn d cc h

s nhn t u nguyn.
Th hai: thng thng l B nh, tm trong khong [ 5;5] nn mnh s gn X = 10 ri
tin hnh chy B trong khong ny
Vng, cc gi tr ln lt nhn c nh sau:
21423 7141 21423 21423 7141

;
;
;
;
;
53
21
73
83
31
Ni chung l ch c s no nguyn cho c.

Do ta phi xt sang TH2.
+ TH2: sa thnh
2X 4 X 3 4X 2 2X 3
X 2 BX 1
Phn m cng kh nn, nhng n B = 1 th kt qu rt p: 193. Vy kh nng l ta c

nhn t ( x 2 x 1) , v khi , d dng chia ra nhn t cn li l (2 x 2 x 3)
By gi ch cn dng nguyn tc TGTTN l kt thc vn .
Thc t cc bn ngh rng, nh may mn m ch cn th n TH2 l c c kt qu
ri phi khng? V h s u ca nhn t cn tm nhn 1 hoc 2, v h s cui cng c 2 cch
chn, nn y ra ta phi xt 4 TH.
C tht l nh th khng?
Oh no! Trn thc t, v ch ra h s l nguyn v di 10, nn mt t cc bn s
nhn ra ngay quy lut, l ch cn xt 1 na ca tng s TH l xong ri.
iu ny khng kh hiu c, ch cn cc bn chu kh lit k s c nguyn dng
ca cc s t nhin t 1 n 10 l r. V chng v vic chng minh iu ny khng quan
trng, nn cc bn ch cn nh ly ci quy lut l c ri, mnh khng ni thm na.
Thm ch, nu khng bit quy lut ny, th cc bn ch cn th theo cch sau:
+ Cho h s u tin ca mi nhn t chy dn t thp ln cao.
+ ng vi mi gi tr ca n, ta ghp vi tt c cc gi tr c th ca h s cui, ri th
tng trng hp.
Nh ni, cc bn cng lm cho h s u chy ht 1 na s gi tr c th ca n l
xong ri, s khng phi chy ht tt c u.
C th nh: trong bi pha trn, h s u c th nhn 1 hoc 2, cui nhn 1 hoc 3. Nh
vy:
+ Cho h s u chy ln lt t 1 n 2.
+ ng vi mi gi tr 1; 2 , mnh ghp vi h s cui l 1 hoc 3, do s c tt c 4
TH th.
V cc bn thy y, mnh ch cn th vi h s u bng 1 l xong ri, khng cn th
thm s 2 na, ngha l ng ra c 4 TH nhng ch cn mt na thi, 2 TH l c.
R rng cch ny c th x l hu nh cc bi cn phn tch thnh nhn t trong thi
Quc gia, nhng nhanh ph thuc vo v s linh hot, kinh nghim ca ngi lm kh
nhiu, do cha phi l cch ti u.
V vn ny, vn cn phi nghin cu tip
Vy l qua dng kh nht ri, nhng mc ny cha xong u!
VD4. Phn tch PT 3x 2 2 xy y 2 10 x 2 y 3 0
2 n cn lm ch, hc by gi lc sau hc gii h PT 2 n s n gin hn rt nhiu y,
v mnh vit theo logic ci sau ng dng ci trc, nn khng tha u!
Cc bn s c luyn tp li mc ny mt ln na y!, c nh c cu ny
mc no pha trc ri khng?
Nu khng nh th tm li nh, thc ra cc bn c bit cch lm ri y, mc ny
ch mang tnh luyn tp li thi.
Nhp PT vo my, dng Solve gii tm X vi Y = 1000, ta c X = 1003 = Y + 3
Vy nhn t u tin l ( x y 3)
R rng vi Y = 1000 th PT trn bin thnh PT bc 2 n X, nn c th c nghim na.
Vng, khng cn ti u ha cng d dng tm c nghim th hai:
X 333
999
Y 1
nhn t cn li l (3 x y 1)
3
3
Kt lun: PT (3 x y 1)( x y 3) 0
Nh ci mu cht t duy ca chng ta l h s thng nh trong khong [5;5] , nn mi
vit li 333
999
, th mi c th tm c nhn t hp l.
3
VD5. PT 3x 2 y xy 2 xy 2 y 2 3 x 9 y 5 0
Bi ny th t lm thi nh? Kh hn bi trn y, nhng cng khng kh lm!
Kt qu i chiu ny: (3 x y 5)( xy 2 y 1) 0
Lu tng ni: nghim ra m v t th a thc khng phn tch c thnh nhn t.
Phn c thm: phn tch PT a thc 3 n x, y, z! (c thm nn khng vit ring ra ).
Cch phn tch 3 n cng khng phi l kh lm ngh ra v n tng t nh 2 n thi.

Mnh khng trc tip ngh ra nhng mnh thy n cng tm tm, nn gii thiu vo y. T
ci cch cc bn c th hiu su sc c m tp chung m ta ang s dng phn tch
a thc nhiu n.
Cch nh sau: dng Solve gii PT 3 n cn phn tch theo bin x, trong 2 bin y, z
c gn ln lt l Y = 10; M = 100 (trong my tnh khng c bin z nn thay bng M).
Nh vy, nghim X thu c s phn tch li theo Y, M, c th: X aY bM c trong a,
b, c c la chn sao cho chng thuc [ 5;5]
Nhn qua l thy kh khn tng ln nhiu so vi 2 n ri. V chng ta phi phn tch c
1 con s thnh 1 biu thc 2 bin, 3 h s. Trong khi vi 2 n, ta ch phn tch X aY b
th ch l 1 n, 2 h s thi (m i khi cn lm sai na l ).
Mnh khng ly VD g c, cc bn nu mun th th t ba ra thi (cch ba: vit 1 a
thc 3 n phn tch, sau em khai trin bng tay ra, s c ci bi m th ).
Nguyn tc th c ri, cho nn The end!
c) Phng trnh v t
Vi loi PT ny, ngoi k thut vt nghim m cc bn bit, th chng ta cn c th s
dng 1 cch khc, l theo kinh nghim. Tc l nhp gi tr khi u ph hp.
Ta gn X ln lt 0;10; 10 cho my gii, th trong hu ht trng hp s vt c ht
cc nghim ca PT.
Cn 1 kinh nghim khc, l vi PT v t, nu nghim l v t th s d dng gii trn
MTBT hn tt c cc loi nghim khc. iu ny c v kh tin?
Chnh xc! Chng ta thng tht vng khi nhn c mt s in thoi t vic gii PT
ca my tnh. V khi , hn cc bn phn nhiu ri my v gii tay.
Nhng iu cng tt thi, n lm cc bn t ph thuc vo my tnh v buc ci no
mnh phi chin u mnh hn.
Mnh ni tht , xong phn ny ri cc bn s mong nghim xu ngay lp tc!
Cn 1 iu b n na, l nu PT m phi t nhiu iu kin (t cng tng t), th
cc bn hy xem c th a c n v dng khc (PT h qu) m s iu kin phi t l t
hn hay khng. Ni chung l thc hin 1 bin i nh gim bt iu kin, nu c th. Khi
hy nhp PT h qu cho my gii ch ng dng PT ban u.
L do ca vic lm ny l nng s nghim ln, v PT h qu c th c thm nhng
nghim ngoi lai ngoi nhng nghim ca PT gc (do iu kin b gim bt i). Khi cng
c nhiu nghim, vic truy nhn t s cng d dng. Cn vic loi nghim ngoi lai th
khng nm trong k thut CASIO.
Tiu biu trong s l PT c cha phn thc, ch cn nhn mu ln l mt lun K ca
mu, tuy nhin mnh ni l lu lc cc bn lao vo cuc chin m thi, y hu nh
khng c PT no phi bin hnh nh vy c.
Vi kin thc CASIO n lc ny th chc cc bn phi hiu c n 90% l do vic lm
ca chng ta ri phi khng?
Tt y! By gi mi cc bn xem!
1)) Dng PT cha 1 cn ca nh thc bc nht
VD1. 2 x 2 6 x 1 4 x 5
5
3 11
x
2
ng qun t iu kin nh: 4
(Xu th! ).
3 11
x
2
Cch th nht
t0
4x 5 t
t 2 5 , thu c PT h qu:
x
t2 5
t2 5
2
1 t
4
4
n y th no cc bn? Cho my gii tip thi, n chnh l PT a thc mc b).

C th n l ci PT bc 4: (t 2 5) 2 12(t 2 5) 8t 8 0
Ti sao mnh li vit li nh th? L my gii tn sc thi, ch nhp nguyn ci
trn vo cng c, nhng s lu.
Vy ta truy c 4 nghim t.
Do ta phn tch PT thnh: (t 2 2t 11)(t 2 2t 7) 0 (PT ny rt gn h s). L
may n v nghim th cc bn cng bit cch phn tch n thnh nhn t c ri.
n y cc bn c th gii t ra nghim p ri th vo gii x, nu khng th:
Th quay li t 4 x 5 vo ta c: (4 x 6 2 4 x 5)(4 x 2 2 4 x 5) 0
Rt gn i: (2 x 3 4 x 5)(2 x 1 4 x 5) 0
Ci nhn t l PT c bn ri, vic gii n khng phi l vic ca mnh.
Cch th hai
Cch ny hn c rt nhiu ngi c n ri, trong cc group v CASIO trn mng.

l s dng MODE TABLE (mnh ni t trc ri m, chc nng ny rt quan
trng! ).
Cch ny rt nhanh, bi v gii trc tip lun x bng Solve m khng phi t ic g c.
X 0,4142135624 A
Solve d dng thu c 2 nghim:
(tinh th nhn ra c
X 3,732050808 B
nghim th nht chnh l 1 2 ).
C s ca cch ny bt ngun t vic quan st nhn t Cch 1, c th ta vit cc nhn
2 x 4 x 5 3
t nh sau:
, t suy ra dng chung l ax c 4 x 5 b (trong a, b, c
2 x 4 x 5 1
u nguyn).
Nh vy vi 1 gi tr c c nh, nu ta c th dng TABLE d c gi tr a nguyn, sao
cho kt qu ax c 4 x 5 l 1 gi tr nguyn (l b), th coi nh xong.
Gi tr c th ta la chn da vo kinh nghim thi. Theo mnh, cc gi tr a, b, c ch c
th thuc khong [ 5;5] m thi, do ta c chn t 0 trc, ring c th h s ca cn nn
c0
Trc ht chn c = 1, nhp vo MODE TABLE biu thc f ( X ) XA 4 A 5 (nn

nh X l d, A mi l bin cha ci nghim gii c).
Khong chy khuyn dng trong sch ny l [ 14;14] vi Step = 1
Mn chy u tin rt thun li, c ngay f (2) 1 2 A 4 A 5 1 , nh vy tm
c nhn t (2 x 1 4 x 5)
Mn chy th 2 l vi f ( X ) XB 4 B 5 , cng d dng thu c f ( 2) 3 , vy ta
c 2 B 4 B 5 3 (2 x 3 4 x 5)
Qua y cc bn c nhn ra 1 iu l khi nhp biu thc vo TABLE, ta ch cn ly c t 1
n 5 m khng cn ly cc s m t 1 5 hay khng?
Nhn vo 2 nhn t ca PT Cch 1, cc bn hn s cm tng rng ta phi chn c 2
ln chy ln lt l 1 v 1 th mi thnh cng phi khng? Nhng thc ra c 2 ln u
c = 1 y thi, l do rt n gin: v c 4 x 5 b ax nn ta ch cn chn c dng, cn
vic quyt nh vit du ca c m hay dng trong nhn t chnh thc s do a, b m nhn,
mnh "khng cn quan tm".
Vy qua 2 cch th hn cc bn s gt u lia la vi Cch 2, v dng n c v nhanh hn,
nhng mnh li Cch 1 ln u bi n rt l t nhin, c th va trnh by va bm, v
cng l cch xa nay ngi ta vn s dng, cn phn tch thnh nhn t nh Cch 2 th
nhanh y nhng hi thiu t nhin.
VD2. 2 x 3 9 x 2 x 4
Cch th nht
x 3 t x t 2 3 2t 9(t 2 3) 2 (t 2 3) 4
5
Ta c cc nghim t sau: X 2; X 1, 474809634; X ; X 1,808142967
3
y 2 nghim l khng cng phn thp phn, nhng vn c th l 2 nghim lin hp,
do m ta vn phn tch c: (3t 2 t 8)(3t 2 t 10) 0 , khng c g phi ni thm!
Cch th hai
Lu rng TABLE hu nh ch hu hiu vi nghim xu thi nh, chnh l nhc

im ca n bt u "l din"!
V cng l l do ti sao mnh ni l cc bn s thch nghim xu hn sau khi hc
xong phn ny.
Mnh ch cn d c 1 nghim xu A 0,8249365445 l lao vo TABLE ngay, cn s
1 kia th khng gip c g.
Vi nghim A: f ( X ) XA A 3 , ta c f (3) 1 3 A A 3 1 0 , l
nhn t (3x x 3 1)
Vy nghim 1 cn li lm sao gip ta d c nhn t cn li? R rng vi 1 m lm
theo cch trn ta thu c tt c f(X) u l gi tr nguyn.
Trc th va d va cu mong 1 gi tr nguyn no s mau chng li ra m
"bp" ngay, ln ny c ng n tun ra li chng dm ly ci no na, d tha bit rng "hn
ta" cng ang giu mt trong ng .
Cn 1 nghim na th ch c 1 nhn t na thi, do , vic chia biu thc s cho ta bit!
Mnh cha ngh cch no khc hn ngoi vic quyt nh chia biu thc cha cn 1 phen.
D iu lm cc bn cm thy kh khn, nhng mnh th khng, n gin v mnh c 2
t: K thut.
f ( x) 9 x 2 x 4 2 x 3
l "k thut chia biu thc cha cn": g 2 ( x)
g1 ( x)
3x x 3 1
Trc tin ta d on dng ca g 2 ( x) , n thng cng dng vi g1 ( x) , ngha l ta gi s

g 2 ( x) ax b c x 3 . Thc ra trong thi nhn t v t ch c n th ny l cng, nu
chng may cc bn c gp nhn t bc cao hn (VD: ax 2 bx c d x 3 ) th kh nng l

cc bn cha phn tch ht thi.
K thut ny mnh s hng dn k cng v thc hin n qua my VD sau, v n hi kh
nh. nm chc n cc bn phi hiu c bn cht v thng xuyn luyn tp.
9X 2 X 4 2 X 3
Trc ht nhp vo my:
3X X 3 1
CALC v la chn X sao cho gi tr
X 3 l s v t (do X + 3 khng th l s
chnh phng): mnh cho ngay X = 0 l p nht, thu c kt qu 1 3

S d lm vy l v mnh mun phn nh r phn v t ( 3 ) v phn hu t ( 1 ) trong
kt qu tin hnh lm bc tip theo, mun th phi lm sao cho kt qu c cn, tc phi
chn X sao cho
X 3 l s v t, th kt qu mi c cn c.
Tip theo, v g 2 ( X ) aX b c X 3 , m kt qu trn li chnh l g 2 (0) , nn ng
a.0 b 1
nht ta c
b c 1
c 0 3 3
f (X )
9X 2 X 4 2 X 3
Vy ta c: aX 1 X 3
aX
1 X 3
g1 ( X )
3X X 3 1
Quay li biu thc nhp, sa thnh
9X 2 X 4 2 X 3
1 X 3
3X X 3 1
Theo trn, ta tnh biu thc mi ny vi X bt k sau chia kt qu nhn c cho X,

lun nhn c 1 s c nh, v chnh l gi tr ca a: a = 3
Kt lun nhn t cn li l (3x 1 x 3)
Th no? Thy bt ng ch? y chnh l k thut mnh thch nht trong phn ny y!
Ni li, c 2 im mu cht m cc bn phi hiu l do ca n:
+ im 1: suy on ra c dng ca g 2 ( x) sau ng nht vi kt qu.
+ im 2: ly c 1 kt qu c th em ng nht vi ci dng bit kia, phi la
c X gn vo sao cho kt qu hin r c dng ca g 2 ( x) , tc l gi c cn.
D cc bn c dng cch g tm nhn t kia i na th cch ny vn l nhanh nht, t ra
l trong trng hp ny.
Tip tc hc ri cc bn s c thy n cn "mnh" hn nhng g va xong, khi chng
kin n "x p" nhng php chia nhiu cn phc tp!
VD3. x 2 15 x 18 (2 x 2 6 x 18) x 1 0
Mnh vn th 2 cch nh!
Cch th nht
Ta chuyn c v PT n t: (t 2 1)2 15(t 2 1) 18 t[2(t 2 1) 2 6(t 2 1) 18] 0
Ti u ha khng c ngha l s khng b st nghim, mnh gp ngay 1 pht "Cant
Solve" d ti u ha, nhng sau thay i gi tr khi u v nhn thm c nghim
th 4. Hy nh: k thut "n phng c m" mnh my cng khng th nh bi mt
nhm k thut nh cng phi hp.
4 nghim, v c 2 nghim lin hp: A 0,7320508075; B 2,732050808; X 1; X
1
2
Vy chng c g kh tm ngay ra 2 nhn t bc 2 ca n: (t 2 2 x 2); (2t 2 3t 1)

Nhn t cn li bc 1, chia l xong: (1 t ) , vy ha ra khng phi nh trn!
mnh l phi phn tch nhn t th ny mi hp l: (2t 1)(t 2 2t 2)(t 1) 2 0
Th cn vo: (2 x 1 1)( x 1 2 x 1)(1 x 1)2 0
Gi s ta phi chia biu thc nh VD2 th qu l 1 thch thc ln !
Cch th hai
2 nghim: X 0; A 0,4641016151 d dng tm c, th nhng nu gii tip cc bn

c th s gp X 1 1050 nh tht! Thc ra chnh l nghim X = 0 thi, nhng do s sai
s nn d ti u ha, my vn hin li c nghim c, c iu phi hin dng sai s,
khng th "tuyn b thng thng" X = 0 c.
Vi nghim A kia, cho TABLE d c nhn t: ( X 1 2 X 1)
f ( x ) X 2 15 X 18 (2 X 2 6 X 18) X 1
Vy ta phi chia biu thc: g 2 ( x)
g1 ( x)
X 1 2 X 1
K n, chia nh trn thi, phi th ht qua cc cng c bit ri mi kt lun c ch!

g 2 ( x) ta vn on dng nh c, coi nh l cha bit g hn: g 2 ( X ) aX b c X 1
a b 11
Chn X = 1 cho cn n v t nh, ta c: g 2 (1) 11 8 2
c 8
Lm sao tm ra a, b y? R rng ta cn 1 lin h na ca a, b, mun vy ta thm 1 gi tr

X na, vn phi m bo gi tr cn l s v t.
2a b 16
Chn tip X = 2 ta c: g 2 (2) 16 10 3
c 10
Sao gi tr c li thay i th ny??? C tng bit c 8 ri ch?

iu ny mnh a ngay n vic ngh rng c khng phi l hng s c nh, r rng l
4a b 26
cho X = 4 li nhn c 1 gi tr khc:
, vy n c dng: c mX n
c 14
Tc l g 2 ( X ) aX b ( mX n) X 1
a b 11
a 5
Trc ht ta gii a, b trc : 2a b 16

4a b 26 b 6
3 PT 2 n m c nghim duy nht nh vy th kh nng a, b l ng ri .

m n 8
m 2
Bng cch tng t, ta c 2m n 10

4m n 14 n 6
Vy kh nng cao l g 2 ( x) 5 x 6 (2 x 6) x 1 . Lm sao bit chc c y?

, "nguyn tc TGTTN" thi, chng cn g khc na.
Vng, chnh xc: PT ( x 1 2 x 1)[5 x 6 (2 x 6) x 1] 0
Cc bn nn nh rng [5 x 6 (2 x 6) x 1] cha phi l 1 nhn t c bn (nhn t
trc mi phi), nn c c th vn phn tch tip c.
Nhng n c cha nghim x = 0, y l 1 nghim v dng c th phn tch tip ci
g 2 ( x) . l mt s b tc ca Cch th hai khin ta phi dng ti y!
Tuy khng gii quyt c ht bi ton nhng n cng cho cc bn 1 kinh nghim qu
gi, l khng nn chia biu thc v t ch vi vic th 1 gi tr X, phi t nht t 2 tr ln
(va ri mnh dng 3 gi tr l 1; 2; 4), phng nhn t nhn c cha phi l c
bn (cn c th gi l nhn t cha "ti gin").
2)) Dng PT cha 2 cn ca nh thc bc nht
Mc 1 v mc 2 nh ny ch yu l p dng nhng g c hc t trc, do khng
kh nm bt.
VD1. x 6 x 2 4 x 3 x 2 x 6 0
y qu thc l 1 PT cha 2 cn ca nh thc bc nht, bi v x 2 x 6 ( x 2)( x 3)
Cc bn s dng cch no? Gii nghim tm nhn t h?
Nu dng cch y th trc ht phi on c dng nhn t. Nu n ch cha 1 cn th ta
dng ax b c x 2 hay ax b c x 3 d cng c, cng vic rt n gin, nhng
nu n cha 2 cn, tc l ax b c x 2 d x 3 , th khng n gin v ta phi c nh
c c ln d, tc 2 n, php th s kh lu. Cha k trong qu trnh hc cc bn s thy nhiu
PT c t 3 cn "ti gin" khc nhau tr ln ( l loi cn khng th vit thnh tch ca 2 cn
nh hn), ch khng phi t cn nh ny u!
Ni cch khc, vic dng Cch th hai nh trng hp 1 cn gn nh nm n 70%
tht bi!
Hn na nu lm theo Cch th nht th ta c hc 1 cng c ri (khng nhng th
c hc nhng 2 ln), do di g khng dng.
x 2 u
v 2 3 u 4v uv 0
t
x 3 v
Vic vit ci x 6 thnh v 2 3 y mnh lm m 1 cht, nu a thc 2 n ny khng

phn tch c th khi sa li thi.
p dng cng c phn tch a thc 2 n thnh nhn t, ta c kt qu: Failure!
Sau khi sa n thnh u 2 8 u 4v uv 0 , vn b Fail!
2u 2 v 2 13
Cui cng th cho x 6 cha c u ln v vy: x 6 2
2
2v u 2
Ta theo ch ngha h s di 10 nn s la chn ci no h s nh, em phn tch trc:

2v 2 u 2 2 u 4v uv 0 (u v 1)(u 2v 2) 0
Thnh cng, vy PT ( x 2 x 3 1)( x 2 2 x 3 2) 0

Nhn qua nhn t th thy cng p dng c Cch th hai, nhng ai m bit trc c.
VD2.
x 3 2x x 1 2 x x2 4x 3
x 3 u
t
u v(u 2 v 2 4) u 2 v 2 4 uv (rt kinh nghim VD1 ).
x 1 v
Tuyt vi, c ngay (v 1)(u 2 v 2 u 4) 0 (PT ny phn tch trit ri nh).

Vy PT ( x 1 1)(2 x x 3) 0 (thc ra bi ny chi tay bo 5 giy l vit xong).
n y, li "h nhc" Cch th hai thm mt ln na qua 2 iu:
+ iu 1: gii PT trn c 2 nghim 0; 1, iu lm TABLE "chu cht" ri.
+ iu 2: Khng xc nh c dng ca nhn t. Thng thng trong PT c bao nhiu
cn "ti gin" th trong nhn t cng s c nhng cn , nhng bi ny th khng, cho nn
th n "Tt Cng G" cng khng ra c!
Kt lun cui cng l trong bi thi cc bn nn dng Cch th nht. V s linh hot ca
tr c li c th hin 1 ln na, iu cho thy nhng k thut CASIO khng phi hon
ton xa c vic t duy ca cc bn, chng ta phi c suy ngh th mi k thut mi hot
ng tt c. Bi v nhng k thut ny l 1 s cch dng my tnh theo hng mi, nhng
i khi khng t duy th vn b mc kiu "tru b"!
3)) PT cha 1 cn ca a thc bc cao
R rng l n loi kh nht ri!
VD1. 2( x 2 2) 5 x3 1
PT ch c 2 nghim lin hp A, B, vy ta c nhn t bc 2: ( x 2 5 x 3)
Hn nu cc bn tm hiu k thut CASIO trn mng th hu ht s tm cch lin hp
PT cho ra ci nhn t trn phi khng? y l cch m nhiu ngi c th ngh ra.
Vng, l 1 nh hng rt hay, va bm va trnh by c.
Cch th 1
Ta thy ci cn kia m lin hp vi s th khng bao gi cho ra nhn t trn, lin hp vi
a thc bc t 2 tr ln th lc sau bc li cao qu, vy ch c th lin hp vi ax b
Tc l ta phi tm ax b lin hp nh sau:
x3 1 ( ax b) 0 ax b x3 1
ng i n y tip tc r ra 2 nhnh, nhnh no s a n thnh cng y:
Cch th 1.1
PT nhn t
x3 1 (ax b) 0 phi cha 2 nghim A, B kia, ni cch khc ta c h
Aa b A3 1
sau:
Ba b B3 1
A, B l 2 nghim lu ri nn khng cn lm p cho n, ta vo EQN nhn kt qu

thi.
Kt qu t EQN l a = b = 2, vy ta lin hp vi biu thc 2 x 2 l ra.
Cch th 1.2
S dng TABLE (cho n lc ny, TABLE vn ang chim u th c s dng trong s

cc MODE chc nng).
f ( X ) XA A3 1
Nhp vo
u thu c f ( 2) 2 2 x x3 1 2
3
f ( X ) XB B 1
Xem ra TABLE nhanh hn nhiu, v y chng ta khng phi bn tm thm v h s c

nh cc biu thc TABLE lm trc (l ci ax b c x 1 ,...).
Vic trnh by cn li giao cho cc bn!
Nhng ng c s snh m ngh l bi ny ht ri nh!
Cch th 2
Thc ra cch ny l tm ra 1 kiu trnh by khc m thi, kiu ny mang tnh phng
ci trng hp khi ta lin hp v t nhn t chung ra ri m phn "cng knh" cn li
trong ngoc li khng chng minh cho n v nghim c.
Tt nhin nu trt i theo hng no th tuyt i khng c thay i, v thi gian thi
khng cho php chng ta nghin cu thm ci g mi na.
f ( X ) 2( X 2 2) 5 X 3 1
Vi cch ny, ta s thc hin php chia g 2 ( X )
sau khi
g1 ( X )
2X 2 X 3 1
tm ra c 1 nhn t g1 ( X ) 2 X 2 X 3 1
Chc cc bn cng bit lm ri, v n cng 1 cn nh ln trc chng ta chia, y
ch mang tnh luyn tp li thi. Cho nn mnh s chia nhanh.
D on g 2 ( X ) aX b c X 3 1
Nhp phn thc trn vo my, cho X = 1
X 3 1 v t, ta c 1 2 . Tip tc th
vi X = 4 v X = 6 ta ln lt thu c tip 2 kt qu: 1
2 65
2 217
;1
5
7
Cc bn c hiu ti sao mnh ly X = 4 v X = 6 m khng ly s nh hn hay khng?

Nu X 2 X 3 1 3 khng phi v t.
Nu X 3 X 3 1 2 7 th ci s 2 trc
7 y s nhn vo h s c do khin
cho ta cng kh xc nh c
Tng t nu X 5 X 3 1 3 14 th s 3 trc 14 cng gy phin phc.
Nn buc lng phi chn s to thi.
Nhn qua 3 kt qu ta thy c thay i, c mX n , cho nn ta c 2 h:
m n 1
a b 1
a 0
2
v
4
a
4m n
5
6a b 1 b 1
6
m
H sau v nghim? Chnh xc, n v nghim v php chia ny khng thc hin c, ch
khng phi v ta gi s c mX n m khng chn c mX 2 nX p hay bc cao hn.
Thm ch nhn qua vic ch c c cha phn s l nghi lm ri y ch, nhng mnh
vn thc hin xem cc bn c phn i g khng!!! Cn vic t c mX 2 nX p th
chc chn l c ngi nghi ti, v gii th, ra s xu. Ngoi ra v cch tm c kiu bc 2
nh trn th sau ny mnh s cho cc bn 1 cch tm khc nhanh hn th nhiu...
VD2. x 2 5 x 7 7 x3 1
x1 0
x2 2
Gii PT ny, ta c 4 nghim:
x3 0,9229245996 A
x4 37,9229246 B
2 ci nghim l ngoc ra y c l li khin cc bn hng th khai thc hn 2 nghim p

kia phi khng? n gin v ta d c nhn t ( x3 1 6 x 6) t n rt d dng.
Nhng kiu g th ta cng phi th 2 ci nghim p kia ch, 2 ci th xc xut nhn t
kim c l ng s cao hn l 1 nghim p, v ta s gii h PT sau:
ax b x3 1 0
a 1
1
1
nhn t l ( x 3 1 x 1)
3
ax2 b x2 1 0 b 1
y c 1 s rc ri nht nh! V 2 ci nhn t ny khng th ng thi tn ti c.

L do l khi nhn 2 ci nhn t ny li ta c 1 biu thc cng knh hn rt nhiu so vi
PT ban u, vy lm sao PT u c th phn tch thnh nh vy c?
Chnh v th, mnh mi tin hnh 1 php th lin hp 2 ci nhn t kia:
+
x3 1 6 x 6
x 1 x 1
x3 36 x 2 72 x 35
x3 1 6 x 6
x3 x 2 2 x
x3 1 x 1
( x 1)( x 2 37 x 35)
x3 1 6 x 6
( x 1)( x 2 2 x)
x3 1 x 1
Vy ci cho ta 4 nghim chnh l ( x 2 37 x 35) v ( x 2 2 x)

Th th ti sao ta li khng lin hp ( ax 2 bx c) x3 1 0 ra ci nhn t bc 4 l
( x 2 37 x 35)( x 2 2 x) nh?
c trong tay 4 nghim, vic gii h bc nht 3 n, 3 PT tm a, b, c l khng thnh

vn . Ngoi ra, theo gii thiu cui VD1, cn 1 cch na, l s dng MODE STAT,
cch ny mnh s khng lm y v cc bn khng hiu c ngn nghnh ca n, v th
mnh s trnh din li ch tm a, b, c ny 1 ln na khi cc bn hc n MODE STAT.
Ly 1 nghim l v 2 nghim p lp thnh h, ta c 2 h la chn gii:
A2 a Ab c A3 1
B 2 a Bb c B 3 1
hoc
4a 2b c 3
4a 2b c 3
c 1
c 1
Nhng khi gii ta s gii c 2 h, nh th hng lm kia mi chc chn.

1
5
5
Tuyt! C 2 h ny u cho b , vy ta s lin hp x 2 x 1 x 3 1 0 , hay

7
7
7
c 1
ng hn l x 2 5 x 7 7 x3 1 0
Tht bun ci v y chnh l PT ban u ca chng ta! Khng ng n n gin n
vy m chng ta lm phc tp ha vn !
T , mnh cng ngh ra 1 php th khi gp dng nh th ny, l: i vi dng PT
f n ( x ) g m ( x) 0 (2n m) (n, m ln lt l bc ca a thc f(x) v g(x)) m my cho ta 2n
nghim, th c 2 cch nm n 99% thnh cng:

+ Cch 1: lin hp ton b v tri ca PT.
+ Cch 2: bnh phng 2 v!
Sau mun lm phng php g khc th lm (nu 2 cch trn khng ra)!
trn ta lm cch 1, c 1 iu quan trng l 2 cch lm trn c bn cht ging nhau,
do nu ng th cng ng m tc th s cng tc. Vy nu ta bnh phng 2 v th s
cng thnh cng. Xem nh.
PT ( x 2 5 x 7) 2 49( x3 1) x 4 39 x3 39 x 2 70 x 0
( x 2 2 x)( x 2 37 x 35) 0
y chnh l bn cht ca 2 cch: c chung 2 nhn t ( x 2 37 x 35) v ( x 2 2 x)

Thm ch trong trng hp khng nhm ra 4 nghim c nh trn, th cch bnh phng
vn chim u th, bit v sao khng?
Bnh phng ln th iu kin ca cn mt i, do ci PT sau khi bnh phng y c
th vn cho 4 nghim, nhng yn m lin hp th iu kin ca cn c th cn bt
nghim i ri. iu , nh tng ni, tm c cng nhiu nghim th ngha l cng c
nhiu manh mi, gii tip cng d.
Th sang VD tip xem s c gy phc tp ha ny c lp li khng nh!
VD3. 16 x 2 23 x 10 ( x 2) 4 x 2 4 x 7
x1 1
Bi ny ch c 2 nghim p l
4
x2
3
Tng t VD2, ta tm c nhn t cha chng, l (4 x 3 4 x 2 4 x 7)

Vy bi ny qu d ri, ta tch ra ci nhn t trn ri lin hp thi, nhng khng phi l
tch thnh 16 x 2 19 x 7 ( x 3) 4 x 2 4 x 7 4 x 3 4 x 2 4 x 7 m l tch sao cho
trit ci cn, tc l: 12 x 2 28 x 16 ( x 2)(4 x 3 4 x 2 4 x 7) 0
Bi ny l minh ha cho vic ch c 2 nghim hu t, loi y thng d, nhng khng
th v!
4)) PT cha nhiu cn khc nhau
Xu hng thi hin nay l loi PT v t dng tng hp c nghim p v t nghim
(thng l 1). Vi loi nh vy, my tnh s b gim tc dng i nhiu ng thi khin hc
sinh phi s dng t duy, suy lun mc cao hn trc y, chnh l mc tiu ca B khi
ra mt ci .
Do bi y ch yu l nghim p.
VD1.
2 x2 8x 6 x2 1 2 x 2
Ta tm c x 1 , n lm cho
x2 1 0 2 x 2 2 x2 8x 6 x2 1 0
Ni cch khc vi x 1 th 2 x 2 2 x 2 8 x 6 0
Ta li thy nu lin hp 2 x 2 2 x 2 8 x 6 s ra 1 phn thc c t bc 2. T bc 2
m cha 2 nghim x 1 th l ng ri khng cn g phi bn ci na.
V suy lun ra th, nn khng cn phi gii h bc nht tm xem lin hp cn vi
ci no na, n chnh l 2 x 2 ri.
Vy: 2 x 2 2 x 2 8 x 6 x 2 1
2( x 2 1)
2
x 2 1 ...
2x 2 2x 8x 6
VD2.
3x 2 5 x 1 x 2 2 3( x 2 x 1) x 2 3 x 4
PT ny cng d nh th, n ch c 1 nghim x = 2, vy ta s em nghim ny th vo cc

3x 2 5 x 1 3( x 2 x 1) 3
cn xem gi tr bng bao nhiu. Ta c:
x 2 2 x 2 3x 4 2
Vy to c nhn t ( x 2) mt cch n gin nht, ta s chuyn v ri mi lin

hp:
PT 3x 2 5 x 1 3( x 2 x 1) x 2 2 x 2 3x 4
2 x 4
3 x 2 5 x 1 3( x 2 x 1)
3x 6
x 2 2 x 2 3x 4
3
2
( x 2)
0
2
2
3x 2 5 x 1 3( x 2 x 1)
x 2 x 3 x 4
Okay!
VD3.
2 x2 x 9 2x2 x 1 x 4
x 0
Nghim gm:
8
x
7
i vi 2 nghim p th ny, ta khng th xem mi cn bng bao nhiu ti , m s

tm biu thc lin hp vi mi cn bng h bc nht.
x
x
D dng tm c: 2 x 2 x 9 3 v 2 x 2 x 1 1 l 2 nhn t, vy ta
2
2
x
x

phn tch: PT 2 x 2 x 9 3 2 x 2 x 1 1 0 , ci ny th d ri!
2
2
thi khi A 2009 cng l 1 bi tng t nh ny: 2 3 3x 2 3 6 5 x 8 0

D c cn bc 3, nhng ta nhm c nghim x 2 , nn vic phn chia ra lin hp vn
nh c: PT 2( 3 3 x 2 2) 3( 6 5 x 4) 0
6( x 2) 15( x 2)
0 (BPT l bnh
BPT
6 5x 4
phng thiu ).
3 VD l ri cc bn nh?
Thc ra mnh mun a thm VD phn tch c trit hn, nhng do thi gian
khng cho php, cng vic bn rn, nn mnh tm dng mc ny y.
Hi vng mt lc no c thi gian mnh li s nghin cu tip cc k thut CASIO
cng cc bn! C kin g ng gp c lin h vi mnh qua a ch Facebook cung cp
nh!
Chc cc bn nghin cu tt!
5. Gii h PT 2 n
a) H PT a thc h s nguyn
Trong mc ny chng ta s x p mt s bi trong thi cc nm trc (khng nht
thit phi l nm lin y nh ), cn li l nhng bi luyn thi mnh su tm c.
xy x 1 7 y
VD1 (B - 2009). Gii h PT sau: 2 2
2
x y xy 1 13 y
Mnh c 1 kinh nghim khi lm loi h ny l hng vo phn tch thnh nhn t, nn
ci "bnh kinh nghim" i khi lm mt thi gian!
C th ci t tng lm mnh tm ngay xem PT no c tim nng phn tch thnh
nhn t d hn. V dn n mnh bp ngay ci PT2 m qun mt rng ta c th rt th
PT1 vo.
Th nn bi ny s khng dng n k thut phn tch a thc 2 n thnh nhn t, m l
ci khc (ci no cc bn? ).
Nhn thy rng PT2 c nhng 2 ci y 2 , nn ta s rt x PT1 th vo cho n gin.
2
7 y 1
7 y 1
7 y 1
Ta c: PT 1 x
PT 2 : y 2
y
1 13 y 2 (nh kim tra
y 1
y 1
y 1
nghim y 1 trc khi rt nh).

Nhn ln: y 2 (7 y 1) 2 y ( y 1)(7 y 1) ( y 1) 2 (1 13 y 2 ) 0 (thc ra v PT ny vn
dng tuyn tnh, v th trc ta c th ch cn rt x ( y 1) 7 y 1 l c).
1
x 1
Vn cn li l ca solve, v kt qu rt tt (ng nhin phi th):
3
x 3
y 1
x( x y 1) 3 0
VD2 (D - 2009).
5
2
( x y ) x 2 1 0
y c bc 1 PT1, vy ta c th rt th nh bi trn.
Thng thng nhng bi c th rt th th khng phn tch thnh nhn t 2 n c.
2
3
5
3
PT 1 y x 1 PT 2 : 1 2 1 0
x
x x
Vng, hng i chun, r rng bi mun ta t
1
t , nhng t hay khng l quyn
x
ca mnh!
5 x 2 y 4 xy 2 3 y 3 2( x y ) 0
VD3 (A - 2011).
2
2
2
xy ( x y ) 2 ( x y )
Bi ny th khi rt ri, trc ht cc bn hy xem PT no phn tch c thnh nhn t,

nu c 2 u khng c, th c ngha l mnh s a ra 1 phng cch hon ton mi!
PT1 phn tch khng thnh cng, th y = 1000 vo PT2 ta c PT bc 3 theo x:
1000 x 3 x 2 999998000 x 999998 0 , tip theo dng EQN, thu c: x
1
1
1000 y
( xy 1) l nhn t!
Phn tch thnh nhn t 1 n trc:

1000 x 3 x 2 999998000 x 999998 (1000 x 1)( x 2 999998)
T , ci s 999998 ch c th l 1 biu thc ca y khng th c x tham gia vo c, v

n l h s t do ca nhn t ( x 2 999998) , tc l 999998 y 2 2
Vy: xy ( x 2 y 2 ) 2 ( x y ) 2 ( xy 1)( x 2 y 2 2) 0
Vic xy 1 0 th n ri, vn l x 2 y 2 2 c n c hay khng!...
Ta s khng rt bin no theo bin no vng phi ci cn xu x, thay vo , ta tm
cch th x 2 y 2 2 (hoc x 2 2 y 2 hoc y 2 2 x 2 ) vo PT1 tht hp l sao cho n c
kh nng phn tch thnh nhn t.
Nhn thy PT1 c n 3 v tr cha x 2 , y 2 do tng cng c n 7 cch th vo nh
trn, di g m th tng ci mt?
Do trc ht chng ta th nhm PT1 theo no ri mi tnh n chuyn th. Cch
nhm c xut hin x 2 y 2 d nhn ra nht l: PT 1 y (5 x 2 3 y 2 ) 4 xy 2 2( x y ) 0
By gi th x 2 y 2 2 ta c y (2 x 2 6) 4 xy 2 2( x y ) 0
Tip theo ng nhin l th xem n phn tch c thnh nhn t khng.
x 2000
Tuyt qu!
1 ta phn tch c: ( x 2 y )( xy 1) 0
x
1000
n y cc bn x tip nh!
x 3 3x 2 9 x 22 y 3 3 y 2 9 y
VD4 (A - 2012).
1
x2 y 2 x y
PT1 c iu g rt l c bit!
Thc ra ta cm gic c bit y pht sinh t s na n nhau ca 2 v PT1, nhng vi my
tnh th nhng ci rt t c khai khc.
Vo MODE EQN, ta thu c 1 nghim duy nht X 1001,996004 1002 Y 2
Ra MODE COMP th li thy ng!
Nh vy PT 1 ( x y 2)( x 2 y 2 xy x y 11) 0
Vn bn khon ca vic phn tch thnh nhn t nh th ny l ci nhn t th hai kia
liu c kh khn x l hay khng, v ci u ( x y 2) th lc no cng ngon ri
Trong bi ny th vn l n gin, nhng ci kh lun nhiu hn ci d, chng ta s
phi bn li n trong mt dp khc
H sau ch cn th vo l coi nh xong:
21
x 2 y 2 xy x y 11 0 ( x 2 y 2 x y ) xy 11 0
xy
1
1
2
2
2
2
x y x y
x y x y
x2 y2 x y 1
Vy s c bit nhc ti PT1 rt cc l ci g?

Nu qu tht s c bit trn cha 1 hng gii mi no , th n phi l hng xt
hm, v 2 v PT1 kh tng ng.
Ta th hng xem c ra khng nh!
Nhn vo bc x, y ta on hm c l l 1 hm bc 3 f3 (t ) m f3 ( x ) f3 ( y 2) . Hn
na n li phi n iu. Vy phi chng n c dng: f3 (t ) a(t k )3 c(t k ) d ?
T f3 ( x ) f3 ( y 2) a ( x k )3 c( x k ) d a ( y 2 k )3 c( y 2 k ) d . em
ng nht vi PT1 cho ta s moi c a, c (d th c v l h s o! ).
D thy ngay a = 1, khai trin v b tr li ta c:
x3 3kx 2 (3k 2 c) x 6k 2 12k 2c 8 y 3 (3k 6) y 2 (3k 2 12k c 12) y
3k 3
3k 2 c 9
k 1
ng nht phn cn li ta c h: 6k 2 12k 2c 8 22
c 12
3k 6 3
2
3k 12k c 12 9
Vy nu dng hm s, ta s bin i PT 1 ( x 1)3 12( x 1) ( y 1)3 12( y 1) sau

xt hm f (t ) t 3 12t
Tic thay f(t) li khng phi l hm n iu! Ngha l n vn c kh nng n iu nu
ta gii hn c khong chy ca t.
gii hn c t, ta phi gii hn x 1 v y 1 , iu ny da vo PT2 v n l ng
cp bc 2.
x 4 y 2 4 y 3 0
Xt delta ca tam thc bc 2 ln lt theo x v theo y ta c:
,
2
y 4 x 4 x 3 0
1
3
3
1
2 2
2
t 2
1 x 3
3 x 1 1
2
2
2
2
V ri suy ra 2 t 2 f '(t ) 3(t 2 4) 0 , vic chng minh hon thnh!

Nhn qua th cch dng hm s ny c v di hn, mt thi gian hn cch phn tch nhn
t, nhng thc ra 2 cch ny ngang nhau thi:
+ 1 cch th phn tch thnh nhn t nhanh nhng phi gii 2 h, v 2 h u rt d.
+ Cch kia th bin i thnh dng hm s cng nhanh (thc t l m bi ny vn nhanh
hn nhiu so vi cch tm hm bng ng nht h s m mnh va lm ), v phi tm iu
kin ca x, y, nhng ch phi gii 1 h.
Cc bn c th ln Google hoc nghin cu tip tm thm 1 s cch gii khc cho bi
ny nu ham khm ph, y l 1 bi h kh th v!
x 2 3 y 2 xy 3 x y 1 0
VD5.
y 2 xy x 3 y 0
D dng thy c 2 PT u khng phn tch c thnh nhn t, vy th nh ni

VD3, mnh s s dng 1 phng thc hi khc.
Phng thc ny cng l phn tch thnh nhn t, nhng khng phi l tng PT ring
( PT 1) k ( PT 2)
bit, m l phn tch f ( x)
thnh nhn t, ci hu ht ngi hc h u
k ( PT 1) ( PT 2)
tng p dng.
Chng ta c 2 cch tm k:
+ Cch 1: dng my tnh d xem vi k no th f(x) c th phn tch thnh nhn t. Cch
ny da vo kinh nghim l k nguyn v thng nhn nhng gi tr gn s 0
+ Cch 2: s dng c s ton hc tr gip my tnh. Cch ny chnh xc, nhng ta
phi nh c cng thc p dng: 1 cng thc l m thy c khng dy!
Mnh khuyn cc bn nn nm cch 2, nhng cng phi bit t cch 1 khi qun cng
thc cn bit ng m m.
Sau y mnh s lm 2 cch:
Cch 1
Nhp vo my: f ( X ) ( X 2 3Y 2 XY 3 X Y 1) A(Y 2 XY X 3Y )

A 1
Bm SHIFT CALC , ri cho
(loi A = 0 i v c 2 PT u khng phn
Y 1000
tch c thnh nhn t ring bit ri), nh vy f(X) s l tng v tri ca 2 PT, ta phn tch
n thnh nhn t xem c c khng
Vng, khng thnh cng!
n gin ch vic sa li A 1 ri tip tc th
Ch, vn khng phn tch c, xem ra ta phi nng A ln bc 2
mnh l sa tip A 2 xem sao
Sau hng lot gi tr nguyn ca A c a vo gii, ta c th kt lun rng cch m ny
rt mt thi gian, ch yu l thi gian dnh cho my gii v biu thc kh di, Y li ln dn
n X phi c d trn din rng.
K thc A trong trng hp ny khng phi 1 s nguyn: A
3
2
Ni cch khc: f ( x) 2( x 2 3 y 2 xy 3 x y 1) 3( y 2 xy x 3 y ) mi chnh xc l

s kt hp ca 2 PT m c th phn tch thnh nhn t!
Vy nu ban u dng f ( X ) A( X 2 3Y 2 XY 3 X Y 1) B (Y 2 XY X 3Y )
A 2
d th cng tm ra c, nhng du sao
m khng c qu nhn ph tr th cng lu
B 3
lm!
y l hng dn m cho cc bn, by gi chng ta sang cch ton hc tm c h
s k cho f ( x) ( PT 1) k ( PT 2)
Cch 2
P1 a1 x 2 b1 y 2 c1 xy d1 x e1 y f1 0
Cch ny dnh ring cho dng h:
2
2
P2 a2 x b2 y c2 xy d 2 x e2 y f 2 0
t a a1 ka2 ; b b1 kb2 ; c c1 kc2 ; d d1 kd 2 ; e e1 ke2 ; f f1 kf 2 , ta c:
P P1 kP2 ax 2 by 2 cxy dx ey f 0
P c th phn tch thnh nhn t, th t P ax 2 (cy d ) x by 2 ey f 0 phi
biu din c x theo y dng x my n
Ni cch khc, P phi c nghim x vi mi gi tr thc ca y. Do tm c iu
kiu cho y ta phi dng delta thi (tam thc bc 2 m):
1 (cy d ) 2 4a(by 2 ey f ) (c 2 4ab) y 2 2(cd 2ae) y d 2 4af 0 y
Nhn thy 1 li l 1 tam thc bc 2 ca y, do 1 0 y th ta cn b iu

c 2 4ab 0
()
kin:
2
2
2
'
(
cd
2
ae
)
(
c
4
ab
)(
d
4
af
)
0
2
n y th my c th gip ta tm gi tr k, v a, b, c, d, e, f trong 2 ' u l cc biu

thc bc nht ca k ri.
nhanh chng tm c k, ta s gii PT 2 ' 0 (cd 2ae) 2 (c 2 4ab)(d 2 4af )
Phng php l th, rc ri v phi nh cng thc (cd 2ae) 2 (c 2 4ab)( d 2 4af )
By gi ta p dng.
t a 1; b 3 k ; c 1 k ; d 3 k ; e 1 3k ; f 1 (may sao c 2 ci khng
cha k ), thay vo cng thc (cd 2ae) 2 (c 2 4ab)(d 2 4af ) ta c phng trnh bc
4: [( k 1)(3 k ) 2(3k 1)]2 [( k 1) 2 4( k 3)][(3 k ) 2 4]
Li my ra gii PT ny, cng nhanh thi: k
3
Vy ta s phn tch: f ( x) ( x 2 3 y 2 xy 3x y 1) ( y 2 xy x 3 y ) hay
2
f ( x) 2( x 2 3 y 2 xy 3 x y 1) 3( y 2 xy x 3 y ) ( x y 2)(2 x 3 y 1)
4x y 3 1 y 0
VD6.
4 x y xy 1 6 1 x 1 0
Nhiu ngi nhn mt lc cng cha chc khng nh ngay c bi ny c th p

dng cc phng php gii ca h a thc hay khng u, nhng nhn thm mt xu na th
nghi vn bt u hin ln ch
x y xy 1
1 x a 0
Ta nhn thy x y xy 1 (1 x)(1 y ) , do t
, h cho tr thnh
1 y b 0
4a 2 b 2 3b 3 0
h a thc quen thuc:
4ab 6a 1 0
M ra c s k ch l 1 php th bt c d, do mnh s khng lm ci Cch 1 ging

nh VD5, thay vo :
Cch 1
1
th vo PT1 v gii tip:
PT 2 a
6 4b
1
2
4
b 3b 3 0 ...
6 4b
Cch 2
Nhn thy mi PT ca h khng th c lp phn tch thnh nhn t c, do ta s kt
hp chng li.
Ngoi giy nhp, t A 4; B 1; C 4k ; D 6k ; E 3; F 3 k , lp vo cng thc
(CD 2 AE ) 2 (C 2 4 AB)( D 2 4 AF ) ta c phng trnh tm k:
( 24k 2 24) 2 (16k 2 16)[36k 2 16( k 3)] k
3
4
Vy vo bi lm, ta s phn tch PT 4(4a 2 b 2 3b 3) 3(4ab 6a 1) 0 thnh nhn

t: (8a 2b 3)(2a 2b 3) 0
Th l n!
Cu hi bnh lun: c v nh trong h PT t thy vic nhm nghim trc khi gii nh?
Liu c th nhm nghim 2 n c khng? V c cch no m ch c vic nhm nghim
mi p dng c khng?
Vng, nhm nghim h PT a thc trong thi Quc gia hu nh lun thc hin c, c
iu n cng knh v th xa nay mnh t p dng. Nu c nhm, th mnh thng m cc cp
s d ri vo nht th, trng th cha chc gip c g, cn khng trng th gii tay
nh thng!
Chng hn nh VD6 trn, cch nhm nghim chnh l Cch 1, a v PT 1 n ri
2
1
2
dng my tnh d: 4
b 3b 3 0
6 4b
Cn VD5, nhn kh hn nhng thc cht l PT 2 x
y2 3 y
nn th vo PT1 ta vn
1 y
y2 3 y
y2 3 y y2 3 y
2
c PT 1 n nhm nghim:
3
y
3
y 1 0
1
y
1
y
1
Xt xung VD4, c v l ta khng th rt c x theo y (hoc ngc li)?

Khng! Ch l rt kh, ch khng phi l khng rt c.
1 3 4 y 4 y2
1
S dng delta cho PT2: x y x y , ta rt c: x
, em ci
2
2
2
ny th vo PT1 (chn 1 du trc cn thi nh), ta c 2 PT nhm nghim:

1 3 4 y 4 y2
1 3 4 y 4 y2
3
1 3 4 y 4 y2
9
Khng bit my mt bao lu gii PT khng khip ny?

Vng, nhp PT vo cn chng na tnh g n gii!
22 y 3 3 y 2 9 y
y chnh l l do ti sao mnh khng thch nhm nghim ca h, d nhm c th cng
thch tht!
S d mnh ni nhm nghim h PT a thc trong thi Quc gia hu nh lun thc
hin c l v iu kin rt c 1 bin theo bin kia l trong PT cn rt phi c t
nht 1 bin c bc t 2 tr xung, y l iu hu nh lun c trong cc h a thc thi. Do
s tht bi hay thnh cng li nm ci my!
Cn v vic s dng nhm nghim gii h, th cng c 1 cch, cch ny s dng tnh
cht hnh hc: nghim ca h l ta giao im ca 2 ng cong c PT ln lt l PT1 v
PT2 trn mt phng Oxy.
2 im ny s xc nh 1 ng thng, v bit ta 2 im, ta lun tm c PT ng
thng : ax by c 0 . V chnh l 1 nhn t ca PT sau khi phn tch.
Do vy, cch ny kh dng khi h c nghim v phi nhm c:
+ t nht 2 nghim hu t.
+ Hoc t nht 1 nghim v t.
Xem VD7 nm cch ny nh!
y 3 2 xy 2 y 2 2 x 7 y 1 0
VD7.
2 y 2 2 xy 7 y 1 0
Tin hnh nhm: PT 2 x

y 3 y (7 y 2 y 2 1) y 2
7 y 2 y2 1
em th vo PT1 ri cho my gii:
2y
y 1
7 y 2 y2 1
7 y 1 0
y
y 2 3
1 3
Vy ta thu c 3 nghim: ( x; y ) (2;1),

;2 3
2
Nh th ny th khng th no tm sai nhn t c!
Chiu theo iu kin kh dng ca phng php ni trn, th ta s khng dng nghim
1 3
nguyn (2;1), vy cc bn hy lp PT ng thng i qua 2 im

;2 3 v
2
1 3
;2 3 tm nhn t.
Vng, PT ng thng l y 3 2 x , hay nhn t tm c l: (2 x y 3)

n y x l lm sao? Ta vn phi tm k phn tch f ( x) ( PT 1) k ( PT 2) m?
PT 1
y 3 2 xy 2 y 2 2 x 7 y 1
Ta nhn thy iu ny: ( PT 1) k ( PT 2) 0 k
PT 2
2 y 2 2 xy 7 y 1
Th y 3 2 x vo ta c:
(3 2 x)3 2 x (3 2 x) 2 (3 2 x) 2 2 x 7(3 2 x) 1
2
2(3 2 x ) 2 2 x(3 2 x ) 7(3 2 x ) 1
Vy ta s phn tch PT: ( y 3 2 xy 2 y 2 2 x 7 y 1) 2(2 y 2 2 xy 7 y 1) 0 . Ok!

Kt qu: (2 x y 3)( y 1) 2 0
Sang VD cui cng!
x4 4x2 y2 6 y 9 0
VD8. 2
2
x y x 2 y 22 0
Nhm nghim:
+ Rt t PT2: y
22 x 2
2 x2
2
22 x 2
22 x 2
6
90
+ em th vo PT1: x 4 x
2
2
2 x
2 x
4
x 2
+ Solve (gii kh lu) c cc nghim:
( x; y ) (2;3), ( 2;5)
x 2
T nhn ngay ra c 2 nhn t l ( y 3), ( y 5)

Ta s th tng ci mt, trc ht l y 3
x4 4 x2 0
Th y 3 vo mi PT ca h ta c: 2
(khng c php rt gn h s!).
4
x
16
PT 1
x4 4 x2
x2
Suy ra k
2
PT 2
4 x 16
4
Vy k y khng phi l 1 s nh ta mong i, nhng l biu thc cng ng, v ta vn

lm nh bnh thng: ly 4( x 4 4 x 2 y 2 6 y 9) x 2 ( x 2 y x 2 2 y 22) 0 em phn
tch thnh nhn t: ( y 3)( x 4 2 x 2 4 y 12) 0
Vic y 5 cc bn lm tng t, k
2 x2
phn tch c: ( y 5)( x 4 6 y 2) 0
6
Kt lun v phng php ny:

+ Bc 1: nhm nghim.
+ Bc 2: t nghim tm lin h y mx n
+ Bc 3: thay y mx n vo tng PT ca h ri tnh k
PT 1
PT 2
+ Bc 4: em f ( x) ( PT 1) k ( PT 2) 0 phn tch thnh nhn t.

+ Bc 5: gii tip nh thng. Nu t ci nhn t phn tch c Bc 4 ta c 1 h
mi, th h cng l h a thc, nn quay li Bc 2 gii tng t.
B sung cht: cn 1 dng h a thc na d hn dng trn m cc bn cng c th gp
a1 x 2 b1 y 2 c1 xy d1 x e1 y 0
trong thi, l 2
(phn bit cho k nh ).
2
a2 x b2 y c2 xy d 2 x e2 y 0
Mnh ni ra dng ny a thm 1 phng php gii n c v n gin hn nhng

phng php trn cc bn lu tm, d n c th gii bng nhng cch trn.
+ Bc 1: xt y = 0 c phi l nghim hay khng.
y 2 ( a1t 2 b1 c1t ) y (d1t e1 ) 0
+ Bc 2: vi y 0 t x ty 2
2
y (a2t b2 c2t ) y ( d 2t e2 ) 0
d1t e1
a1t b1 c1t
d t e1
d t e2
21
22
T :
a1t b1 c1t a2t b2 c2t
y d 2t e2
2
a2t b2 c2t
n y bm my tnh ra t l xong!
Phng php ny ging phng php pha trn ch ta cng cn dng my tnh gii 1
h s, l t
b) H PT v t
Loi ny kh cho nn n c nghin cu nhiu v cng v trong thi n l ch yu.
Loi ny, gn nh ngc li hon ton vi h a thc, l vic nhm nghim cc k kh
khn, xc sut nhm c bng phng php a v 1 n ch khong 30% (cn nhm bng
cch th tng b s th h no cng nh nhau ).
Do , thay v dng nghim tm lin h bc nht ca x v y, ta dng 1 cch khc
x 12 y y (12 x 2 ) 12
VD1 (A - A1 - 2014). Gii h PT sau:
x3 8 x 1 2 y 2
R rng nhn PT2 cc bn c th ngh n vic nhm nghim v t n rt c y theo x:
( x3 8 x 1) 2
y
2
4
C th thay vo PT1 nhm xem c ra c nhn t khng nh!

Nghim nhn c rt l, c kh nng l dng cn trong cn, khng truy c v dng
p hung g tm lin h?
H phng trnh v t cn c 1 bt cp na l khng p dng c phng php xp x
tm nhn t.
Nhn qua h, mnh bit ngay mi lin h kia phi c khai thc PT1, v ri vi
Y 1000 mnh bt u d X
Kt qu l s qu ln my khng th no d ra c nghim.
Do , chng ta phi chuyn sang phng php m anh Th Lc ng!
Phng php ny chm m chc, ngha l thay v bp 1 pht Y 1000 tm nhn t sau
1 ln gii nh mnh (m r rng Y 1000 vi phm iu kin 2 y 12 ), ta cho y chy ln
lt qua cc gi tr nh v thu thp tng gi tr x tng ng, sau thng k chng vo 1
bng v tm mi lin h x, y
2 y 12
Chiu theo cc iu kin:
, ta nhp PT1 vo my, ri gii tm X khi cho ln
x 12
lt cc gi tr Y i t 2 n 12. Kt qu ta c bng sau:

Y
10
3,162
2,828
2,645
2,449
2,236
1,732
1,414
Nu khng th tip bng cch bnh phng cc gi tr v t ca X ln xem sao, th cc
bn s khng th lm tip cch ny. Bnh cc gi tr X trn ri lm trn kt qu, ta c bng
tip theo:
Y
10
10
Vng, ta nhn ra c quy lut l y 12 x 2 , hay x 12 y

Thay ci ny vo PT1, ta c: 12 y 12 y (12 x 2 )(12 x 2 ) 12
Nhn vo y ta thy c 1 cm gic v s cn xng gia y v 12 x 2 (hay gia x v
12 y ).
S cn xng thng c mt trong phng php hm s hoc nh gi bng BT i
xng (hay dng nht l Cauchy).
C 2 cn c lp, do nu dng hm s chc chn phi tch ring chng ra mi v, v
sau khi tch nh vy ri th nhng biu thc cn li, k c du, khng th no lm cho chng
ging nhau 2 v c.
Do ta dng Cauchy nh gi.
Do sau khi nh gi, ta phi thu c y 12 x 2 v x 12 y , do ta p dng
Cauchy ring bit cho 2 b s: x 2 ;12 y v y;12 x 2 , chng c sn bn v tri c ri.
VT x 12 y y (12 x 2 ) x 2 (12 y ) y (12 x 2 )
x 2 (12 y ) y (12 x 2 )
12 VP
2
2
Du = xy ra y 12 x 2
Nh vy coi nh n, thay vo PT2 ta nhn c PT v t cha 1 cn ca a thc bc 2,
l dng hc ri!
(1 y ) x y x 2 ( x y 1) y
VD2 (B - 2014).
2
2 y 3 x 6 y 1 2 x 2 y 4 x 5 y 3
PT1 cn nh, biu thc ngoi cn dng tch nhiu, phn b 2 v kh ng u, ch b cho
PT2, do kh nng cao n cha lin h ta ang tm. V th, ta s phn tch PT1.
Mnh vn th phng php xp x ca mnh trc!
Nhp PT1 vo my, cho Y = 1000, khi to gi tr ban u X = 1500 cho my d d (v
iu kin PT1 l x y 0 ), ri ch i
Vng, Cant Solve!
Y 100
Nhng cha ht u nh, khng 1000 th 100 vy, cho
th xem
X 150
Y = 100 l gi tr t dng, nhng nh mnh tng gii thch c ch ca phng php

xp x qua nhng trang sch trc , th n cng mang tc dng nh 1000 c iu yu hn
thi.
Vng, ln ny X = 101, do ta c quyn nghi vn mi lin h x y 1
Gi nguyn PT1 trn my, mnh tip tc nhy Solve vi nhng b gi tr khc nhau tun
Y 23,4 Y 98,56 Y
theo mi lin h trn:
;
;
; kim chng.
X 24,4 X 99,56 X 1
Phi, ln no my cng hin nguyn nghim l gi tr X gn vo, iu chng t

x y 1 l mi lin h ng!
Tuy vy, v PT1 c cn nn ta cn phi tnh to lu tm n 1 mi lin h khc na, l

x y 1
Phng php anh Lc s dng cng ging xp x ny ch tm X theo Y, c iu s
khc bit ln nht l n chm m chc, nh ni, do mnh khng lp bng th X, Y nh
VD1 na, chng ta i tip phn cn li ca bi ton.
V tri c
x y , v phi c ( x y 1) , theo cc bn nhn t sau cng s l
x y 1
hay x y 1 0 ?
Cm bt ln v bin i i no.
PT 1 (1 y ) x y ( y 1) ( x y 1) ( x y 1) y 0
( y 1)(1 x y ) ( x y 1)(1 y ) 0
(1 y )(1 y )( x y 1) ( x y 1)( x y 1)(1 y ) 0
y 1
(1 y )( x y 1) (1 y ) ( x y 1) 0
x y 1
y x y 2 0
Phn cn li d c ri!
x 1 4 x 1 y 4 2 y
VD3 (A - A1 - 2013). 2
2
x 2 x ( y 1) y 6 y 1 0
Nhn long qua, ngi khng c kinh nghim s th PT2 trc, v n gin d mc mc.
Nguyn nhn cng l do mnh dy h a thc trc ri nn cc bn rt t tin vi a thc
cc loi.
Tuy nhin trong h v t th kh nng tm c lin h nm PT c cn cao hn l PT
a thc.
Bi ny s dng xp x vi Y = 100 cho PT1 ra rt nhanh chng: X 100000001 Y 4 1
Trong PT1 c
x 1 nn lin h ng c l l y 4 x 1
T lin h , chng ta d dng ngh ngay n lin hp:

4
x y4 1
PT 1 x 1 y 2 y x 1
y 4 x 1
x 1 y 2
( 4 x 1) 4 y 4
4
y x 1
( 4 x 1 y )( 4 x 1 y )( x 1 y 2 )
4
x 1 y 2
y 4 x 1
x 1 y 2
( 4 x 1 y )( x 1 y 2 )
( y x 1) 1
0
x 1 y4 2
Cc bn chng minh c 1
( 4 x 1 y )( x 1 y 2 )
4
0 ch?
x 1 y 2
Nhn khng cn thn nhiu ngi s ng rng c th kt lun lun c iu ri,

nhng thc ra rc ri nm ch
x 1 y y.
Chng ta c cm tng y dng (v chng ta mong nh th) khi tm cch chng minh n.
Vy iu kin ca y y l g?
Th thc ban u mnh cng khng cho n khi gp on ny!
R rng rt kh tm PT1, nhng PT2 th c th. V khi thy PT2 c bi sp xp
1 cch kho lo y n thnh dng tam thc bc 2 ca x, th mnh tin chc rng iu kin
ca y s c moi mc ra t ci delta ca tam thc ny ch khng phi ch no khc na.
Thm na, nu h m c 1 PT dng a thc th kh nng tm c iu kin (1 phn hoc
tt c) thng nm PT ny.
Vy ta i tnh delta theo x PT2: x ' ( y 1) 2 ( y 2 6 y 1) 0 y 0
Vng, y 0 , ta chng minh c 1
( 4 x 1 y )( x 1 y 2 )
4
0 y 4 x 1
x 1 y 2
Cch lin hp ny dnh cho nhng ngi khng sng to cho lm, hoc l lo ht thi gian
m cha ngh ra c cch khc.
Cng c th l do ngi chu ng cc loi bin i tru b kiu nh th quen
ri, hoc l hay s dng lin hp gii ton.
Bi v thc t th cn cch xt hm s lm nhanh hn th nhiu, c my dng:
Bin i PT 1 ( 4 x 1) 4 2 4 x 1 y 4 2 y
Xt hm s f (t ) t 4 2 t (t 0) c f '(t )
2t 3
t4 2
1 0 t 0 hm s ng
bin y 4 x 1
Th vo PT2 ta nhn c PT a thc: y ( y 7 2 y 4 y 4) 0
Phng trnh ny cc bn bit cch x, nn mnh khng ni thm na!
2
2
2 x y 3xy 3x 2 y 1 0
VD4 (B - 2013). 2
2
4 x y x 4 2 x y x 4 y
2 x y a 0
H ny tng t VD6 mc a), ta c th t
chuyn v h a thc.
x 4 y b 0
Nhng nu y cng lm th th ha ra VD ny rt ph: chng ta s s dng cch ca

v t.
D dng dng xp x phn tch PT1 thnh: (2 x y 1)( x y 1) 0 v nh vy
xong c
1
bi ton!
3
Phng php ca anh Lc chm m chc nn i khi n hi mt thi gian, do mnh
khuyn cc bn my iu:
+ Nn nm c xp x ca mnh ln lp bng ca anh y.
+ Vi bi h 2 PT u c cn, th hy quan tm n iu kin trc khi la chn phng
cch no. V iu kin nhiu i khi lm cho xp x b v hiu ha.
+ Thng thng vn nn p dng xp x trc. N khng mt thi gian lm nn nu
khng c th xoay sang lp bng suy on cng mau thi.
Chng ta quay li lm tip bi ton.
Ln lt thay y 2 x 1 v y x 1 vo PT2, ta c ln lt 2 PT cha 2 cn ca nh
thc bc nht: 3 3 x 4 x 1 9 x 4 v 3x 2 x 3 3x 1 5 x 4
! y ton dng hc ri, thi li cho cc bn luyn tp nh!
Vi li kt lun: h v t tuy kh hn h a thc, nhng v n thin bin vn ha nn k
thut CASIO dnh cho loi ny vn cha c nhiu nh h a thc. c bit vic nhm
nghim ca n th gn nh KHNG THC HIN C vi CASIO, d nhiu ngi rt
mong iu y.
Nhng khng sao, hy gi ly iu mong mun v t mnh nghin cu, ch ng ngi
ch ngi khc.
Hy tip tc nghin cu nh tan cm t KHNG THC HIN C m mnh
va mi ni! Cho mnh thy iu i no!
III. Nhng k thut nh khc

Nh khng c ngha l ngn v n gin u cc bn , ch l n khng phi l nhng
vn ng quan tm nhiu nh my chuyn trong phn II thi.
Mt iu khc cng l do nhng k thut ny t c vit n trong "lng th thut
CASIO Vit Nam", c th cc "CASIO man" cha tm ra v cng c th l h cho rng y
l nhng dng ton khng lm kh c HS hoc HS t khi ng ti (ng hn l khng
mun ), nhng vi mt ti liu c sc CNG PH nh th ny th mnh phi cp ton
din, ch cn phn ny cc bn khng cn phi quan tm nghin cu nhiu u.
Ci cc bn nn tp trung l luyn k thut CASIO h PT, t duy gii tay hnh hc Oxy
v hnh hc khng gian thun ty.
Chng ta bt u!
1. Cc vn ca tp C - s phc
a) Nhng thao tc c bit ca CASIO s phc
MODE mc nh ca my - COMP ( MODE 1 ), c 1 s thao tc sau m rt t ngi
:
VD1. Chuyn s phc sau sang dng lng gic: z 1 i
MODE COMP, cc bn hy kim ci phm no c ghi "Pol" mu vng cnh n, th ta
s dng phm .
Vng, l phm ng khng? Nhng chc nng ghi vng nh vy chng ta nhn
SHIFT trc ri mi nhn n n (v phm SHIFT cng ghi mu vng).
Nhn SHIFT 1 SHIFT ) 1 , trn mn hnh s hin:

Pol (1,1
Ht sc lu du ngn cch gia 2 s 1 l du phy khng phi chm nh, sai ci my

s bo "Syntax ERROR" (li c php).
n thu c kt qu: r 1,414213562; 0,7853981634
y chnh l gi tr moun v i s (argument) ca dng lng gic r (cos i sin )
Nhng s xu th ny lm sao ly c? C cch no tch ring c kt qu r v m
my hin th ra 2 bin khc nhau tm dng p hay khng?
ng lo, my lm h ta ri, hy kim tra ngay gi tr 2 bin X, Y khi y, cc bn s
X 2
nhn c:
1
Y
Vy dng lng gic l z 2 cos i sin

4
4
Ni chung, MODE COMP, cn chuyn dng i s sang lng gic ca s phc

z a bi , ta tnh biu thc Pol (a, b) (lu ci du phy! ), sau m 2 bin X, Y xem
ln lt dng p ca r v m my tnh.
Th VD2 tm s khc bit thy r:
VD2. Chuyn sang lng gic w 2 i
Sau khi tnh Pol (2,1) thu c r 2,236067977; 0, 463647609 , ta kim tra 2 bin X,
X 5
Y th c 1 kt qu hi tht vng:
Y 0,463647609
1
n gin v gi tr Y arctan , nn chng c l do g m hin th dng p c!
2
VD3. cc bn tm ra nt no chuyn s sau v dng i s: z 2 cos i sin

3
3
Nu chu kh my m, th nt "Rec" s nhanh chng li ra thi!
Cc bn n SHIFT 2 SHIFT )

, th trn mn hnh s hin: Rec 2,
3
3
Xong n thu c kt qu: X 1; Y 1,732050808

y cng chnh l gi tr phn thc v phn o ca dng i s, v tng t, ta cng m
X 1
X v Y xem s chnh xc:
Y 3
Vy dng i s l: z 1 3i
Cng nh 2 VD trc, nu s qu xu th my cng khng lm r c d m X, Y
xem, chng hn nh s phc z 3 cos i sin . V ci s xu y hon ton khng

5
5
thuc dng nghim ca PT v t nh phn II cc bn hc u nh, nn ng c truy

dng p lm g cho mt cng (mun th phi gii tay), v chng trong thi chng ai ra qui
g nh vy c!
Kt lun: MODE COMP, ta s dng Rec( r , ) v 2 bin X, Y tm dng i s ca
s phc z r (cos i sin )
MODE COMP nh vy l ht ri. Nu bn no li sng to ra c cch tnh cc php
tnh s phc c bn MODE COMP, chng hn nhn 2 s phc z1 1 i; z2 1 3i bng
cch tnh Pol (1,1) Pol (1, 3) , th xin hoan nghnh bn!
Ci s 2 2 m bn nhn c khi y ch l kt qu nhn 2 moun ( r1r2 ) ca chng m
thi! Nhng d sao bit khm ph nh vy cng l tt!
MODE COMP ht "t" cho s phc ri, do chng ta chuyn sang MODE 2
(CMPLX), y l MODE chuyn bit dnh ring cho s phc, v vy kh y chc nng
tnh ton n gin, nhng my ci phc tp cn trong thi th vn c thiu!
Ngoi ra vo y ri th ci Pol vi Rec MODE COMP kia b kha khng th dng.
Mnh xin gii thiu my chc nng chnh m cc bn nhn thy khi n SHIFT 2 trong
MODE ny:
+ 1 l "arg": vit tt ca argument, nn gip cc bn tm c i s ca dng lng
1
gic. Chng hn tnh arg(1 3i ) c
3
+ 2 l "conjg": vit tt ca conjugate, l 1 chc nng khng cn n, v n ch tnh cho ta

s phc lin hp m thi. Chng hn: Conjg ( 3 6i ) 3 6i
+ 3 l " r " th chc cc bn hiu: chuyn dng i s sang lng gic. Chng hn
tnh (1 3i ) r ta nhn c 2
+ 4 l " a bi ": ngc li vi 3. VD tnh 2 a bi thu c kt qu 1 3i

3
(hng dn dnh cho ngi khng bit g : nhp k hiu " " bng cch n SHIFT () ).
Cui cng, trong menu ny tuy khng c ch tnh moun nhng nu mun tnh 2 3i
th cc bn s dng SHIFT hyp nh bnh thng.
VD4. Hy tnh (2 3i )7 trong MODE CMPLX.
y l VD cc bn t lm cho mc a) ny!
b) Ly tha v khai cn
Bt u t mc ny s tm cch fix li my ci hn ch ca MODE CMPLX.
Li th nht: my bo "Math ERROR" khi nhp (2 3i )7 tnh VD4 mc a).
Ti sao li th? R rng tnh (2 3i ) 2 ; (2 3i )3 vn cho kt qu vo vo m?
Tht khng hiu l do ti sao nh sn xut li thit k cho my ch tnh c ly tha s
phc ti a l 3 thi, tnh t (2 3i ) 4 tr ln khng c ri (nh rng y l my fx570ES nh).
y khng phi li ca my nhng i vi chng ta th thc s l 1 li, do lc ny
mnh x l n gin bng cch: tnh tng phn.
2
Tc l thay v nhp (2 3i )7 , ta nhp (2 3i )3 (2 3i )3 (2 3i ) hoc (2 3i )3 (2 3i ) l

ra kt qu ngon lnh. Hi mt thi gian t, nhng min m bo cc m nhp vo 3 l
c.
My c 1 cch rt hay cc bn bit c cc bn nhp biu thc b li ch no, l
sau khi my bo li, nu cc bn n hoc th s thy con tr nm ngay xung quanh
ch nhp b li, t bit m sa li.
Li th hai: khng th tnh
Thm ch ta u i nhp vo
5 12i d rng kt qu khng xu: 5 12i (2 3i ) 2 .

(2 3i ) 2 cng p li "Math ERROR". May sao cn mi s
thc vn tnh nh thng, nhng ci li chng cn CMPLX lm g.

Cc bn bit l do ca hin tng ny khng? Hc s phc ri s khc bit!
By gi c c gii php, mnh da vo cng thc tng qut ly cn bc n ca s
phc z R (cos i sin ) , cng thc ny nm trong sch gio khoa 12 phn c thm.
2

l nu gi s w n z , th: w n R cos k
n
n
i
sin
k
(
k
0;
n 1)
Nh vy s phc z bt k s c n cn bc n khc nhau (v c n gi tr k thay vo cng

thc trn). V l l do my khng gii quyt vn ny v n khng bit ta cn ci cn
no (khng nh s thc ch cn tm 1 cn th t khc bit cn cn li).
By gi tng chnh l s dng cng thc trn, nhng s nhp lm sao gi tr k c
th dng CALC cho chy t 0 n n 1 , khi ta s thu c ln lt c n cn ca z
Do n cn u c chung
R nn chc chn phi nhp n | a bi |
Phn cn li l i s ca w, n c cha i s ca z nn phi c arg( a bi )

arg( a bi ) 2
Vy tm li l ta nhp biu thc: n | a bi |
M , trong bin M ta s
n
n
dng chy cc gi tr ca k
c ri, by gi tnh 2 cn bc 2 ca 5 12i
Mnh gn lun 5 12i A nhp cho nhanh:
arg( A) 2
A
M
2
2
n CALC tnh biu thc trn ln lt vi M = 0; M = 1 ta c kt qu: 2 3i; 2 3i

n gin ch cc bn? Vn ca s phc trong thi lc no ch th, vn l c nh
c biu thc trn m nhp hay khng. M mun nh th phi hiu cc chc nng c bn
m mnh gii thiu, t suy lun xy dng nn.
Th ln cui no: tm cc cn bc 4 ca s phc z 8 8 3i
S ny nhp tay hi lu, do lu 8 8 3i A sau dng cho tin. By gi nhp vo
biu thc
arg( A) 2
A
M v n CALC :
4
4
+ Vi M = 0 c cn th nht w1 3 i
+ Vi M = 1 c cn th hai w2 1 3i
+ Tng t M = 2; M = 3 thu c tip 2 cn i w3 3 i; w4 1 3i
Nh th l n ri, cho phn ny "D eng" thi!
c) Gii PT s phc
y l ci li th ba ca CMPLX: khng th s dng Solve. Trong khi thi li t khi
cho dng a thc bc 2 hoc 3 m dng MODE EQN.
Li ny hin mnh cha fix ht c, sau y xin a ra 1 cch gii PT s phc ch dnh
cho loi rt n gin.
VD1. Gii PT (1 2i )(3z i ) (2 i )( z 1) 0
Di nhng z ch c bc 1, rt l n gin.
Cm my tnh ln v lm nh sau: gi s z X Yi , th vo PT trn ri nhp vo my
biu thc: (1 2i )(3( X Yi ) i ) (2 i )(( X Yi ) 1)
Bm CALC cho X = 100; Y = 10000 ta thu c kt qu: 69496 50700i
c ri, by gi cc bn c on c mc ch (hoc bc tip theo) m mnh s lm
hay khng?
Nu cn nh mc 3b) th chc chn cc bn s on trng c phng php xp x m
mnh s p dng ngay dng di ny.
Ta tin hnh xp x: 69496 50700i 70000 50000i 7Y 5Yi
Quay li sa biu thc thnh: (1 2i )(3( X Yi ) i ) (2 i )(( X Yi ) 1) 7Y (5Y )i
Biu thc ny cho gi tr mi: 504 700i 500 700i 5 X 7 Xi
Do , ta tip tc sa: (1 2i )(3( X Yi ) i ) (2 i )(( X Yi ) 1) 7Y 5 X (5Y 7 X )i
Ln ny na l kt thc, kt qu cui cng l 4, vy ta c:
(1 2i )(3( X Yi ) i ) (2 i )(( X Yi ) 1) 7Y 5 X (5Y 7 X )i 4
Hay: (1 2i )(3( X Yi ) i ) (2 i )(( X Yi ) 1) 5 X 7Y 4 (5Y 7 X )i
Mt khc theo bi ra ta c: (1 2i )(3( X Yi ) i ) (2 i )(( X Yi ) 1) 0 . Do vo
5 X 7Y 4 0
10 14
MODE EQN x l nt ci h
l xong: z i
37 37
5Y 7 X 0
Cc bn c hiu l do ti sao cch ny ch s dng cho PT s phc dng rt n gin nh

trn khng, c th l dng khi thy z c bc 1?
Hy "tip chiu" VD sau thy s "tht bi"!
VD2. Gii PT s phc ( z 2 2i )( z 1 i ) 2 z 2 0
Gi s z X Yi nhp biu thc: (( X Yi )2 2i )( X Yi 1 i ) 2( X Yi )2
Ta nhn c kt qu: 3,029699 1010 9,99594010 1011 i 3 1010 1012 i
Ta thy nu xp x "n bin" th 3 1010 3X 5 l ng ch khng th xp x theo
mnh bin Y c. Nhng c iu nhn vo biu thc nhp ta thy X, Y u ch c bc 3
l ti a thi, do phi xp x "a bin" (chnh xc l 2 bin) mi ng.
3 1010 3 XY 2
C th
. Cch hiu di khng hp l, v nhn qua cng thy khng
10
3
3 10 3 X Y
c hng t no c bc ln hn 3
Cn 1012 Y 3 c th tm chp nhn.
Vy ta sa: (( X Yi ) 2 2i )( X Yi 1 i ) 2( X Yi ) 2 3 XY 2 (Y 3 )i
V nhn c kt qu: 296989998 405990202i 3 108 4 108 i
3 X 2Y
Tng t 3 10
ch khng phi l 3X 4 , nhng nhn biu thc th mnh
2
3Y
8
cm gic 3X 2Y ng hn! V do mnh cng cho lun 4 108 4X 2Y

Tip tc sa: (( X Yi ) 2 2i )( X Yi 1 i ) 2( X Yi ) 2 3 XY 2 3 X 2Y ( Y 3 4 X 2Y )i
C nhng ci gi l "chuyn by gi mi k" l v by gi mi dng n, mnh l lc
ny mnh mi ni thm 1 mo na kim tra xem bn c ang i ng hng trong phng
php xp x hay khng. l cn c kt qu ln ti.
Kt qu ln ny l: 3010002 5990202i 3 106 6 106 i
Kt qu ln ti, sau khi xp x m thy ci s m ca 10 nh hn ca kt qu trc , l
99% ang xp x ng.
y cn li 106 r rng nh hn 108 trc , vy l ng. Cn nu n bng th c
ngha l biu thc ta xp x ngay ln trc l ng dng nhng sai h s nn kt qu vn
cha gim m c. Nh y ta xp x thnh biu thc 3 X 2Y 4 X 2Yi l ng c dng
( X 2Y ) ln h s ( 3 v 4).
Quay tr li no, ta c: 3 106 6 106 i 3 XY 6 XYi
Kt qu nhn c l 10002 9798i 104 104 i X 2 X 2i
Haizz! Kt qu cui cng l: 2 202i 2 (2 X 2)i
Vy ni chung l:
(( X Yi ) 2 2i )( X Yi 1 i ) 2( X Yi ) 2
X 2 3 XY 2 3 XY 2 3 X 2Y (6 XY X 2 Y 3 4 X 2Y 2 X 2)i
By gi, gi s m khai trin trn l ng y, th chng ta s phi gii h PT sau:

X 2 3 XY 2 3 XY 2 3 X 2Y 0
. Cn nu khng ng th ph cng ri!
2
3
2
6
XY
4
X
Y
2
X
Cn v h ny th, chc khi gii!

Thc ra vic nhn s m ca 10 gim i on tnh chnh xc ch hp vi khai trin 1
bin m thi, thm na y li c thm s tham gia ca i, nn cng d sai.
Qua VD2 ny, cc bn chc hiu ht l do ta khng nn p dng phng php ny i
vi PT s phc m bc z khc 1.
M rng ra, nu PT m c cha cc i lng nh z , z.z , ... th cng b.
Trc khi lm thm 1 VD na cho thnh tho, mnh s ni thm my iu lu chnh
ca vn PT s phc ny.
Th nht bc cao hay thp th n cng l phn cc k n gin, thm ch cn n gin
hn c phn b) na y ch!
Th 2 nu m bt mnh phi gii cho ng ci VD2 kia, th mnh s chi "tr" khc ch
khng phi l ci kiu "nhc xc" nh trn na u! Tr y cng l phng php xp x,
nhng n gin hn nhiu, v s c th hin ngay sau y.
VD3. Gii PT (2 z 3 2i )(1 4i )
z 1
0
1 i
Kiu bi ny thuc loi "thng rng ku to", nhn th m z c bc 1 thi. Do mnh s

lm 2 cch, trong Cch th 2 l minh ha cho ci "tr khc" ni ngay trn.
Cch th 1
t z X Yi , nhp biu thc (2( X Yi ) 3 2i )(1 4i )(1 i ) ( X Yi ) 1
Vi ( X ;Y ) (100;10000) , ta c con s qu gi: 100700 68979i
Xp x nhanh: 100700 68979i (100000 700) 70000i (10Y 7 X ) 7Yi
B sung biu thc: (2( X Yi ) 3 2i )(1 4i )(1 i ) ( X Yi ) 1 10Y 7 X ( 7Y )i
Nhn ngay kt qu: 1021i (10 X 21)i
Sau khi kim tra, kt qu trn l ng. Vy bc khai trin phng trnh thnh cng
tt p!
(2( X Yi ) 3 2i )(1 4i )(1 i ) ( X Yi ) 1 10Y 7 X ( 7Y 10 X 21)i 0
(2( X Yi ) 3 2i )(1 4i )(1 i ) ( X Yi ) 1 7 X 10Y (10 X 7Y 21)i
210
7 X 10Y 0
210 147
149
H cn li giao cho EQN:
i
149 149
10 X 7Y 21 Y 147
149
Qu thc lc nhn ci nghim mnh hi git mnh, s sai, nhng ri khng sao, v VD
ton ba ra c m!
Cch th 2
Cch ny khi cn MODE chuyn bit lm g, thch lm COMP hay CMPLX cng
c.
vic thc hnh d dng hn, cc bn nn xem li VD3 v VD4 mc 3b) Khai trin
a thc cha tham s nu cha nh.
Theo tng mc , ta s dng bin X nhp z, bin M nhp i sau khai trin
n ra, ri sau gii tip th no th ty.
Vy ta nhp: (2 X 3 2M )(1 4M )(1 M ) X 1 (thy quen ch?).
Ln ny gn ( X ; M ) (100;10000) , ta nhn c: 7,91978987 1012
Nn nh M trong biu thc trn c bc cao nht l 3, cn X ch bc 1, l 1 c s ta
xp x cho ng hng: 7,91978987 1012 8 1012 8M 3
Quay li sa: (2 X 3 2 M )(1 4 M )(1 M ) X 1 8M 3
Phn tch kt qu mi: 8,02101301 1010 8 1010 8XM 2
Sa tip: (2 X 3 2 M )(1 4 M )(1 M ) X 1 8M 3 8 XM 2
C th m lm thi: 210130102 2 108 2M 2
Kt qu sau : 10130102 107 10XM (sao di vy ta? ).
Cn li: 130102 130000 100 2 13M X 2
Chnh xc ri (nh nguyn tc TGTTN c y), vy ta c:
(2 X 3 2M )(1 4M )(1 M ) X 1 8M 3 8 XM 2 2M 2 10 XM 13M X 2

Th li i vo M v nhm biu thc theo X, ta c PT sau khi khai trin l:
(8i 2 10i 1) x 8i 3 2i 2 13i 2 0 x
8i 3 2i 2 13i 2
210 147
i
2
8i 10i 1
149 149
Phn ny phi cho kt thc cng sm cng tt, phi khng?

2. Tch tch phn hu t
S phc mi, tch phn cng mi hn na, v t trc ti gi mnh lc tung Google
ln mi ch thy c 1 ngi nghin cu ra ci ny, chnh l Bi Th Vit (tt nhin
mnh khng dm ni l ch c mi bn y trn i ny! ). V k thut sau y chnh l ca
bn y.
0
2
dx
2
x
3
x
2
1
VD1. Tnh tch phn I
Cc bn hc s s tch phn khng th khng bit cch n gin nht cho bi ny

chnh l tch
2
2
2
x 3x 2 x 2 x 1
2
V iu d dng thc hin trn my tnh CASIO, rt l nhanh chng.

cc bn hiu bn cht cch lm ny, mnh s gii thch n nh sau:
Ci ta cn tm chnh l 2 h s a, b khi tch
2
a
b
c phi khng?
x 2 3x 2 x 2 x 1
2
( x 2) ?
By gi cc bn hy tnh cho mnh: lim 2
x 2 x 3 x 2
C phi l
2( x 2)
b( x 2)
2
b( x 2)
a
lim 2
( x 2) lim a
a
x 2 x 3 x 2
x 3x 2
x 1
x 1
x2
2
ng khng?
2
a
Tip theo ta li c lim 2
( x 1) b , iu ny hin nhin ri.

x 1
x 3 x 2 x 2
Nu cc bn ng th chng ta bc vo k thut CASIO nh!

Trc ht nhp vo my nh hnh sau:
2
( X 2)
2
X 3X 2
(nht thit phi nhp du ngoc ng trc! )
Do ta tnh gii hn khi x 2 nn ta s gn X 1 gi tr rt gn 2, c th cc bn cho

X 2 108 . V kt qu thu c l 2
Vy ta c h s u tin: a = 2
Tip theo li c:
2
a
b
, do tm b, tng t, ta quay li biu
x 3x 2 x 2 x 1
2
thc sa n thnh: 2
2 ( X 2) ( X 1) (y chnh l l do mnh nhc cc bn
X 3X 2
phi nhp du ngoc pha trc ngay t bc u ).

n CALC , cho X 1 108 ta nhn c tip 1,99999998 2 b
Vy:
2
2
2
x 3x 2 x 2 x 1
2
3
VD2. Tnh J
2
x 1
dx
x 4 x2 x 6
3
Dng EQN, ta c x 3 4 x 2 x 6 ( x 1)( x 2)( x 3) , do ta s tch ra lm 3 tch

phn con:
x 1
a
b
c
2
x 4x x 6 x 1 x 2 x 3
3
x 1
( x 1) , cho X 1 108 ta c 0,1666666675 , nhn c v

Tm a: nhp 3
2
x 4x x 6
khng chc chn lm, cho X gn s 1 thm 1 cht na xem sao: nhp X 1 1010 . Ln ny
c 0,1666666667 , s ny chnh l
1
6
Mo nh n, nu cc bn khng nhn ra c phn s no t 0,1666666667 , th hy s

dng chc nng lm trn ca my, ngha l cc bn s nhp li theo cch th cng s
0,166666666... vo my, nhp bao nhiu s 6 ty thch min l n phi di hn mn hnh
hin th. Sau n , my s lm trn cho ta a
x 1
1
( x 1) ( x 2) . Cho
Tm b: quay li sa biu thc thnh 3
2
x 4x x 6 6
X 2 108 ta c 0,3333333306 , chc l
1
, nhng nu cha yn tm c th th li
3
X 2 1010 (hoc nh hn th na)... Vng, ng l b
1
ri.
3
x 1
1
1
Tm c: li sa thnh 3
( x 1) ( x 2) ( x 3) . Cho lun
2
3
x 4x x 6 6
1
X 3 1010 cho yn tm, ta c: 0,4999999999 c
2
Cui cng kim chng biu thc:
x 1
1
1
1
(
x
1)
(
x
2)
( x 3)
x3 4 x2 x 6 6
3
2
Kt lun:
x 1
1
1
1
2
x 4 x x 6 6( x 1) 3( x 2) 2( x 3)
3
Rt nhanh, phi khng?

Cc bn c thc mc liu ta phi lm nh th no nu nh a thc bc 3 mu kia c
dng ( x x0 )( mx 2 nx p ) m tam thc mx 2 nx p li v nghim, khi tch lm sao
c?
Vng, vn cng n gin thi!
1
x2 2 x 3
dx
VD3. Tnh tch phn K 3
2
x
3
x
3
x
2
0
ng vn ang ni: x 3 3 x 2 3 x 2 ( x 2)( x 2 x 1) . Thc ra th dng n thay i

l chnh thi ch phng php th cng tng t:
x2 2 x 3
a
bx c
2
3
2
x 3x 3x 2 x 2 x x 1
X 2 2X 3
( X 2) ta c s p
Tm a: gn X 2 1010 cho biu thc 3
2
X
3
X
3
X
1,666666667 , tc a
5
3
x2 2x 3
a
Tm b, c th li khng nh th. Bi v ta c bx c ( x 2 x 1) 3
2
x 3x 3x 2 x 2
nn mnh ngh ngay n vic: xp x.
X 2 2X 3
5
( X 2) ( X 2 X 1) cho ta gi tr
Gn X = 1000, th biu thc 3
2
X 3X 3X 2 3
1993
2X 7
3
3
x2 2 x 3
1 5
2 x 7
Vy: 3

2
2
x 3x 3x 2 3 x 2 x x 1
1
VD4. Tnh tch phn L

0
x3 1
dx
x 4 x3 3x 2 x 2
ng dng phng php phn tch nhn t a thc bc 4 v nghim hc, ta phn tch
c x 4 x 3 3 x 2 x 2 ( x 2 1)( x 2 x 2)
Vy c ngha l phi tch:
x3 1
ax b
cx d
2
2
4
3
2
x x 3x x 2 x 1 x x 2
Ci kh nht bt ngun t vic mu b v nghim nh vy. Liu c th xp x c nh

VD3 na khng?
Ngh cch no c dng xp x c v kh, nhng nu chng ta chu kh quay li v c
lc li hng i tng nh b tc ging Bi Th Vit lm, th chc cc bn cng s
ngh ra.
Hng i chnh l s dng nghim ca mu nh cc VD trc lm! Nghim thc
th c lng tc ri, nhng chng ta cn nghim phc, phi khng?
Nghim ca x 2 1 0 l i , thch ci no th dng.
X 3 1
Nh vy ta c: ai b lim 4
( X 2 1)
3
2
x i X X 3 X X 2
X 3 1
Nhp my biu thc: 4
( X 2 1) ri cho X i 1010 thu c
3
2
X X 3X X 2
1,5 1010 0,9999999999i , t suy ra a 1; b 0
Khoan , va ri cc bn c lm c nh mnh hay khng? Hay l cho X i 1010

xong my bo Math ERROR?
Vy hy xem cc bn nhp li ch no nh, nhn quay li sau khi my bo li l
thy. Con tr nm ngay v tr m ca X 4 phi khng, ngha l li ci s m .
Nn nh rng bin X ca ta cha s phc, v theo nh mc 1b) th khi tnh ly tha s
phc khng c php nhp s m qu 3, l l do ti sao my bo li ton hc (Math
ERROR), thay v li c php (Syntax ERROR).
X 3 1
Sa li n gin: 3
( X 2 1) l n!
3
2
X X X 3X X 2
X 3 1
Vy ta s xp x cho biu thc 3
X ( X 2 1) ( X 2 X 2)
3
2
X X X 3X X 2
tm nt c, d
C th cho X = 1000, ta c 2001 = 2X + 1, tc c = 2; d = 1
x3 1
x
2x 1
Kt lun: 4
2
2
3
2
x x 3x x 2 x 1 x x 2
Bnh lun: cch dng nghim phc ny c 1 bt n, l nghim phc m phc tp nh

bi sau y th vic d h s t kt qu kh mt thi gian:
1
x3 1
VD5. Tnh tch phn I 4
dx
x 2 x2 x 2
0
Cho trc x 4 2 x 2 x 2 ( x 2 x 2)( x 2 x 1) v nghim ca 2 nhn t ( x 2 x 2)

1
7
1
3
i v
i , ri by gi cc bn t mnh th theo cch
v ( x 2 x 1) ln lt l
2 2
2 2
trn thy s bt li ca n nh.

T cc bn t rt ra kinh nghim khi la chn hng lm cho ph hp: theo hng
nghim phc hay l quay li lm theo cch lm truyn thng.
Cch truyn thng l quy ng ln, thay vi gi tr X lp h bc nht, ri gii.
N kh n gin thi, thm ch cch nghim phc m mc phi nghim cng knh th
cn b n vt mt y ch.
Gi gn v pht huy truyn thng th ai cng phi bit, th nhng khng bit cc bn
pht huy n c thm t no cha nh?
Hng tch:
x3 1
ax b
cx d
2
2
4
2
x 2x x 2 x x 2 x x 1
Quy ng ln ta c: x3 1 (ax b)( x 2 x 1) (cx d )( x 2 x 2)

n y thng thng l thay 4 gi tr x khc nhau lp h 4 n, phi khng? Nhng
nu t th ch cn 2 gi tr thi.
C th nhn lic qua h s bc cao nht v thp nht ca 2 bn, ri ng nht li, ta c:
a c 1
. Tip theo thay ngc ci ny vo ng thc:
2
d
x 3 1 [ax (1 2d )]( x 2 x 1) [(1 a ) x d ]( x 2 x 2)
Vy ch cn 2 gi tr x l c ci h 2 n. y chnh l 1 bc nh ca vic pht huy

truyn thng!
Ngoi ra mnh cng khng c g ni thm cho mc ny na!
3. Hnh hc gii tch
Mc ny mi thc s l mi nht! Ch tch phn th cng khng phi l l lm.
Thc ra v mi khai ph, nn s phc v ca CASIO i vi cc lnh vc hnh hc vn
cn th s lm, v c bit phi l loi hnh hc c cha s liu, ch hnh hc thun ty ch
c t duy hnh nh th vn cn tc.
Hi vng trong tng lai cc bn s nghin cu ra k thut CASIO p dng trong vic t
duy, suy lun bi ton hnh hc thun ty.
Mc ny ch yu l p dng chc nng c sn ca cc MODE s 3; 5; 8. Chng ta s i
vo c th 2 loi mi l nht, tr MODE th 5 - EQN, l do ti sao th khi phi ni.
a) MODE STAT
Trc tin cc bn nhn MODE 3 AC thy ch "STAT" nh xu, ri mnh ni tip.
y l MODE gii ton thng k, loi ton khng c trong thi Quc gia (tnh n nm
2015 ), do mnh ch khai thc kha cnh phc v cho hnh hc phng Oxy m thi.
C phi khi cc bn nhn MODE 3 th mn hnh hin nh th ny phi khng:
1:1 VAR
2 : A BX
3: _ CX 2
4 : ln X
5:e ^ X
7 : A X ^ B
6: A B ^ X
8 :1 / X
Kh hiu nh? Cc bn khm ph n bao gi cha?

Nu cha, xin mi cc bn c li 1 bng trong sch hng dn s dng my tnh CASIO
fx-570ES (loi cao hn tng t):
Cc bn khi cn tra xem ch "Hi quy" l ci qui g (bit ri cng tt), mnh s hng
dn lun trong cc VD v cc bn s bit n l ci "qui" g ngay thi!
VD1. Lp PT ng thng i qua 2 im: A(2;3), B(1;5)
Bm MODE 3 2 (ngha l tin hnh s dng ci th 2 trong bng trn), my s hin:
X
1
2
(Mnh to hnh khng c p cho lm! )
Trong bng ny cc bn nhp vo ln lt honh X, tung Y ca 2 im A, B, nh

hnh sau:
X
1
2
Y
2
1
3
5
(Nh nhp ng ch nh)
V ta chn chc nng th 2 trong bng trn l "Hi quy tuyn tnh", tc A + BX, nn
t nhng s liu ny, sau qu trnh hi quy my s cho ta 1 phng trnh ng thng c
cha 2 im A, B ny, v chnh l phng trnh cn lp. N c cng thc theo ng nh
trong bng chc nng ghi r, tc l y A BX (cn thn nh, khng phi l
y AX B ).
By gi, qu trnh hi quy va mi ni din ra u v lm sao xem c?

Cc bn AC tt bng d liu va nhp i, v bm SHIFT 1 7 , mn hnh s hin mt
ci menu l hoc...
xem h s A trong phng trnh y A BX , cc bn nhn 1 chn tip ci u tin
(l A phi khng?). Sau n .
Ta c A 4,333333333 , tip 1 pht phm S D nhn c s p
13
3
Tng t xem nt B, cc bn li SHIFT 1 7 vo menu lc ny, ri chn ci th 2,
l B thi.
n S D c B
2
3
Thay vo phng trnh y A BX ta c kt qu PT ng thng cn lp l:

y
13 2
x 2 x 3 y 13 0
3 3
Qu trnh hi quy hiu nm na l i tm cng thc chung.

Ngha l t ta 2 im A, B m cc bn nhp vo, my s tin hnh tm cng thc
chung lin h gia X v Y cho 2 im ny, v mi lin h ch c th l PT ng thng
AB m thi.
V v kt qu hi quy l 1 PT ng thng, nn mi gi l hi quy tuyn tnh.
T , nhn li bng lit k chc nng trong sch hng dn c trch pha trn, cc
bn c th t suy lun ra cc kiu hi quy cn li l nh th no ri y.
Vy ng nhin s c 1 thc mc: nu nhp thm im C vo bng d liu hi quy y,
liu n c th cho ta PT ng thng c khng?
Gi s ly im C ( 2;1) bt k, cc bn m li bng d liu trn bng cch nhn
SHIFT 1 2 , nhp thm ta im C xung di cng:
2
3
1
2
5
1
(ng l mnh khng phi v hnh na)
Ri quay li lm li cc bc trn kim tra A, B xem sao...
C phi phng trnh mi l y
40 3
x ? Tuy nhin PT ny li khng h cha im
13 13
no trong c 3 im trn.
L do th nht l im C ta chn bt k kia vn d khng h thuc ng thng AB c PT
2 x 3 y 13 0 tm, nn chng c thnh no c th lp ni ci PT ng thng i qua
c 3 im c!
Cn vic my vn cho kt qu y
40 3
x : y khng phi l n hin th ba bi, m l
13 13
ti ci l do th 2 ca ton thng k m cc bn khng cn tm hiu lm g.

Vy nu ta thay i C i, chng hn C (5;1) (ln ny ng l 3 im thng hng ri), cc
bn quay li bng ny sa d liu im C i ri xem kt qu thay i th no...
Vng, kt qu li ging nh PT th nht: 2 x 3 y 13 0
Vy ta c 2 kt lun:
+ KL 1: nu d liu nhp ch c 2 im A, B, my s cho phng trnh ng thng AB.
+ KL 2: nu d liu c im th 3 C, m PT nhn c khc PT AB, suy ra 3 im A, B,
C khng thng hng. Cn nu vn nhn c PT AB nh c, chng t A, B, C thng hng.
VD2. Lp PT parabol i qua 3 im: A(2;3), B (1;5), C ( 2;1)
Cc bn c d li c cu kt ca ci VD1 thuc mc 4c)3)) Phn tch PT v t cha 1
cn ca a thc bc cao khng?
Mnh ni l: "v cch tm c kiu bc 2 nh trn th sau ny mnh s cho cc bn 1 cch
tm khc nhanh hn th nhiu", v cch lm s c s dng trong VD2 ny.
Khi phn tch PT v t mnh cng hay s dng cch ny, n ch bt li ch phi i t
MODE COMP (dng gii PT) sang MODE STAT m thi.
Nguyn l dng ging VD1, c iu thay v chn MODE 3 2 , ta chn MODE 3 3 ,
s dng "Hi quy bc hai" - tm PT c dng y A Bx Cx 2 (cc bn ng thc mc ti
sao ci PT n li "tri khoy" nh vy nh, ci ti nh sn xut v mnh cng khng c
kin g thm! ).
Hoc c th nhn SHIFT 1 1 3 m nu ang sn MODE STAT ri.
V ci bng d liu hin ra y ht nh hi quy tuyn tnh:
X
1
2
3
Hnh thc n ging nhau v cch nhp liu khng c g khc, nhng bn cht chc nng
khc nhau r rng.
Cc bn hy t khm ph ra hng lm tng t nh VD1 xem no!
Nu kt qu PT parabol l y
20 1
7
x x 2 th l ng.
3 2
6
Tng t VD1, sau khi nhp xong d liu, ta tt bng i ri n SHIFT 1 7 ri ln lt

chn 1 , 2 , 3 xem A, B, C.
V hy nh ci PT my n cho l y A Bx Cx 2 ch khng phi l y Ax 2 Bx C
nh lu nay vn thy trong sch, vit trong v.
Cui cng, ging nh VD1, nu cc bn c thm im D m mun kim tra xem n c
thuc parabol i qua A, B, C hay khng, th ta cng s dng ci PT lp c t 4 im A, B,
C, D. Nu n ging PT nh khi d liu ch c A, B, C th thuc, ngc li th khng.
Cc dng hi quy cn li trong bng chc nng nu cc bn thch th vc, khng th
thi! V phn hnh phng trong thi MODE ny theo mnh ch c ny thi.
b) MODE VECTOR
MODE ny th hn nhiu ngi bit hn, nn mnh s khng ni nhiu, v khi hc nhng
ci lin quan n php tnh vector trong hnh hc gii tch Oxyz th cc bn cng u c
khm ph, bt ngun t vic tnh tch c hng.
Khi cc bn nhn MODE 8 , mn hnh xut hin 3 vector A, B, C la chn, thch ci
no th dng.
Gi s mnh bm 1 chn vector A, my li hi tip l mun chi Oxyz hay Oxy!
Thng thng MODE ny chng ta ch dng tnh tch c hng thi, cho nn mnh chn
tip 1 tc chn loi vector c 3 ch s ta (trong khng gian Oxyz m).
By gi mn hnh hin nh th ny th ta c nhp vo 3 ta ca vector a (1;2;3) nh
bnh thng thi:

A
3]
3
Vy ta nhp xong 1 vector.
Nhng 1 ci th lm c g, mun thm vector b(2; 1;1) vo, cc bn nhn tip

SHIFT 5 1 ri chn 2 (vector B), ri nhp thng tin nh thng.
Nhn SHIFT 5 chnh l m ci menu chc nng ca MODE ny, cc bn c th

thy 3 cch xem li d liu nhp vo 1 vector no . Cch 1 l chn 2 (Data), ri
chn vector mun xem. Cch 2 l chn trc tip vector mun xem trong s 3 phm 3 ; 4 ; 5
(tng ng 3 vector A, B, C), ri . Cch ngi dng nht l SHIFT 5 1 1 1 .

By gi n khon tnh tch c hng n [a , b]
Trong my tnh, php tnh ny c vit nh 1 php nhn bnh thng, ngha l ch cn
nhp vo mn hnh VctA VctB ri nhn l xong. Thao tc ni chung c 8 phm:
SHIFT 5 3 SHIFT 5 4
Kt qu nhn c l n (5;5; 5) , rt p!
Trong menu va ri cc bn thy phm th 7 l chc nng "Dot" c phi khng? Ci

chnh l tnh tch v hng.
C th nhp vo: VctA VctB ri , ta c tch v hng l 3
Vy l xong ci MODE th hai.
c) Sng kin gii h bc nht 4 PT 4 n
Ti sao ci ny li nm phn hnh hc?
+ Th nht bn i s khng c ch no cho n "sng" c.
+ Th hai: thnh thong trong bi hnh gii tch Oxyz ta lp PT mt cu hay mt phng i
qua 1 s im cho trc (m cc bn u bit my PT u c 4 h s phi tm), tuy khng
nhiu, nhng n cng l h PT bc nht 4 n 4 PT, m ta cn gii.
x y z t 0
2 x z 2t 1
VD1. Gii h PT:

y 2 z 3t 2
x y t 1
Trc ht ta loi i phng trnh phc tp nht trong h, theo mnh l PT th 3, vy ta

x y z t 0
cn li h: 2 x z 2t 1
x y t 1
Mnh khng c nh sng to 1 phng php "s m" cho gii h PT loi ny u,
thc cht vn ch l xp x "c hu" m thi.
Tip theo mnh th t 1000 vo ci h mi trn, thu c 1 h mi hn na:
x y z 1000
2 x z 2001
x y 1001
By gi mnh s dng EQN, nghim thu c ng dng phng php xp x biu din
x 1001 t 1
li cc bin x, y, z theo t: y 2002 2t 2
z 1
By gi, th ht x, y, z theo t trn vo ci PT ta b i h ban u, ta c PT bc

3
2
5
nht 1 n t: ( 2t 2) 2 3t 2 t
6
5
y
2
3 6
Kt lun: nghim l ( x; y; z; t ) ; ;1;
5
5 5
Vy t 1 h PT bc nht 4 n, 4 PT ta quy v 1 h PT bc nht 3 n 3 PT v 1 PT bc

nht ring l, thng qua phng php xp x.
tng ca mnh khi ngun t cu hi u tin l: lm sao gii c h 4 n bng cch
dng EQN.
"gii tr" thm cht na, mi cc bn gii th VD2!
2 x y 2 z 5t 1
x 7 y z 4t 0
VD2. Gii h sau:

y z t 3
x y 4 z 1
x 7 y z 4000
Vt lun ci PT u tin i, ri th t = 1000, ta c h mi: y z 1003

x y 4z 1
7089 7t 89
2363
3
3
990 t 10
Gii h ny ta thu c:
y 330
3
3
2019
2t 19
z 673 3 3
49
7t 89 t 10
2t 19
Th n vo PT u tin ca h gc: 2
2
5t 1 t
3
3
2
3
521
29
y
6
68
z 3
Ci ch mnh thy lo nht chnh l ch xp x x
7t 89
, nhn n khng c chc chn
3
nh y vi z, nhng cui cng, th cng chnh xc, nu khng ng th sa li thi.

Ci vic lm sao xp x cho ng, th ngoi vic hc cc k thut v linh hot ra, cn
phi tp nhiu bi n dy dn kinh nghim. Cn v 1 s lu xp x chnh xc th mnh
cho cc bn thy trong nhng ln s dng trc , nn s chng cn thm VD3 lm g
na.
Nh vy nu thm 1 n na th vn c th gii c bng phng php trn, l n t 5
n xung 3 n bng cch th 2 n bt k ln lt l 1000 v 1000000 (!), hoc 100 v 10000,
ri cng xp x. C iu s khng c bi no 5 n c.
Nhng 6 n th thi ri, kt thc lun!
4. Chng minh bt ng thc i xng
y l vn khng phi l nh m l khng chu hc, ai cng bit th, v c m 9 c
l l nhiu i vi nhng bn hc kh, thm ch l gii Ton.
Bi th, mnh cng khng khuyn khch cc bn hc nhiu ci ny lm g, v k thut
y cng khng gip c nhiu g, bi vy cc bn cn phi hc ly nhng kin thc thun
ty (khng c my tnh).
Vic hc BT trong thi THPT Quc gia khng phi l kh lm v n khng v tn v
kinh khng nh bn cht ton vn ca BT Ton hc, n ch c my phng php chnh nh
ng dng 2 BT c bn (Cauchy, Bunhia), v a v 1 bin ri o hm, him khi ngi ta
ra khng.
C ngi thy tng ni: phng php tt nht hc tt tch phn l hc cng thc v
c tht nhiu bi gii sn. Theo mnh cc bn c kh nng lm c BT trong thi
ny, th ngoi p dng tt 2 BT c bn cng phi c thm nhiu bi gii sn na.
By gi ta i vo vn chnh, s dng phng php tip tuyn c/m BT i xng.
Dng ton thng p dng tip tuyn l nh sau: cho x1 x2 ... xn k , chng minh
rng P f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) ... f ( xn ) m (hoc c th bt tm min P ). Chiu ngc li c/m
tng t.
Vi BT i xng, thng thng im ri (l b gi tr ca bin du "=" xy ra) l gi
tr ca tt c cc bin bng nhau, c th dng ny ta d on im ri l xi
k
(i 1; n) .
n
V phng php tip tuyn s c p dng theo cc bc sau:

+ Bc 1: lp PT tip tuyn y pxi q ca hm s y f ( xi ) ti im c honh
xi
k
(trong i 1; n ).
n
+ Bc 2: c/m f ( xi ) pxi q vi du "=" xy ra ti xi
k
n
+ Bc 3: cng v ri kt lun: P p ( x1 x2 ... xn ) nq pk nq

VD1. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn a b c 3 . Chng minh rng:
1 1 1
2 2 a 2 b2 c2
2
a b c
Ta vit li BT:
1
1
1
a 2 2 b 2 2 c 2 0 , nh vy l ng dng p dng tip tuyn
2
a
b
c
ca chng ta: P f ( a) f (b) f (c) 0

D on im ri: a b c 1
ngoi giy nhp, ta gi s f (a ) pa q , by gi lm sao s dng my tnh tm p
vi q y?
p f '(1)
n gin, v y pa q l PT tip tuyn th y f (a ) ti a = 1, nn
q f (1) p
Cm my tnh ln v s dng chc nng tnh o hm ti im: nhn SHIFT
trn
mn hnh s hin ra
d
() |x , ng th khng?
dx
Mun tnh f '(1) , ta nhp biu thc hon chnh l
d 1
2
2 X ri nhn , vy ta
dx X
x1
thu c p 4 , t q f (1) p 4
By gi trnh by bi lm: ta s i chng minh
1
a 2 4a 4 ...
2
a
Phn vic ca my tnh n ht ri, cn li cc bn t c/m tip.
Tng t ta cng c
1
1
b 2 4b 4; 2 c 2 4c 4
2
b
c
Cng v cc BT li ta c:
1
1
1
a 2 2 b 2 2 c 2 4( a b c) 12 4.3 12 0 ( dpcm)
2
a
b
c
VD2. Cho cc s dng a, b, c, d tha mn a b c d 1 . Chng minh rng:

6(a 3 b3 c3 d 3 ) a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2
1
8
Trc ht xc nh hm s cn ly tip tuyn: f ( a ) 6a 3 a 2
Th hai xc nh im ri: a b c d
1
4
1
p f '
4
Th 3 xc nh tip tuyn y pa q ti im a , ta c:
4
q f 1 1 p

4 4
S dng my tnh tnh biu thc
d
5
1
ta c p , t suy ra q
(6 X 3 X 2 )
1
dx
8
8
x
4
5
1
Vy cc bn i chng minh BT nh: 6a 3 a 2 a
8
8
Sau cng cng v bn chng li ri nhn ly kt qu:

5
1 5 1 1
6( a3 b3 c 3 d 3 ) (a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2 ) ( a b c d ) ( dpcm)
8
2 8 2 8
VD3. Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c. Chng minh rng:
(2a b c ) 2
(2b c a) 2
(2c a b) 2
8
2a 2 (b c) 2 2b 2 (c a ) 2 2c 2 (a b) 2
Trong thi khng c chuyn "chun ha", nhng do tnh i xng ca BT nn ngoi
giy nhp ta c quyn "chun ha" a b c 3 d on im ri a b c 1, ri tm ra
hng gii cho trng hp a b c 3 , khi bng vo ch vic gii theo cch tng t l
c.
Nhn qua BT ny, chc chn nhiu ngi thy bt lc vi ci tip tuyn, nhng khi
chun ha a b c 3 ri th ch sa i 1 t l s ra hm 1 bin ngay, c th nh sau:
(2a b c ) 2
(2b c a ) 2
(2c a b) 2
2a 2 (b c) 2 2b 2 (c a) 2 2c 2 ( a b) 2
(a 3) 2
(b 3) 2
(c 3) 2
2a 2 (3 a ) 2 2b 2 (3 b) 2 2c 2 (3 c) 2
a 2 6a 9 b 2 6b 9
c 2 6c 9
3a 2 6a 9 3b 2 6b 9 3c 2 6c 9
a 2 6a 9 b 2 6b 9 c 2 6c 9
Vy ta cn c/m: 2
24
a 2a 3 b 2 2b 3 c 2 2c 3
Ch ci iu kin a, b, c dng nn a, b, c (0;3) .

a 2 6a 9
n y d ri, tm c tip tuyn l y 4a 4 vy ta s i c/m 2
4a 4 v
a 2a 3
2 BT tng t.
Vy nu b n vo thi th phi trnh by nh th no?
n gin, ch cn chuyn n v bi ton gii quyt ngoi giy nhp l c.
Tc l: t a kx; b ky; c kz (k 0) sao cho x y z 3 , khi ta c x, y , z (0;3)
(2 x y z ) 2
(2 y z x) 2
(2 z x y ) 2
v BT cn c/m tr thnh: 2
8
2 x ( y z )2 2 y 2 ( z x)2 2 z 2 ( x y)2
Chng ta s sang VD4, tng qut hn mt cht.

VD4 ny s cho cc bn tip xc vi dng tng qut ca phng php tip tuyn chnh l
phng php h s bt nh (UCT), y l 1 phng php cc d nm bt.
VD4 ta s lm c dng: cho x1 , x2 ,..., xn 0 tha mn g ( x1 ) g ( x2 ) ... g ( xn ) k ,
chng minh rng P f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) ... f ( xn ) m
y l BT i xng nn im ri d on s l xi x0 (i 1; n) .
k m
Ta gi s BT ph cn c/m c dng: f (t ) g (t ) , du "=" xy ra ti t x0

n n
Vn l cn tm xem bng bao nhiu.

k m
Theo trn ta c hm s h(t ) f (t ) g (t ) s t cc tr ti t x0 , ni cch

n n
khc: h '( x0 ) 0 f '( x0 ) g '( x0 ) 0
Vy BT ph ta cn c/m l: f (t )
Nh vy ta s c f ( xi )
f '( x0 )
g '( x0 )
f '( x0 )
k m
g (t )
g '( x0 )
n n
f '( x0 )
k m
trong
g
(
x
)
1;
n
i
g '( x0 )
n n
Cng cc BT ph li ta c: P
y chnh l phng php UCT.
f '( x0 )
g ( x1 ) g ( x2 ) ... g ( xn ) k m m (dpcm)
g '( x0 )
Trong phng php ny, cc bn cn phi nm thm 1 mo na ca ci iu kin, l
nu m cho (hoc ta chun ha) g ( x1 ) g ( x2 )...g ( xn ) k thay v tng nh trn, th p
dng c phng php ny, cc bn cn chuyn n v dng tng bng cch ly logarit 2 v:
ln[ g ( x1 ) g ( x2 )...g ( xn )] ln k ln g ( x1 ) ln g ( x2 ) ...ln g ( xn ) ln k
Vy cu hi t ra l ci BT ph trn c chc ng hay khng?

p: n khng phi lun ng, nhng hu ht ng trong loi bi m cc bn s thi. Nu
nh may n khng ng, khi ta phi chia trng hp theo iu kin ri xt s i du, n
kia... gii quyt tip.
c ri, by gi chng ta p dng lm VD4.
VD4. Cho a, b, c dng tha mn a 2 b 2 c 2 3 . Tm GTNN ca biu thc:
1 1 1
P 3( a b c ) 2
a b c
2
2
2 f (t ) 3t
Vit li P 3a 3b 3c
t
a
b
c
2
g (t ) t
BT ph ta cn c/m c dng: f (t ) pt 2 q
V im ri chnh l a b c 1, do theo cng thc chng minh, ta bm my c
d
2
3X
dx
X x1 1
1 9
p
, t suy ra q f (1)
d
2 2
2
(X 2)
dx
x 1
Vy ni chung im quan trng ca bi ton l ta phi c/m BT: 3a

1 bin, khng c g l kh c, cc bn t lm tip nh!
2 1 2 9
a
a 2
2
VD5. Cho a, b, c 0 . Chng minh:
a(a 2 bc) b(b 2 ca) c(c 2 ab)
0
2a 2 bc
2b 2 ca
2c 2 ab
Bi ny li kh hn c VD3 na, nhng nu ta chun ha, vy ti g y khng

chun ha 1 pht nh!
Nhn theo cm th ta nhn thy BT cn c/m ch cha 2 s hng l a v bc, mt khc phi
chun ha lm sao cho n c dng f (a ) f (b) f (c ) 0 , do ta chun ha abc = 1
1
1
1
a a2 b b2 c c2
a
b
c

0
Khi , BT trn tr thnh:
1
1
1
2
2
2
2a
2b
2c
a
b
c
Vit gn li l
a(a 3 1) b(b3 1) c(c 3 1)
0
2a 3 1
2b3 1
2c 3 1
iu kin abc = 1 cha ng dng ta cn, v th ta p dng logarit ha:

ln( abc ) ln1 ln a ln b ln c 0 im ri l a b c 1
a(a 3 1)
Vy theo UCT, ta phi c/m BT ph:
p ln a q , trong :
2a 3 1
d X4 X
dx 2 X 3 1 x 1
p
1 q f (1) ln1 0
d
(ln( X ))
dx
x 1
BT
a(a 3 1)
ln a cc bn c c/m c khng? V n cha ln a l hm khc loi v
2a 3 1
thao tc kh so vi hm a thc nn lc ny ch c o hm l c/m c d nht thi!

Mc ny mnh ch a 5 VD cng vi phng php ph bin nh vy thi, phng php
ny d s dng nn mnh khng phi thm t g na, cc bn c th search Google tm
thm bi tp dng ny nu mun luyn tp v khm ph!
LI KT
D liu ca mnh l cun sch ny s ra mt vo nm 2014 cc bn cng tui mnh
(sinh nm 1997) c ti liu luyn thi nm 2015, nhng do 1 s vic quan trng khc khin
mnh hon n li n tn 23/8/2015 mi hon thnh c.
V by gi, n tr thnh ti liu luyn thi cho 98er tr v sau v l ngun tham kho cho
bt k ai mun nghin cu cc k thut CASIO phc v cho vic hc tp.
Cun sch ny l tm huyt ca mnh trong thi gian gn 1 nm ri, n l mt cun
sch tng hp v sng to nhng chiu thc s dng my tnh CASIO trong hc tp rt qu
gi. Mnh son n khng ch v am m nghin cu Ton hc m cn hng n mc tiu
gp phn vo vic ti u ha im s mn Ton ca nhng th h hc sinh pha sau.
Do , hi vng cc bn sau khi hc xong, hy khng nhng dng n phc v tch cc cho
vic hc tp, m cn dng n truyn cm hng sng to cho nhng th h sau ca mnh.
Mt c m nh nhoi, c vy thi!

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Lm Hu Minh - sherlockttmt@gmail.

NHP MN K THUT CASIO

I. Mt s k thut n gin nhng quan trng

Khi nhp nh th ny, bn s:

, biu thc ang xut hin c chn ngay ln t s ca 1 phn thc no

. Tip tc cc thao tc chnh sa ta thu c:

(ch phi c du ngoc n di mu!)

By gi cc bn tip tc cho my gii PT

ng c thay i, c th m cho n gii thi!

li cho my gii, khng cn quan tm cc gi tr X, A, B lm g

Vng, ln ny my bo Cant Solve, ngha l PT

cch khc, PT cho khng cn nghim no khc ngoi 2 nghim A, B na c.

Ni ra c v bun ci, nhng thc ra khng phi cc bn c th 2 gi tr X bt k l c

VD. Ta bit cc ng thc lng gic sau y l ng:

my nh sau: cos( X ) sin( X ) 2 cos X (lu nu cc bn ghi

t ch radian, nu khng b sai li trch mnh! ).

S dng CALC tnh biu thc f ( x) cos x sin x 2 cos x , nu ai khng

bit k thut ny, thng thng s gn X 0 hoc p nh X , v thu c kt qu:

f (0) f ( ) 0 f ( x) 0 cos x sin x 2 cos x , hon ton sai!

Thay vo , vi k thut trn, ta cho X = 1 i, thu c f (1) 1,68294197 v kt lun

lun cos x sin x 2 cos x (khc nhau th ch cn 1 gi tr l ).

Do , quay li biu thc nhp, mnh sa thnh cos( X ) sin( X ) 2 cos X

(vn theo nhng g nh mang mng! ).

Vy ta kt lun chc chn: cos x sin x 2 cos x

II. Nhng k thut phc tp

+ Nghim v t thuc dng PT bc 2: x

V PT m v loga l loi d nht, nn mnh s khng ni thm na. Cc bn trong qu

gii trn thc ra l tnh gii hn.

99,09375454 ( L R tc l Left Right : v tri v phi, t nghim X ).

l nhng g my p li khi ta cho gi tr ban u X = 0 gii PT sau:

x 4 6 x3 2 x3 2 x 2 102264320,3 nn khng th no chp nhn ni!

Vy th lc ny, cc bn ng bn khon thm na, ly lun ci 4,738342233 lm

L R 0 , khi sai s ca nghim cng nh hn, ni cch khc n gn nh l nghim ng,

Vy nu my hin X 1, 250000001 th ngha l th no? n gin ri, X 1,25

Nhn ci nghim ng s th nhng m n ch l loi thng rng ku to m thi!

Nh hng dn mc 2, cc bn nn cho gi tr ban u X = 0 gii, vic ny cng

k 2 (k ) . Nu cho X = 0 th my cho cc bn nghim

nh th no? C phi X 1,570796191 khng? Nghim kh xu, v du thot ra mn hnh

vi vic nhn S D l v ch). Lc ny, trong trng hp my cho s nh vy c mt vi

By gi cc bn th gii li vi gi tr ban u kh ln xem sao, m thi, hi ln nh

X 15 thi cng c, c phi nghim l X 14,13716706 khng? Vng, du cho X ln

c. Nghim trn ng vi k = my? Ly X chia th xem?

k 2 4,5 d dng suy ra k 2 x

Cc bn thy ci bt li ca vic cho gi tr ban u ca X qu ln hay qu nh ri ch?

Khi gp nhng trng hp nh vy cc bn ng chia m nn p dng cch th 2

Ti sao li c s khc nhau ?

s thuc 1 trong 2 h nghim l x kb1 hoc

kb2 . iu khng nh tip rng cc bn nn dng c sin ln cos th.

Vi nhng nghim xu nh vy, sau khi xc nh c phn chnh a ta s s dng lun

xem xt b theo hng t nguyn n khng nguyn.

u thc ra l mt, v TH3 th bao trong 2 TH u ri, vy nn h nghim ng l

+ Nu nghim nhn c khng phi a , ta tnh kb

sau s s dng CT nghim ly c dng p ca n! Cc bn c yn tm rng l

VD1. Ta t gi thuyt rng ang cn truy nghim x

y l 1 nghim rt quen thuc. Cc bn hy trit dng p ca n bng cch tnh

nghim ta lu ch hin th c 1,618033989 m khng phi l dng p ban u, v

Cc bn hiu nguyn tc ri ch? Tip tc nh!

VD2. Tng t VD1 cc bn hy ph dng p ca nghim x

i xng! Cn Step = 1 th c nguyn thng s khng phi thay i u.

f ( X ) A2 XA , nu trc cc bn vn thy bn khon khi mnh ni cu cho ngay h s

Ok ri ch cc bn, ch cn ci cng thc nghim ca PT bc 2 l ta s hiu c

Gii biu thc ny, ta li c 1 nghim na: X = 1, rt l bt ng!

V ta c tip X 1 . Vy r rng PT c 1 nhn t bc 2: ( X 2 1)

bn s thu c 1 s khin ta mt hng: X 498,5