Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ekonomika Usluga 2013
Ekonomika Usluga 2013
godine
odobreno na
Fakultetu za obrazovanje diplomiranih pravnika i
diplomiranih ekonomista za rukovodee kadrove
za kolsku 2013/2014. godinu.
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I ........................................................................ 8
1.1 .............................................................. 9
1.1.1 ........................................................................................11
1.1.2 ......................................................................11
1.1.3 .............................................................................................12
1.1.4 .........................................................................................................12
1.1.5 .......................................................................................................13
1.2 ...............................................................................13
1.2.1 ...................................................................16
1.3 .....................................................................................................17
II ........................................18
2. ..................................................................................................18
2.1 ..................................................................................................20
2.2 - .........................................................................................22
2.3
..........................................24
2.3.1 : .........................................................25
2.3.2 : .......................28
2.3.3 : ............................................................29
2.4
???.....................................31
2.5 ........................................32
2.5.1 ..................................................................35
2.6. .....................36
2.6.1
................................................37
2.6.2
.....................37
2.6.3
.....................................................................39
2.7
..........................................................41
2.7.1 ,
...................................................................43
2.7.2
.........................................................................................45
2.7.4 ............................47
2.8
...........................48
III .........................................................................50
3.
.................50
3.3.2 ...............................................50
3.1
............................................................................................52
3.2 ......................................................................................53
3.3 .........................................................54
3.4 ........................................................................................56
3.5
.........................58
3.6
..............................................................59
3.6.1
.......................................................................................61
3.6.2
3.7
.............................................62
...........................................................................65
3.7.1
.......................................65
3.7.2 ...................................................67
3.7.3
...................................67
3.7.4 .............................68
3.8
...............................................69
3.8.1 ..................................................70
3.8.2 ...................................................................72
3.9
.................................................................................73
4.
...........................................................74
4.1 ................74
4.2 () .....................................................................75
4.3 .........................................................80
4.4 ......................................................82
4.5 ...............85
4.5.1
........................................................................................85
4.5.2
4.5.3
- , ................................................88
............................................................................................88
4.5.4 ...........................................................89
4.6
...........................................................................................................................................91
4.7
.............................................................................................92
4.7.1 .............................................................95
4.7.2 ......................................................96
4.7.3 ...............................98
4.8
..............................................................................................................99
4.8.1 ..........................................................................................99
4.8.2 .................................................................................100
4.8.3
.....................................................................................101
4.8.4
................103
4.9 ..105
4.9.1 .............................105
4.9.2
...............................................................................107
4.9.3
....................................................................................108
4.9.4
.............................................................109
4.9.5
.........................................................................109
4.9.6
5.
.................................................110
...............................112
5.1
....................................................................113
5.2
................................................................................113
5.2.1
..................................................115
5.3 ...............................................................................116
5.3.1 ..............................................117
6.
.....................................................................118
6.1 ....................................................................................118
6.2 ...................................................120
6.3 . ....120
7.
....................122
8.
..................................................................................123
8.1 .................................................................................................124
8.2 ...............125
8.3 ....................................................127
8.4 .......................128
8.5 .........................................................................129
8.6 ..................................................130
8.7 , SERVQUAL..........................................131
9.
.....................................133
9.1 ..................................................................................................134
9.2 , .........................................135
9.2.1 , ..............................136
10.
...........................................................................................138
10.1 ........................................................................................................139
10.2 .......................................................................................................142
10.3 ...........................................................146
11.
...........................................................147
11.1 ...............................................................150
IV ..................................................153
12.
13.
..........................................................................153
.................................................................154
14.
......................................................155
15.
..........................................................................159
16.
..........................................159
17.
..............160
18.
,
......................................................................161
18.1 - ..........................164
18.2 .................................................................................................166
18.3 .......................................................................................168
18.4 .............................................................170
18.5 ......................................................................................171
18.6 ................................................................................................172
18.6.1
............................................173
18.6.2
19.
.................................................................174
.............................................................175
19.1 ....................................................................................179
20.
AA 1:
..............................................................................................................181
20.1 Top-down .................................................................182
20.2 ..........................................183
20.3 Bottom-up ............................................................184
20.3.1 ...............................................................................184
20.4 ......................................................186
20.4.1 ...........................189
20.5 ...............................................................................................189
20.5.1 ....................................................................192
21.
2:
.........................................................193
21.1 ..........................196
21.2 .....200
22. X- ........................................202
22.1 ...................................204
23.
..........207
23.1 ..........................................................207
..............................................................................................210
24.
....................................................210
24.1 ....................................................................212
24.2 , ......213
24.3 ...........................................................................215
24.4 ...................................................................................215
25.
.......................................................................216
25.1 .................................................................................................217
25.2 .........................................................................................218
25.3 ...................................................................................221
25.4 .....................................................................................................222
26. .................................................................................................................224
...................................................................................................................226
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d(Aw)/ dA = (As(2-As) / (1- As))= j(2-j)/(1j)
,
s .
0.1 1
10 100%
100 %
6
6
12
6
7
.
.
3.7.2
,
A ( , ) s (
):
?
- (Pollaczek-Khintchine)
. s,
w
:
w = A( s + var (s))/ 2(1-As)=j(s+v(s))/2(1-j)
,
. ,
.
s ,
s~.
.
.
3.7.3
. ,
.
:
w = s/n(1-j)p
w-
s-
6
8
n-
j-
p-
.
,
.
:
, n.
.
3.7.4
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,
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( ) .
.
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9
10.
R
0.05
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0.55
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1.45
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18.62
23.73
27.77
31.42
34.92
38.28
54.32
66.74
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w = s/n(1-j)p
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3.8.1
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,
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11.
(km/h)
400
70
69
15
90
78
90
83
90
87
1.4
90
90
1.3
110
96
1.3
1 350
7 000
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1
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50-70 km/h.
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20 000
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100000 200000
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(Ar- landa).
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4.2.1
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.
, FC
(S = , D =
):
FC=f(S) + f2(S)D
, f2S, -:
12.
7
7
,
: f(S) S.
: f2 (S) S.
.
f2(S) D
.
.
,
e (distance) :
13. ,
f1(S):
7
8
14. S(1,2,3,...)
:
14.
,
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:
FC = gD
7
9
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:
GC = hD
, h, , ,
-
, D o .
4.3
,
. ,
.
.
, ,
, .
.
(Mohring
8
1
effect)
.
,
:
TC = cN + (u + t)Q + wQ/N + F
Q =
N =
c =
u =
t =
w/N =
F =
.
.
.
,
.
.
, . ,
.
.
:
dTC/ dN = c-wQ/N = 0
N = (wQ/c)
:
8
2
, .
:
TC = C(WQ/C) + (u+t)Q + WQ/(WQ/C) + F = 2cwQ+(u+t)Q+F
AC=2(cw/Q) + u + t + F/Q
AC
. .
:
ACpro= cw/Q + u + F/Q
ACput= cw/Q + t
,
.
,
.
14
, .
4.4
.
. ,
.
.
. ,
D , r:
16.
14
Theo Hitris, Ekonomika EU, Institut z aekonomiku i finansije, Beograd, 2003, str. 263.
8
3
:
1. .
6D; X i = 1 ... r, X
.
2. , r,
,
:
D = 2r/3
,
.
:
TCdistr. = (12riX/3) 2h(2ri/3)
dr = ((12xhr
+2
) / +2) (2 /3)
+1
TCdistr.-
r -
X-
h-
,
:
Q=23rX
+1
ACdistr
(q) (r). :
8
4
r=q/2X3
:
ACdistr.=TC/q=4h/+2(1/3)
3/2
(2q/X)
/2
/2
4h/+(2/33) =b
/2=
AC distr = b(q/X)
- (2)
- (1/2)
, h, , ,
-
, D o .
, h ,
.
.
, b =2
, h,
, .
.
.
.
.
:
13.
km/h
/h
/km
2.1
8
5
8.8
1.46
0.5
18
6.5
0.3
0.5
40
5.5
0.16
0.2
0.5
40
26
0.16
0.67
0.5
85
9.5
0.1
0.18
0.5
85
26
0.1
0.34
0.5
60
28
0.33
0.14
0.17
4.5
.
.
.
:
AC=bm
b
, =1/2.
,
.
4.5.1
.
8
6
-,
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.
()
: (1) , (2) (3)
:
17.
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15
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(1952)
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100%
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.
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.
American Economic Review ( 2002),
: 'Teaching Microeconomic Principles' :
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, (X)
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.
.
.
4.5.4
,
:
LRTCprod = q
0<< 1
.
:
18.
9
0
(Mohring and Williamson).
:
ACpro=az/q+a
a .
.
:
LRTCprod = a (z + q)
TCprod = F + aq
(F - , aq
)
z
(e + 1)
.
:
AC prod = az/q+a
9
1
.
,
.
( . 19.).
4.6
(AC prod)
, q,
AC distr
, m.
:
f(q) + g(m)
,
N (N = X/q).
:
AC=az/q+a+b (q/X) +k
(X- , - )
:
dAC / dq = -az /q + bX
-1
=0
q*:
q*=(az/b)
1/1+
/1+
.
:
19.
9
2
.
:
Q2 = q2 N2,
N2 = X2/ q2
.
:
/1+
AC = a+K(az/X)
K=
1/1+
1/1+
(-/1+)
. 1.89 (=1,89),
(=1/2), (az/X=1/3) 1/3.
4.7
. 1 10.000
9
3
. .
9
4
1 10.000
(10000) ( ).
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:
:
(AC*) (a) (X):
14.
, a
, X
10
100
1 000
1000
0
12
1.5
10
100
1000
10000
34
151
1109
10236
21
124
1051
10109
15
111
1024
10051
12
105
1011
10024
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102
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10011
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5
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15.
10
100
1000
10000
1,95
1,68
1,49
1,35
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11,3
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10,5
10,35
100
101,8
101,3
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100,5
1000
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.
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.
SVN = XA
=
9
6
X =
S = ,
V =
N =
X = /
A =
- (2)
,
()
. ,
.
4.7.1
.
. V,
,
.
,
:
20. ,
9
7
. :
, = 487 + 1.15 S (c1)
, = 0.44 + 0.0055 S (c2)
16
20 k/,
:
= c1 + c2 S = 628 + 2.91
S
,
, q = SVN/
:
AC prod = (c1+c2S) / q = c1/q + c2/VT
T
az/q
(AC prod = az/q+a) .
.
4.7.2
9
8
.
, A/N.
.
,
. :
:
/2n, n .
:
w = n(A/NV)
h, w
:
ACdistr=wA/n + hnA/NV
:
n=(wNV/h)
2
dACdistr / dn = -wA/n
hA/NV = 0
()
m=A/N,
w h V.
AC distr = 2(WhA/NV) = 2(wh/V)m = 2(wh/V) (q/X)
w- , 1,5/
h- , 9/
w h,
.
9
9
.
.
4.7.3
,
.
:
AC prod = c1 + c2S/q = c1/q + c2/VT
AC distr = 2(WhA/NV) = 2(wh/V) m = 2(wh/V) (q/X)
:
20.
AC=az/q+a+b (q/X)
+k
:
AC = c1 /q + c2 / VT + 2(wh / VT)
(q/X)
.
1
0
4.8
,
().
. .
.
.
.
4.8.1
:
P = MC (P , MC )
,
:
GC = MC (GC )
, GC,
.
, P*, :
GC = P* +AC user
P* =MC AC user
.
1
0
4.8.2
21.
. , GC.
.
.
,
,
.
.
. :
GC = g(X)
,
:
MC = f(X)
(AC)
, X.
.
(X* GC*):
21.
10
0
.
,
,
.
4.8.3
.
, ,
:
P* = MC - AC user
,
.
:
P* = MC prod + MC user AC user
. :
P* = MC prod + X (dACuser / dX)
P*=MCprod + eAC user
.
(Herbert Mohring).
, P*,
.
.
,
0,65 (
10
1
.
,
.
. :
-
(travel time)
(service time).
4.8.4
:
P*=ACprod * + gi (X) ei
:
P* / AC prod = + (gi (X)ei) / AC prod
gi(X)
ei X
.
:
P/AC prod = + e1 AC user / AC prod
e,
.
.
10
3
.
:
16.
1
10
764
1000
10000
6%
12%
21%
23%
60%
0%
0%
21%
33%
79%
0%
3%
21%
26%
78%
67%
68%
69%
70%
73%
,
. ,
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,
:
(travel time), (waiting/queuing time)
(service time = total producer time):
22.
10
4
4.9
.
.
.
.
.
.
, ,
.
.
.
( ).
.
.
.
.
4.9.1
:
.
.
10
5
.
.
:
.
, N ,
, X,
:
N = x[s + t(x)}
X =
N =
t =
s =
e .
j :
TC prod = cN
:
AC prod = TC prod/X = c(s+t(X))
t(X)
.
,
.
, :
MC prod = dTC/dX = dTCdN / dNdX = c(s+t) + cX dt/dX
,
.
P* = MC prod
.
10
6
4.9.2
.
.
.
.
. -
.
, .
:
1.
( )
2.
3.
2 3
.
(May 18, 1899 July 16, 1967),
, ,
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.
.
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.
16
.
16
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts
10
7
4.9.3
() 2/3
.
.
.
.
,
,
. ,
. ,
.
.
, , ,
.
?
.
, q = mX,
:
AC = az/mX + a + bm
.
:
m = 1,59(az/bX)
2/3
:
-
o , z
( ), b
, X
, m* a, b, z X
.
, X,
.
10
8
. a
.
.
. a ?
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.
.
4.9.4
,
~business-to-business~ .
.
17
, .
, ,
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: ,
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.
4.9.5
e,
?
(Kaldor's classical article 'The irrelevance of equilibrium economics')
...
.
,
.
17
10
9
,
.
. ,
.
.
.
, ,
.
4.9.6
, m*, AC*,
, X, .
. /
.
.
:
,
.
:
Q = m(P-p) X(p)
, m(P-p)
X(p) . , e,
:
e = (dq/dp) / (p/q) = X(dmp/dpq) + m(dmp/dpq)
mX q :
11
0
Q = (3X3D ) / 2
D = (2q / 3X3)
:
p = P + 2hH - 4h(2q/3X3)
a
:
MR = d(pq) / dq = P + 2hH- 6h(2q / 3X3)
P + 2hH - 6h(2q/3X3) = a
P + 2hH- 4h(2q/3X3) = a+az/q
11
1
. MR = MC
.
a ,
a,b, z
X:
q = 0,76 (az/b)
2/3
1/3
2/3
:
m = 1,59 (az/bX)
2/3
.
.
. ,
.
,
(Mankiw, 2005).
?
. .
5.
,
.
.
.
.
.
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11
2
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.
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.
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.
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.
.
.
.
, .
5.2
. .
.
, .
. 5
.
11
3
. ?
,
z 5000
:
17.
,
a
10
100
1000
10000
117
110
98
80
57
10
98
80
57
35
19
100
57
35
19
10
1000
19
10
10000
10, 1000
.
35 .
1/3.
.
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11
5
,
.
,
.
.
,
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,
.
5.3
.
.
.
:
dP/dq = 2h (2/3qX3)
b h :
4h / ( + 2) (2 / (33))
/2
= b; (/2=)
:
Eqp = P / (1.5b) q
:
q = 0,76 (az/b)
2/3
1/3
q
,
:
Eqp = 1+0,77(a/b)
2/3
(X/z)
1/3
. Eqp
.
11
6
,
.
18.
, , X
a
1
10
100
1000
1 0 00 0
1.1
1.3
1.6
2.3
3.8
10
1.6
2.3
3.8
7.0
13.0
100
3.9
6.2
14.3
29.5
62.0
1000
14.3
30.0
63.0
134.0
285.0
10000
62.0
136.0
289.0
621.0
1334.0
, , .
5.3.1
.
.
:
N = X/q = 1,32 (bX/az)
2/3
.
,
1000 (N)
(X):
19. 1000 (N)
, , (X)
11
7
, a
, X
1
1
10
100
10000
1.5
0.3
1.5
0.07
0.3
1.5
1000
0.015
0.07
0.3
1.5
10000
0.003
0.015
0.07
0.3
1.5
10
100
33
1000
153
718
33
153
33
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(1,5),
1,1 1334,
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0
. X-
.
m-
X-
:
q = m(P-p).X(p)
P, .
.
A, N,
p =
P:
q=A/NX(p)
, N, Q P .
Q = Nq = A.X(P)
.
.
, , N
.
:
Q = A-X(P,N)
, Q N:
Q/N = q = AX(P,N)/N
. N
.
:
12
1
24.
: , .135
7.
. (William Baumol)
.
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80:20 25:75 .
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: (William Baumol)
(Daniel Bell). Daniel Bell, ,
, -
The Coming of Post-Industrial Society.
.
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( Fogel, 1999)
, 92% 1875
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.
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1875 1995 .
1875
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19
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. 8402
.
.
(C.Gronroos, Service management and marketing, Lexington
Books, D.C.,1990) - ,
:
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Gronroos)
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(arlstad university) :
1. (
)
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19
Cunningham, L., F., Young, C., E., Crosscultural perspective of seruice quality... Journal of air
Transportation, vol. 7, 2002, . 5.
20
. , , , , 2011, . 111.
13
1
4. ( ).
,
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5
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