EF

EF

W
K

? ? EF ?

EF

K .
K .

F
.
KE

KW

KW

KW

KW

KW

KEFW

KEFW

KEF .
KEF .
KEF .

EF

EF

W
K

W
W
K .
K .

K .

K .
W
K

W
K?? .

K?? .

K?? .

--

EF

WK

KWK

K WK

KWK

W
W

2NaOH + CO2 Na2CO3 + H2O

W
W

Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O

KW

W
K .

K .
--

EF

K .
K .
K .

K .

K .
K

KEFNa2B4O7.10H2O .

K .

K
W

HA
W

HA

H+

A-

E FH

--

EF

WpH

pH

3- 4.4

4.4-6.3

6-7.6

6-8

8.2-10

K .
3 2
K

KpHK .

--

EF

WEF

WK
W

HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O

KEF

WK
K .

KW .

WK
KBurette .
KPipette .

KVolumetric flaskEF .

KConical flask .
KBeakers .

KFunnel .

KHydrochloric acid, HCl .

KSodium hydroxide .

KPhenolphtalein Indicator .

WK
K .

K .
K .

KNaOHHCl .
--

EF

HCl .
KK

KEF .

--

EF

WEF
WK
W
(1)
(2)

Na2CO3 + HCl NaHCO3 + NaCl

NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl +H2O + CO2

{EF

{EF
K

2HCl + Na2CO3 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O

WK
K .

KW .

WK
KBurette .
Pipette .

KVolumetric flaskEF .

KConical flask .
KBeakers .
KFunnel .

K .

KMethyl orange Indicator .

--

EF

WK
.

K .
K

KEF .

--

EF

WEF
WK

EF

KEF=V1

KEF=V2
K=2V1

K =V2 V1

Na2CO3 + HCl NaHCO3 + NaCl

NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + CO2 + H2O

WK
KK

KW K

WK
KBurette .
KPipette .

KVolumetric flaskEF .
KConical flask .
KBeakers .
KFunnel .

--

EF

.
K

KMethyl orange Indicator .

WK
K K

K K
K K

K
K

K
KV1

K
K

K
KV2

K K

K K

- -

EF

K
W .
KK

KK

KK

KK
KK

KK

500NaOH4 .
0.1HCl10

KWKK

K WK
KWK

W K
K

WK
K

KWK
K20K

- -

EF

EF

W
K

W
W
K .
K .

K .
W
K

W
K .
K .

K .

EF

EFW

WK
W

AgNO3 + NaCl AgCl +

NaNO3

WK2CrO4

2AgNO3 + K2CrO4 Ag2CrO4 + 2KNO3

Cl- CrO42-

Ag2CrO4

AgClCl-
K

pH =

W7 8

WCr2O72-CrO42-
2-

2CrO4 + 2H

2-

Cr2O7 + H2O

EF

CrO42- + H+

HCrO4-

W

Ag+ + OH- AgOH

WK
K K

KW K

WK
KBurette K
KPipette K

KVolumetric flaskEF K
KConical flask K
KBeakers K
KFunnel K

KSilver nitrate AgNO3 K

KSodium Chloride NaClEF K

KPotassium Chromate Indicator K2CrO4 K

WK
KEF K

K
KPotassium Chromate K2CrO4

K
K

K K

EF

K
K

K K

K K

EF

EFWEF

WK
K

AgNO3

WEFe3+F

(1)
(2)

Ag + CNS AgCNS
Fe + 6CNS- [Fe(CNS)6]33+

E1F

Ag+E2F

Fe3+

KCNS- , Ag+

WK
K K

KW K

WK
KBurette K
KPipette K

KVolumetric flaskEF K
KConical flask K

KFunnel JBeakers K

KSilver nitrate AgNO3 K

KPotassium Thiocyanate KSCN K

EF

KDiluted Sulphuric Acid K

WK
KEF K
KEF K
K K

K K

K
KEF

K K

K K

EF

EFW

WK
EF

K
K

E F

E FAgCl: Ag+
KAgCl

WK
KK

KWK

WK
KBurette K
KPipette K

KVolumetric flaskEF K
KConical flask K

KFunnel JBeakers K

KSilver nitrate AgNO3 K

KSodium Chloride NaClEF K

KAcetic Acid CH3COOH J K
KSodium Acetate CH3COONa K
K K

EF

WK
KEF K

K
E{{F

K{

KEF

K K
K K

K K

EF

WEF

WK
K

K
EF

W
Ag+ () + Cl- AgCl + Ag+ ()

Ag+ ( )+ CNS- AgCNS

WEF
Fe3+ + 6CNS- [Fe(CNS)6]3-

K{

{
KK

EF

W
AgNO3 + NaCl AgCl + NaNO3
AgNO3 + KCNS AgCNS + KNO3

W
25
1000
Total AgNO3 = 1.25 10 3 mol
Total AgNO3 = 0.05

1 mol AgNO3 1 mol KCNS

12
1
1000

=
mol AgNO3 (reacted with KCNS) 1

0.045

mol AgNO3 (reacted with KCNS) = 5.4 10 -4 mol

Total volume of titration = 10 + 25 + 12

Total volume of titration = 47 ml

mol AgNO 3 (reacted with NaCl) = 1.25 10 3 5.4 10 4 mol

mol AgNO 3 (reacted with NaCl) = 7.1 10 -4 mol

WAgNO3NaCl

1 mol AgNO3 1 mol NaCl

EF

7.1 10 4
1
=
10
1
M NaCl
1000
M NaCl = 0.071 M

WK
K K
K K

K K

K K

K K
K K

K K
K K

K
K K
K K

K K
K K

KEF K

K
E FE F K
K

KE JF K
KEF K

EF

KE JF K

K K

K K
K K

EF

K
.

W KAg+ CrO42-Cl- .

W .
K

W .

WK
CrO42- + H+

HCrO4-

W
2CrO42- + 2H+

Cr2O72- + H2O

WK
Ag+ + OH- AgOH

KFe(OH)3EF .
K .
CrO42-WAg2CrO4WAgClW .
KAgSCNWSCN-WCr2O72-W

EF

EF

W
K

W
W

KK
KK
KK

W
K

W
K .
K .

K .

EF

WEF

WK

W
2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 5O + 3H2O

W
MnO42- + 8H+ + 5e- Mn2+ + 4H2O

K2+7+

2KMnO4 + 16HCl 2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 5Cl2 + 8H2O

W
2KMnO4 + 5H2C2O4 + 3H2SO4 K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 10CO2 + 8H2O

2MnO4- + 16H+ + 5C2O42- 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 10CO2

EF

6090

WK
K K

KW K

WK
KBurette K
KPipette K

KVolumetric flaskEF K
KConical flask K
KBeakers K
KFunnel K

KOxalic Acid H2C2O4 K

KPotassium Permanganate KMnO4EF K

KDilute Sulphuric Acid K

WK
E>F K
K

K K

K
KEF

K K
K K
K K

70 K
K

EF

WEF
WK
EFEF

WI-IO- K

I2 + 2OH- IO- + I- + H2O

K
K
-

4I + O2 + 4H 2I2 + 2H2O

WK
K K

KW K

WK
KBurette K
KPipette K

KVolumetric flaskEF K
KConical flask K
Beakers K

KFunnel K

KEF K

KSodium Thiosulfate Na2S2O3 K

KStarch Indicator K

EF

WK
K K

K
K

K
K

K K
K K

EF

WEF

WK
EF
KIO3

IO3- + 5I- + 6H+ 3H2O + 3I2

Or: KIO3 + 5KI + 3H2SO4 3K2SO4 + 3H2O + 3I2

I2 + 2S2O32- 2I- + S4O62Or: I2 + 2Na2S2O3 Na2S4O6 + 2NaI

K
K

W
-

IO3 + 5I + 6H 3I2 + 3H2O

I2 + 2S2O32- 2I- + S4O62-

IO3- 3I2
I2 2S2O32-

EF

IO3- 6S2O321 mol IO3- 6 mol S2O32-

10
1000 = 1
15
6
M S O 2-
2 3
1000
0.025

M S O 2- = 0.1M
2 3

K
K K

K K

K K

K K

K K

K K

K K

K K
K
K K

K K

K K

K
K K
K

EF

K K
K K
K
K
K K

K K
K

K K
K K

EF

K
K

0.214535K
K

WK

WHClK
KmnO4 + 16HCl 2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 8H2O + 5Cl2

KHNO3K

K0.01952K

EF

EF

W
K

W
W
K

K
W
K

W
K .

K .
K .

EF

WEF
WK

Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+

WKStearates

WK
KEF

WK
W
K J

Permutit J
KZeolites

KIon exchange resins J

EDTA

WChelate Complex
M2+ +H2Y2- MY2- +2H+

KMg2+Ca2+WM2+

KEFWH2Y2-

CH2COONa

HOOCCH2
N

CH2

CH2

N
CH 2 COONa.2H2 O

HOOCCH 2

FWEF
ENa2H2Y

EF

WEDTA

pH=12Ca2+EDTA

EDTACa2+

pH=10 Ca2+ Mg2+

Ca2+ Mg2+

KEDTA

WK
K K

KW K

WK
KBurette K
KPipette K

KVolumetric flaskEF K
KConical flask K
Beakers K

KFunnel K

K K

KEFMg2+Ca2+ K

K(pH = 12 pH = 10) K

Eriochrome Black T JEF K

K

KpH K

EF

WK
W

K K

pH = 12 K
KpH

K K

K K

EDTAF K
KEV1

K K

K K

pH EHF K

K= 10

K K

K K

F K
KEV2

V = K K

KV1 V2

EF

K K

50
K

K{9.8

Kppm

Ca , Mg , Fe K
Kstearates

W
W J
KEF

W J
W
K
permutit
KZeolites

KIon exchange resins

K78.6 ppmK

EF

EF

W
K

W
K K

K
K

K K
:

W
K .
K .

K .

EF

WK

KEF
W
K .
K .

K .

K .

K .

K .

W
W

K1 X 10-5

EF

110

KK

K1200900450

K 0.00001

WGF

GF=

MW (or atomic weight) of analyte a

MW of weighed substance
b

W
KWMW
KWanalyte
KWWeighed substance
KWa
KWb

W

Weight of analyzed substance (g) = GF weight of precipitate (g)

EF

W

Weight % of analyzed substance =

GF weight of precipitate (g)

100
weight of sample (g)

E 200F

K26.6002KCaC2O4
K100CaK26.7134=CaOH

W
WGF
GF=

40.08
= 0.7147
56.08

W
K40.08
K56.08=CaO

W(200FCa

Weight of Ca (g) = 0.7147 0.1132 (g) = 0.8094 g

K0.1132=26.600226.7134=(CaO)

EF

W100ca
0.8094 g 200 ml
x 100 ml
x = 0.4047 g

EF

WEF
W .

200 oC

W .
K K

KW K

W .
KBaCl2.xH2O K
KDistilled water K

KDrying oven K
KDesiccator K
KCrucible K

K K

W .
K1.0000 K
K30 K

K20 K

KAnhydrate barium chloride K

K K

EF

MW of BaCl2.xH2O MW of BaCl2
208.246 + 18x
208.246
...
.

W .

Kx

EF

WEF
WK

NaZn(UO)2(CH3COO)9.6H2O

K
W
K K

KW K

WK
K2g/L K
K*

K K

K K

K K

KEF K
K K

K50 K

K K

K K

KEFEF*
KE24

EF

4UO2(C2H3O2)2.2H2O20WEF
KEF100

3Zn(C2H3O2)2.3H2O60WEF
K100

WK
K502g/L10 K
K K

101 K
K

K K

K K

K2 K
K2 K

K2 K

K30 K
WK
WGF
GF =

atomic weight of sodium

MW of NaZn(UO 2 )3 (C2 H 3O 2 )9 .6H 2O

W

%(Na) =

wt. of precipitate GF
100
sample weight

EF

WEF

K
E F
K
K
Cl- + AgNO3 AgCl + NO3-

K{

WGravimetric Factor (GF)

GF=

MW (or atomic weight) of analyte a

MW of weighed substance
b

W
FWWeighed substanceWanalyteWMW
KWbWaE

EF

GF =

35.5
143.5

GF = 0.2474

Weight % of analyzed substance =

Cl % =

GF weight of precipitate (g)

100
weight of sample (g)

0.2474 5.37
100
5.32

Cl% = 25.%

K
K K
K K

K K
K K

K K

K
K K
K K

K1% (v/v) K

K0.2N K

EF

WK
K{ K
K K
K K

F0.2N K

KE

K K

K
K

K K

K K
K K

K K

K K
K K

ZH
Z

ZH
Z

EF

K
K .
W .

Ag3PO4

Ag3PO4
BaSO4

K2HPO4

Bi2S3

K(NH4)3PO4.12MoO3PO43- .

K{{

KP

W .
K K
K K
K K

K K
K K

K K
K{EF{EF{EF .
K{ .

EF
EF

EF

EF

W
K

W
K

W
K?? .

K?? .
K?? .

EF

EF

WK

K W

E FE F
WK
K .

K .

K .
K .

WEF

WEF

WKE

EF

WEF

JPb2+Hg22+Ag+

Pb2+ JSr2+Ba2+
Ca2+

Ag+

EF

NH4+ K+Na+

NH4+K+Na+

Ba2+Sr2+Ca2+NH4+ K+Na+

Ca2+ JK+Na+

Ba2+ Sr2+

WWet tests

W
K .

K .

K .

WDry testsW

Bunsen burner

EF

W
E F

Group

reagent
KSpecific reagents
K
K

K
K

EF

WEF

EF

EF

Ag+ , Hg22+, Pb2+ WEF

WK

KHg22+Pb2+Ag+

KHClW

WE
FWEHF

KHg2Cl2AgClPbCl2

F
Ag+WE

KSbBi JPb JPb2+Hg22+

WK
K .

KW .

WK
. HCl
K .

K .
KEF

EF

WEF

Pb
2+

Pb2H

Ag+

Ag

Pb2+
HClH

Pb2++ 2Cl- PbCl2

NaOHH

Pb2H

Pb2+ + 2(OH)- Pb(OH)2

Pb(OH)2 + 2NaOH Na2PbO3 + 2H2O

Pb2H

Ag+

H


K2CrO4 H
Pb2+ + CrO42- PbCrO4

H2SO4H

Pb2+ + SO42- PbSO4

Ag+

HClH

Ag+ + Cl- AgCl

NaOHH

2AgNO3 + 2NaOH Ag2O + 2NaNO3 + H2O

KCr2O4H
2Ag+ + CrO42- Ag2CrO4

KIH
Ag+ + I- AgI

EF

EFWEF

Hg22+

Hg22+

Hg2
2+

HClH

Hg22++ 2Cl- Hg2Cl2

NaOHH
Hg2(NO3)2 + 2NaOH Hg2O + 2NaNO3 + H2O

NH4OHH

Hg22++2NH3+H2O NH4++[HgO.Hg(NH2)]+ +H2

Na2CO3H
Hg22H
Hg22++ CO32- Hg2CO3

EF

 Sn2+, Sn4+ Sb3+, As3+, Cd2+, Bi3+, Cu2+, Hg2+WEF

WK

HClH2S

E
F

WEF

EFK

KW
KHClH H2SW

HgSEFW W
EF Bi2S3EFCuSEF

Sb2S3EFAs2S3EFCdS
KSnS2

CaNH4KNaWEF
K BaSr

WK
K K

KW K

:K
HCl
KEF

K K

E????F K

EF

EF??W(NH4)2S
KEFF??

Hg
Cu2+


2+
Cu






2+
Cu

2+
Cu

2+

??WEF

HNO3

(NH4)2S

Cu2+

H HClH
Cu2+ + S2- CuS

NaOHH

Cu2+ + 2(OH)- Cu(OH)

Cu(OH)2 + 2NaOH Na2CuO3 + 2H2O

H

KIH

2Cu2SO4+ 4KI Cu2I2 + I2 + 2K2SO4

EF

EF??WEF

Hg2+

2+
Hg
HNO3
H HClH
2+
Cu
HgCl2 + H2S HgS + 2HCl

(NH4)2S


2+
Hg
NaOHH










2+
Hg KI EF KI H

HgCl2 + 2KI HgI2 + 2KCl

2+

Hg

Na2CO3 H
Bi3+




H HClH

??
(NH4)2S
2Bi2+ + 3S2- Bi2S3

Bi3+
NH4OHH




Bi3+
EF KI H
Cd2+





H HClH
HCl
Cd2+ + S2- CdS

??
(NH4)2S

2+
Cd
NaOHH

2+

NaOH
Cd + 2(OH)- Cd(OH)2


2
Cd
H

EF

??WEF

Sn2+

2+
Sn

Sn2+

Sn



4+
Sn

4+
Sn

4+

Sb3+

3+
Sb


3+
Sb

Sn2+

HCl
H HClH
Sn2+ + S2- SnS

HgCl2H
EF
2+
Sn

NaOHH

Sn4+


HCl
H HClH
SnCl4 + 2H2S SnS2 + 4HCl

HgCl2H



NaOHH

SnCl4 + 4NaOH Sn(OH)4 + 4NaCl

Sn(OH)4 + 2NaOH 3H2O + Na2SnO3

Sb3+

HCl
H HClH
2Sb2+ + 3S2- Sb2S3





KIH



NaOHH

4SbCl3 + 12NaOH Sb4O6 + 12NaCl + 6H2O

EF

Al3+, Cr3+, Fe2+, Fe3+WEF



WK

NH4Cl NH4OH + NH4Cl

K+ NH4OH

KNH4OHH NH4ClW

Cr(OH)3EFW W
Fe(OH)2EFAl(OH)3EF

KFe(OH)3EF

WEF
JKNa

KBa SrCa

WK
K K

KW K

WK
K
K

K
KEF

EF

WEF

Fe2+

Fe2+

NaOH

Fe2+
NH4OHH NH4ClH
Fe2+ + 2(OH)- Fe(OH)2
NaOHH
2+
Fe + 2(OH)- Fe(OH)2

Fe

Fe2+

Fe3+

2+

Fe3+

NaOH

Fe3+

Fe3+

Fe3+

K4Fe(CN)6

2Fe

2+

K4Fe(CN)6H

+ [Fe(CN)6]4- Fe2[Fe(CN)6]

KMnO4+ H 2SO4 H

NH4OHH NH4ClH
Fe3+ + 3(OH)- Fe(OH)3
NaOHH
Fe3+ + 3(OH)- Fe(OH)3


H
K4Fe(CN)6

NH4SCNH

EF

EFWEF

Al3+

NaOH
3
Al

NaOH




3+

Al

3+

Al

3+
Cr

NaOH


3+

Cr







Cr3+






Cr3+

Al3+

NH4OH H NH4ClH
Al3+ + 3(OH)- Al(OH)3

NaOHH

Al + 3(OH)- Al(OH)3


H
Na2HPO4
Al3+ + PO43- AlPO4


Na2CO3H

Cr3+

NH4OHH NH4ClH
3+

Cr3+ + 3(OH)- Cr(OH)3

3+

NaOHH

Cr + 3(OH)- Cr(OH)3

H
Na2HPO4
Cr3+ + PO43- AlPO4

Na2CO3 H

EF

Ni2+, Co2+, Mn2+, Zn2+WEF



WK
K

KNH4Cl + NH4OH + (NH4)2 SW



H(NH4)2S)H2SW
KNH4ClH NH4OH

ZnSEFWW
KCoSEFNiSEFMnSEF

CaNH4KNaWEF
K BaSr

WK
K K

KW K

WK
NH4(OH)NH4Cl
KThyoacetamide

K K
KEF K

EF

WEF

Zn 2+

Zn2+

H NH4OHHNH4Cl H
Zn2+ + S2- ZnS

Zn2+

NaOH

Zn2+

KNH4OH

Mn2+

Mn2+

Mn
2+

NaOH H

NH4OHH
Mn2+

H NH4OHHNH4Cl H
Mn2+ + S2- MnS

NaOH H

MnCl2 + 2NaOH Mn(OH)2 + 2NaCl

2Mn(OH)2 + O2 2MnO(OH)2

NH4OHH

EF

EF

EFWEF

Co2+

H NH4OHHNH4Cl H
Ni2+Co2+
Co2+ + S2- CoS










Co2+
NaOH H

Co(NO3)2 + NaOH Co(OH)NO3 + NaNO3



Co2+

H


Ni2+

H NH4OHHNH4Cl H
2+
2+

Ni Co
Ni2+ + S2- NiS









2+

Ni
NaOH H
Ni (NO3)2 + NaOH Ni(OH)NO3 + NaNO3




2+

Ni
NH4OHH

NH4OH
NiCl2 + NH4OH Ni(OH)Cl + NH4Cl

NH4+
Ni(OH)Cl + 7NH4OH NH4Cl +


Ni(NH3)6(OH)2 + 6H2O


2+

Ni
*DMGH
NiCl2 + 2HDMG Ni(DMG)2 + 2HCl

Dimethyl glyoxime=DMG

EF

Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+WEF

WK
K W

KNH4Cl

H NH4(OH)H NH4ClW
K(NH4)2CO3

BaCO3CaCO3WEFW
KSrCO3

KNH4KNaWEF

WK
K K

KW K

WK
NH4Cl

NH4OH

K(NH4)2CO3

K K
KEF K

EF

WEF

Ca2+

Ca

2+

Ca
2+

Ca2+
H NH4OHH NH4Cl H
(NH4)2CO3
22+
Ca + CO3 CaCO3
CaSO4 H


K2CrO4H

Bunsen

(NH4)2CO3H NH4OHH NH4Cl H

Sr2+

EF

Sr

2+

Sr2+

Sr2+

Sr2+ + CO32- SrCO

CaSO4 H
Sr2+ + SO42- SrSO4

K2CrO4H
Sr2+ + CrO42- SrCrO4

Bunsen

EF

EFWEF

Ba2+

Ba2+
(NH4)2CO3 H NH4OHHNH4Cl H
Ba2+ + CO32- BaCO3

H
EF CaSO4
22+

Ba2y

Ba2+

Ba + SO4 BaSO4

K2CrO4H
Ba2+ + CrO42- BaCrO4

Bunsen


EF

NH4+, K+, Na+, Mg2+WEF

WK

W
K
K

WK
K K

KW K

WK
KEF


WEF

NH4+

HCl

NH4+

NH4+

NH4+
HNaOHH

NH4Cl + NaOH NH3 + NaCl + H2O

(HgCl2+KI:
Nesslers Reagent

H
Na3Co(NO2)6

EF

EFWEF

2+
Mg



2+
Mg


+
Na

Na+


+
K


+
K



+
K

Mg2+

NaOHH

MgCl2 + 2NaOH Mg(OH)2 + 2NaCl

NH4Cl

Na2CO3H

Mg2+ + CO32- MgCO3

Na+


Na3Co(NO2)6H



Bunsen

K+

Na3Co(NO2)6H
CH3COOH Na3Co(NO2)6 + 3KCl K3Co(NO2)6 + 3NaCl


HClO4H

K+ + ClO4- KClO4





Bunsen

EF

WK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KK

K K

EF

Pb2+ + HCl (dil.)

Ni2+ + HCl (dil.)

Pb2+ + NaOH (dil.)

Ni2+ + NaOH (dil.)

Ni2+ + DMG

JSr2+Ba2+

Ca2+Pb2+

Ag+

Bunsen burnerK
K

KHgCl2WHg2Cl2WK

EF
EF

EF

EF

W
K

W
W

KEFEEF .
KEFEFEF .

W
K

W
K .

K .
K .

EF

EF

WK
????W EF

K
EF
?
??
?W??
K????W??
EFWEF

HCl









H2SO4

EF
HCO3-CO32-
SO32-
NO2-S2-S2O32CN-HClO-
CNO-

EF
Br-Cl-
NO32-I-
ClO3-
Br-

? ?

EF

??
EF

EF

EFWEF
WK
W

W
HCO3-CO32-W
CN-NO2-S2O32-SO32-S2-

KKCNO-

K
WK
K K

KW K

WK
KEFWK

WEHFK

FEF

KKE

KEKKK

EF

WEF

HCO3-CO32-

HCO3- CO32- HHClH

F CO2
Na2CO3H2HCl2NaClHH2OHCO2
NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + H2O + CO3
Ca(OH)2
CO2 H Ca(OH)2CaCO3HH2O

S2O32-


HHClH
FS2O32- E F K2Cr2O7


E
Na2S2O3H2HClSO2H2NaClHSHH2O

SO32-

HHClH

SO32- K2Cr2O7
F
Na2SO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + SO2 + H2O
E

S2-


2S HHClH
F H2S

Na2SH2HClH2SH2NaCl

Na2S + (CH3COO)2Pb PbS +
E
2CH3COONa

NO2

HHClH
NO2- NO2

NaNO2 + HCl NaCl + HNO2
F

3HNO2 HNO3 + 2NO + H2O
E

2NO + O2 2NO2

EF

HCO3- CO32- WWEF

CO32-W
HCO3-W

MgSO4H
Na2CO3 H MgSO4MgCO3 HNa2SO4

CO32-W

HCO3-W

HgCl2H
Na2CO3 H HgCl2HgCO3 H2NaCl

SO32-WWEF

AgNO3H
Na2SO3+ H2AgNO32NaNO3HAg2SO3
Ag2SO3 + Na2SO32Na[AgSO3]

2Ag2SO3 2Ag + Ag2SO4 + SO2

(CH3COO)2PbH

Na2SO3 H (CH3COO)2Pb PbSO3H2CH3COONa

S2-WWEF

Ag2S

AgNO3H
Na2S H 2AgNO3 Ag2S H2NaNO3
WKH
Na2S H (CH3COO)2PbPbS H 2CH3COONa
H
NaOHHNa2[Fe(CN)5NO]
Na2S + Na2[Fe(CN)5NO] Na4[Fe(CN)5NOS]

EF

S2O32-WWEF

H
Na2S2O3H2AgNO3Ag2S2O3H2NaNO3
H2O H Ag2S2O3Ag2S + H2SO4
(CH3COO)2PbH
Na2S2OH(CH3COO)2Pb PbS2O3H2CH3COONa
AgNO3

PbS2O3 + H2O PbS + H2SO4

H
2Na2S2O H I2 Na2S4O6H2NaI

NO2-WWEF

HFeSO4 H

2NaNO2HH2SO4 2HNO2HNa2SO4
3HNO22NOHHNO3HH2O

NO[FeNO]SO4H FeSO4

H2SO4HKIH
H

2KMnO4H3H2SO4 + 5NaNO2 K2SO4+2MnSO4 + 5NaNO3+3H2O

EF

Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3-EFWEF

WK
WW

K
K

KW

K
K K

KW K

WK
{W
K
KEFKEF

KEKKK

EF

WEF

Cl-

Cl-


F HCl FEFH2SO4H

E
E
NaCl H H2SO4NaHSO4HHCl

Br-


Br

F HEFH2SO4H


2NaBrHH2SO42HBrHNa2SO4
E

2HBr H H2SO4Br2HSO2H2H2O

I-





I HEFH2SO4H
F

2NaIHH2SO42HIHNa2SO4

2HIHH2SO4I2HSO2H2H2O
E

NO3

NO3
EFH2SO4H
F
NaNO3HH2SO4HNO3HNaHSO4


4HNO3 4NO2HO2H2H2O
E
4HNO3 H Cu Cu(NO3)2H2NO2+ 2H2O

EF

WEF

AgCl

OH] NH
PbCl2

Cl-
H
NaClHAgNO3AgClHNaNO3
AgClH2NH4OH[Ag(NH3)2]ClHH2O

(CH3COO)2PbH
2NaClH(CH3COO)2Pb2CH3COONaHPbCl2

Br-

AgNO3H
NaBrHAgNO3AgBrHNaNO3

K
AgI

ECu2I2WF

H
2NaBrHCl2 2NaClHBr2

I-

AgNO3H
KIHAgNO3AgIHKNO3

CuSO4H
4KIH2CuSO4K2SO4HCu2I2HI2

NO3-

Black-ring test
HH

E>FF
(FeNO)SO4

2NaNO3 + 6FeSO4H 4H2SO4 3Fe2(SO4)3H2NOH4H2O

+ Na2SO4
FeSO4HNO(FeNO)SO4

EF

PO43-, B4O72-, SO42-EFWEF

WK
W

KW
WK
KK

KWK

WK
KBaCl2HW

KEFW

KEKKK

WEF

PO43-

HNO3HCl

B4O72-

SO42- E
F

EF

KAgNO3HW
WEFW

WEF

PO43- HNO3

B4O72-

B4O72-

SO42- E
F

FEF
K W

KE

SO42-WEF

CH3COO)2PbH

Na2SO4 + (CH3COO)2PbPbSO4 + 2CH3COONa

PbSO4 + CH3COONH4 (CH3COO)2Pb + (NH4)2SO4

EF

PO43-WEF

AgNO3H

FePO4

FeCl3H

NaHPO4 + FeCl3 FePO4 + 2NaCl + HCl

B4O72-WEF

HH

HEF

EF

K
W .

EF

2-

CO3

HCO3SO32S2O32-
S2-

HClO-

CN

CNOSCNNO2NO3-

Be

9.01
12

Li

6.94
11

Na
22.99

Chemical symbol

Atomic weight

11

Non-metals

Tc

Pa

Th

62

Ir

63

192.22

Pd

64

195.08

Pt

106.42
78

238.03

92

144.24

237.05

Np

93

144.91

244.06

243.06

95

151.97

247.07

96

157.25

Ag

247.07

97

158.93

Tb

65

196.97

Au

107.87
79

Pu Am Cm Bk

94

150.36

Cu
63.55
47

242.06

Cf

98

162.5

Dy

66

200.59

Hg

112.41
80

Cd

65.39
48

Zn

IIB
30

Al

Si
28.09
32

252.08

257.10

100

167.26

Er

68

207.20

Pb

118.71
82

Sn

72.61
50

70

208.98

Po

127.60
84

Te

78.96
52

Se

32.07
34

259.10

102

173.04

260.11

Lr

103

174.97

Lu

71

La

in
ct

s
de

e
id

ni
ha
nt

Rn
222.02

At
209.99

Xe
131.29
86

I
126.90
85

Kr
83.80
54

Br
79.90
53

Ar
39.95
36

Cl
35.45
35

Ne
20.18
18

4.00
10

He

19.00
17

VIIA
9

Non-metals : - Metalloids or semimetals : - Metals :

- Alkaline metals :

258.10

101

168.93

Tm Yb

69

208.98

Bi

121.75
83

Sb

74.92
51

As

30.97
33

16.00
16

VIA
8

Es Fm Md No

99

164.93

Ho

67

204.38

Tl

114.82
81

In

69.72
49

Ga Ge

26.98
31

Halogens : - Noble gases : - Transition metals : - Alkaline earth metals :

231.04

91

90

61

262.12

Os
190.20

102.91
77

Ru Rh
101.07
76

Ni
58.69
46

Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd

60

162.12

186.21
107

Re

98.91
75

Co
58.93
45

28

IB
29

14.01
15

VA
7

232.04

Pr

140.91

Ce

59

262.11

183.85
106

95.94
74

55.85
44

Fe

26

VIII
27

12.01
14

IVA
6

EF

140.12

58

261.11

180.95
105

Ta

92.91
73

54.94
43

Mn

VIIB
25

Unq Unp Unh Uns

178.49
104

52.00
42

Cr

VIB
24

Nb Mo

50.94
41

VB
23

10.81
13

IIIA
5

0
2

**

**Ac

227.03

Ra

226.03

223.02

Fr

138.91
89

Hf

Ba *La

137.33
88

Cs

132.91
87

91.22
72

88.91
57

Sr

87.62
56

Rb

85.47
55

Zr

Ti

47.88
40

Sc

44.96
39

Ca

IVB
22

IIIB
21

40.08
38

Alkaliine Metals (Except H

Semimetals

---------------------------------Transition metals --------------------------------

24.31
20

Alkaline Earth Metals

Atomic number

Metals

39.10
37

22.99
19

Na Mg

IIA
4

1.01
3

IA
1

THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

Halogens

Noble Gases

EF

W
.

E
F W
K

.
W

3. G.D Christian: Analytical Chemistry, 5th edition, John Wiley &Sons, Inc, International
edition, 1994.
4. G.H. Jeffrey, J. Bassett, J. Mendham, R.C. Denney: Vogel's Textbook of Quantitative
Chemical Analysis, 5th edition, Longman Scientific & Technical, 1989.
5. D.A. Skoog, D.M. West and F.J. Holler, Analytical Chemistry An Introduction,
Saunders College Publishing 6th edition, International edition, 1994.

EF

J J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
J J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K WEF
J J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KWEF
J J K K K K K K K K WEF
J J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
J J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
J J K K K K K K K K K K EFW
J J K K K K K K K K K EFWEF
J J K K K K K K K K K K EFW
J J K K K K K WEF
J J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
J J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
J J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K WEF
J J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K WEF
J J K WEF
J J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
J J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
J J K K K K K K K K K K K K KWEF
J J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
J J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
J J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
J J K K K K K K K K K K WEF
J J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KWEF
J J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KWEF

EF

J J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
J J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
J J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EF
J J K K K K Ag+ , Hg22+, Pb2+WEF
J J K KAl3+, Cr3+, Fe2+, Fe3+WEF
J J K Ni2+, Co2+, Mn2+, Zn2+WEF
J J K K K K K Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+WEF
J J K K K K K K NH4+, K+, Na+, Mg2+WEF
J J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
J J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
J J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EF
J J K K K K K K K K K K K EFWEF
J J K K K Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3-EFWEF
J J K K K KPO43-, B4O72-, SO42-EFWEF
J J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
J J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
J J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W