Script Presenter 1 Magic Lantern

The magic lantern used a concave mirror in back of a light source to direct as much of the light as possible through a small rectangular piece of glassa "lantern slide" on which was the painted or photographic image to be projected, and onward into a lens at the front of the apparatus. The lens was adjusted to optimally focus the plane of the slide at the distance of the projection screen, which could be simply a white wall, and it therefore formed an enlarged image of the slide on the screen.

Thaumotrope What we have here is a thaumotrope. It was produced in the Victorian times and was used as more of a game. It was discovered in caves in France! A good example of this is this quick video of a bird and a cage. You get a small disc then draw a bird on one side and a cage on the other. You then tie string at the top and bottom of the disc. As you spin it fast, it manages to look as if the bird is actually in the cage! Clever or what!?
Praxinoscope It was invented in France in 1877 by Charlesmile Reynaud. It is an animation piece where you use a disc of paper and draw the same images in a circle but slowly changing it as you go around. You then put the disc onto the praxinoscope. As you spin it, the animation makes it look as if its a moving image!

First photo taken The development of a camera and with the creation of permanent images was produced 1790. The permanent images where created by Thomas Wedgwood. It then was put

together and produced by a French inventor, Joseph Nicephore Niepce in 1826. The first photo taken was off a roof top in Le Gras. It is a black and white faded image. Eadweard Muybridge horse clip The production was shot and produced in 1881. His idea was to try and see if there is a point where all four feet leave the ground. He managed to film it by setting up tripped wires on the ground attached to 12 cameras. As a hoof would touch the ground it would a trigger and set of a camera. It then took the 12 pictures of each step. Can anyone guess how many hooves touch the ground at a time? 1! Lumiere brothers The Lumiere brothers were the first to make a film. They managed to produce the first ever video recorder that in French was pronounced a cinematographe that they produced in 1934. The first ever film was recorded on March 19, 1895. The film is exactly 46 seconds and is of the workers leaving the Lumiere factory. The factory was first owned by their father and they worked for him. As he retired, they took over and produced the recorder. The Lumires held their first private screening of projected motion pictures in 1895. This was very important at this point because this is when the world is changing, it is a large difference made into the developing world. Their first public screening of films at which admission was charged was held on December 28, 1895, at Salon Indien du Grand Caf in Paris. Each film made by the Lumieres is 17 meters long, which, when hand cranked through a projector, runs approximately 50

seconds. It is believed their first film was actually recorded that same year (1895) with Lon Bouly's cinmatographe device, which was patented the previous year. The cinmatographe a three-in-one device that could record, develop, and project motion pictures was further developed by the Lumires. The public debut at the Grand Caf came a few months later and consisted of short clips. Film and video difference When researching the difference between film and video, I found a documented video of a woman named Sally Wiener Grotta. She is a specialist in film and she finds the most important part of it all is technology. She explained Its like asking the difference between using a gas oven or electric stove. This means that the technology makes the difference between them both. It is then explained in the research given by a website, http://owyheesound.com/video-vs-film.php That the biggest difference between film and video is the contrast latitude of the mediums. This means what are the amounts of steps in the value scale between black and white. Film compared to video has a smooth gradation between values. Video can handle a small range of values, measured in stops; good video cameras can read 5 stops in light. Whereas using film, it could possibly read 8 to 12 stops. This is a huge difference. Colour is the next biggest difference. Video has fewer colours than film. Film is more advanced with the colour because it has had more time to develop and succeed in progress. The third would be interlaced image. Most video cameras use interlaced scanning. It is two images are used to produce one

framed image. This process of capturing and playing back an image gives video a very different look than film which is one whole picture played after another. The last difference between film and video is frame rate. Video shoots 30 interlaced frames per second were film shoots 24 frames per second. With video, it is actually 2 sets of half images 30 times a second. This means that is has some of the quality of 60 frames a second. This wouldnt be seen as a good thing though. Analogue and digital In analogue technology, a wave is recorded in its own form. So when using an analogue tape recorder, a signal is taken straight from the microphone and laid onto tape. The wave on the tape can be read, amplified and sent to a speaker to produce the sound. In digital technology, the analogue wave is sampled at some interval, and turned into numbers that are stored in the digital device such as a cd. Two advantages of digital technology are that the recording does not degrade over time; and that groups of numbers can be compressed by finding patterns in them. Shot Types A mid shot is from the waist up. It shows detail from her face and her emotions are shown clearly. You can also see her body language to show how she is reacting to something. Her clothes are also shown and so you can he what she is wearing, so you can then go on to imagine where she is going, where she has been, what class she is, more of her personality is given to the audience. An extreme close up could be of a character eyes. It shows in detail her emotion. It is more intense so is often

used in horrors and thrillers to ad impact on the audience. An over the shoulder shot is taken from behind the opposing character. It is from behind the person looking at the subject. This is used when two people are in a conversation. It is normally used as a mid-shot or close up. You can clearly see the characters facial expression and body language. An establishing shot is exactly what it says. It establishes, shows the scene. It could be of a building, or buildings. It is to show the audience where the characters are. It helps you know where they are going, what they are doing there. A close up could be of someone's face. It is a clear view of the characters facial expression. Her face will fill most of the screen. Her emotional state is shown. A medium close up shows the face clearly without getting uncomfortably close. It shows her face and just below her shoulders. Its in-between a close up and a mid-shot. A point of view shot is of someone for example pointing to something or someone. The character is behind the camera so you see clearly what the character sees. It could also be of a close up such as your reflection is the other characters glasses. A two shot is off two characters in the same frame. They have to be the same distance from the screen next to each other. It is similar to a mid-shot. You can clearly see both characters facial expressions and their reactions to an object.

A wide shot can also be classed as a long shot. It shows the backgrounds and scene as well as people. The subject takes up the full frame, well as much as comfortable. An extreme long shot is to simply show the setting. You put the subject, such as a building, in the centre of the screen. It is to show the audience where the next scene will be shot. A worms eye view is used in filming to look up to something to make the object look tall. Eye level is a near close up of a characters face. The camera has to be level to the characters eyes. This shows her facial expression. It is a naturel level, realistic shot. Her face will take up two thirds of the screen to the left or right. Birds eye view is simple to the name. It is taken from above all the action. It is a dramatic effect for showing different spaced prospective. It could be used if a lot of action is taken at one time in a large space. A high angle is where the shot is taken from a slant from above the object or character. It is of them looking down. It makes the object or character look weaker. A low angle is where the camera is looking up at the character. It makes the character or object look like the dominant feature, more powerful. It makes you feel a lot smaller. A ground shot is taken from the ground.it could be of someone lying down. It is normally a close up, such as the characters shoes as they walk or stand; maybe even before they even put them on.

Jump Cuts The director of the film Breathless was a man named Jean-Luc Godard. It was his first
feature-length work, and one of the earliest, and most influenced o the French. At the time, the film attracted much attention for its bold visual style and usage of jump cuts. The jump cuts were unusual because the use of jump cuts was explained as representing the meaninglessness of the time interval between moral decisions by Andrew Sarris. Rissient said that the jump cut style was not intended during the film's shooting or the initial stages of editing. To hide a jump cut you would usually add transitions into it. This will help let the clips flow nicely to place. Match Cut A match cut is a technique use of editing. It is for example, when you throw a ball into the air and it changes to the moon. Transitions A transition is a type of editing used inbetween cuts in a sequence. They are used in all films because you need them to make it look to a high standard. In each cut, at the end before you add the next cut, you will put a transition such as a cross fade dissolve, so that the one cut fades into the next; it doesnt just cut straight to the next. You could also use a transition such as a wipe. This is where one cut slides across the screen and another takes its place. These are used more in shows like childrens programs because it is more fun. They arent used in many films because it would ruin the emotions and scene.

Timing and pace We watched two sequences, a car chase scene in a James Bond movie, and the goodbye scene in Lost in Translation.

In the James Bond scene, it was all very fast. It starts with quick clips of the car from different angles. A loud diegetic sound is used to add an intense vibe. The cars chase and they speed at a fast level down a main road on the side of a cliff. There are many cuts back and forth of both cars. Loud gun shootings and exhilarations o the car are played throughout the scene. The same gun will be shooting and you will hear it carry on shooting throughout about three different clips. This shows that the diegetic sound was filmed at a different time to the clips. You can tell that the film is an action genre by the pace and timing because everything is all so sudden and quick that it adds an adrenaline feeling to the audience. The scene of Lost in Translation was a very different pace compared. It was extremely slow moving which adds more of an emotional effect to the audience. All of the camera shots are over shoulder shots and close ups. There arent many cuts because there is not much going on in the scene. The characters both walk away from each other slowly. There is also a non-diegetic song played in the background. This adds more emotion to the scene and towards the audience. The genre of this film is a romance and so the slow pace ties in with it very well. Cutting on the Beat Cutting on the beat is where, say you use a jump cut transition, and there is an upbeat non diegetic song played; with the beat of the song, you have to cut the video. So every jump cut used is to the beat of the song played. This lets it flow in time with the audio and look a lot better. When using Premier Pro, you would import a song and drag it under the video clips. You can then use the razor tool to cut each clip in time with the song played. You can click on the transitions and choose one to put in each cut.

I think that a good example of this edit could be that with every beat to a song is matched to a different characters face such as if a group are at a rave and every time they jump to the beat, it cuts to a different person or group. This will look effective because the timing and pace is in time with the body language used and the diegetic sound. Continuity Editing A shot-reverse-shot is used when two characters are talking to each other. It is used by holding the camera behind one person just above their shoulder facing the opposing person. You can then see his facial expressions while he is talking. When the other character starts to talk, you will then go and put the camera on the other persons shoulder. Make sure that if the camera was on the left shoulder of the first character that it is on the right shoulder of the other character. This is because of the 180 degree rule. The 180 degree rule is used when filming a scene. When the object is standing, the camera can only be on one side of the room. Say that the camera is behind an object, he can move to different angles around the room but only with in that 180 degree half. This is because it would confuse the audience of the objects position in the room. It could change and then look as if two characters have switched places. You can only film and move around if you film while the camera moves. The 180 degree rule was used in The Social Network break-up scene. This is a scene where two characters are sitting face to face in a pub at a dining table. The filming is all done on the one side of the room. The girl is sitting on the left and the boy on the right. The camera is in the middle face them both. As the characters talk he will move left and stand behind the girl on her right. When the girl talks, he will then stand behind the boy on his left side making sure he doesnt go past the line.

Seamless editing is where a scene is filmed but the audience doesnt realize that it has been edited. This could be used when both characters cant be at the set in the same day so they will film one of the characters actions and lines then do the other another day. You could use the technique of shotreverse-shot and film all of the one character lines. The shoulder could be anyone. As long as they have the same clothes on and same hair then the audience arent to know. You have to remember where everything is laid out in the room though for it to be believable. The tiniest mistake can ruin the whole scene for the audience and it wont have the full emotional effect. This is because the audience has lost focus and interest because they can see it filmed at different times. A continuity error will interrupt seamless editing because it disrupts the scene. This could be by a transition edit. If a jump cut is used, then it moves from one cut to the next in a quick and snappy way. It wont fit with the pace of an intense or emotional scene. If a character has their hair tied up then suddenly it is down, then the audience are going to notice and it will ruin the film for them. In that short second they have lost focus and wont pay as much attention to what is going on I the film. Parallel Editing Parallel editing is where two different scenes are being played around the same time in different places but are related in some kind of way. This could be someone walking towards a hall, and then cutting to inside the hall where people are talking. In the example of the baptism scene from The Godfather it has two different stories being shown at the same time. It cuts between the different actions happening. While a baby is being baptized and the father is talking, there are clips played of around 6 different people being shot in various places and times with a machine gun.

The director, Francis Ford Coppola chose two very different sequences because it portrays the character in very different ways. It shows both sides of him. You understand that he has a family and is religious but is also very violent and has a dangerous job. Multiple Perspectives You can show the same story from multiple points of view and this can be shown in many different ways. You could film two people talking, then zoning the voice down and having a voice over of what one of the people are thinking. You could also split the screen and has two of the same film played at the same time but with different perspectives such as reality and how they would of liked it to of gone. This is called split screen. There is a good example of this in the film 500 Days of Summer. The film 500 Days of Summer used split screen to tell a story from two perspectives. They managed to film the whole story twice but with different outcomes. One screen was of reality. The other was of what the main character, Joseph Gordon-Levitt, would have liked it to be. It is about his relationship with a woman. This method is different in The Thomas Crown Affair because the technique used was around three different screens in one but it all links together. Each screen where close ups of the actions taken by the characters. It is harder to watch because there are always different actions going on at the same time so you dont know where to look. I find that the split screen in the film 500 Days of Summer is easier to watch and understand. Abbey Fletcher