Índice General: I Estadística 3

@E?
A CA AH=
1 -IJ=@ IJE?=
! 8=HE=> AI AIJ=@ IJE?=I 6EF I ! " KAIJH=I ,E=CH= K =I ?K= EJ=JEL=I @A >=HH=I O @A IA?J HAI ?K= JEJ=JEL=I @A J= =I HE?=I IOD =I $ =I @A ?= =I A@E= O A@E= = H >KIJA # # $ ' O ? HHA =?E = AI ! 7 = L=HE=> A A DEIJ CH= A@E@=I " " " ! " " " # # $
-IJ=@ IJE?= ,AI?HEFJEL=
#
# # $
A@E@=I @A ?A JH= E =?E A@E@=I @A @EIFAHIE +K=HJE AI O @E=CH= ,E=CH= + =?E F=H=?E @A =I @A ?= =I ,=J I =J FE? I AI E A= AI
6H= IB H $ $
, I L=HE=> AI 4A?J= @A HACHAIE JH=I @AFA @A ?E=I BK ?E
2H >=>E E@=@AI
,A ! + ?K E?E O FH FEA@=@AI @A FH >=>E E@=@ @E?E =@= .K ?E 2H >=>E E@=@ ?
%
% ! !! !#
@A FH >=>E E@=@AI
! 8=HE=> AI = A=J HE=I

! ! ,A ! ! ! ! ! " -IFAH= ! " ! " ! " ! ! " " E?E @A JEF I =I= @A @A IE@=@ BK ?E JE K=I @A @EIJHE>K?E .K ?E 8=HE=> AI = A=J HE=I @EI?HAJ=I 8=HE=> AI = A=J HE=I ? = A@E= O L=HE= K J= =
!'
!' " " " "" "% "' # # @E?E =@=I # =
8=HE=I L=HE=> AI ,A IE@=@ ? + L=HE=
1 @AFA @A ?E= ,A IE@=@AI ?
,1+- /-
-4)
! " # ! # 5K
8A?J HAI = A=J HE I ?
JE K I
# ##
= @A L=HE=> AI E @AFA @EA JAI
"
"
@A I @A FH >=>E E@=@
@A " " " ! " " " " " " ! @A I @EI?HAJ I 2HKA>=I @A *AH ,EIJHE>K?E JH I I ? @A ,EIJHE>K?E JE K I K EB H ANF H = A A ?E= ,EIJHE>K?E ,EIJHE>K?E ,EIJHE>K?E >E K E E= FHKA>=I @A *AH K E
$
$ $ $ $ $! $" $" $# $#
I >=I=@ I A @A 2 EII
2=HJA 1 -IJ=@ IJE?=
+=F JK
-IJ=@ IJE?= ,AI?HEFJEL=

2=H= A ? = E ? KIE AIJK@E @A K = L=HE=I ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I @A K = F > =?E KAIJH= @A = F > =?E = K JE AI @A = F=HJA @A I @=J I J ?KHI I =@ I ACKA I I >HA =I ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I AIJA ?=F JK > AJ A FHE AH F=I IA= AH= AI = HA? CE@= @A @=J I 5A HA= E = AIJ= I >HA K = AI = =I GKA K = = J= =I ? JA C= =>E E@=@ ? KIE IK ?EA JA IA @A@E?=H ?KF= I @A A JA IEC E ?=JEL= F=H= GKA =I >=IJ= JA F =KIE> AI = > @=@ @A A I =K GKA = ? = FHE @A?E@EH
@A AIJK@E
KAIJH= O
F HJ= JA AJ=F= @A = @AI?HEF?E
8=HE=> AI AIJ=@ IJE?=I

I @=J I FHAIA J=H AIJA F=H= K = K I A HE? I
IAHEA AIJ=@ IJE?= @A =I >IAHL=?E

K F= = ?HEJAHE CA AH= I EI AIJ I IA FHAIA J= I IA =?
AI HA= E =@=I A FHA =@
K = F > =?E
LEA A GKA
H@A =@ I O ? =IE ?=@ I IECKEA @ 2 H H A?JKH= @A
GKA @AFA @AH CH
@A AIJK@E
I HA= E = @
=CHKF=@ I A
K = J=> = AIJ=@ IJE?= =K GKA ?= LAH
@A K = HAFHAIA J=?E
!
6EF I
KAIJH=I
I A ? L= H = AI A IE = JH=H =HC ? I ? IAHEAI JA FAHE @ = F K ? F H= AI A @A JEA F =I GKA IA J - A F = @=J I A =C EJK@ A F @EBAHA JAI E IJ= JAI @A K I @A IAHEAI JA AI @A K @A = A JEA A = HA J= FAH ? FEJ= @A K = F > =?E
- JHA =I IAHEAI AIJ=@ IJE?=I F @A HABAHE@ I = K = F H= AI I K JA FAHE @ @A JEA =I ? JE =?E
=I FHA?EFEJ=?E
A IK= AI @A K
...
A J
= J=> = AIJ=@ IJE?= @A K = IAHEA K = @A =I L=HE=> AI I A ? AH=I JH=J= E =@ JH= @A ? I = JA K = F=H=H BA A I =I @EIJE J=I
F H= AI = @A K = L=HE=> A >E@E 2 H ? JH= IE =I F H= >IAHL=?E
AI IA D=
ABA?JK=@
IAHEA =JA L= I
O AIJ=I FKA@A =I
IAH AIF=?E= AI O @A BHA?KA ?E=I ? I ? = HAFAJE?E
=I FHE @A K
HAI @A K = L=HE=> A A =I
@EIJE J I AIF=?E I CA CH I @A@E?=HA I
= J=I= @A @AJAH
=J= E@=@ A DA?D
FH LE ?E=I AIF=
=I @A BHA?KA ?E=I AIJK@E=
I KIK= AI O = A =I
+)2 67
-56), 561+) ,-5+412618)
! 7 = L=HE=> A
! ,E=CH= =I ?K= EJ=JEL=I @A >=HH=I O @A IA?J HAI ?K= JEJ=JEL=I @A J= I O D =I A DEIJ CH= =I
AI @A BHA?KA ?E=I JH=J= 2KA@A JE K ? IAC @A >IAHL=H ? =IE ?=H O H@A =H =I HAFAJE?E FK@EA @ AI @A ?EAHJ I =I JE =I IAH ?K= EJ=JEL=I = L=HE=> A
=I @EIJHE>K?E L=
HAI @A K = L=HE=> A
?K= JEJ=JEL=I
IAH
@A ?=H ?JAH @EI?HAJ
I @=J I IA FHAIA J=
A@E= JA J=> =I @A
BHA?KA ?E=I
K L= K = J=> = @A BHA?KA ?E=I IA = = BHA?KA ?E= =>I
KJ= =
H A
AH AH
@A LA?AI GKA IA HAFEJA
H @A = L=HE=> A IA HAFHAIA J= F H E = J=
ni
O IEC E ?= GKA A L= >LE= A JA ? F H HAFHAIA J=@
xi
=F=HA?A
ni
LA?AI
= IK
= @A
J @=I =I BHA?KA ?E=I =>I KAIJH= O IA @A = O AI =
KJ=I @A>A ? E ?E@EH
J J= @A A A
A J I @A =
KAIJH=
H @A JH
N
KJ= O A J= = KAIJH= E@
I BHA?KA ?E= HA =JEL= = = H= @A ?=@= L= @A =
A JHA = BHA?KA ?E= =>I
E@A = FH F H?E
KAIJH= 5A HAFHAIA J= F H
fi
O IAC
IA D= @A
fi =
-I ? =H 2 H @AJAH GKA JE E =@ L=
fi 1
=
=I ? =
GKA
ni . N
fi = 1
K =@=I
IF H H@A = = =I IK =I @A A JA =I BHA?KA ?E=I D=IJ= K = BHA?KA ?E=I =>I HAI KJ=I = @A >IAHL=@ I @A J=HA
I BHA?KA ?E=I =?K =I @A A H = A JA
H @A = L=HE=> A
Ni Fi IAC
FHALE=
IA HA AH=
HA =JEL=I =O H = 5E AI ? A
HAIFA?JEL=
2=H= ?= ?K =H =I IA
I L=
L=HE=> A O IA FKA@A D=?AH @A H BHA?KA ?E=I =?K
=O H BHA?KA ?E=I =?K
K =@=I ?HA?EA JAI
K =@=I @A?HA?EA JAI @A
Ni Fi
JE K= @A I D= =F=HIA F H A A
Ni Fi
I @=J I
>IAHL=@ I ? HHAIF E JAHL= A FK J
= K = L=HE=> A ? GKA
D=O F ?= HAFAJE?E F @A AIJ I ?=I I IA @A
@A @=J I = B H I = =
=CHKF=H AIJ I A
I @A ? =IA A@E
[Li1 , Li )
?AHH=@ I F H = @AHA?D= O =>EAHJ I F H = E GKEAH@= -
A =@A
=H?= @A ? =IA
xi
@A ?=@= E JAHL=
xi =
,A AIJA @ I L= HAI @A E JAHL= = ?
Li + Li1 . 2
FKA@A JH=J=HIA ? =?E IE BKAH= J @ I ECK= AI = IK EA J
[Li1 , Li )
=H?= @A ? =IA
xi
IECKEA JA F H@E@= @A E B H
AHH H @A =CHKF=
-A F I -A F
@=J I " ! + " # ! ! " ! ! ! ! " $ ! ! " ! ! ! BHA?KA ?E=I =>I KJ=I ! ! " !
- ?KAIJ=@=I ?E ?KA J= F=HA =I HAIFA?J
= IK
AH
@A DE
I IA
>JKLEAH
I IECKEA JAI
IJH O=IA K = J=> = AIJ=@ IJE?= GKA HAFHAIA JA @E?D I @=J I E @E?= @ K =@=I HA =JEL=I ?HA?EA JAI
HA =JEL=I O =?K
!
) 8)41)* -
K?E
xi

ni
fi
1 25 2 25 21 50 3 10 3 25 1 50 1 50
Fi
1 25 3 25 27 50 42 50 48 50 49 50
"
! " # $
# $
N = 50
-A F
FAHI $ $' $% %$ = =I $$ & #" $ >J %% #' $# $%
I @=J I GKA IA @=
= ?
JE K=?E
? HHAIF
@A
I FAI I A
CH=
I @A &
% $$ $# $%
$$ % $' $"
$& $% $ %
#% %& $% $"
% %# %! %!
$$ $" #% %'
# % $ #&
%# & $% $%
$# $ $& %
$' $" $! $&
% $' $% #'
#& $& % $'
$$ % $& %
$% &! %$ $$
%" #$ $ $
$ $# $ $! A
$! %" $! $$
C=IA K = @EIJHE>K?E
@A @=J I A
E JAHL= A
I @A =
F EJK@ # A C A
FA = @
[50, 55)
> += ? ? +K
AIA A F H?A J= A @A FAHI J=I FAHI =I JEA A FAI
=I @A FAI =O H
H GKA $# C FAH
ECK= GKA %
H GKA &#
K?E
= + GKAHA I ABA?JK=H K = @EIJHE>K?E @EA JAI GKA@= @ =H?= @A ? =IA @A @=J I =CHKF=@ I @ @A>A I >JA AH FHE K = ? AH K I =
E JAHL= ? HHAIF
I ? HHAIF
= IECKEA JA J=> =
@A DA
I = =@E@
@EA JA = =
[Li1 , Li ] [50, 55) [55, 60) [60, 65) [65, 70) [70, 75) [75, 80) [80, 85)
xi 52.5 57.5 62.5 67.5 72.5 77.5 82.5

N=
ni
Ni
fi
1 40 7 80 17 80 3 8 7 40 7 80 3 80
Fi
1 40 9 80 13 40 7 10 7 8 77 80
% % ! " % !
&
' $ #$ % %% &
&
+)2 67
-56), 561+) ,-5+412618)
>
>IAHL= @
= ?
K FAI
= @A BHA?KA ?E=I =?K AI A H GKA $#
K =@=I =>I J H E
KJ=I IA @A@K?A GKA ANEIJA I @A F H?A J= AI ? HHAIF
N3 = 26
@A =
E @ELE@K I ?KO
C GKA A
F3 100 =
? AH @A E @ELE@K I ? FAI ?
13 100 = 32.5 % . 40
A JHA % O &# A JA C AI
FHA @E@
n5 + n6 + n7 = 14 + 7 + 3 = 24 ,
AGKEL= A JA
N7 N4 = 80 56 = 24 .
4AFHAIA J=?E
F= =H @A K = CH IA J=?E AI CH I
AI CH
?=
?=I
= K = LEIE H FE@= @A =IFA?J GKA IA AIJK@E= O =I ? -IJ=I HAFHA AI D= @A
2KA@A HAIK J=H => HE I= =

A?JKH= @A K = J=> = AIJ=@ IJE?= 2=H= B=?E EJ=H AIJ= J=HA= IA IKA A =? GKA FH F H?E J =HIA ? F I ?=I @A>A K = =OK@= = =I HAFHAIA J=?E = E JAHFHAJ=?E AI CH ?=I ? KIE
>JA AHIA @A = J=> = 2HAIA J= A@E= JA A A I KIK= AI
-A F
?= A
AIJ
! ,E=CH= = @A >=HH=I
A A D HE KJ= J= I L= @A GKA A @E=CH=
FAH=JKH=I
5A KJE E = F=H= @EIJHE>K?E I A AI D HE =@

AI @A =O @A A
AI ?
F ?= L=HEA@=@ @A @=J I 5A ? K = >=HH= ?KO= = JKH= IA= ECK= J =H @EIJE J=I ?

CH=@ I ?A J CH=@ I
I >HA K > AJEL

=I JA
HAI @A = L=HE=> A O I >HA ?=@= K
= IK BHA?KA ?E= =>I
=I AI?= =I @A
J= O LAHJE?= IA FKA@A
A =@HE@ A
= GKA@A FH F H?E
A@E=I HACEIJH=@=I A
@=@=I F H = IECKEA JA J=> = 6A FAH=JKH= @A @ =I ! " # $ ! % $ & & ' " !
= HAFHAIA J=?E
CH
?= AI A IECKEA JA @E=CH=
= @A >=HH=I
ni
& % $ # " !
! " # $ % & '
xi
I KJE E = A A D HE I K J=
-A F
K HA?J @A A CK
" 0EIJ CH= =

?= E JAHL= I IA ? I >HA K ?= K
5E DA CK
I =CHKF=@ I GKA @A @A = ?KO=
I @=J I A A
E JAHL=
DEIJ CH=
@A BHA?KA ?E=I 5A ?
I E JAHL= HA?J
=I ? =IAI I >HA K
O I >HA ?=@= = = JKH= @A KJ=
HA= IA= ECK= = = BHA?KA ?E= =>I F EJK@
KJ= )I
[Li1 , Li )
ai = Li Li1
BHA?KA ?E= =>I
ni
IAH
hi =
ni . ai
!
) 8)41)* -
'
+K= @ F H?E
J @ I
I E JAHL= KJ=I
I I -
@A
EI =I A
F
= = HA=I EI
F EJK@
AI
I ? ?
?=H ?
= JKH=I IAH
=I
BHA?KA ?E=I =>I

- DEIJ CH=
ni
AIJA ?=I
? E ?E@EH
=I BHA?KA ?E=I FAH
FH
= AI O A =IFA?J
@A = CH
?= IAH
= @A BHA?KA ?E=I @A A A
!
IAH =
#

#
##
$
$#
%
%#
&
&#
-A F
I F =>I
-
# 2
C
A@E I ?
@A BHA?KA ?E=I
IA?KJEL I @A
IEIJA A
K EH ? K
K =
A= F
EC
I ANJHA
I IKFAHE HAI ?
IA?KJEL I @A =I >=HH=I A
@E=CH=
= @A >=HH=I CK I @A K DEIJ CH= = K =@=I
I FK J I C
I =@ I IKFAHE HAI @A KJE E =H J= >E
I HA?J
I @A BHA?KA ?E=I IA FKA@A HA =JEL=I ?HA?EA JAI

I ?=I I = JAHE HAI GKA@=H =
F=H= HAFHAIA J=H =I BHA?KA ?E=I =?K

C I @A BHA?KA ?E=I
KJ=I
@A?HA?EA JAI
I IECKEA JAI F
!
ni
& % $ # " !
#

! " # $ % & '
xi
# ## $ $# % %# & &#
J= 5A =? IJK
= = 0=?E > I =@ I @A @ =I A
>H= = FH I @=J I A ?=I
C=H
= F =
EC
D=IJ= A
A A D HE 2=H= = F EC
J=
2=H= A
I L= LEIK=
HAI I =
>IAHL=@ I ? J= IA J DEIJ CH=
BHA?KA ?E= ?AH = A HA= >=
@E ?=H A =IFA?J EJ=@ @A E JAHL= = ? E ?E@A ?
KAL I FK J I @A A A D HE
= K = @EIJ= ?E= ECK= = =
=@O=?A JA
@A K
= @A DEIJ CH=
-A F
?KO=I
$ ,E=CH= = @A IA?J HAI

@A @E=CH= HA=I HAIFA?JEL=I IA= FH F H?E
5E
= L=HE=> A GKA AIJ= ? H?K A
I ?
IE@AH= @
AI ?K= EJ=JEL=
IA
IKA A KI=H AIJA JEF
=I 5A @ELE@A K
IA?J HAI K
F H ?=@= =JHE>KJ
>IAHL=@
= AI = =I BHA?KA ?E=I

+)2 67
-56), 561+) ,-5+412618)
+ =IE ?=@= K = @=J I
KAIJH= @A FAHI
=I IAC
IK CHKF
I= CK
>JKLE
I IECKEA JAI
/HKF
I= CK @A FAHI
A =I
) "
*
)* # " I =@=FJ=H K EI = @E=CH= =
IECKEA JA IAH = K
@E=CH=
= @A IA? KAIJH=
)K GKA F @A
J HAI F=H=
I @=J I @A AIJ=
@A >=HH=I F=H= =
"
)
*
!
)*
)*
-A F
@A J=

% ,E=CH= =I @A J=
I O D =I ? @A= ?= A IJEJKOA I @=J I = K
I O D =I
AH K ?
2=H= L=HE=> AI ?K= JEJ=JEL=I ? - FH ?A@E EA J
JE K=I
I @E=CH=
=I
K = IA ?E = HAFHAIA J=?E
AI ?
IECKA
5A HA@ 5A ?
LA EA JA @A ?EBH=I IEC E ?=JEL=I =I IAF=H=@=I F H K = = A A= LAHJE?= AI?HE>EA @
K = J=> = @A @ I ? = JE
J @=I =I ?EBH=I I= L =
!
= = = E GKEAH@= B H = = D
J=
JE
= ?EBH= = = @AHA?D= B H @A
=
K = LA AH @A D =I HAFHAIA J= = BHA?KA ?E=
+=@= J=
A K = ? =IA O IA AI?HE>A I
@A @E?D= ? =IA
4AFHAIA JA !#% ! "## 2HE " AH # I F H K #" @E=CH= = @A J= "! % " I O D # =I ! I IECKEA JAI @=J I ANFHAI=@ I A ! ! ! % $ % ?
!&" $
$ "! I HA@ "
! "
" $'& @ $ I A % !" "%
@A= " "
I = JHAI ?EBH=I IEC E ?=JEL=I ANFHAI # !! ! % I O D ! " # $ % ""! #"% % !#" % % =I !#
I GKA@=H = A IECKEA JA @E=CH=
= @A J=
I FH FE I @=J I
I @=
K = E@A= LEIK= @A = I O D =I ?
=?
=O H BHA?KA ?E= @A
>IAHL=?E
AI -I B ?E
= F=HJEH @A @E=CH=
= @A J=
IJHKEH = J=> = @A BHA?KA ?E=I
"
-,1,)5
41+)5

[Li1 , Li ]
xi
ni
! # !
Ni
! & !
fi
3 16 5 16 3 16 1 8 1 16 1 16 1 16
Fi
3 16 1 2 11 16 13 16 7 8 15 16
[110, 120) 115 [120, 130) 125 [130, 140) 135 [140, 150) 145 [150, 160) 155 [160, 170) 165 [170, 180) 175
N=

$
" # $
"
> AJ KJE E =
A@E@=I K
@A J @ ?EAHJ=I AIJK@E GKA
HE?=I
AI >JA AH E B H I =E B H =?E =?E ?K= JEJ=JEL= I >HA = CK = ?=H=?JAH IJE?= F E ?=H A AIJK@E O =I IA FHA?EI= I >HA = ?=H=?JAH IJE?= AIJK@E=@= = A =H K = CH= @A @=H ?= JE@=@ @A @=J I 2=H= IE
AIJ=@ IJE? > EC=H = =
@A K = F > =?E
A@E@=I GKA JH=J=
= F=HJEH @A = J=> = ,EIJE CKE
I A JHA AIJ=I =I
A@E@=I @A ?A JH= E =?E
A@E@=I @A
@EIFAHIE
"
5K FHAJA IE ,A E
A@E@=I @A ?A JH= E =?E

AI @=H K = E@A= @A L= H ?A JH= = HA@A@ H @A ?K= IA HAF=HJA I L= HAI @A = KAIJH= I =I I D=>EJK= AI A E JAHAI= JAI
,A
E?E
"
A@E=
KAIJH=
IA @A
A ?
x =
n n 1 ni xi = fi xi . N i=1 i=1
,A
E?E
LA
"
H @A = H@A =@=I
= E@A= @A =
A@E= =
KAIJH=
AI = IECKEA JA EI AH @A >IAHL=?E AI K =
-I A L=
KAIJH= GKA @A = = E GKEAH@= O @AHA?D= A
2=H= D= =H = ?HA?EA JAI AH L= @A
A@E= = 5E A
KAIJH= DA AH @A AI @A?EH
I @A >IAHL=?E
=H AI
IA
=? AI E @E?A IA J
= @A BHA?KA ?E=I =>I I AH
KJ=I =?K
K =@=I = A
Ni
F=H @EC=
A@E= = AI A L= HAI ?A JH= AI
H ?A JH=
xi
J= GKA IK I
AI A FHE
N = 2k + 1 = k + 1 + k GKA ?K F A k < Ni 5E
A@E @A
>IAHL=?E
AI AI F=H @EC= JE K=I ?
N = 2k
= ?
A@E= = A FK J
I @ I
2=H= L=HE=> AI ?
I @=J I =CHKF=@ I JEA A = = A@E= =
I GKA IA FKA@A D= =H AI A
E JAHL=
A@E= = AI @A?EH = ? =IA GKA ?
,A
E?E
"!
@= @A K =
KAIJH= @A K = L=HE=> A AIJ=@ IJE?= @EI?HAJ= AI A
L=
H GKA
=F=HA?A
I LA?AI HAFAJE@
+)2 67
-56), 561+) ,-5+412618)
-IJ= D=>AH
JE
A@E@=
JEA A
K?D AIJ=H A
E JAH I ? I ANJHA I
A@E@= @A ?A JH= E =?E IAH K
F H L=HE I L= H ?A JH=
JEL I FKA@A
JEA A IA JE@
F=H= L=HE=> AI ? @= E ? KI
JE K=I = JA AH GKA =CHKF=H FKA@A
I @A K =
...
"
2=H= ? IE F A
A@E@=I @A @EIFAHIE
A J=H = E B H =?E @A =I A@E@=I @A ?A JH= E =?E IA @A A =I A@E@=I @A @EIFAH F -I ALE@A JA GKA =I FHE AH=I I E IK ?EA JAI ? KAIJH= A IECKEA JA A A
A A GKA = >=I KAIJH=I JEA A AIJ=I ECK= AI J= J KAIJH=I = = A@E= ? = @A @EIFAHIE @EBAHA ?E=H A@EH =
IAF=H=?E
A@E= = @A KAIJH= AI =I A@E@=I I @=J I
,A
E?E
""
= L=HE=
KAIJH=
IA @A
A ?
s2 x
5A @A 6= A = @AILE=?E = >E IA ?
N 1 n i ( xi x )2 . = N i=1
J FE?=
KAIJH=
F IEJEL= @A = L=HE=
sx = + s2 x
N
@AILE=?E =
AIJ KAIJH=
@=H @A =
KAIJH= ?
= H=
?K=@H=@=
IE@AH= = GK=IEL=HE=
2 Sx
1 ni (xi x )2 = N 1 i=1
EIEI
N s2 N 1 x
)
I A I JE I ?=F JK = H= I 5A
@A @A
H ?
F HJ=
EA J
F=H= HA= E =H =
I FHA?EI I
LAHA
A = GK=IE@AILE=?E =
J FE?=
KAIJH=
F IEJEL= @A = GK=IEL=HE=
+ L=HE= = -I ? = @AILE=?E I @= = @
@AILE=?E 2 Sx = + Sx
AIJ
@=H @A =
KAIJH= ?
?K=@H=@=
J FE?= IA A@E= @A
E@A = @EIFAHIE K = A
@A = ?K
KAIJH= A AI = = @A = L=HE=
=I K E@=@AI A@E= =
HECE = AI O= GKA =
I ?K=@H=@ I @A =I @AILE=?E A ?
KAIJH=
KJE E =H = IECKEA JA B H
s2 x
) 1 ( 2 = n i x2 x = fi x2 2 . i i x N i=1 i=1
N N
- AH?E?E
5 K?E
,A
IJH=H = E@A JE@=@ = JAHE H F=H= = L=HE=

=H A ?K=@H=@ O IKIJEJKEH =
=
A@E= KAIJH=
*=IJ= @AI=HH
s2 x =
N 1 ni (xi x )2 N i=1
N N N 1 2 x x 2 2 = ni xi n i xi + ni N i=1 N i=1 N i=1 N N 1 1 2 2 2 = x +x = 2 ni xi 2 ni x 2 i x N i=1 N i=1
"
-,1,)5
41+)5
!
-A F
$ $ 4A@ @A J=
&
)F EGKA AJH I $ &"
I ?
?AFJ I = JAHE HAI = = IECKEA JA
KAIJH= @A AIJ=JKH=I @A
" FAHI
=I
ANFHAI=@=I A %# '! @A= @ I O D =I
"
'! %
&#
% #
$& $$
$ ' @ I A
$% $# ?
&#
&!
#%
#"
= JHAI ?EBH=I IEC E ?=JEL=I ANFHAI
I GKA@=H = A IECKEA JA @E=CH=
" # $ % & '

A@E= O = L=HE=
%" &% $# # #!"# !! #

K = J=> = = =@EA @ = = =I O= LEIJ=I = CK =I ? K =I JE AI F=H=
)FK J= A ? ?K
I =D H= AIJ I @=J I A @A =
xi
" #" #% $ $ $# $$ $% $& % % %# &! &" &# ' '! #
ni

Ni

ni xi
" #"
x2 i
'&& !%$ "$"' #$ $ "" % #
n i x2 i
'&& !%$ "$"' # # "&& % #
! # %
#% ! ! " $# $$ $% $& % % %# &! &" !%' ' !&$

& ' ! " # $ &
%##$ %&&' & "
%##$ %&&' & "
&' ' " !$ # !!"&' !!&#$ !" #
&' ' " !$ # !!"&' !!&#$ $&"# !$ %""'& " "" " #
'
!$ !% "' " "" " #
! "
#
)I F=H= ?= ?K =H = O @ELE@EHA I F H
A@E=
KAIJH= IK
=HA
I =I A JH=@=I @A = ?K=HJ= ?
= ?
?=>A?AH=
ni xi
N = 24 x = 4197 175 cm. 24

A L= H A@E A JHA A L= H A KC=H O A !
A@E= =
KAIJH=
= D=>AH
24
@=J I IAH
A@E= = 2=H= HAIJ= = L=HE= = IK = I
KAIJH=
=
=
=I A JH=@=I @A
170 + 171 = 170.5 . 2 2 IANJ= ? K = ni xi
@ELE@E
I F H
N = 24
I A ?K=@H=@ AIJ
@A =
= @AILE=?E
@=H IAH
sx 15
A@E= 740413 s2 x = 24
1752 30851 30625 = 226 .
"
+)2 67
-56), 561+) ,-5+412618)
) D=>AH F ?= HAFAJE?E GKA HA= E =H IE F E ?= 5KF C= K?D I ? FAH = ?= ?K >E
@A @=J I = J=> = D= GKA@=@ I 8= FAH@A I = LAH ? I A FHA?EIE I A E JAHL=
>=IJ= JA CH= @A ? I @=J I A E JAHL=
GKA DA I I ?
I JA E@ ?K I IA
= =CHKF=H
I GKA
I @=J I
I =CHKF=
I @A =
F EJK@ A
FA = @
[140, 150)
>JA @H =
I = IECKEA JA J=> = @A BHA?KA ?E=I
[Li1 , Li ] [140, 150) [150, 160) [160, 170) [170, 180) [180, 190) [190, 200) [200, 210)
xi
"# ## $# %# &# '# #
ni
& ! " ! !
Ni
! " & "
n i xi
"# ! ! # # %" #&# $#
x2 i
# " # % !" # # !$ # !& # " #
n i x2 i
# "&# %& '&%# !$' "%# $%#
A@E=
KAIJH= IAH =
- E JAHL= = L=HE= =
= @AILE=?E 2=H= ?
4240 530 = 176.7 24 3 A@E= = [170, 180) 755800 5302 94475 280900 283425 280900 2525 2 KAIJH= sx = = = = 280.6 9 3 9 9 9 24 2525 2525 50.25 J FE?= sx = = = 16.75 9 3 3 x =
> I AIJK@E I IJH= I I HAIFA?JEL I @E=CH= F EJK@ =I @A >=HH=I A DEIJ CH= = @A KJ=I = JA AH E JAHL= I @A ECK= =
F=H=H =
BHA?KA ?E=I =>I
ni
!
ni
& % $ # "
xi
" # $ % & '
" # $ % & '
xi
x 175
A@E= = KAIJH=
= 170.5
x 176.7
E JAHL= A@E= =
s2 x 226 sx 15
[170, 180)
280.6 sx 16.75 s2 x
"
-,1,)5
41+)5
#
"!
7 =
+K=HJE AI O @E=CH=
A@E@= A A A J= @A @EIFAHIE =O H O A
=I @A ?= =I
K = LA A H @A H@A =@ I I @=J I I @=J I AI A
H= C
HA? HHE@
GKA
AI = @EBAHA ?E= A JHA A
R = xn x1 .
5ECKEA @ A @ I EI A
= E@A= @A = @A K J @A A A @A AH E?E @A = A@E= = E JH @K?E AI I ! ?K=HJE AI I I ?K=HJE AI = A A@E= = IAF=H= " F=HJAI ? EJ=@AI A ? >IAHL=?E
A J I )I
I ?K=HJE AI
Q1 Q2
Q1 Q2 O Q3 D=?A Q3 I J= AI GKA Q1

# @A
I @=J I AIJ I @=J I AIJ A@E= = I @=J I AIJ ?KHH = ? LA@=@AI I =
= = E GKEAH@= @A FHE
AH ?K=HJE ?K=HJE
O A %# = IK @AHA?D= O A # = IK @AHA?D= AI @A?EH
A # @A
= = E GKEAH@= @A IACK @
Q2
Q2 =
A %# @A 1CK= GKA IA= =I A H= C E?=I
= = E GKEAH@= @A JAH?AH ?K=HJE A@E= = DA A FHE I @A ?
Q3
O A
# = IK @AHA?D= A J= = KAIJH= A
IE@AH=H @EIJE J I ?=I I IAC
@ELEIE> A F H "
N = 4k N = 4k + 1 N = 4k + 2
E?
N = 4k + 3
@A E@= F H
AH O A JAH?AH ?K=HJE AI ) F=HJEH @A AIJ=I @ I ?= JE@=@AI IA @A GKA AI K = A@E@= @A @EIFAHIE
E JAH?K=HJ
RI
H= C E JAH?K=HJ E?
= @=J I EI = E@A= IACKE@= F=H= @A EH I ?K=HJE AI H@A I A
RI = Q3 Q1 .
AL=H = = = @A A H L= E?E @A I ''
FAH?A JE AI
@A I
P1 , . . . , P99
CA AH= A FAH?A JE @A
IAH
H GKA IKFAH= =
F H ?EA J
""
= IE
,E=CH=
=I @A ?= =I ,=J I =J FE? I
CH O ? I FAH >=I=@ EJEH A @A I ?K=HJE AI GKA ? EH A ? ?AFJ JEA A =@A =J FE? I E B H =?E I >HA = @A @=J - IECKEA JA @E=CH=
- @E=CH= KAIJH= = ?
= @A ?= = AI K
IJHK??E
AJH = @A = @EIJHE>K?E A@E= = O
@A @E=CH= A H= C
= @A ?= = @A K = E JAH?K=HJ E?
KAIJH= @=@= 5A D=
@A ?= ?K =H
I ?K=HJE AI
Q1
Q3
=I ?
RI = Q3 Q1

>=HHAH= ANJAHE H
3 RI
>=HHAH= E JAHE H
3 RI
>=HHAH= E JAHE H
>=HHAH= ANJAHE H
RI
1.5 RI
1.5 RI
Q1
A@
Q3
$
+)2 67
-56), 561+) ,-5+412618)
I IAC @=J I =I
A J I @E>K =@ I = = I ANJHA AI GKA AIJ @A ? HHAIF ? A
> I =@ I @A = ?= = @A @A JH @A
E =@ I
>EC JAI = = = AI @A?EH
K A I I @A
I GKA =F=HA?A
=I >=HHAH=I E JAHE HAI I AIJ =
@=J I =J FE? I
1.5
A LA?AI A ? H= C E JAH?K=HJ E? CH
?=@= =@
I =
>IAHL=?E
BKAH= @A
=I >=HHAH=I E JAHE HAI 5E =@A E =
E JAH?K=HJ E? BKAH= @A DA ANJHA I
@EA JA ?K=HJE IA @A I >
=I >=HHAH=I ANJAHE HAI
I HAFHAIA J=@
@=J I =J FE? I ANJHA

I
I @A ! LA?AI A H= C
= JAHE H
I @=J I =J FE? I ANJHA
O ?
I @=J I =J FE? I
-IJA JEF AHH HAI A A ? = F HJ=
@A EA J
>IAHL=?E A
AI =J FE?=I HAGKEAHA K = =JA ?E EA J @A @=J I >EA
F=HJE?K =H JEA A
>EA
F HGKA HAIF =?E
@A
A@E@=
A JH=J=
F HGKA ?
E B H
HA AL= JA I >HA
@A = L=HE=> A
"#
7 H=IC 5KF
+
C=
F=H=?E
@A
A@E= O
A@E= O
A@E= = H >KIJA
F HJ= EA J BHA JA = @=J I =J FE? I
GKA @EBAHA ?E= =
A@E= = AI IK ? KAIJH= @A @=J I
I @=@= = IECKEA JA
5.3; 2.8; 3.4; 7.2; 1.7; 6.2; 9.3; 3.2; 5.9 ;

GKA JEA A A A F A@E= =
5O
A@E= =
5.3
5E E JH @K?E = EI =
I K
@=J
I GKA IA= K = A@E= ?=
L=
H =J FE?
ANJHA A JA = BA
F H
83
KAIJH= GKA@=H = ? AIJ=>E E@=@ @A = >HA @A JEA A =
A@E= = FAH
>E= @H IJE?=
12.8
A
= HAIEIJA ?E= GKA HA?E>A A FAH?A JE AI A = IK J= J F ?
H >KIJA
EI
A@E= = BHA JA = = ANEIJA ?E= @A @=J I =J FE? I AI K 6 @ I I AIJ=@ IJE? I >=I=@ I A J FE?= I A H@A =I H >KIJ=I
A@E= = ?K=HJE AI F H
...
AIJ=
= FH FEA@=@ O IA @E?A GKA I
A@E@=I GKA IA >=I=
= ?
A@E= O = @AILE=?E
I IA IE> AI =
I @=J I =J FE? I O I
H >KIJ=I A@E= = =I >IAHL=?E AI =J FE?=I ANF E?= = F IE?E KAIJH= =I IECKEA JAI CKH=I )IE JHE?= = = E G@= HA =JEL= @A = A@E= =
-IJ= IA IE>E E@=@ @A = O A@E= A 5E @EIJHE>K?E JHE?=
AI =IE
JHE?=I ? )IE
JHE?= = = @?D=
x
A@
A@
A@
I @=J I =J FE? I = = @AHA?D= E GKEAH@= @A @E=CH= D=?E= = @AHA?D= E GKEAH@= ?HA= @
= @A ?= = =JH=A AJH =
= =
A@E= @AIF =
I @EIJE J I JEF I @A =IE J FE?= @A>A JH I ?=I I
+
IE
? KIE
A@E= O = @AILE=?E @=J I =J FE? I -
KJE E =HIA F=H= HAIK AI FHABAHE> A KJE E =H
EH @EIJHE>K?E =
AI D H= C
A=I
JHE?=I O IE
A@E= = O A
E JAH
?K=HJ E?
"
-,1,)5
41+)5
%
-A F
'
=I LA J=I @A AI
=F=J I @A ?=>= AH
K =
=F=JAH = @EIJHE>KE@=I F H J= =I D=
IE@
@KH= JA ?EAHJ
=I IECKEA JAI 6= = @A F=HAI !% ! !& " AIA !' ## AI AI @A " !" " !$$ " ' "! #% "" $ I ?K=HJE AI LA I GKA "#
AH
J J= @A
=F=J I LA @E@ I A
N = 956
2=H= ?= ?K =H
25 %
@A = AH= GKA
956 = 239
Q1 = 40 ,
=J FE? I O = @EIJHE>K?E
Q2 = 41 ,
= EI
Q3 = 42 ,
=
O A H= C A
E JAH?K=HJ E?
AI
RI = 2 .
JA A I @=J I I
=I >=HHAH=I E JAHE HAI @A @E=CH= I >EC JAI JEA A
= @A ?= = AIJ=H =
37
= =
45
@A
= AH= GKA
CEJK@ FKAI ANEIJA JHE?= HAIFA?J
I @=J I A@E= =
37 O 45 A
KAIJH= )@A
@A @=J I @A = ?= = AI IE
6=> = @A BHA?KA ?E=I
xi
!% !& !' " " " "! "" "# + ?K I
ni
! " ## !" !$$ ' #% $
Ni
! % $ '$ $$ &' '"& '#" '#$
Ni
'#$ '#! '"' &'" $$ '" $# &
ni x i
# "# '!$ #$ '$& "# $" '
x2 i
!$' """ # $ $& %$" &"' '!$ #
ni x2 i
"% #%%$ &!$## !%"" $# "$ "!'#$ #!'! $$ "#
x = s2 x sx
@=
39197 41 956 1608199 = x 2 1.131 956 = Vx 1.06 = 41 .

E E=I F H A ! AH ! # @A DE " " # I AI $ " % &
-A F

= ? =IE ?=?E
@A B= @A DE @A B= I E E=I
&
+)2 67
-56), 561+) ,-5+412618)
8=
I = = = E =H
X =
AH
@A DE
I F H B=
E E=
5A JEA A
14 280 = = 2.8 , x = 100 5

,A I I @=J I A JH I @ I ?K=HJE AI I
1098 196 549 392 157 s2 = = 3.14 , x = 100 25 50 50

?KF= A ! O A # J= O >E ? KAC =
sx =
8.86 157 = 1.77 . 50 5

2 H IK F=HJA E JAH?K=HJ E?
KC=H #
A@E= = AI !
Q2 = 3
Q1 = 2
Q3 = 4
F H GK
GKA JA A
I H= C
RI = 4 2 = 2
O A @E=CH= = E ,A DA?D KO FH NE *= = @A ?= = GKA@= ? K @=J =J FE? & GKA AI ANJHA FKAI IKFAH= = >=HHAH= KAIJH= ANJAHE H @AHA?D= = LAHJE?= A KA ?E= @A AIJA @=J IE AIJ=I ? EC H= =I IE HA@ @A=
Q3 + 3RI = 4 + 6 = 10
=J FE? FKA@A IAH KO CH= @A FKAI =F=HA?A A A@E= A @A = KAIJH= GKA@=H = I JH=J=H = AIF=
I @A =
2.75
)@A
I =
A@E= O = JHE?=
A@E= = AIJ
I = A JAH I ? E ?E@A AI F @A KAIJH= ? = A A = ?=IEIE
IE@AH=?E
-A F
IA

,A K = A ?KAIJ= @A = F > =?E I IECKEA JAI @=J I F=H= KAIJH= @A %# B= E E=I
'%! I >HA FHAIKFKAIJ I B= A IK= F H B= E E= A
E E=HAI E AI @A
>JKLEAH
= L=HE=> A
G =
C=IJ
fi
! $ $ ! " & % !
FAIAJ=I I >HA K =
[Li1 , Li ) [0, 50) [50, 100) [100, 150) [150, 200) [200, 250) [250, 300) [300, 350) [350, 400) [400, 450) [450, 500) [500, 550) [550, 600) [600, 650) [650, 700) [700, 750) [750, 800) [800, 850) [850, 900) [900, 950)
- FHE A AH E JAHL= ?K=HJ E? AI
ni
' ! $ #
Fi
# %
"! #' % %$ %% &# ' '! '! '$ '% '' '' ''

[100, 150)
I =I K
A E JAHL= H= C
A@E= =
[200, 250)
O A JAH?AH ?K=HJE AIJ
A E JAHL=
[300, 350)
6A @H =
E JAH?K=HJ E?
150 < RI 350 100 = 250 .

@E=CH= ? = @A ?= = JA @H = >=HHAH=I E JAHE HAI ANJHA ?HAJ LA I @A = J=> = GKA A =I A @A @AHA?D= -
76 15 = 61 %
275
= E GKEAH@=
O % # =
I @=J I IA A ?
JH=H = A
= ?= =
#
64)
5.
)+1
-5
-) -5
'
# A 8A 5E J
A IAC
A J
E GKEAH@
O K
" A I
A IAC AI =IE
A J
@AHA?D
@A ?K= A ? HHAIF
@A =
@=J I =J FE? I GKA F @H = I A = ?K= GKEAH ?=I I =I J FE?= @A AIJ=
AC=H = IAH ANJHA GKA = @EIJHE>K?E KAIJH=
JHE?= = = @AHA?D= F @A I ?= ?K =H = A@E=
=H?=I @A ? =IA ?
HAFHAIA J=JEL=I @A ?=@= E JAHL= >JA EA @ E AI @A FAIAJ=I
O = @AILE=?E
x 264
sx 170.8
# 6H= IB H =?E AI E A= AI
5KF J FE?= ?= B H >E =?E C= I GKA JA A I K = O KAIJH= @A @=J I >E=H = AI?= = A
x1 , x 2 , . . . , x n
= GKA
A@E=
KAIJH= +
O @AILE=?E E KEH AIJA
sx
2KA@A E JAHAI=H ?=
I @EAH GKA AI K
I @=J I ?=I
@A AI?= = A CA AH= K AI E A= AI
x
?=
sx
@A AI?= = LEA A @=@ 8A= I ? F H L=H =
>E
y = kx
n i=1
F=HJE?K =H @A =I JH= I J FE?=
y = ax + b
n i=1
I AIJ=@ IJE? I
A@E= O @AILE=?E
5EA @
x =
fi xi
JA @H = @A @ @A
y =
fi (a xi + b) = a
n i=1
fi xi + b
n i=1
fi
y = ax + b;
C=
A JA IE
s2 x
n i=1
fi x2 2 i x fi (a xi + b)2 (a x + b)2 fi x2 i + 2ab

n i=1
A J
?AI
s2 y =
n i=1
= a
n i=1 n
fi xi + b
n i=1
fi a2 x 2 2abx b2
= a2 = a2
F H J= J
fi x2 + b 2 a2 x 2 2abx b2 i + 2abx ) fi x2 2 = a2 s2 i x x;
i=1 n i=1
sy = |a| sx .
KOA K = JH= IB H =?E E A= I >HA I @=J I @A K = KAIJH= A IKI ?K=H
- AH?E?E
JE AI
,A
E?E
# 6EFE ?=?E
x1 , . . . , x N
? HHAIF
5E
sx
A@E= O @AILE=?E
J FE?=
KAIJH= AI @A K = = L=HE=> A
KAIJH=
@EA JA = K = L=HE=> A
KAIJH= ? HHAIF
@EA JA =
JEFEBE?=@=
Y =
JEA A A@E= KAIJH=
X x , sx
yi =
J FE?=
xi x , i = 1, . . . , N , sx sy = 1
y =0
O @AILE=?E
KAIJH=
+)2 67
-56), 561+) ,-5+412618)
$ , I L=HE=> AI
@AJAH + ?=IE A 5KF JEJ=JEL=I AI AIJK@E=HA ?=F JK C= I L=HE=I ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I @A K = F > =?E JEF @A HA =?E I >=IJ=H ? A JHA A =I ,A@E?=HA A JA @AH A ?=I A AIJK@E ? 7 FH > A = E JAHAI= JA IAH = AIJA FH > A = E =H IE ANEIJA = C I AIJ= IA??E I = JAHE HAI @A @ I L=HE=> AI = A=J HE=I K J @A @ I L=HE=> AI = A=J HE=I ?K= AI
I FKAI GKA AIJ= A
I HA= E = @
,EIF
@HA
I @A K =
KAIJH= @A
F=HAI @A
>IAHL=?E
(x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 ), . . . , (xN , yN ) ;

AI @A?EH F=H= A A A 7JE E =HA =I @EIJHE>K?E A J
i
IE
@A =
KAIJH=
(xi , yi )
IA D=
>IAHL=@
? O
GKA
X = xi
Y = yi
I ?= ?K =H
I K = J=> = @A @ > A A JH=@= F=H= = @EIJHE>K?E AI =HCE = AI O A F=H= = AI CH KAIJH= ?=I @A F=HJE?K =H ?= ?K =H
K J= ,A A = F @A I HAIFA?JEL I F=H= A ! @E
I AIJ=@ IJE? I @A ?=@= L=HE=> A
x
AI +
A@x
2 @=x Sx Sx
...
=HCE = @A = L=HE=> A = @EIJHE>K?E ?
=I HAFHAIA J=?E = JAH =JEL= = AIJ I CH
K J=
IA HA= E =
A IE
? I IA E JH @K?A = +
K>A @A FK J I
I F H A A F I L= HAI >IAHL=@ I @A AI K =
A = HAFHAIA J= J= O I @A =
A A A D HE @A LA?J H HA= E =@
A LAHJE?=
+=@= FK J IJH=@= =
>IAHL=?E
(X, Y )
K>A @A FK J I KAIJH=
= E GKEAH@= IA D=
= F=HJEH @A =
(23, 15) ; (43, 16) ; (42, 25) ; (23, 25) ; (28, 17) ; (29, 22) ; (31, 35) ; X (32, 28) ; (34, 18) ; (36, 32) ; (40, 38) ; (34, 18) ; (36, 23) ; (38, 28) ; (45, 25) ; (65, 26) ; (64, 35) ; (45, 35) ; (50, 27) ; (51, 32) ; (53, 45) ; (54, 38) ; (56, 28) ; (58, 42) ; (65, 48) ; (56, 28) ; (58, 33) ; (60, 38) .
HAIK HA =?E FK J I
> AJEL
=H?=@
AIJ= IA??E A JHA
AI A ? A
JH=H K = ?KHL= IA ?E = GKA ANFHAIA @A AI BK @= 7 = A ? A@E@= A J= @E>K =H FHE K AH =
= AH= K>A @A
E@= K = F IE> A HA =?E AI = ? L=HE=
2=H= A
F=H= @A?E@EH IE FKA@A ANEIJEH AIJ= HA =?E
HE?= GKA HA? CA AIJ= F IE> A
KAIJH=
GKA IA @A
covx,y =
2=H= ?= ?K =H = AI I IA ?E
N 1 ( xi x )(yi y ) . N i=1
KJE E =H = ECK= @=@
covx,y
GKA IA @A KAIJH= B ?E A JA A AH?E?E = AH=
N 1 = x i yi x y N i=1
= ? L=HE= @A @=J I
= =F=HA?A @A
=JKH= = E JA J=H = KIJ=H K =

HA?J= @A HACHAIE
= K =
K>A
$
5 8)41)* -5
$
5E @A = HAIK EHA
4A?J= @A HACHAIE
K>A @A FK J I @A?E@E I J @= = I L= K>A ? HAI @A
O ? HHA =?E
I GKA FKA@A ANEIJEH K = HA?J=
y = ax + b
GKA IA = KIJA = =
EI
A = -IJ= HA?J= JH=J=H = @A B H A
= E =H = E@A= @A GKA ANEIJA K = HA =?E
E A= A JHA
Y
@A Y E.C.M. I >HA
,A
E?E
$
A@E
= HA?J= @A HACHAIE A =@A = JA
AI = HA?J=
y = a + bx
GKA
E E
E = A AHH H
?K=@H JE?
E.C.M. =
J= + IA FH A@E= F=H= AIJE @A HACHAIE - @AI=HH = HA?J= @A HACHAIE =H L= @A AI A HAI @A @A
N 1 (yi a bxi )2 . N i=1
I >HA
IA FHAJA @A @A =
E E
E =H A - + = HA?J= C= F=H= L= I =
A A JA
?KO= @A ?= ?K =H
E?E = HA?J=
=I @EIJ= ?E=I LAHJE?= AI @A ?=@= FK J
KAIJH= = HAI @A A@E
-IJ= HA?J= IA KI=H HAI ? ?E@ I @A
Y Y
F=H= L= FAH
HAI ?
?E@ I @A F=H= AIJE
2 @A
I >HA EI
GKA IAHLEH F=HJEA @
=H L=
@A AHH H ?K=@H JE?
F=H= =I @EIJ= ?E=I D HE
J= AI
N 1 (xi c dyi )2 , N i=1

?
x = c + dy
I ?A JH=HA +
2KAIJ I A
GKA
I HAIK J=@ I I AH= @A =I HA?J=I >HA FHAIA J=
C I F=H=
= =HC=H E
A?AI=HE=
A JA = IA??E
= FHE
y = a + bx
I K = E@A JE@=@ F=H= A ? ?K @A AIJA KAL AH
LEA A IEA @
? IJK
( N ) N N N N 1 2 2 2 2 E.C.M. = y + Na + b xi 2a yi 2b xi yi + 2ab xi N i=1 i i=1 i=1 i=1 i=1 ( ) ( ) ( ) = Vy + y 2 + a2 + Vx + x 2 b2 + 2 x a b 2 y a 2 ? Lx,y + x y b;

=K GKA A AIJ= ?=IE E E F=H= KIJE ?=H E = I? ?K I F IJAHE HAI GKA HAIKA LA I GKA ?= ?K = I ? A ?EA JAI @A @A = HA?J= GKA AIJ= ?= JE@=@ ,EHA
y = a + bx
AI = HA?J= @A HACHAIE
I >HA
IE
J= AI GKA
(E.C.M.) = 2 a + 2 x b 2 y=0 a (E.C.M.) 2 ) b + 2 x a 2(? = 2(s2 x+x b

= I K?E AI E A@E=J=
Lx,y
+x y ) = 0 .
a=y
=F HJ= @ @A =@A I AIJ= I K?E K E
? Lx,y s2 x
x ;
b=
? Lx,y s2 x
@A = BK ?E ? Lx,y s2 x
E.C.M.
2 H J= J
= HA?J= @A HACHAIE
I >HA
AI
yy =
>I HLAIA GKA = HA?J= @A HACHAIE KIJE ?=HA I A KI @A = HA?J= @A HACHAIE
(x x ) .
@A A@E=I H ?
F=I= F H A FK J
( x, y )
?HAJ @A - + ? AJE@
F H A L=
+)2 67
-56), 561+) ,-5+412618)
,A
I >HA
E?E
X
$
AI @A?EH
= L=HE=
= HAIE@K=
AI A - +
AJE@
= HA?J= @A HACHAIE
@A
8=HE=
= HAIE@K=
N ( 1 yi y = N i=1
? Lx,y (xi s2 x
)2 x )
,AI=HH
= @
O =CHKF= @ 8=HE=
AIJ=
JE
= ECK= @=@ F @A
I HAAI?HE>EH = ? IEA @
= HAIE@K=
2 = s2 y (1 r ) ,
r=
? Lx,y
sx sy
O
.
A@E@= @A = > O ?K J @=@ @A A H
) ? ?EA JA AIJ IAH =
IA A @A HAI ANJHA
E = ? ABE?EA JA @A ? HHA =?E ? ?HAJ
O AH ?
I @= K =
= KIJA F H = HA?J= @A HACHAIE I L= I |r | A = KIJA
AI K IAH
A JHA
1
1
A
I FH NE
I FAGKA
A - +
AJE@
JH=I F= =>H=I
-A F
I @=J I
+ K J
.H=
) I?
.H=
>A
= IECKEA JA J=> = IA FHAIA J=
JHAI ? ?K
K J I @A @=J I FHAF=H= I IE = JAI HAFHAIA J=H
@ I F H A AIJ=@ IJE?
) I?
>A F=H= E KIJH=H
I FA ECH I @A D=?AH ?
@A @=J I )
(10, 8.04); (8, 6.95); (13, 7.58); (9, 8.81); (11, 8.33); (14, 9.96); (6, 7.24); (4, 4.26); (12, 10.84); (7, 4.82); (5, 5.68) .
+ K J @A @=J I *
(10, 9.14); (8, 8.14); (13, 8.74); (9, 8.77); (11, 9.26); (14, 8.10); (6, 6.13); (4, 3.10); (12, 9.13); (7, 7.26); (5, 4.74) .
+ K J @A @=J I +
(8, 6.58); (8, 5.76); (8, 7.71); (8, 8.84); (8, 8.47); (8, 7.04); (8, 5.25); (8, 5.56); (8, 7.91); (8, 6.89); (19, 12.50) .
I ? JHAI ? ?K I ? HHAIF @EA JAI I >HA ?=@= ? K J =F HJ= I IECKEA JAI L= HAI ? K AI = I
K J I @A @=J I
x = 9;
sx 3.16; 5;
y 7.50;
sy 1.94;
1 11
11 i=1
xi yi = 72.51;
= HAIE@K=
? Lx,y O =I
= HA?J= @A HACHAIE
? Lx,y 0.5; r 0.82; s2 x @A Y I >HA X IAH = F=H=
8=HE= I JHAI
2 = s2 y (1 r ) 1.23
y 7.50 = 0.5(x 9)
=I K>AI @A @=J I @A IA @ I ? K J I I
y = 3 + 0.5x .

,=J I )

,=J I *

,=J I +
) = LEIJ= @A =I
EI
=I J
I = HA?J= @A HACHAIE
>KA
= KIJA I
F=H= =
KAIJH= )
$
5 8)41)* -5
$
?=IE 2 @A O A ANF
JH=I @AFA @A ?E=I BK ?E

AI E JA J=H HAIK K?D I =F E?=H A ?E= I HAIJHE CEH = @A EH = @A I FA I=H A
= AI
JA C= @A I ? K?D A IA JE@ = E? C=H J @A E A= E A= = 8= JH I I = @A@E?=H AIJ= IA??E
K>A @A FK J I F H K = HA?J= FKA@A GKA I = JAH =JEL I = @A @A HACHAIE
E @E?=H ?
I HAIK J=@ I @A
= E@A= AI F @AH E LAHJEH CA AH= IE @EIF O GKAHA
E A=
A@E= JA K = IA ?E = JH= IB H
=?E
B ?E
@A
I @A
>IAHL=?E @A
AI
(x1 , y1 ), . . . , (xN , yN )
@A = B H =
@A @ I ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I
@A
K = F > =?E
I = KIJ=H K
y = a + b g (x)
= AIJ I @=J I I >HA F @A I @A EH K = KAL= L=HE=> A
T = g (X )
O D= =H
= HA?J= @A HACHAIE
@A
-IJ= ? HHAIF
@AH = =
I @=J I
(t1 , y1 ), . . . , (tN , yN ),
7 = LA FA@E@=
@A
tj = a + b g (xj ), Y
I >HA
F=H= ?=@=
j = 1, . . . , N .
>E O >JA A I = ?KHL=
>JA E@= = HA?J= @A HACHAIE
@A
@AID=?A
I A ?=
-A F
C=HEJ
! 4ACHAIE
IA = KIJ=H F H K
C=H J E?=
@A
5E
K>A @A FK J I HA?KAH@= = = E?=) .
= CH
?= @A
= BK ?E
@A = B H
y = a + b log x (HACHAIE
2=H= A LA EA JA @A @A E I
C=H J
T = log(X )
>JA A C=H J
D= =
I = HA?J= @A HACHAIE F
@A
I >HA
@E ?=@= 5E
I F H A A
y = 2 + 3t
HECE =
@EHA
I GKA
T ? = KAIJH= ? y = 2 + 3 log x AI KAIJH
@A HACHAIE
E?= F=H= =
KAIJH=
-A F
A ?E= y
" 4ACHAIE
=e
x
y=e
ANF

A ?E=
y = a ebx
+K= @
K>A @A FK J I HA?KAH@A = K = CH A@E= JA K @A @A = B H =
?= ANF
= E JA J=HA
I HAFHAIA J=H
(HACHAIE
I
ANF
A ?E=
).
= @
C=HEJ
I A
AIJA
@A
JA @H =
log y = log a + bx .
5E @A ?= >E E I = L=HE=> A >JA @H = I
T = log(Y )
O D= =
I = HA?J= @A HACHAIE ANF A ?E= 2 H A A F
@A
T
IE
I >HA >JA A
= @AID=?AH A I
I @=J I @A = HACHAIE
t = 2 + 3x
= ?KHL= FA@E@= IAH =
y = e2 e3x 0.135 e3x .
"
+)2 67
-56), 561+) ,-5+412618)
2H > A =I

) JAI @A GKA @A GKA IACKHE@=@ ?AHH=@= I I D H A I E?H @=I IA FKA@= A F AH = = LA J= A B=>HE?= JA @A>A =IACKH=HIA # D H I A M/? @A K 2 ? EJA @A = FKAHJ= = H=@E=?E EJE@= = JH=L I @A = FKAHJ= IA A ?KA JH= F H @A>= EJE@=I F H =I ?= JE@=@AI @A H=@E=?E
15 9 18 10 5 12 8 5 8 10 7 2 1 5 3 5 15 10 15 9 8 18 1 2 11
= += ?K = = > += ?K = = A@E= = L=HE= = O = @AILE=?E J FE?= E JAH?K=HJ E?
A@E= =
I ?K=HJE AI O A H= C
? ,E>K = A @E=CH= ,AJAH E = H= =@=
= @A ?= =I ? HHAIF
@EA JA = AIJ I @=J I =?E K J AI I A FHE LAH@=@AH=I AH ?K=HJE =K B= I=I A J= A % K E@=@AI
A JA IE =I IECKEA JAI = H I @=J I @A K ?= ? ? K J K J >E= IA IA ?
= 5E = =@E O A H= C > 5E J @ I ? 5E J @ I @ 5E ?= >E=
I % = J @ I E JAH?K=HJ E? I @=J I @A K I @=J I @A K I A >E IEC ?=
K JEF E?= K JEF E?=
F H F H ?
= @AILE=?E = L=HE= K J A
J FE?= IA @ > =
= IA @ > = AJH = @A
@A J @ I
I @=J I @A K
? A ?EA JA @A =IE
.EIDAH J= A )
>E= @A IEC I @=J I @A K ? K J A ? A ?EA JA @A =IE AJH = .EIDAH
K JEF E?=H F H JHAI J @ I L=H =
B 5E A FH
? A ?EA JA @A ? HHA =?E A@E @A K = L=HE=> A AIJ
A JHA @ I L=HE=> AI L= A =I ?E=@ I ? L=
&
I L=
HAI F H @A>= A@E @A = AC=JEL
@A JH=
HAI F H @A>=
@A FH
C 5E F=H= J @
IA ?K
F A
yi < x i
A ? A ?EA JA @A ? HHA =?E @A K A@E= ? K J = @AILE=?E KAL
A JHA
AI
D ) HAIJ=H K = K E@=@ = ?=@= @=J E 5E = K A@E= ? ?= K J @A @=J I ?
J FE?= IEA @=J
FHA @EI
E KOA
IA A = =@A K E KOA A HA @E
GKA ? E ?E@A ?
>E= O = @AILE=?E @A = JA
J FE?= @EI FAH=JKH= A
7 ?E
AIJK@E =
I >HA A ABA?J
EA J
@A K
FH ?AI
GK
E?
FH F H
I IECKEA JAI HAIK J=@ I
6A FAH=JKH= N 4A @E EA J O

= 4AFHAIA J= A ? HHA =?E NE @E=CH=
#
" #
! " @A %

&
' !
! "
" !
# & ? A ?EA JA @A E A= =FH
= @A @EIFAHIE
I @=J I = JAHE HAI O ?= ?K = A EJEH GKA ANEIJA K = HA =?E
A JHA =I @ I L=HE=> AI >=I AI @A?EH E
5A FKA@A =@
=@= A JHA =
yi a + bxi
E I ?K=@H=@ I
> += ?K = A J H
E @AFA @EA JA O = FA @EA JA @A = HA?J= @A
$
5 8)41)* -5
?
3K A
HA @E
EA J
FHA@A?EH =I F=H= K AIJK@E IE@AH=@ @A =?AFJ=?E
KAL
FH ?AI
HA= E =@ @A ?
= JA
FAH=JKH=
x = 3.5
"
@A D=?AH K IA D= JE ?
I >HA @ I IE@
I @A =KJ ?AIE =HE
LE AI @A HA?EA JA @KH= JA I @ =I
B=>HE?=?E BAIJEL I @A
=I LA J=I ABA?JK=@=I F H K >HA GKA D= @ ) ! ! ! " " IKI
AI @A IAFJEA
=I IECKEA JAI @A @ =I ! # & "
@ *
>J
C= IA =I @EIJHE>K?E = @A = @EIJHE>K?E
AI
=HCE = AI @= @ A IE =
A@E=I O L=HE=
=I HAIFA?JEL=I 0 EI =
AIA =
? L=HE=
>E@E
@E>K =H = = @A IK FHE
K>A @A FK J I @A = AH DE IA >JKL
+ ?E
F=H=@=I =I A@=@AI @A ?EA >E@E A IE =
=@HAI ?
= IECKEA JA @EIJHE>K
-@=@ @A = -@=@ @A DE # # # #! !" "# 0 A IA = ? L=HE= AH DE A ?DAH @A K @AF=HJ= I E A J @A FA@E=JH = = @A = @EIJHE>K?E O =I L=HE= ! !" ! & # $ "#
=@HA #$ $%
$ ' ! $
=I ? HHAIF
@EA JAI
= @
?=@=
? =IA IK
=H?= @A ? =IA ?A JH=
) F=HJEH @A AIJ=
KAIJH= AIJ @EAIA
= A@=@ @A K =
=@HA =
=?AH IK FHE
IK J= @ =
IA
>JKLEAH
I IECKEA JAI @=J I
HAIFA?J
I FAI I O A@=@AI @A -@=@ A = ! I "
I =JA @E@ I
2AI
A # #
C
>J
C=IA = HA?J= @A HACHAIE = HA?J=
@A
Y
E
FAI I I >HA AI I @A # =
A@=@AI +
>JA E@= @A? @=IA ?K
" & ' % & "
A FAI
GKA @A>A AIFAH=HIA F=H= K
# # #
+)2 67
-56), 561+) ,-5+412618)
A IA O HAFHAI
JA IA =I HA?J=I @A HACHAIE
? HHAIF
@EA JAI = = @EIJHE>K?E
AIJ=@ IJE?=
xi

yi
# $
ni,i
$ % $ % " # !
! ! " " # $
$ % % & & '
&
7 = @EIJHE>K?E 5=>EA @ IKFKAIJ GKA A
AIJ=@ IJE?= @A L=HE=> AI K = @A =I >IAHL=?E
AI AI
Y AI J= xi = 5
GKA GK
x = 3.5 y = 4x
L= H @A>A
s2 x = 3 ? Lx,y AIFAH=HIA F=H= yi A A

O A IE =
@A K = @AFA @A ?E= E A= A JHA =I L=HE=> AI @A JEF
'
IJAIA K = BK ?E
y = aebx xi yi

= = IECKEA JA @EIJHE>K?E
>E@E
# $ $
# "" #
!
" &'#

?E@=I
A@E= O L=HE= A IE =
KAIJH= AI @A ?=@= K = @A
=I L=HE=> AI =I ?E=@=I = K = @EI
JHE>K?E
>E@E
x = 3,
@A = GKA IA ? ?A =@A I
s2 x = 6,
y = 6,
@A
s2 y = 8, X
= HA?J= @A HACHAIE
I >HA
2x + 3y 12 = 0
>J C=IA = HA?J= @A HACHAIE @A
I >HA
Y
EA JH=I GKA ? A ?EA JA

,=@=I @ I L=HE=> AI = @A
I >HA
AI
X A Y = HA?J= @A HACHAIE @A Y I >HA X AI y = 1.16x + 10.8 x = 0.13y 0.6 += ?K = =I A@E=I @A =I L=HE=> AI X A Y O A

>=I
@A ? HHA =?E
A JHA =
+= ?
AIA = HA?J= @A HACHAIE
1 @A
I >HA
F=H= =
KAIJH=
(1, 3), (3, 4), (5, 2) .

) =@EH = = @A HACHAIE 4AFAJEH >JA EA @ EI KAIJH= = JAHE H A FK J @A = HA?J= KAIJH= =K
1 ?
H@A =@=
x=7
AH= ?
+= ?K =H = HA?J=
2 @A
I >HA
F=H= = KAIJH=
A J=@= @A 1 ? FHE H@A =@=
= =@EA @
= =
HECE = A FK J
x = 9
K = JAH?AH= HA?J= IKI
3
KAIJH=I A K EI CH ? A E JAHFHAJ= A HAIK J=@
,E>K = =I JHAI HA?J=I ?
+=F JK 2H >=>E E@=@AI

,A
) HA= E =H K A BA ? A I
E?E
ANFAHE AJE@
O FH FEA@=@AI
A J = A=J HE KAIJH ? E JAH I AI @A J @ I >JA AH E B H =?E @A K I >HA =I AOAI GKA HECA ANFAHE A J = A=J HE AI = AIJK@E - FK J @A F=HJE@= F=H= A AIJK@E K J
?AH A AIF=?E
KAIJH=
I HAIK J=@ I F IE> AI
-A F
#
IE@AHA
I A
IECKEA JA ANFAHE KAIJH AIF=?E
A J
= A=J HE
IA JEH= =
JHAI @=@ I @A ?
HAI H
= K O > = ?
2 @A
I FHAIA J=H
KAIJH= @A = B H
= {(1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 2), . . . , (3, 2, 6), (4, 1, 1), . . . , (6, 6, 6)}
@ @A
(a, b, c)
?
GKEAHA @A?EH GKA A HAIK J=@ FH >=H GKA D=O K J J= @A
@A @=@
D= IE@
a b
A @A = K
A @A > = ?
-I @EHA?J
63 = 216
I F ?
HAIK J=@ I F IE> AI
- AIJK@E AIF=?E
I >HA A ANFAHE
A J
HA= E =HA E?E
E@EA @
A J= =JA
HA =JEL JE?=
@A IK>?
K J I @A
KAIJH=
= IECKEA JA AI K = @A
HECKH I=
A JA
,A
IK?AI
E?E

5A
= IK?AI
= A=J HE
=
?K= GKEAH IK>?
K J
@A AIF=?E
KAIJH=
F=HJE?K =H A L=? IACKH HAIFA?JEL=
O A J J= I A JA
IK?AI I = A=J HE I O
I @A
E =HA
I IK?AI
F IE> A O
-A F
$
A ANFAHE
A J
= A=J HE
@A A A
= JAHE H @AJAH >JEA A K # O A
E =H A H
I IECKEA JAI IK?AI I K
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6
= = = = = =
A @=@ = @A
= K IEA
FHA IA
= IK
I @=@ I H
O = K AI IEA A A H GKA
FHA !
I @=@ I = K O H = IK = IK = @A = @A
@E AHA
I JHAI @=@ I AI
I JHAI @=@ I AI AN=?J= @A > = ? AI = IK = @A
A JA I JH I @ I .
A HAIK J=@
&
+)2 67
24
*)*1 1,),-5
= HAIFKAIJ= ?
F=?EA ?E= O >KA
H@A
AI E
A@E=J=
A1 = {(2, 5, 1), (2, 5, 2), (2, 5, 3), (2, 5, 4), (2, 5, 5), (2, 5, 6)} ; A2 = {(1, 2, 1), (1, 2, 2), (1, 2, 3), (1, 2, 4), (1, 2, 5), (1, 2, 6), (2, 1, 1), (2, 1, 2), (2, 1, 3), (2, 1, 4), (2, 1, 5), (2, 1, 6)} ; A3 = {(1, 3, 1), . . . , (1, 3, 6), (2, 4, 1), . . . , (2, 4, 6), (3, 5, 1), . . . , (3, 5, 6), (3, 1, 1), . . . , (3, 1, 6), (4, 6, 1), . . . , (4, 6, 6), (4, 2, 1), . . . , (4, 2, 6), (5, 3, 1), . . . , (5, 3, 6), (6, 4, 1), . . . , (6, 4, 6)} ; A4 = O A5 = ; A6 = {(1, 1, 2), (1, 2, 3), (2, 1, 3), (1, 3, 4), (2, 2, 4), (3, 1, 4), (1, 4, 5), . . . , (4, 1, 5), (1, 5, 6), . . . , (5, 1, 6)} .
-I @EHA?J ? FH >=H =@A I GKA I ?=H@E = AI @A I IK?AI I I
|A1 | = 6 ; |A2 | = 12 ; |A3 | = 48 ; |A4 | = 216 ; |A5 | = 0 ; |A6 | = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15 .

2 H GK ) IAH FAH=?E IA D= A@E@ =I A JE K J I @A AIF=?E KAIJH= AI =JKH= HA= E =H ? A I =I
I IK?AI I = A=J HE I IK>? AI D=>EJK= AI @A ? K J I
,A
GKA GKA 5E
E?E
A
O =

B
I
5A
= IK?AI
?
EI I @ I
JH=HE
ANFAHE
@A K A J
IK?AI = A=J HE
@A
J=HA
Ac
= IK?AI
?KHHA ?K= @ ?KHHA ?K= @ , I IK?AI I
?KHHA
A
A IK?AI
@ I IK?AI I @A K ?KHHA = CK @A
K E
- IK?AI
E JAHIA??E
?KHHEH =
A B AI =GK A B ?KHHA ?K= @

= LA A K = EI =
?KHHA HA= E =?E
> I = = LA
A B
A J
B
E ? F=JE> AI IE
FKA@A AI @A?EH
IA @E?A = A=J HE
IK?AI I ?
@A ANFAHE
GKA JH=HE
AB =
F=JE> AI O GKA ?K= GKEAH IK?AI AI E ? F=JE> A
-I ? =H ? IK ?
OI
JH=HE I A E ?
A1 A2 A2 A6
E ? F=JE> AI GKA 5A=
-A F
%
+= ?K =H O
I IK?AI I ? 1C ? JH=HE I
JH=HE I @A H= @
I IK?AI I @A A A A E
= JAHE H ,AI?HE>EH
I IK?AI I
A3 A6
IA=
I IK?AI I IACKH
F IE> A
D=O F=HA =I @A IK?AI I
B1 = {(a, b, c) : a = 2}
A J ?AI
B2 = {(a, b, c) : b = 5} ,
A1 = B1 B2 = {(a, b, c) : a = 2
b = 5} ,
,-.1
1+1
; 24
21-,),-5
'
O =I
c c c Ac 1 = (B1 B2 ) = B1 B2 = {(a, b, c) : a = 2
>EA
b = 5} .
A2 = {(a, b, c) : a + b = 3} A3 = {(a, b, c) : |a b| = 2}
-I ALE@A JA GKA .E = 4AIFA?J A JA = =I
O =I O =I
Ac 2 = {(a, b, c) : a + b = 3} . Ac 3 = {(a, b, c) : |a b| = 2} .
O @A
Ac 4 =
@A @
Ac 5 = . Ac 6 = {(a, b, c) : a + b c = 0} .
A6 = {(a, b, c) : c = a + b}
JH=I FAH=?E AI JA A I
A1 A2 = {(2, 5, 1), (2, 5, 2), (2, 5, 3), (2, 5, 4), (2, 5, 5), (2, 5, 6), (1, 2, 1), (1, 2, 2), (1, 2, 3), (1, 2, 4), (1, 2, 5), (1, 2, 6), (2, 1, 1), (2, 1, 2), (2, 1, 3), (2, 1, 4), (2, 1, 5), (2, 1, 6)} ; A2 A6 = {(1, 2, 3), (2, 1, 3)} ; A3 A6 = {(1, 3, 4), (2, 4, 6), (3, 1, 4), (4, 2, 6)} .
= HAIFKAIJ= = = JE = FHACK J= AI = H =JEL= ABA?J
A1 A2 =
A = JH=I F= =>H=I I JEH=H E ? H F=JE> AI FAH D= IE@ A J K = @A
Ac 1 = A2 2
O A = K I @=@ I H -
O F H J= J K
I = AI
JH=HE I -I ? =H O F H J= J J=H I A A
GKA IE ?KHHA A
I JHAI @=@ I A 4A? FH ?= I AIJA HAIJ= @
IK IK AI AI
IK?AI K
A2
A JA IE = IK
O = K D= IE@ ?=IE
AI E
F IE> A GKA IK?A@=
A1
)FH LA?D= IK?AI
F=H= E @E?=H GKA A JH=HE ABA?J
I B ?E ?
A J I @A
= J J= A @A IK ?
|Ac 1 | = 216 6 = 210 ; |Ac 3 | = 216 48 = 168 ;

HAIK J=@ I JHELE= AI @A ? FH >=H = B H =I AH=I @A E?E AI K = F=H= A ?=H@E = @A = K E
|Ac 2 | = 216 12 = 204 ; |Ac 6 | = 216 15 = 201 ,

>I HLAIA J= @A @ I ? >E GKA A J @ I I ?=I I IA FKA@A K J I EJ I = I=>AH
|A B | = |A| + |B | |A B | .
)I F H A A F
|A1 A2 | = |A1 | + |A2 | |A1 A2 | = 6 + 12 0 = 18 , |A2 A6 | = |A2 | + |A6 | |A2 A6 | = 12 + 15 2 = 25 , |A3 A6 | = |A3 | + |A6 | |A3 A6 | = 48 + 15 4 = 59 ,
GKA I FAH EJEH ?= ?K =H ?=H@E = AI @A IK?AI I ? JE = E@A= E JH @K?E I K = JE ?EA @ = @A E?E JH I I IA ?E I
5ECKEA @
AIJ=
!
+)2 67
24
*)*1 1,),-5
,A
E?E
!
7 = B=
E E= @A IK?AI I E ?
A1 , A2 , . . .
@A K
AIF=?E
KAIJH=
IA @E?A
KJK=
A JA AN? KOA JA IE I
F=JE> AI @ I = @ I AI @A?EH IE
A i A j = ,
,A AIFA?E= E JAH I I ?=I I AI @A?EH J= AI GKA =I B= E E=I KJK=
IEA
FHA GKA
i=j.
J @ I I F IE> AI
A JA AN? KOA JAI GKA = IK LA HA? CA
= A1 A2 Ak . . . .
,EHA I A AIJA ?=I GKA JA A
? A
I K = B=
EI
E E= ?
F AJ= @A IK?AI I
-A F
&
5ECKEA @
ANFAHE
A J
= A=J HE
>I HLAIA GKA IE
Ck1 = {(a, b, c) : a + b = k }
A J B= IK>? ?AI E E= ? 5E @A K
= C1 C2 C11
F AJ= @A IK?AI I I @A ? IK?AI A E@
IEA @
=@A
I E ?
F=JE> AI @ I = @ I 6A A @EI K J= @A AIF=?E
I =I DA?D= K = KAIJH= A
JH=I F= =>H=I K = F=HJE?E HAIFA?J I I ?=H@E = AI @A =I
11
K J I GKA DA
= = ?=H=?JAH IJE?=
IK
= @A
AI
I @=@ I H
O = K
I
?E H=
11
E JAHIA??E
A Cj
@EC=
aj = |A Cj |,
AI ? =H GKA
j = 1, . . . , 11
|A| =
11 j =1
aj
I IA ?E @A JH= = AH= JH=JA AI I @A ?= ?K =H F H AIJA J @ A ?=H@E = =I E JAHIA??E = E A=
)K GKA IA= GKE @A IK?AI
A = {(a, b, c) : a b = 1} { ab = 1 a+b = k
K?E AI
A Ck1 {
=F=HA?AH
I HAIK J=@ I
(a, b, c)
J= AI GKA IA LAHE GKA A IECKEA JA IEIJA
GKA AGKEL= A = IEIJA
2a = k + 1 2b = k 1
IE
-IJA IEIJA E
= JEA A I
F=H O AIJHE?J=
A JA
=O H
O b = a = k+1 2 GKA 1 F H GK
k 1 GKA @AJAH E =H HAIK J=@ I F IE> AI I 2 )I JA A I I IECKEA JAI ?=H@E = AI
AI
|A C2 | |A C4 | |A C6 | |A C8 | |A C10 |
O
= = = = =
@A
|{(2, 1, c)}| = 6 |{(3, 2, c)}| = 6 |{(4, 3, c)}| = 6 |{(5, 4, c)}| = 6 |{(6, 5, c)}| = 6
EJEL=
|A Cj | = 0
?K= GKEAH
JH
?=I =
?=H@E = @A IK?AI
B = {(a, b, c) : 3 a 2 b = 1}
LAH A IEIJA
|A| = 30 {
EI
= E@A= @AJAH
AIA A
5A JH=J= =D H= @A HAI
3a 2b = 1 a+b = k
IK AGKEL= A JA
5 a = 2k + 1 5 b = 3k 1
,-.1
1+1
; 24
21-,),-5
!
O A
KAIJH
JANJ
k
= 2, . . . , 12
=I
E?=I I
K?E
AI I
(1, 1, c)
(3, 4, c)
F=H=
k =2
HAIFA?JEL=
A JA F H
J= J
|B | = |{(a, b, c) : 3 a 2 b = 1}| = 6 + 6 = 12 .
,A DA?D ? ?A I
B = {(1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 2), (1, 1, 3), (1, 1, 4), (1, 1, 5), (1, 1, 6), (3, 4, 1), (3, 4, 2), (3, 4, 3), (3, 4, 4), (3, 4, 5), (3, 4, 6)} .

2=IA KAIJH=
.K ?E
I = @A
@A FH >=>E E@=@
= AH=I @A A@EH A J= = HA =JEL @A ?=@= IK?AI @A JH @A AIF=?E
EH >KA =I
,A
?
E?E
A ?
"
K J
,=@ =@
AIF=?E
KAIJH=
L=?
IA @A
A A
CA>H= @A IK?AI I
B H
A
F H J @ I
I IK?AI I @A
=@A I
I IE
>I HLAIA GKA J= >E AIJ
F=HJE?K =H O
AB
AB
@A
, A
5E AI?HE>E
AA
A A
AAHA
J=
>E
Ac A
IK?AI AIF=?E A JHA A
O IE
A, B A
AI K =
I
A AI K

KAIJH= O GKA I=JEIB=?A
,A
BK ?E
E?E
P : A [0, 1]
#
BK ?E
@A FH >=>E E@=@ A
K AH
GKA = ?=@= IK?AI
AA
A =I ?E= K
=I FH FEA@=@AI

P () = 1
IE
A1 , A2 , . . . , Ak
IK?AI I E ?
F=JE> AI A J
?AI
k i=1
( k
i=1
) Ak =
P (Ak ) .
5A JEA A
=I IECKEA JAI FH FEA@=@AI @A =I BK ?E
AI @A FH >=>E E@=@ F=HJE?K =H
2=H= ?K= GKEAH
A A P (Ac ) = 1 P (A)
P () = 0
2=H= ?K= AIGKEAH= ! " F=HJE?K =H
A, B A P (A B ) = P (A) + P (B ) P (A B ) P (A B ) P (A) + P (B ) A, B A
A??E IE
2=H= ?K= AIGKEAH= 2=H= ?K= GKEAH ?
BA
A J
?AI
P (B ) P (A)
EJ=
A 1 , A 2 , . . . , An A P (Ai )
i<j n+1
( n
i=1
) Ai =
n i=1
P (Ai Aj ) + ( n
i=1
i<j<k
P (Ai Aj Ak )
) Ai .
+ (1)
+)2 67
24
*)*1 1,),-5
-A F
,A?E 5E I A
'
5EC=
I ? GKA I
ANFAHE
A J
= A=J HE A A +K A J
@A JEH=H JHAI @=@ I @A ?
HAI EI
@A
@A
FH >=>E E@=@
=JKH= AI A GKA = ?=@= IK?AI AIJA ?=I -I B ?E LAH GKA J @ >=> AI O F H IKFKAIJ > EC= = GKA I IK?AI E ?
A J=
{(a, b, c)}
AI K ?
A =IEC = = EJ
= FH >=>E E@=@ E =@= AGKEFH
AGKEFH >=> AI
AI = BK ?E GKA J @ I
@A FH >=>E E@=@ =I @AJAH K J I IK?AI I A A A J= AI I
@A AIJA ANFAHE
A = {v 1 , . . . , v k }
AI @A?EH
|A| = k
FKAIJ
F=JE> AI
= FH FEA@=@
GKA @A>A LAHE ?=H = BK ?E
@A FH >=>E E@=@
P (A) = P ({v1 } . . . {vk }) =

@ @A
k i=1
P ({vi }) = k p
= EI = F=H= J @ I I @= = I K?E +K AI AIJ=
AI
= FH >=>E E@=@ @A ?=@= IK?AI
A A
A J=
GKA AI
FH >=>E E@=@
= J @ I
I IK?AI I A A
A J= AI F H
= FH FEA@=@ @E?D =HHE>=
P () = 1 = 216 p
KAC
p = 1/216
JH=I F= =>H=I
P (A) =
GKA ?K= @ = ? I @= K = B H IKF A ?E@= HAC = @A K = CA AH= @A K I IK?AI I A A =F =?A @A
|A| , ||
K AIF=?E KAIJH= K =
@A FH >=>E E@=@ A
AI
@EI?HAJ I GKA
I GKA J @ I
A J= AI I
AGKEFH >=> AI -IJ= B H
P (A) =
2AH 5KF @A HAIK J=@ ?KE@=@ C= = F @A I ? IJHKEH > = ? JH I AIJ I
?=I I B=L H=> AI ?=I I J J= AI @A
. P () = 1
I = ?=@=
I @A FH >=>E E@=@ @EIJE J I *=IJ= =IEC =H AI @EI ?E @ I = = FH FEA@=@ >JA AH O = FH >=>E E@=@ @A FAHBA?J I F H
JE J=I FH >=>E E@=@AI = >JA AH ?K= GKEAH EI -I B ?E LAH GKA A JH
I IK?AI I A A HAIK J=@
A J= AI =K GKA ? =H JHK?=@ JH I @=@ I I
I GKA A @=@
AI A @ > A GKA =
GKA =IEC =HA
= FH >=>E E@=@ AIJA ?=I
{ P ({(a, b, c)}) =
2=H= @AJAH E =H A L= H @A
, 2 ,
IE IE
c = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 c = 6.
>I HLAIA GKA
1 = P () = 5( 36) + 2 36 = 180 + 72 = 252 ,

FKAI ?=@= F IE> A L= += ?K A @A H @A
?KHHA A
36
A A
A J I @A
)I
= 1/252
@A - A F $ KJE E = @ = > I
I =I FH >=>E E@=@AI @A
I IK?AI I
A1 A2 A3
A6
I @A FH >=>E E@=@
P1 ({(a, b, c)}) = P2 ({(a, b, c)}) =
1 216 {
1 , 252 1 , 126
IE IE
c = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 c = 6.
24
*)*1 1,), +
,1+1
),)
!!
A1 = {(2, 5, 1), (2, 5, 2), (2, 5, 3), (2, 5, 4), (2, 5, 5), (2, 5, 6)} 6 1 P1 (A1 ) = = 216 36 1 1 7 1 P2 (A1 ) = 5 + = = ; 252 126 252 36 A2 = {(1, 2, 1), (1, 2, 2), (1, 2, 3), (1, 2, 4), (1, 2, 5), (1, 2, 6), (2, 1, 1), (2, 1, 2), (2, 1, 3), (2, 1, 4), (2, 1, 5), (2, 1, 6)} 12 1 P1 (A2 ) = = 216 18 1 1 14 1 P2 (A2 ) = 10 +2 = = ; 252 126 252 18 A3 = {(1, 3, 1), . . . , (1, 3, 6), (2, 4, 1), . . . , (2, 4, 6), (3, 5, 1), . . . , (3, 5, 6), (3, 1, 1), . . . , (3, 1, 6), (4, 6, 1), . . . , (4, 6, 6), (4, 2, 1), . . . , (4, 2, 6), (5, 3, 1), . . . , (5, 3, 6), (6, 4, 1), . . . , (6, 4, 6)} 48 2 P1 (A3 ) = = 216 9 1 1 56 2 P2 (A3 ) = 40 +8 = = ; 252 126 252 9 A6 = {(1, 1, 2), (1, 2, 3), (2, 1, 3), (1, 3, 4), (2, 2, 4), (3, 1, 4), (1, 4, 5), . . . , (4, 1, 5), (1, 5, 6), . . . , (5, 1, 6)} 15 5 P1 (A6 ) = = 216 72 1 1 20 5 P2 (A6 ) = (1 + 2 + 3 + 4) +5 = = . 252 126 252 63
5=>H =I ANF E?=H =I ? E ?E@A ?E=I O @EBAHA ?E=I GKA DA I >JA E@
2H >=>E E@=@ ? @E?E =@=

0=O ?=IE AI A IK?AI A ? GKA = HA= E =H K ANFAHE =?E A J @E?E = A=J HE =@= I E JAHAI=H JH I=>AH IE A IK?AI DA?D @A GKA ?KHH= K
=F HJ= = CK = E B H
I >HA =
?KHHA ?E= @A
B
@A
-IJ= ?KAIJE
IA HA? CA A
?AFJ
@A FH >=>E E@=@ ?
,A
?
E?E
@E?E
,=@ O K
AIF=?E J=HA
KAIJH= ? I
CA>H= @A IK?AI I
IK?AI O = @A
A A
=@= F H
K @A P (A) > 0 P (B |A) = ? ?EA
@A FH >=>E E@=@ = JA =HA
E@
IK
I FH >=>E E@=@ @A
B A
P (B |A) =
5EA FHA GKA D=> A I @A FH >=>E E@=@AI ? @E?E
P (A B ) . P (A)
=@=I F H K IK?AI
A IA
A JA @AH
GKA
P (A) > 0
,A
E?E
,EHA
I GKA @ I IK?AI I
E @AFA @EA JAI IE
P (A B ) = P (A) P (B ) .
!"
+)2 67
24
*)*1 1,),-5
- AH?E?E -A F
I I
,A
IJH=H GKA
A O
E @AFA @EA JAI

P (B |A) = P (B )
@AJAH E =H = E @AFA @A ?E= @A I IK?A
5ECKEA @
KAIJH
ANFAHE
A J
= A=J HE
A = {(a, b, c) : a + b = 5} B = {(a, b, c) : c = 6} ;
? IE@AH= @ =I @ I BK ?E AI @A FH >=>E E@=@ @A - A F '
P1 ({(a, b, c)}) = P2 ({(a, b, c)}) =

2=H= = FHE AH= BK ?E
1 216 {
1 , 252 1 , 126
I
IE IE
c = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 c = 6.
@A FH >=>E E@=@ JA A
24 1 = 216 9 36 1 P1 (B ) = = 216 6 4 1 11 P1 (A B ) = = = = P1 (A) P1 (B ) 216 54 96 P1 (A) =

KAC
E @AFA @EA JAI

@A FH >=>E E@=@ JA A I
2=H= = IACK @= BK ?E
20 4 1 + = 252 126 9 36 2 P2 (B ) = = 126 7 4 2 12 P2 (A B ) = = = = P2 (A) P2 (B ) 126 63 97 P2 (A) =

KAC
I
5AH
E @AFA @EA JAI

IEA FHA E @AFA @EA JAI AIJ I @ I IK?AI I @A FH >=>E E@=@ + IE@AHA FKAI = E @AFA @A ?E= AI K I = BK ?E @A FH >=>E E@=@ ? ?AFJ GKA
@AFA @A @A = BK ?E
{ P3 ({(a, b, c)}) =
) E O
IE IE
c=a+b c = a + b. =a+b
P3 () = 1 HAIK J= GKA = 216 15 = 201 A GKA c = a + b )I

F AH
1 FKAIJ GKA D=O 15 IK?AI I A A A J= AI A GKA c 231 AIJA @A @A FH >=>E E@=@ LEA A @AJAH E =@ F H
{ P3 ({(a, b, c)}) =
1 231 2 231
IE IE
c=a+b c = a + b.
+7
,- 24
*)*1 1,),-5
!#
- J
?AI
2 1 28 + 20 = 231 231 231 2 1 41 + 31 = P3 (B ) = 5 231 231 231 1 4 41 28 41 7 4 P3 (A B ) = 4 = = P3 (A) P3 (B ) = = ; 231 231 231 231 231 231 P3 (A) = 4
F H GKA F=H= AIJ= BK ?E I = A JA ? @E?E @A FH >=>E E@=@ ABA?J
E @AFA @EA JAI

E?E @A E @AFA @A ?E= ? A ? ?AFJ
2 @A
FH >=H = AGKEL= A ?E= @A = @A
@A FH >=>E E@=@ ?
=@= -
P1 (B |A) = P3 (B |A) =
4 216 1 9 4 231 28 231
36 1 = = = P1 (B ) ; 216 9 = 1 41 = = P3 (B ) . 7 231
P2 (B |A) =
4 216 1 9
36 1 = = P2 (B ) ; 216 9
! + ?K @A FH >=>E E@=@AI
8= I = @=H F H JE JHAI HAC =I JE AI F=H= A ? ?K @A FH >=>E E@=@AI
4AC = @A
K JEF E?=?E
P
2 H IKFKAIJ = ? IA ?
( n
i=1
) Ai
( = P (A1 )P (A2 |A1 )P (A3 |A1 A2 ) P An |

K =I J @=I =I FH >=>E E@=@AI @A =H A F
n 1 i=1
) Ai .
I GKA ? >H @E?E O = I ?
IE@AH=
I IK?AI I = IACK @ F=H= EA
@A AIJ= HAC = AI IA ?E = >=IJ= @AI=HH ( n ) ?= ?A = @ J @ I I J H E I I= L P 2 H A A i=1 Ai P (A1 ) P (A1 A2 ) O P (A1 A2 A3 ) K =I
FH >=?E
O LAH GKA IA L=
IK?AI I
A 1 , A2 , A3
A4
P (A2 |A1 ) = = P (A1 )P (A2 |A1 ) = P (A3 |A1 A2 ) = = P (A1 )P (A2 |A1 )P (A3 |A1 A2 ) = P (A4 |A1 A2 A3 ) = = P (A1 )P (A2 |A1 )P (A3 |A1 A2 )P (A4 |A1 A2 A3 ) =
7I=HA I AIJ= HAC = ?K= @ GKAH= I ?= ?K =H = FH >=>E E@=@ @A E =H =I FH >=>E E@=@AI ? IK?AI I O IA= I IA ?E =I @A @AJAH
P (A1 A2 ) P (A1 ) P (A1 A2 ) P (A1 A2 A3 ) P (A1 A2 ) P (A1 A2 A3 ) P (A1 A2 A3 A4 ) P (A1 A2 A3 ) P (A1 A2 A3 A4 ) .

?KHHA ?E= IE K J A= @A L=HE I EA >H =@=I @A IACK @
@E?E
4AC = @A
5A=
= FH >=>E E@=@ J J=
K = B= E E= ? F AJ= @A IK?AI I AI @A?EH J= AI GKA
A1 , . . . , An Ai =
n i=1
!$
+)2 67
24
*)*1 1,),-5
Ai Aj =
?
IEA
FHA GKA
i=j
- J ?AI
P (Ai ) > 0
F=H=
i = 1, . . . , n
P (B ) =
n i=1
P (Ai )P (B |Ai ) .
- AH?E?E
5A=
FH >=H = HAC = @A = FH >=>E E@=@ J J=
4AC = @A *=OAI
A1 , . . . , An
K = B=
E E= ?
F AJ= @A IK?AI I ?
P (Ai ) > 0
F=H=
i = 1, . . . , n
- J
?AI
P (Aj ) P (B |Aj ) P (Aj |B ) = n i=1 P (Ai )P (B |Ai )

*=OAI A KI I FAH @A =I @ I JE =I HAC =I =I @A = =HA I FH >=>E E@=@AI = FHE HE = =I @A I IK?AI I
FH >=>E E@=@AI = F IJAHE HE =
I IK?AI I
Aj |B
O LAH IE
E EJK@AI =
=I @A ?EA @
B |Ai
Aj
= HAC = @A E EJK@AI
EJA FKAI ?= ?K =H ?K= GKEAH FH >=>E E@=@ = F IJAHE HE ? >E GKA A @A - KI @A = E =@ H GKA =F=HA?A A >=I HAC =I IAH
=I LAH IE
O FH >=>E E@=@AI = FHE HE FAHJE A JAI >I HLAIA J= ?EH?K IJ= ?E=I = - ANFAHE > -I IA ?E @A = FHE ? 5 B ?E A J = A=J HE IA FKA@A IAF=H=H A E E= ? F AJ= @ I AJ=F=I = 4AC = @A *=OAI AI A JA JE ?K= @
P (B )
F H = HAC = =I IECKEA JAI
@A = 2H >=>E E@=@ J J=
AIFA?E=
IA @A
@=H K = B= AH= AJ=F=
EJ= @A IK?AI I
A1 , . . . , An
? HHAIF
@EA JAI = IK?AI I
A JA ?= ?K => AI =I FH >=>E E@=@AI = FHE HE E EJK@AI
P (A1 ), . . . , P (An )
F=H= K IK?AI
@ -I B ?E ?= ?K =H =I LAH IE = = IACK @= AJ=F= )F E?=HA 4A? CA I AIJ=I HAC =I A I F H JE =I B H
P (B |A1 ), . . . , P (B |An )
? HHAIF
@EA JA
I A AH?E?E I FH FKAIJ I = K =I ? IE?=I @A = +
= @A ?=F JK >E =J HE=
8=HE=?E
AI
Vm,n = m(m 1)(m 2) (m n + 1) =

AI
>E =?E
Cm,n
( ) m m! Vm,n = = = n n!(m n)! n!
m! (m n)!
2AH
KJ=?E
AI
Pm = m!
HAFAJE?E
8=HE=?E
AI ?
V Rm,n = mn ( CRm,n = Cm+n1,n1 =

h1 ,h2 ,...,hk = P Rm
>E =?E
AI ?
HAFAJE?E
) m+n1 n1
2AH
KJ=?E
AI ?
HAFAJE?E
m! h1 !h2 ! hk !
O GKA
4A?K H@AIA GKA
n! = n(n 1)(n 2) 3 2 1
0! = 1
+7
,- 24
*)*1 1,),-5
!%
2H > A =I
,A IJH=H GKA IE
B
O
IK?AI I E @AFA @EA JAI A J J= >E I
?AI
= IKI ? >
JH=HE I I
Ac
Bc
Bc n
E @AFA @EA JAI >JA C= = A I
5A JEH= K ! -
LA?AI @ I @=@ I AGKE E>H=@ I += ?K =H = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA IA
IAEI @ > A 5A=
p AI= FH
>=>E E@=@ ? >=
?K
J=I F=HJE@=I D=>H F = J=I A JH= I O ? A
@A KC=HIA F=H= JA AH A >= ?K=JH FAHI
p = 1/2
=I +=@=
A =I?A I H @A K = IA >= = ?
A@E ?E
O @EA
FAHI += ? = > ? "
E @AFA @A ?E= @A
=I @A
ECK=
FH >=>E E@=@ A
?=@= F = J=
AIA = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA =I ?K=JH =I ?K=JH =I ?K=JH FAHI =I IA >= A A = EI A = @ ?E = F = J= = F = J=
IA >= A >= A A
F = J=I @EIJE J=I =I H = ACH= =I O ?K=JH ?K ?K ? ACH=I 5A ANJH=A @ I > =I IE HAA F = = = EA J H = IE
7 = KH = ?
JEA A IAEI >
5E IA I=>A GKA = FHE GKA = IACK @= > # 7 =F=H=J A
AH= AI H
AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA = IACK @= IA= H AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA = FHE FH >=>E E@=@ KAL
5=>EA @
= D= IE@
AH= D=O= IE@
?JHE?
B= = = A ?DKB=H ?=IE
5E B= = K = LA A GKA
IA HAF=H= FAH I B= = A ?DKB=H
B= = A @A B H F H $
K = IACK @= IE = LA
IA IKIJEJKOA F H K
5E IA IKF
I IA FH @K?A
= E @AFA @EA JA ?= ?
AIA = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA A =F=H=J
IA= IKIJEJKE@
n
5A I=>A GKA A GKA F=@A?A GKA K = FAHI
?EAHJ= F > =?E = A BAH = ? A@=@
A O A A
AH
@A FAHI
=I GKA F=@A?A
= A BAH A
A@=@
E AI @A 1 %
=I
5A D= E LAIJEC=@
K = FHKA>= @E=C
IJE?= GKA D= HAIK J=@
F IEJEL= A A@=@ =
97 %
@A =I FAHI
2%
@A =I FAHI
=I I= =I += ?
AIA = FH >=>E E@=@ @A
FHKA>= F IEJEL= F=@A ?= HA=
A JA = A BAH
5KF
C=
I GKA IA ? =IE ?= =
I E @ELE@K I @A ?EAHJ= AIFA?EA = E CE?=I = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA K A JA HAIFA?JEL=
JHAI CHKF I J =@
A B
@A @EIJE J=I ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I >E @A CHKF
E @ELE@K
= = =H O
FAHJA A ?= = CHKF E @ELE@K
A B A B
C AI C ?
1/2 1/3
A@=@
1/6
= FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA K A JA
JH=EC= ?EAHJ= A BAH
AI HAIFA?JEL=
1/10 1/15
1/12
+= ?
AIA = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA ? JH=EC= = A BAH A@=@
= K > K ? K & -
E @ELE@K E @ELE@K E @ELE@K
A BAH I=
IA= @A CHKF IA= @A CHKF
A
= FH >=>E E@=@ @A A JA JAH?AH= LA J= E = AI HAIFA?JEL= A LE= AH ACKA = LE= AH ?
K = AIJ=?E LE= AH
@A =KJ >KIAI D=O JHAI LA J= E =I F=H= LA J= @A >E AJAI IA @EHE = = = FHE A JA += ? AH= IACK @= GKA@A >E AJAI ?K= @
GKA K
p q
= FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA
= LA J= E = A ACE@= AI >E AJA D=O=
P Q
?
HAIFA?JEL= A = FHE
AIA = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA K
FH=@
AH= LA J= E =
!&
+)2 67
24
*)*1 1,),-5
+=F JK
8=HE=> AI = A=J HE=I

! ,A
?=IE AIJ I ?=I I
E?E
ANFAHE I >=IJ=H 5E GKAHA I I
JEF I
A J ? ? = A=J HE I I E JAHAI=H ? ?AH ?EAHJ=I ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I @A EI ?AH = @EIJHE>K?E @A @A FH >=>E E@=@ @A ?=@= ?=H=?JAH IJE?= =@ I K @A JH=I JH @A I
AI @A K
-A F
(a, b)
@A
I AIJK@E=H
= IK
= @A @ I @=@ I =
36 HAIK J=@
KAIJH
AIJK@E=HA
11
F IE> AI HAIK J=@ I
a+b
1 36 2 36
5E
E CK
I @=@ I AIJ
JHK?=@
@A FH >=>E E@=@ IAH IE IE
a+b=2 a+b=3 a + b = 12 |ab|

JA @H = I
P(
5K
= IA=
) =
1 36
IE
5E GKEIE H=
I AIJK@E=H J=
>E
?K
@EIJ= AI @A?EH
6 HAIK J=@
0, 1, 2, 3, 4
@EIJHE>K?E
@A FH >=>E E@=@ @=@= F H
P(
,EIJ= ?E= IA=
) =
6 36 10 36
IE IE
|a b| = 0 |a b| = 1 |a b| = 5
@A FH >=>E E@=@ I >HA A AIF=?E ; AIJA @A JH= =I ?E=@= = ANFAHE KAI A J @A FH >=>E E@=@

EI
2 36
IE @A
2=H= = JH= @A I FAH
>=I ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I AIJ=
I KJE E = @ F=H= =
36
IK?AI I A A
A J= AI @A
= {(1, 1), (1, 2), . . . , (6, 5), (6, 6)}

>=I ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I
EJA ?= ?K =H A
?K= GKEAH
,A
AIF=?E
E?E
!
KAIJH=
7 = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= @AH K

E?E
AI K =
BK ?E AH HA=
X : R
GKA = ?=@= A A
A J
@A
A D=?A ? HHAIF
AIJ= @A
= E@A= HA? CE@= A
AI GKA F=H= ?=@= IK?AI I AIJK@E=H
A A
A J=
L=
X ( )
HAFHAIA J= = ?=H=?JAH IJE?= GKA GKAHA
!'
"
+)2 67
8)41)* -5 ) -)6
41)5
-A F
ANFAHE
A J
@A
EA J
IK?AIEL
@A @ I @=@ I
AIJ=
I ?
IE@AH= @
=I
IECKEA JAI L=HE=> AI = A=J HE=I
X = Y =
) F=HJEH @A A =I F @A
IK
= @A
I @=@ I ; L= H =>I KJ @A = > I @=@ I . F
@EBAHA ?E= A I @A
EH @EIJE J I IK?AI I = A=J HE I 2 H A A
A1 = { : X ( ) = 5} ; A3 = { : Y ( ) 4} ;
; I E JAHAI=H ? ?AH = FH >=>E E@=@ @A BK ?E = A=J HE= AI @A?EH IK @A
A2 = { : X ( ) > 7} ; A4 = { : (X Y )( ) = 6} .
I @EBAHA JAI IK?AI I ? HHAIF @EA JAI = K = L=HE=> A
@A FH >=>E E@=@
,A
E?E
!
5A=
X : R
K = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= 5E
AI K
IK>?
K J
@A
@A
P (A) = P (X A) := P ({ : X ( ) A}) .
-A F
P (A1 ) =
GKA DA
,A
I JHAI FHE I GKA
AH I IK?AI I @A A A
= JAHE H ?
IE@AH= @
GKA
I @=@ I
AIJ
JHK?=@ I JA A
4 1 5+4+3+2+1 15 5 2 17 7 = ; P (A2 ) = = = ; P (A3 ) = 1 = ; P (A4 ) = 36 9 36 36 12 36 18 36

? =I IECKEA JAI ECK= @=@AI ALE@A JAI
I ?= ?K =@
) P (A2 ) = P (X > 7)) = P (X = 8) + P (X = 9) + P (X = 10) + P (X = 11) + P (X = 12) P (A3 ) = P ((Y 4)) = 1 P ((Y = 5)) .
>I HLAIA A =>KI F=H= IE F E ?=H IEA IA LAHE ?= @A J=?E I
P (X > x)
? =H
KC=H @A
P (X ( ) > x)
F H A A
GKA KJE E =HA
FHA GKA AIJ
GKA GKAHA
(X Y )( ) = 6
I IEAJA IECKEA JAI
= (a, b) A GKA (3, 3), (3, 4), (4, 3), (3, 5), (5, 3), (3, 6) O (6, 3)
I @A?EH 2 H JE I ?=I I
!
,A
.K ?E
E?E !
@A
= BK ?E
=I=
@A @A IE@=@ BK ?E
@A @EIJHE>K?E
A ?
@A @EIJHE>K?E
@A K = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= IA @A F=H= J @
F (x) = P ((, x]) = P ({ : X ( ) x})

2H FEA@=@AI @A

x R.
=I BK ?E
AI @A @EIJHE>K?E
x x
l m F (x) = 0
l m F (x) = 1 x1 < x 2
A J ?AI
IE
F (x1 ) F (x2 )
.7
+1
,-
)5)
,- ,-
51,), .7
+1
,- ,15641*7+1
"
"
AI ?
JE K= F H = @AHA?D= AI @A?EH
h0+
-I B ?E L= @=@= K = BK ?E *=IJ= J @A @EIJHE>K?E @A @EIJHE>K?E =H = @A ,A E?E J=HA
l m F (x + h) = F (x) .
?= ?K =H = FH >=>E E@=@ @A @EBAHA JAI JEF I @A E JAH
I @A = HA?J= HA=
P ((, x]) = F (x)

I F H
O =I FH FEA@=@AI CA AH= AI @A
?K= GKEAH BK ?E
F (x ) = l m P ((, x h]) = P ((, x)) . +

h0
5A JEA A =I =I IECKEA JAI E@A JE@=@AI
P ((a, b]) P ((a, b)) P ([a, b]) P ({b})

= JE
= = = =
P ((, b]) P ((, a]) = F (b) F (a) P ((, b)) P ((, a]) = F (b ) F (a) P ((, b]) P ((, a)) = F (b) F (a ) ((, b]) P ((, b)) = F (b) F (b ) =
I= J
I @E?A GKA IE AI F IEJEL= I E JAHAI=H = BK ?E @A @EIJHE>K?E
@A
A FK J A K
b.
FK J =
= @A A =I I @E?D = BK ?E
JEA A K ?
I= J
FH >=>E E@=@ @A AIA FK J ;= DA >E E@=@ I ?=I I = BK ?E
GKA = AIJK@E=H K = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= @A @EIJHE>K?E F=H= ? ?=H=?JAHE = ? ?AH A HAF=HJ F AJ=
?AH IK BK ?E EA J=I
@A FH >= F=H= =I=
A JA = @A FH >=>E E@=@ )D H= >EA I D=O DAHH= IJ=I I = BK ?E @A JE K=
I E JAHAI= JAI @A L=HE=> AI = A=J HE=I GKA JH=J=HA @A @EIJHE>K?E = BK ?E
I IA ?E =I GKA
@A FH >=>E E@=@
F=H= K = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= @EI?HAJ=
@A @A IE@=@ IE = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= AI ?
8=HE=> AI = A=J HE=I @EI?HAJ=I
,A
EJ
E?E
K = BK ?E
7 = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= HAI
AH=> A @A L=
X x1 , . . . , x n , . . .
IA @E?A @EI?HAJ= ?K= @
FKA@A J
=H K
AH
@A FH >=>E E@=@ @A K = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= @EI?HAJ=
GKA@= J J=
A JA ?=H=?JAHE =@= HAI
F H IK BK ?E
@A
=I= GKA
I @= = FH >=>E E@=@ @A ?=@= K
@A AI I F IE> AI L=
5A
P (X = xi ) = P ({xi }) = P (xi ) = P ({ : X ( ) = xi }) i = 1, 2, 3, . . . , n, . . . . IECKA @A = @A E?E GKA P (xi ) = 1 = BK ?E @A @EIJHE>K?E @A K = L=HE=> A = A=J

i
= @A AI?= AH=
HE=
@EI?HAJ= JEA A B H
F ( x) x1
>I HLAIA GKA = BK ?E
x2
x3 F (x)
AI
x
@A?HA?EA JA F H GK
@A @EIJHE>K?E
"
+)2 67
8)41)* -5 ) -)6
41)5
-A F
X =
IK
5 K?E
"
= @A
+= ?K =H I @=@ I
= BK ?E A
@A
=I= O A J
= BK ?E
@A @EIJHE>K?E
@A
= L=HE=> A = A=J HE= JHK?=@ I
A ANFAHE
@A JEH=H IK?AIEL= A J I
A JA @ I @=@ I
- AIF=?E
KAIJH= JEA A
36
A A
= {(1, 1), (1, 2), . . . , (6, 5), (6, 6)} .

= L=HE=> A = A=J HE= JAH I O =I
AI K = BK ?E GKA I @=@ I
@A AIF=?E AIJ
KAIJH=
GKA I
11
L=
HAI A
2, 3, . . . , 12
2KAIJ
JHK?=@ I
I IK?AI I A A
A J= AI I
AGKEFH >=> AI
P ({(a, b)}) =
2KAIJ ? F AJ= GKA F @A ? ?A I? J=H ?K @A
1 , 36
F=H= ?K= GKEAH
(a, b) .
?=@= K @A I IK?AI I
J IA A @A
A J I @A
. . . X = 12
I = BK ?E
=I= @A
D=O A = L=HE=> A X
X=2 X=3
HAI @AJAH E =
= IECKEA JA J=> = @A L=
A JA = BK ?E
=I= @A !
X
" # $ % & '
xi P (X = xi )
>I LAIA GKA
1 36
2 36
3 36
4 36
5 36
6 36
5 36
4 36
3 36
2 36
1 36
2 H IK F=HJA = BK ?E
1+2+3+4+5+6+5+4+3+2+1 = 1. 36 @A @EIJHE>K?E F : R [0, 1] LEA A @=@= F F ( x) = 0

IE
x < 2,
=
F (x) = 1
A JA ?HA= @
IE
x 12
?= ? AI?= AI D HE = BK ?E J= AI @A @AJAH E =@ I F H
O F=H=
2 x < 12
L= IK>EA @ ?=
@A
0 = 1 F=K =JE
?
K = CH
A JHA ?=@= @ I A JAH I ? =I= @E>K =H = CH
IA?KJEL I
I I= J I A
?=@= A JAH
8=HE=> AI = A=J HE=I ?
JE K=I
X
IA @E?A ?
,A
@A
E?E
I L=
7 = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= E JAHL= = BK ?E
JE K= ?K= @
FKA@A J
=H ?K= GKEAH= JE K= GKA@=
HAI @A K
@A FH >=>E E@=@ @A K = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= ?
?=H=?JAHE =@= F H IK BK ?E
@A @A IE@=@ GKA AI K = BK ?E
f : R R
LAHE ?= @
f (x) 0 F=H= f ( x) d x = 1
R
J @
xR
= FH >=>E E@=@ @A K @A IE@=@
IK?AI
HA =JEL K =
= K = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= ?
JE K=
BK ?E
@A
IA ?= ?K =
A@E= JA = B H
P (A) =
A
f (x) dx
.7
+1
,-
)5)
,- ,-
51,), .7
+1
,- ,15641*7+1
"!
LEA A HAI= J=H GKA F=H= K = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= ?
JE K=
I IK?AI I K EJ=HE I
A = {t}
JEA A
FH >=>E E@=@
FKAI
P ({t}) = f (x) dx = 0 .
{t}
? ? JE K= = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA = BK ?E
-IJA DA?D K L=
LEA A = @A?EH GKA IE K =
H F=HJE?K =H AI
X AI K = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= P (X = t) = P ({t}) = 0 +

JE K= IA
IA?KA ?E=
@A @EIJHE>K?E
JEA A I= J I AI @A?EH AI ? = BK ?E @A @EIJHE>K?E
>JEA A = F=HJEH @A = BK ?E
@A @A IE@=@
F (x) = P ((, x]) =

)@A I A I FK J I A GKA
f (t) dt .
F (x)
AI @AHEL=> A
f (x) = F (x) .
-A F
IEJK=@ = @EIJ= ?E=
#
-
5A= K
IAC
A J
OA
@A K AI
CEJK@ IAC
+K
AI @A
= FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA K +K AI = BK ?E
FK J
= = =H A
OA
K J
IA A ?KA JHA A
A J K
CD
OA
@A @A IE@=@ @A
OB
?
K?E
?K= GKEAH= @A IAC = H= @A =I
@A IK?AI I A J CD AI K = CEJK@AI CD/OA
AH=> A
= FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA
IA= K A
FK J A@E= JA
= FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA @A E =HA I A ANFAHE
AIJ J
I >HA = @
A J
CD IA @A OA I >HA
A E JAHL=
[0, 5]
@A = HA?J= HA=
B O=0
2 @A @A I @A EH = BK ?E
D A
A=5
JE K=
@A @EIJHE>K?E ?K= @
@A = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= ? A
X =
@EIJ=
?E=
OB
= AH= GKA IA= ECK= =
AIJ
0
2KAIJ @A?EH GKA A FK J = BK ?E
f (x) dx = 1 . B { f (x) =
IA IEJ = = = =H A A E JAHL=
OA
0
= @EIJHE>K?E
AI K EB H
A I >HA
OA
AI
@A @A IE@=@ AI ?
IJ= JA O =I
0 1 5
IE IE
x / [0, 5] x [0, 5]
= F (x) =
0 x 1 dt = 5 5 1
IE IE IE
x<0 x [0, 5] x 5.
f (x) 1 5
F (x)
""
+)2 67
8)41)* -5 ) -)6
41)5
! ! -IFAH= =
+ BHA?KA ?E= @A FHALE I ANFAHE 2=H= A
A@E= O L=HE= =
A J I = A=J HE I GKA AIJK@EA IA J A J = ?EAHJ= KAIJH= EI I F @HA JE I HA= E =H K
AIJK@E
A J
AI
O IA
J=@ IJE?
HA? CA I FAH J
HA= E = @ > AJEL
L=HE=I LA?AI A @A
ANFAHE
@=J I I >HA @EIJE J=I ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I @A ANFAHE EJ= FHA@A?EH A ? > AJ F HJ= EA J
AI =@=FJ=H F=H= =I @EI I @=J I =I
JE J=I ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I @A =@ I IA ?= ?K =H
L=HE=> AI = A=J HE=I I @=H E@A= @A
I @A FH >=>E E@=@ JA HE? I GKA @A ?=@= K = @A
HA= IK FH >=>E E@=@ @A AIJ=I ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I ,A = @EIJHE>K?E
?EAHJ=I @A AIJK@E =
A@E@=I GKA
?=H=?JAH IJE?=I ,AIJ=?=
I A JHA AIJ=I
A@E=
-
A@E@= @A ?A JH= E =?E @A EHA I
= L=HE= ?AFJ I =
= O
= @AILE=?E A@E@=I
J FE?=
A@E@=I @A @EIFAHIE
AIJ= IA??E
I ?
C I = AIJ=I
@A = -IJ=@ IJE?=
,A
IA @A
E?E
A IK
!!
A@E=
,=@= K = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= @EI?HAJ=
BK ?E
@A
=I=
P ( x i ) i = 1, 2 , . . .
AIFAH=
= ?
= E [X ] =
xi P ( xi ) .
JE K= ? BK ?E @A @A IE@=@
,A @A A IK
= AH= =
C=
IE
AI K = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= ?
f (x)
IA
A@E=
AIFAH=
= ?
= E [X ] =
R
2=IA A@E@=I I = =I A@E@=I @A @EIFAHIE A A ?=F JK @A -IJ=@ IJE?= LE I = KJE E@=@ @A AIJ=I
xf (x) dx .
,A
O
E?E
A@E=
!!
IA @A
= L=HE= A ?
= @A K = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= @EI?HAJ=
BK ?E
@A
=I=
P (xi )
2 = V [X ] = E [(X )2 ] =
(xi )2 P (xi ) .
i
) A@E=
C=
A JA A ?
= L=HE=
= @A K = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= ?
JE K=
BK ?E
@A @A IE@=@
f ( x)
IA @A
= V [X ] = E [(X ) ] =
2 2 R
(x )2 f (x) dx .
A ? = H= ?K=@H=@= F IEJEL= @A
= @AILE=?E IK L=HE= = ,A
J FE?=
@A K = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= IA @A
- AH?E?E
IJH=H A
I ?=I I @EI?HAJ
O ?
JE K
= IECKEA JA E@A JE@=@ F=H= = L=HE=
= @A
K = L=HE=> A = A=J HE=
2 = E [X 2 ] 2
! !
-52-4)
-,1) ; 8)41)
"#
K?E
5E O IE
AI K = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= @EI?HAJ= ? IA >JEA A
BK ?E
@A
=I=
P ( xi )
@AI=HH
= @
?K=@H=@
F E ?= @
2 = = =

i i i
(xi )2 P (xi )
2 (x2 i 2xi + )P (xi )
x2 i P (xi ) 2
2 2 2
(
i
) ( ) xi P (xi ) + 2 P (xi )
i 2 2
= E [X ] 2 + = E [X ] .
A ?=I ? JE K @AI=HH = @ A ?K=@H=@ O IE F E ?= @ IA >JEA A
(x )2 f (x) dx ( ) ( ) 2 2 x f (x) dx 2 xf (x) dx + = f (x) dx

R R R R
= E [X ] 2 + = E [X ] .
2 2 2 2 2
-A
-A F

5E ?
7 = FAHI
= F=HJE?EF= A
?KHI
@A JA ALEIE ?E ?
=I IECKEA JAI HAC =I K = ? HHA?J= C= =
JAIJ= ? HHA?J=
A JA = K = FHACK J= ?
HAIFKAIJ=I F IE> AI I
10 000e
?=I ? JH=HE IA A FH F A K = IACK @= FHACK J= ? JHAI HAIFKAIJ=I F IE> AI I K = ? HHA?J= 5E =?EAHJ= C= = 5E J= I F ?
1 000e
A K = JAH?AH= ? @ I HAIFKAIJ=I F IE> AI C= = =@= FAH IE B= = @A>A F=C=H
=?EAHJ= = IACK @= HAIFKAIJ= IA A FH F
K = ? HHA?J= 5E =?EAHJ= JAH E = ?K= @ AIA = FAHI
500e
? ?KHI= JA ? JAIJ=
KAC
= =?EAHJ=
JH=I B= =H = JAH?AH= FHACK J= 5E K
= = =H ?= ?
= FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA > ? = C= = ?E= AIFAH=@=
>JA C= K = HAIFKAIJ= ? HHA?J=
E [X ]
V [X ]
IEA @
AH
@A FHACK J=I FH FKAIJ=I = ? @A ? HHA?J=
?KHI= JA
K?E
I IK?AI I =
5A=
Ai A IK?AI A1 A2 O A3 I
A ?
?KHI= JA HAIF
A JA = ?KAIJE
IE
i = 1, 2, 3
E @AFA @EA JAI
= FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA K = HAIFKAIJ= IA= ? HHA?J= AI
c c P (A1 ) + P (A2 )P (Ac 1 ) + P (A3 )P (A1 )P (A2 ) =
11 1 1 4 1 4 2 + + = . 5 3 5 2 5 3 15
"$
+)2 67
8)41)* -5 ) -)6
41)5
> 5A=
= L=HE=> A = A=J HE=

C= = ?E=
-I ? =H
GKA AIJ= L=HE=> A J
I L=
HAI
y1 = 10 000 y2 = 1 000 y3 = 0 y3 = 500

2 H J= J = C= = ?E= AIFAH=@= AI
? ? ? ?
1 ; 5 4 P (y2 ) = 5 4 P (y3 ) = 5 4 P (y3 ) = 5 P (y1 ) =
1 3 2 3 2 3
4 ; 15
1 4 = ; 2 15 1 4 = . 2 15
E [Y ] = 10 000
? = L=HE=> A = A=J HE=
1 4 4 4 + 1 000 +0 500 = 2 133.33e . 5 15 15 15

=H I L= HAI
FKA@A J
x1 = 1 x2 = 2 x3 = 3
)I
P (X = 1) = P (A1 ) =
1 , 5 4 4 = , 5 15 4 8 = . 5 15
1 3 2 c P (X = 3) = P (Ac 2 )P (A1 ) = 3 P (X = 2) = P (A2 )P (Ac 1) =
= E [X ] =
3 i=1
xi P (xi ) = 1
4 8 35 1 +2 +3 = = 2.33 ; 5 15 15 15
2 x2 i P (xi )
V [X ] = E [X ] =
2 2
3 i=1
( )2 1 35 4 8 = 1 +4 +9 5 15 15 15 91 1225 1365 1225 140 28 = = = = = 0.622 . 15 225 225 225 45
-A F
@=@
CEJK@ @A ?EAHJ I J H E
I A
?A J
AJH I IA @EIJHE>KOA IAC
= BK ?E
@A @A IE
{ 3 (x 1)(3 x) f (x) = 4 0
AIA
IE IE
x [1, 3] x / [1, 3] .
E += ? EE 5E
E [X ]
I I
[X ]
L E@ I I E@ IE IK CEJK@ AIJ A JHA
I J H E
1.7
2.4
?= ?
AIA = FH >=>E E@=@
@A GKA K
J H E
IA= L
! "
8)41)5 8)41)* -5
"%
K?E
E )F E?= GKA JEA A BK ?E
I @EHA?J=
A JA =I B H
K =I = = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= ?
JE K=
X=
CEJK@ @A
J H E
@A @A IE@=@
f (x)
E [X ] = = = E [X 2 ] = = 2 [X ] = [X ] =
3 3 3 x(x 1)(3 x) dx = (3x + 4x2 x3 ) dx 4 1 1 4 ) 3( 3 4 1 (9 1) + (27 1) (81 1) 4 2 3 4 ) 3 8 3( 104 12 + 20 = = 2 ; 4 3 4 3 3 ) 3( 1 3 (3x2 + 4x3 x4 ) dx = (27 1) + (81 1) (243 1) 4 1 4 5 3( 242 ) 3 28 21 26 + 80 = = 4 5 4 5 5 21 1 E [X 2 ] 2 = 4= 5 5 1 5 = = 0.447 . 5 5
3
EE
I FE@A
?= ?K =H
P (1.7 < x < 2.4)
2.4
GKA F H @A
E?E
AI
P (1.7 < x < 2.4) =

1.7
= = =
) 3 ( 1 3(2.4 1.7) + 2(2.42 1.72 ) (2.43 1.73 ) 4 3 ) 1 ( ) 3 ( 1 2.1 + 5.74 8.911 = 10.92 8.911 4 3 4 2.009 = 0.50225 . 4
3 f (x) dx = 4
2.4
(3 + 4x x2 ) dx
1.7
! " 8=HE=I L=HE=> AI

?=I K ?=IE EI JA @HA A =I A I A ANFAHE AI E JAHAI=H I GKA
H @A A A J ? = A=J HE F @A I ? IE@AH=H @EIJE J=I L=HE=> AI = A=J HE=I E =@ I F H L= =?E
X1 , X2 , . . .
?KO
IE@AH=H IK?AI I @AJAH
HAI HABAHE@ I = L=HE=I @A A =I A
A ? =H =@A?K=@= =?E
A JA = E B H
@A =I L=HE=> AI E @ELE@K= AI E KEH A = @A =I @A AH I ,EHA GKA I I E@A
I ?=I I = E B H
@A ?=@= L=HE=> A AIJ
GKA AIJ=
I = JA L=HE=> AI E @AFA @EA JAI +K= @ I BKAHJA = ? L=HE=
IA= =I
JA @HA
I K = HA =?E
A JHA
= @A @ I L=HE=> AI = A=J HE=I AI K
AIJ= F IE> A HA =?E
,A
E?E
! " 8A?J HAI = A=J HE I

LA?J H = A=J HE
L=HE=> A = A=J HE= @A @E
A IE
n
AI K =
BK ?E
(X1 , . . . , Xn ) : Rn .
GKA = ?=@= A A A J
@A
AIF=?E
KAIJH=
A D=?A ? HHAIF
@AH
AH I HA= AI
X1 ( ), . . . , Xn ( )
"&
+)2 67
8)41)* -5 ) -)6
41)5
-A F
= A=J HE
&
ANFAHE
A J
JEH=H @ I @=@ I FAHBA?J I IK?AIEL=
A JA
IA ?
IE@AH= A
LA?J H
(X, Y ) : R2
GKA @=@ K A A A J
= (a, b)
I @ALKA LA
(X, Y )( ) = (a + b, |a b|) .
A ? ?KHI JA ALEIEL @A - A F $ IA ? IE@AH= A LA?J H = A=J HE
(X, Y ) : R2
GKA = ?=@= A A A J @A AIF=?E KAIJH=
A =I ?E= ?KHI= JA IE@AH=
(X, Y )( ) = (
= FH @K??E
FHACK J=I FH FKAIJ=I = ? I @A - A F % ?
C= = ?E= @A ?
?KHI= JA
).
@A J H E
I A LA?J H = A=J HE
(X, Y, Z ) : R3
GKA = J =H ?=@= J H E
IK I -
I @E?A CEJK@ I ?
(X, Y, Z )( ) = (
)@A GKA IECKA @A A IE I = ? EHA = A=J HE I @A @E
@E
AJH
@A = ?=>A = C I = ?=I
CEJK@ @A = H I?=
).
A IE
?AFJ I =
@A K = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= F=H= LA?J HAI =JKH= @A @A @E
?=I
n@E
A IE
AI =
= CA AH= E =?E
IE@AH=H LA?J HAI = A=J HE I @A = B H
(X, Y ) : R2
F @HA ?AFJ I I D=?AH HAFHAIA J=?E AI I >HA A F = C= = @ A ? =HE@=@ = = D H= @A =IE E =H I ?
,A
E?E
= A=J HE
A AI K IK>? (X, Y ) : R2 @A E
5E
!"
K J I
@A
R2
@AI?HEJ
K J
@A F IE> AI L=
HAI @A LA?J H
P (A) = P ((X, Y ) A) = P ({ : (X ( ), Y ( )) A}) .
,A
E?E
!"!
= BK ?E
@A @EIJHE>K?E
@A K
LA?J H = A=J HE
(X, Y )
IA @A
A ?
F (x, y ) = P ({(s, t) R2 : s x, t y }) = P ({ : X ( ) x, Y ( ) y })
=I FH FEA@=@AI @A F=HA?E@=I = ?=I =I BK ?E AI @A =I= ? =I BK ?E K J= AI @A @EIJHE>K?E A >=HC I @A @A IE@=@ ? @A @EIJHE>K?E @A K A I @A K = L=HE=> A 5E
F=H= J @
(x, y ) R2 .
I A ?EAHJ @ I = AH= GKA KJE E =HA
LA?J H = A=J HE = A => AI @A ?K
K J= F=H= A ? @A LA?J H = A=J HE
@A FH >=>E E@=@AI
- AH?E?E
+= ?K =H = BK ?E
(X, Y ) : R2
? HHAIF @EA JA = ? ?KHI JA ALEIEL @A - A F &
! "
8)41)5 8)41)* -5
"'
!"
,A IE@=@ ?
K J=
(X, Y )
@A
AI @EI?HAJ ?K= @ I FKA@A J =H K AH HAI -
,A
EJ
E?E
K
!""
LA?J H = A=J HE
AH=> A @A L=
@A FH >=>E E@=@ ? @A =I= ?
K J= @A K K J=
LA?J H = A=J HE
(X, Y )
@EI?HAJ
GKA@= ?=H=?JAHE =@
F H = BK ?E
P (X = xi , Y = yj ) = P ({ : X ( ) = xi , Y ( ) = yj })
+K= @ = BK ?E AIJ @A ? =H =I= ? F H A ? JANJ KJE E =HA I = IECKEA JA K J= IKA A FHAIA J=HIA ?
i = 1, . . . , m ; j = 1, . . . , n .
J=?E
pi,j = P (X = xi , Y = yj )
K = J=> = @A @ > A A JH=@=
Y X x1 xi xm pi,j y1 yj yn
-A F
5 K?E
'
2=H= A ? @AJAH
?KHI E =@
JA ALEIEL
@AI?HEJ
A - A ?KHI= JA
$ ?= ?K =H = BK ?E C= = ?E= @A ? HAI J = @
@A
=I= @A
LA?J H = A=J HE
F H
(X, Y )( ) = ( 3
F IE> AI L= HAI O
FHACK J=I FH FKAIJ=I = ? FKA@A J =H
?KHI= JA = FHE @A
)
F A JA K J=
-IJA LA?J H = A=J HE
3 4 = 12
L=
AH= ? =I= ?
= IACK @=
= IECKEA JA J=> =
I HAFHAIA J= = BK ?E
Y X 1 2 3
J= >E A ?=I @A LA?J HAI = A=J HE I
500 0 0 4 15
=F=HJA @A AI
0 0 0 4 15
1 000 0 4 15 0
10 000 1 5 0 0
? @E?E K J= D=O JH=I @EIJHE>K?E AI
= @EIJHE>K?E
KO E JAHAI= JAI
=I @EIJHE>K?E
=HCE = AI O =I ?
=@=I
,A
E?E
!"#
= ?
=I @EIJHE>K?E
AI
=HCE = AI @A K
LA?J H = A=J HE I
(X, Y )
=I=
=I GKA IA
>JEA A
IE@AH=H ?=@= ?=H=?JAH IJE?= F H IAF=H=@
)I JA A
,EIJHE>K?E
@=@= F H
=HCE =
@A
AI @A JEF
n j =1
@EI?HAJ
O IK BK ?E
@A
=HCE =
LEA A
P ( X = xi ) =
,EIJHE>K?E
@=@= F H
P (X = xi , Y = yj ) ,
@EI?HAJ
i = 1, . . . , m .
@A =I= =HCE =
LEA A
=HCE =
@A
AI @A JEF
m i=1
O IK BK ?E
P (Y = yj ) =
P ( X = xi , Y = y j ) ,
j = 1, . . . , n .
#
+)2 67
8)41)* -5 ) -)6
41)5
>I HLAIA GKA @A = @A ? F H ? K =I
E?E
AI B ?E
>JA AH ?=@= @EIJHE>K?E >=IJ= A
=HCE = IE = BK ?E ?=@= ?=I IK
@A
=I= =I
K J= LEA A HAFHAIA J=@= F H K = J=> = @A @ > A A JH=@=
=H F H
-A F
IA E @E?=
!
=I @EIJHE>K?E
AI
=HCE = AI @A A A
= JAHE H IA
>JEA A
= F=HJEH @A = J=> = ?
Y X 1 2 3 P (Y = yj ) FY (yj ) 500 0 0 4 15 4 15 4 15 0 0 0 4 15 4 15 8 15 1 000 0 4 15 0 4 15 4 5 10 00 1 5 0 0 1 5 1 P (X = xi ) 1 5 4 15 8 15 FX (xi ) 1 5 7 15

!"
+ L=HE=
=
AI ? @E?E =@=I ? LEA A @A EH ? L=HE= = A E @AFA @A ?E=
) JAI @A F=I=H = =I @EIJHE>K?E
,A
E?E
!"$
= ? L=HE=
= A JHA @ I L=HE=> AI = A=J HE=I @EI?HAJ=I
IA @A
A ?
[ ] Cov(X, Y ) = E (X E [X ])(Y E [Y ]) m n = (xi E [X ])(yj E [Y ])P (X = xi , Y = yj ) .

i=1 j =1
,A?E
I GKA
Y
>E
AIJ A
E ? HHA =@=I ?K= @
Cov(X, Y ) = 0
E A=
@A
5A @A
A J=
? ABE?EA JA @A ? HHA =?E
(X, Y )
r=
-IJA ? A ?EA JA LAHE ?= GKA E A= A JHA J= HA =?E
Cov(X, Y ) . [X ] [Y ]
@EC=
1 r 1 O IEHLA F=H= AIJK@E=H = ANEIJA ?E= @A K = F IE> A HA =?E Y = aX + b F=H= ?EAHJ I ? A ?EA JAI a, b R 5E r = 1 r = 1 ANEIJA
I ? =H= A I ?=F JK I I >HA -IJ=@ IJE?=
E A=
5K KJE E@=@ GKA@=H
- AH?E?E !
,A
IJH=H = IECKEA JA B H
K =
Cov(X, Y ) = E [XY ] E [X ] E [Y ] .
! "
8)41)5 8)41)* -5
#
5
?
K?E
K J= O
,AI=HH
= @
IK I
=J HE
O KI= @
=I FH FEA@=@AI @A
=I BK ?E
AI @A @EIJHE>K?E
=HCE = AI JA A
m n Cov(X, Y ) = (xi E [X ])(yj E [Y ])P (X = xi , Y = yj ) i=1 j =1 m n i=1 j =1 m i=1 n j =1 n ( j =1
xi yj P (X = xi , Y = yj ) E [Y ] yj
m ( i=1 m i=1
xi
) P (X = xi , Y = yj )
E [X ]
m n ) P (X = xi , Y = yj ) + E [X ]E [Y ] P (X = xi , Y = yj ) i=1 j =1 n j =1
= E [XY ] E [Y ]
xi P (X = xi ) E [X ]
yj P (Y = yj ) + E [X ]E [Y ]
= E [XY ] E [Y ]E [X ] E [X ]E [Y ] + E [X ]E [Y ] = E [XY ] E [X ]E [Y ] .
!"!
,A @A E E?E
1 @AFA @A ?E=
I = ? JE K=?E = E @AFA @A ?E= @A L=HE=> AI = A=J HE=I @EI?HAJ=I @A = AH= = C= = = @A E @AFA @A ?E= @A IK?AI I
,A
E?E
!"%
, I L=HE=> AI = A=J HE=I @EI?HAJ=I
IA @E?A
E @AFA @EA JAI ?K= @
P (X = xi , Y = yj ) = P (X = xi ) P (Y = yj )
5KHCA @A = AH= @EHA?J=
5E = IECKEA JA FH FEA@=@
F=H=
i = 1, . . . , m ; j = 1, . . . , n .
L=HE=> AI = A=J HE=I @EI?HAJ=I E @AFA @EA JAI A J
?AI
E [XY ] = E [X ] E [Y ] .
F=HJE?K =H I E ? HHA =@=I AI @A?EH
Cov(X, Y ) = 0
- AH?E?E "
5 K?E
,A
IJH=H = FH FEA@=@ = JAHE H

C= I GKA
5KF
E @AFA @EA JAI AI @A?EH
P (X = xi , Y = yj ) = P (X = xi ) P (Y = yj ) ,
F=H=
i = 1, . . . , m ; j = 1, . . . , n
+= ?K A
I = AIFAH=
= @A = L=HE=> A FH @K?J
X Y
E [XY ] = = =
m n i=1 j =1 m n i=1 j =1 m i=1
xi yj P (X = xi , Y = yj ) xi yj P (X = xi ) P (Y = yj )
n ( ) xi P (X = xi ) yj P (Y = yj ) j =1
m ( ) = E [Y ] xi P (X = xi ) = E [Y ]E [X ] . i=1
+)2 67
8)41)* -5 ) -)6
41)5
IEA
F=HJE?K =H
Cov(X, Y ) = E [XY ] E [X ]E [Y ] = 0
E @AFA @EA JAI
JH=I F= =>H=I
E ? HHA =@=I
FHA GKA IA=
- AH?E?E #
= ?
+= ?K =H = ? L=HE=
= @A =I L=HE=> AI = A=J HE=I

? F
EA JH=I GKA
X=
F
$
AH
@A FHACK J=I FH FKAIJ=I
?KHI= JA A
Y =
C= = ?E= @A K
?KHI= JA =I= ?
@A - A
K J= O
5
I
K?E
,A = J=> = @A =I BK ?E
AI @A
=HCE = AI @A LA?J H
(X, Y )
LA
I GKA
E @AFA @EA JAI FKAI F H A A
P (X = 3, Y = 0) =
+
4 15
I
P (X = 3) P (Y = 0) =
8 4 4 = . 15 15 15
I @=J I @A = J=> = ?= ?K =
@A @
@A
1 4 8 35 7 +2 +3 = = 5 15 15 15 3 1 4 4 4 32 000 6 400 E [Y ] = 10 000 + 1 000 +0 500 = = 5 15 15 15 15 3 1 4 4 4 32 000 6 400 E [XY ] = 1 10 000 + 2 1 000 +30 + 3 (500) = = 5 15 15 15 15 3 ( ) 6 400 7 6 400 7 6 400 25 600 Cov(X, Y ) = E [XY ] E [X ]E [Y ] = = 1 = 3 3 3 3 3 9 E [X ] = 1
!""
.E = E =
,A IE@=@AI ?
I AIJ= IA??E ?
@E?E
A ?
=@=I
?AFJ @A FH >=>E E@=@ ? @E?E =@=
,A
E?E
!"&
= @EIJHE>K?E
@A = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= @A
@E?E
=@= F H K
L=
yj
@A
LEA A @=@= F H = BK ?E
=I= ?
@E?E
=@=
P (X = xi | Y = yj ) =
-I B ?E ? ? FH >=H GKA IE AI
P (X = xi , Y = yj ) , P (Y = yj )
E @AFA @EA JAI @EA JAI
i = 1, . . . , m .
AI ? @E?E =@=I ? E ?E@A
=I @EIJHE>K?E
=I @EIJHE>K?E
=HCE = AI ? HHAIF
P (X = xi | Y = yj ) =
P (X = xi , Y = yj ) P (Y = y j ) P (X = xi ) P (Y = yj ) = = P (X = xi ) , P (Y = yj )
i = 1, . . . , m .
; =
C=
A JA F=H=
Y P (Y = yj | X = xi ) = P (Y = yj ) j = 1, . . . , n
!"#
8A?J HAI = A=J HE I ?
JE K I
(X, Y ) AI
?K=@H=@
,A
-
E?E
@EI?HAJ
!"'
@A
LA?J H = A=J HE F K
JE K
HA?J CK
?K= @ K
J JHE
= L= CK
HAI A K
IK>? K
K J IA?J H
F H A A
? H?K
?EH?K =H JAHE =@

...
@A @A FH >=>E E@=@ ? K J= @A K
LA?J H = A=J HE F H = BK ?E F=H= J @
@A @A IE@=@ ?
K J= GKA AI K =
BK
(X, Y ) ? JE K GKA@= ?=H=? 2 ?E f : R R LAHE ?= @
f (x, y ) 0
(x, y ) R2
! "
8)41)5 8)41)* -5
#!
f (x, y ) dx dy = 1
R2
= FH >=> E@=@ @A ?K= GKEAH IK?AI F H = B H K=
A R2 HA =JEL = LA?J H = A=J P (A) = f (x, y ) dx dy .

A
HE
JE K
(X, Y )
IA ?= ?K =
,A
IA
E?E
>JEA A
! "
= ?
=I @EIJHE>K?E
AI
=HCE = AI @A K
? JE K
LA?J H = A=J HE I
(X, Y )
=I GKA
IE@AH=H ?=@= ?=H=?JAH IJE?= F H IAF=H=@
)I JA A O IK BK ?E
,EIJHE>K?E
=HCE =
@A
AI @A JEF
@A @A IE@=@
=HCE =
LEA A @=@= F H
f ( x) =
R
f (x, y ) dy ,
? JE K
F=H= J @
x R.
@A @A IE@=@ =HCE =
,EIJHE>K?E
=HCE =
@A
AI @A JEF
O IK BK ?E
LEA A @=@= F H
f (y ) =
R
f (x, y ) dx ,
F=H= J @
y R.
JE K=I
,A
E?E
! "
= ? L=HE=
= A JHA @ I L=HE=> AI = A=J HE=I ?
IA @A
A ?
[ ] Cov(X, Y ) = E (X E [X ])(Y E [Y ]) =
,A?E I GKA
R2
(x E [X ])(y E [Y ])f (x, y ) dx dy .

-
=?E
E A=
Y AIJ @A (X, Y )
E ? HHA =@=I ?K= @

IA @A A ?
Cov(X, Y ) = 0
? ABE?EA JA @A ? HHA
r=
Cov(X, Y ) . [X ] [Y ]
- AH?E?E $ ,A E?E
,A
IJH=H = ECK= @=@
Cov(X, Y ) = E [XY ] E [X ]E [Y ]
JE K=I
!"
, I L=HE=> AI = A=J HE=I ?
IA @E?A
E @AFA @EA JAI IE
f (x, y ) = f (x)f (y )
5A JEA A J=
5E >E
F=H= ?K= AIGKEAH=
x R, y R .
= IECKEA JA FH FEA@=@ A
L=HE=> AI = A=J HE=I ?
JE K=I E @AFA @EA JAI A J
?AI
E [XY ] = E [X ] E [Y ] .
F=HJE?K =H I E ? HHA =@=I AI @A?EH
Cov(X, Y ) = 0 X
? @E?E @E?E =@= F H K =@= L= H
,A
E?E
! " !
Y
= @EIJHE>K?E
@A = L=HE=> A = A=J HE=
@A
LEA A @=@= F H = BK ?E
@A @A IE@=@ ?
f (x | y ) = f (x | Y = y ) =
>I HLAIA GKA AI = @ F H K L= A?AI=HE GKA
f (x, y ) , f (y )
F=H= J @ A JA AIJ
x R.
I ? @E?E
f (y ) > 0
A JA
1 JKEJEL=
GKEAHA @A?EH GKA AIJ=
H @A
F JA ?E=
>IAHL=> A
#"
+)2 67
8)41)* -5 ) -)6
41)5
-I B ?E ? ?
FH >=H GKA IE AI
E @AFA @EA JAI @EA JAI
=I @EIJHE>K?E
AI ?
@E?E
=@=I ? E ?E@A
=I @EIJHE>K?E
=HCE = AI ? HHAIF
f (x | y ) =
f (x)f (y ) = f (x) , f (y )
= BK ?E
F=H= J @
x R;
f ( y | x) =
f (x)f (y ) = f (y ), f (x)
F=H= J @
y R.
- AH?E?E %
@A @A IE@=@ ?
K J= @A @ I L=HE=> AI = A=J HE=I ? IE A
JE K=I AI
{ f (x, y ) =
k (x + xy ) 0
x (0, 1), y (0, 1)

JH ?=I

+K
AI A L=
H @A
k
=HCE = = AIFAH= = O = L=HE= = @A ?=@= L=HE=> A
+= ?K =H = @A IE@=@ !
L=HE=> AI E @AFA @EA JAI =

@A @A IE@=@ DA I @A JA AH E JACH= J J=
" += ?K =H = ? L=HE=
K?E
I
2KAIJ
GKA AI K = BK ?E
1 JACH= @
JA A
f (x, y ) dx dy = k
R2
(x + xy ) dx dy 1 ( 1 1 ( ) ) 1 = k x (1 + y ) dy dx = k x (1 0) + ( 0) dx 2 0 0 1 0 ) 3k 3k ( 1 4 3k x dx = 0 = = k = . = 2 0 2 2 4 3
=I @A IE@=@AI
=HCE = AI IAH
f (x) =
=D H= >EA
f (x, y ) dy R1
@A @
@A
=D H=
@A @
@A
) 4 4x ( 1 x(1 + y ) dy = (1 0) + ( 0) = 2x 3 3 2 {0 2x IE x (0, 1) f (x) = 0 A JH ?=I f (y ) = f (x, y ) dx R 1 ) 2 4(1 + y ) ( 1 4 (1 + y )x dx = 0 = (1 + y ) >EA 3 2 3 0 3 { 2 (1 + y ) IE y (0, 1) f (y ) = 3 0 A JH ?=I
! #
57
) ,- 8)41)* -5 1
,-2-
,1-
6-5
##
=I @A IE@=@AI
=HCE = AI ?= ?K =
I F=H
AJH I FA@E@ I @A ?=@= L=HE=> A
X = E [X ] = E [X 2 ] =
2 X = E [X 2 ] 2 X
Y = E [Y ] = E [Y 2 ] =
2 Y = E [Y 2 ] 2 Y
) 2 0 = 3 3 0 1 1 1 x2 2x dx = (1 0) = 2 2 0 1 4 1 = 2 9 18 1 2 2(1 1) y (1 + y ) dy = + = 3 3 2 3 0 2 1 2 2(1 1) y (1 + y ) dy = + = 3 0 3 3 4 7 25 13 = 18 81 162

1
x 2x dx = 2
(1
5 9 7 18
!
= @A IE@=@ ?
K J= AI A FH @K?J
@A =I
=HCE = AI
f (x, y ) = f (x) f (y )
O F H J= J I L=HE=> AI E @AFA @EA JAI A JA I " ) IAH L=HE=> AI E @AFA @EA JAI @EHA?J=
E ? HHA =@=I AI @A?EH
Cov(X, Y ) = 0
! # 5K = @A L=HE=> AI E @AFA @EA JAI

-I AIFA?E= ? FHE >E AH=I A J = -IJ=@ IJE?= ,AI?HEFJEL= GKA DA I IEHL= I = A@E@=I K HE?=I @A = I JH=J=@ A A +=F JK AI E JAHAI= JA GKA =I @AJAH E =@= F > =?E KAIJH=I 2=H= F=H= E BAHEH = @EIJHE>K?E @A ?EAHJ= ?K= E@=@ A F GKA = A@E= @ A JA LA J= =I E A= I ? IE@AH=H L=HE=> AI GKA IA @EIJHE>KOA >JEA A @A = AH= E @AFA @EA JA FKAI AI IA ? ?A = F=HJEH @A =I A JA IA JH=I L=HE=> AI ?KO=I @EIJHE>K?E
HA? CE@=I
KAIJH= 5E ?=@= @=J A@E= F > =?E = EI
KAIJH= AI HAFHAIA J=JEL = O =I ? L= H ? ?HAJ A HAIJ @A K
@A = ?K= E@=@ A@E@=I
L=HE=> A = A=J HE= = E BAHEH = @AILE=?E IE@AH= ? I ? J FE?= I = ?=@= ?=@= ? ?K I ?
I CKIJ=H = F H A A A@E= = KAIJH= F @A J= A JA = A = EIEI
KAIJH= BKAIA HAFHAIA J=JEL= @A =I
@A = L=HE= 5E ? IE
A@E= @A @E?D= ?K= E@=@ IA @E?A @A =
LA?J H = A=J HE
(X1 , X2 , . . . , XN )
F E ?= J= J
= L=HE=> A A HAGKEIEJ
@A E @AFA @A ?E= @A =I
Xi
,A
E?E
!#
,=@=I I
n L=HE=> AI = A=J
A O I
HE=I
X1 X2
Xn
@A?E
I GKA I A
L=HE=> AI = A=J HE=I
E @AFA @EA JAI ECK=
A JA @EIJHE>KE@=I
=@A = JA L = E E @
IE J @=I IECKA
EI
@A
@A
FH >=>E E@=@ @EC=
Xi X
E @AFA @EA JAI @ I = @ I I L = E E @ ? @EIJHE>K?E ?
- AH?E?E &
O
2H >=H GKA IE A J ?AI
X1 , X 2 , . . . , X n
Xi X = E (X )
= V (X )
-I
I IE
E (X1 + X2 + + Xn ) = n , V (X1 + X2 + + Xn ) = n 2 . ( ) = 1 X1 + X2 + + Xn A J ?AI (X ) = O V (X ) = 2 /n X n
#$
+)2 67
8)41)* -5 ) -)6
41)5
2 @A A AH?E?E
F H
JE
JH=J=H A
?=I
I CA AH=
@A ?
>E =?E
AI
E A= AI @A L=HE=> AI = A=J I FHAIA J= I A B H = @A
HE=I E @AFA @EA JAI *=IJ= A K ?E=H
I HAIK J=@ I F=H= @ I L=HE=> AI
- AH?E?E '
T = aX + bY
5A= ?
X A Y @ I L=HE=> AI a, b R - J ?AI
= A=J HE=I E @AFA @EA JAI O ?
IE@AHA
I =
KAL= L=HE=> A
E (T ) = aE (X ) + bE (Y ) ,
+AHH= E ? HHA =?E @A = ? I = IA??E ? = >IAHL=?E = ? L=HE= =
V (T ) = a2 V (X ) + b2 V (Y ) .
IA JEA A E @AFA @A ?E= E J= F=FA E F HJ= JA A =B H IEGKEAH= =
@A GKA IE = KAC= K
A JHA =I L=HE=> AI LAH A FH > A
K = @A = L=HE=
>E =?E
2H > A =I

,A = > ? KAIJH= =I IECKEA JAI FH FEA@=@AI @A AIFAH= =I O L=HE= =I @A L=HE=> AI = A=J HE=I
E [kX ] = kE [X ] E [X + Y ] = E [X ] + E [Y ] V [kX ] = k 2 V [X ] E [XY ] = E [X ]E [Y ] V [X1 + + Xn ] = V [X1 ] + + V [Xn ] + 2 Cov(Xi , Xj )

A I E ? HHA =@=I
@ 5E A
i<j
B 5E
X1 , . . . , Xn
L=HE=> AI = A=J HE=I E ? HHA =@=I
V [X1 + + Xn ] = V [X1 ] + + V [Xn ] .

C
V [X Y ] = V [X ] + V [Y ] 2Cov(X, Y ) X
A
D 5E
L=HE=> AI = A=J HE=I E ? HHA =@=I
V [X Y ] = V [X ] + V [Y ]
? BK ?E AI @A @A IE@=@
,=@=I =I L=HE=> AI = A=J HE=I E @AFA @EA JAI L= A JA @=@=I F H
HAIFA?JE
{ f ( x) =
?= ?K = E EE EEE EL L
2x 0
IE A
0x1
JH ?=I
{ y g (y ) = 2 0
IE A
0y2
JH ?=I
E [X + Y ] E [2X 3Y + 5] E [2XY ] V [4X 2Y 3] V [2X + 3Y ]
! #
57
) ,- 8)41)* -5 1
,-2-
,1-
6-5
#%
ANFAHE
A J
= A=J HE A O
A IK?AI
?KHHA ?
FH >=>E E@=@ AH
5A HA= E = A ANFAHE ?KHHE@
A J
JHAI LA?AI O IA @A FHKA>=I GKA IA IKF = += ?K =H
A = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= E @AFA @EA JAI
X=
@A LA?AI GKA D=
=I JHAI
E [X ]
V [X ]
?= A JA = BK ?E @A @EIJHE>K?E @A
> 4AFHAIA J=H CH ? += ?K =H
P (X > 2) X
= F=HJEH @A = BK ?E
@A @EIJHE>K?E = GKA IK BK ?E A A HECA = = AIFAH= @A @A IE@=@ @AJAH = @AILE=?E J FE?= E = ?
"
= L=HE=> A = A=J HE= I A AI K JHE CK += ?K = IKI BK ?E
AIJ
@EIJHE>KE@= @A J= B H CK ? CK HA?J
HA?J
O >=IA I >HA A E JAHL=
AI @A @A IE@=@ O @EIJHE>K?E
(0, 1) O =
FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA
X ( , + )
I ? ?DAI @KH= JA K AC= = IA B H ? E KJ O A@E OH @KH= JA # IACK @ I ?K= GKEAH E IJ= JA LE EIJ= ECK= FH >=>E E@=@ A
IA
B H EA @
AIJ GKA K F
LAH@A F=H= =KJ A@E
5KF ?= ?
AIA A JEA
@A AIFAH= I? = ? JHE? I @A H=@E I O ! ? JEH HAIFA?JEL= = FHE ?=@= A JA = = AI ?K=JH
7 = @E= = AIJ 5E IA ?=A A O FK J FH F H?E A
B H
=@= F H JHAI ? H?K ?A JH= EI IA = JAH?AH= ? H = O
? H?K
>JEA A E C
# FK J I JEH
! FK J I IE IA ?=A A
AH= ? H
= ?=AH A = = AIA
= FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA K
?=EC= A
HA= @A =
?=A BKAH= @A = @E= = 5E IA ABA?J =
@EIF=H I ?= ? = >
= FK JK=?E
AIFAH=@= J J= IA =O H GKA % JA = = = =H IA FH F A = =H K
= FH >=>E E@=@ @A = FK JK=?E A ? IJ= @A # JA =I AH AI K
7 @=@
AN=
AH=@ I 2=H= A ACEH K = AI A HAIK J=@ AIJ JHK?=@ =@ =
IE I= A @A = # A AH
@A JA
@A @=@ @A J= JH
IE I= A $ IA LKA LA = JEH=H = AH= GKA = FH >=>E E@=@ AH E? AI % 5A=
D=IJ= GKA I= A @A = # 5=>A @A GKA I= C= A
I GKA A @=@
% O = FH >=>E E@=@ @A ?K= GKEAH = IA A??E A JA O= GKA A JA = AI A
L=HE=> A = A=J HE= GKA HAFHAIA J= A JA
A JA 0= = = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA GKA DA I AIJK@E=@
L= C= GKA
I E JAHAI= AIFA?E=
&
- LA?J H = A=J HE
(X, Y )
JEA A K = @EIJHE>K?E
@A FH >=>E E@=@ @=@= F H
P (X = 0, Y = 1) = 0.3 ; P (X = 1, Y = 1) = 0.1 ; P (X = 2, Y = 1) = 0.1 ; P (X = 0, Y = 2) = 0.1 ; P (X = 1, Y = 2) = 0.2 ; P (X = 2, Y = 2) = 0.2 .

+= ? = > ? AIA =I @EIJHE>K?E =I AIFAH= =I L=HE= AI =HCE = AI O ? @E?E =@=I
=I @A ?=@= L=HE=> A O = @A =I @A ?=@= L=HE=> A O
XY
Cov(X, Y )
@ A ? A ?EA JA @A ? HHA =?E
E A=
#&
+)2 67
8)41)* -5 ) -)6
41)5
'
= LE@=
JE @A ?EAHJ
FH @K?J
FAHA?A@AH
AI K = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= ?
BK ?E
@A @A IE@=@
f (x) =
5E
ex 0
IE A
x>0
JH ?=I FH @K?J IA A??E =@=I = = =H
X1
?= ?
X2 HAFHAIA J= = LE@= JE AIA P (X1 2, 1 X2 3)

O A LA?J H = A=J HE
@A @ I K E@=@AI @A @E?D

,=@
(X, Y ) O = BK { k (x + y ) f (x, y ) 0 f (x, y )
?E IE A
0 x 2 0 y 2x x2
JH ?=I @A @A IE@=@
= ,AJAH > += ?K =H
AIA
F=H= GKA
IA= IK BK ?E
P (0 X 1)
JA AH K FHA E @A B H FHA E = GKA A ?=@= AJEGKAJ=I FHA = ? E I @A FH= K = ?K @EA JAI =
E J FHA JA JH= LA ! ? FHA @A # AKH I # ?

=I AJEGKAJ=I @A ?EAHJ= >A>E@= FKA@A D=O # ? HHAIF AKH I " ? = 5E > ?
E I @A # AKH I O ?
E I @A AKH I 7 = FAHI >JA E@ F H A ?
> JA = GKA ?KAIJ= AKH I
AI = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= ? HHAIF @A
@EA JA = >A A ?E FH=@ H @E AH ?K AI
FH=@ H
AI = @EIJHE>K?E +K +K
X
AIFAH=@ @A ?
AI A >A A ?E ?
AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A FAH@AH @E AH FH=@ H D= C= =@ = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA A D=O=
@ 5E IA I=>A GKA A J ?=@
K = AJEGKAJ= @A AKH I
K = ?EK@=@ D=O K = FH F H?E GKA J = A L= @A =@ H O J BK ?E = A L=
@A FAHI @A GKA = @A @A
=I GKA BK AI
5A @A
A K = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= A JA HAIF @A GKA
H IE = FHACK J=H = K = FAHI H IE HAIF
= IA A??E
=@= = A=J HE= H >JA E@ AI NE
AI BK = -
?= ?K = = AIFAH= = @A
> += ?K = = L=HE= ? 5E IA FHACK J= = = A=J HE= O = L=HE=
A AH
BK ?E @A BK
X p
A E JAHFHAJ= A L= 2=H= GK I L= H @A A JA ?
= = L=HE= EA J
= =
n FAHI
=I IA A??E
=@=I = A=J HE= =@ HAI A JHA
HAA
F = =
O = L=HE=> A
HAFHAIA J= A = @A
IA A??E
=@ I ?= ?K = = AIFAH=
Y
JE K= ?
!
5A=
K = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= ?
BK ?E
@A @A IE@=@ IE IE
f ( x) =
= += ?K = = ? ? 5=>EA @ @ += ?K = GKA IJ= JA
k (1 + x), 0,
A L=
x (0, 2) x / (0, 2)
k
J ?K HAI A JHA O A H GKA # AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA IA=
> += ?K = = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA
X X AI =O H GKA P{|X E (X )| > 0.2}
"
- JEA
@A LE@= =?JEL= @A K
F =CKE?E@= A
@ =I AI K = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= IE IE
BK ?E
@A
@A IE@=@
{ f (x) =
1 1 500 x e , 500
0,
x0 x<0
! #
57
) ,- 8)41)* -5 1
,-2-
,1-
6-5
#'
= += ?K = A > 5E = ?=>
L=
J=
GKA
= FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA
IA= ?K
H AI
ECK=
GKA
AI #
1 JAHFHAJ= A HAIK J=@ JH=I $ @ =I J @=L =
>JA E@ F =CKE?E@= O= AIJ=>= =?JEL = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA AIJKLEAH= JEA A K = @EIJHE>K?E = FHE IE I K K EB H A A >J A ?K=HJ @A ? H?K @A ?A JH K J= O
@A & @ =I A
#
LA?J H = A=J HE O H=@E =HCE = AI @A
(X, Y )
(0, 0)
r ? HHAIF @EA JA X A Y O AIJK@E=H

JH=HIA A
AH ?K=@H= JA
C= IA
=I @A IE@=@AI ?
L=HE=> AI E @AFA @EA JAI KC=H FHA AIFAH=H KC=H I = =@ JH A JHA =I JHAI O =I ?K=JH @KH= JA # E KJ I 5KF @A = J=H@A @A EA @ K EB H GKA A I A JA
$
7 = F=HA = @A?E@A A ? B H = GKA A FHE A J I @A AH
GKA
ACKA I > I = ?= ?
AC=@= @A =
E @AFA @EA JAI O IA @EIJHE>KOA IA A ?KA JHA A $ @A
A JHA =I JHAI O =I ?K=JH
AIA = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA @ I ?= E@=@AI @EBAHA JAI
%
7 = B >HE?= FH @K?A K = FEA = A ?= E@=@
= FH @K??E = BK ?E
AI @A @A
= @KH=?E
A
I @A K = FEA = @A AIJ= ?= E@=@ LEA A @=@= F H
@A IE@=@
{ fA (x) =
ex 0
IE A
x>0
A HAIJ A AIJA ?=I F H = BK ?E @A
" HAIJ= JA AI @A ?= E@=@
= @KH=?E
LEA A @=@= IE A
@A IE@=@
{ fB (x) =
2e2x 0
x>0
A HAIJ
= += ?K = = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA K = FEA = @A ?= E@=@ > 5E J ? 5E J ?K = = I K = FEA = = = =H @A J @= = FH @K??E I K = FEA = = = =H @A J @= = FH @K??E I @A =
@KHA ?K
I @A = AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA @KHA I GKA @KH= I @A =
>IAHL=
AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA IA= @A ?= E@=@ FHAI= IK E EIJH= A AHC = A KAIJH= AH @A B= I
A
A=I @A = J= JA IE ) O * A = =I
&
7 = A
?JHE?= = JH=L I @A @ I K J=I A= ) =
IECKEA JA J=> = IA L=HE=> AI =
=I FH >=>E E@=@AI ? A IK= AI A
pij = P {X = xi , Y = yj } F=H= A Y AH @A B= I A IK= AI
A= * ; : ! # $ # & ! " ! "
$ "
= += ?K = =I @EIJHE>K?E > += ?K = = @EIJHE>K?E IA FH @K?A ? 5 E C B= E @AFA @EA JAI
AI @A A I B=
=HCE = AI @A AH = I A @A B= A= )
Y
A = A= * A @A B= K I A AI A AIJA ?=I GKA AH AIFAH=@
I GKA IA FH @K?A AI A A=I
+K
=I @ I
$
+)2 67
8)41)* -5 ) -)6
41)5
'
, I ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I
L=HE=> AI = A=J HE=I ?
BK ?E
@A @A IE@=@ ?
K J=
{ f (x, y ) =
= 0= =H A L= H @A
kye2x ey 0 X
A
IE A
x > 0, y > 0
A HAIJ
5 = @A
E @AFA @EA JAI
> += ?K =H = AIFAH=
X
A JH = I= CHA A ?= JE@=@AI
, I IKIJ= ?E=I
AOB
@A K
IA A ?KA JH= E @ELE@K =
HAIFA?JEL= >=I AI
A JA -IJ=I
?= JE@=@AI L=H =
= @A IE@=@ ? IE A
K J= @A =
{ f (x, y ) =
+= ? = > AIA = @A IE@=@ =HCE = @A
2 xy 2 81
0 < x < 3, 0 < y < 3

A HAIJ
O = AIFAH= K E @ELE@K
= @A J
Y
= = =H D=O= I IKIJ= ?E=
= FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA A
=@
GKA
+=F JK
"
@A I @A FH >=>E E@=@
"
"
@A I @EI?HAJ I
2HKA>=I @A *AH K E
K E AI K
= ANFAHE =HA I A J = A=J HE ?KO I F IE> AI HAIK F ?
,A
E?E
"
A
7 = FHKA>= @A *AH @ I ?
J=@ I IA =CHKF=
K J I AN? KOA JAI GKA O
NEJ
E O BH=?=I
HAIFA?JEL=I FH >=>E E@=@AI
p = P (E )
= EA J
1 p = P (F )
=H
- A F I !
5E = O A A@=
A AIJ
JHK?=@=
K = F > =?E = JKH=
@A K = A@= F @A I J 1 2 IA A ECA = = =H K = FAHI = O ? IE@AH=
E = {
+=H=
F = {
= JKH=
+HK
p=
I IK?AI I
F ={
A
< 1.80}
E={
1.80}
= FH >=>E E@=@ @A
NEJ
@AFA @AH
@A = @EIJHE>K?E
@A = L=HE=> A = JKH=
= F > =?E = I J F A =H
= EA J @A K @=@ F @A 1 FAHBA?J p = 6 IE AIJ JHK?=@ O F H A A 1 @A I HAIK J=@ I p = 7
E = {6}
F = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
5E A
@=@
AI I
JEA A FH >=>E E@=@ @ > A GKA ?K= GKEAH= @A
= @EIJHE>K?E
@A *AH
K E AI A
@A
I IA ?E
>JA E@
= F=HJEH @A FHKA>=I @A *AH
K E
,A
E?E
"
4A= E =@= K = FHKA>= @A *AH
K E?
>JA A >JA A I
P (E ) = p IA ?
NEJ
IE@AH= = L=HE=> A = A=J HE=
{ X=
= BK ?E @A =I= AI ?
1 0
O
IE IE
I BH=?=I
P (X = 0) = 1 p
@A *AH
P (X = 1) = p
I F=H
AJH I AIFAH=
= O L=HE=
= @A
K = L=HE=> A
@EIJHE>K?E
K E I
E [X ] = p ,
>JA E@ I = > I @A
V [X ] = p (1 p) ;
E?E 2=H= =>HALE=H AI?HE>EHA @A *AH K E ? AIFAH= I
= AH= IA ?E = = F=HJEH @A = @A AI K = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= ?
F=H= E @E?=H GKA
@EIJHE>K?E
X B (1; p) = p
$
+)2 67
"
,-
5 ,- 24
*)*1 1,),
"
,EIJHE>K?E
>E
C=
E=
I GKA HA= E =
AH
,A
A >E 5E
E?E
"!
>E
5KF
I
@A
n FHKA>=I @A *AH
NEJ I >JA E@ I A
K E E @AFA @EA JAI ?

=I
P (E ) = p
I @EI
?=@= FHKA>= E= @A F=H
5A=
= L=HE=> A
= = @EIJHE>K?E
FHKA>=I
JHE>K?E
E=
@A AIJ= L=HE=> A AI?HE>EHA I
AJH I
n=
AH
@A FHKA>=I @A *AH
IECKA K = @EIJHE>K?E
B (n; p)
I F H B (n; p) = @EIJHE>K?E p = P (E ) A ?=@= FHKA>= X B (n; p) O IK BK ?E @A =I= AI ,A J=HA

K E O
( ) n i P (X = i) = p (1 p)ni , i
>I HLAIA GKA IE J ? L= 6= HAI >E = I K = FHKA>= @A *AH A J ?AI K E ?
i = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n .
p(E ) = p
O ?
IE@AH=
I = L=HE=> A
X
=
IE IE J
NEJ =
0
A J
IE BH=?=I I
X B (1; p)
= EI
n L=HE=> AI Xi
E @AFA @EA JAI J @=I O ?=@= K = @A A =I IECKEA @
@EIJHE>K?E
B (1; p)
?AI = L=HE=> A
X = X1 + X2 + + Xn
B (n; p)
F=HJE?K =H
= AIFAH=
= O = L=HE=
= @A
X B (n; p)
E [X ] = n p ,
FKAIJ IK = GKA I
V [X ] = n p (1 p) ;
F=H= ?=@= K = @A =I L=HE=> AI E @AFA @EA JAI GKA
p = E [Xi ]
p (1 p) = V [Xi ]
"!
JH I
@A
4A= E =
I >=I=@ I A
CA
AH
FHKA>=I @A *AH
K E E @AFA @EA JAI ? AJH
K E
= EI = @EIJHE>K?E @=@=
,A
F H
E?E
""
I FHKA>=I @A *AH
P (E ) = p
= @EIJHE>K?E
JHE?= @A F=H
AI = @A = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= AH NEJ
X=
5K BK ?E @A =I= AI
@A FHKA>=I D=IJ= A FHE
P (X = j ) = (1 p)j 1 p ,
5A FKA@A FH >=H GKA
j = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
E [X ] =
1 ; p
V [X ] =
1p . p2
JHE?= @A F=H AJH
- AH?E?E
,A
IJH=H GKA IE
CA
A J
?AI
E [X ] =
1 . p
"
,-
5 ,15+4-6
$!
K?E
2 H @A
E?E
IA JEA A
E [X ] = 1 p + 2 (1 p) p + 3 (1 p)2 p + 4 (1 p)3 + 5(1 p)4 + ( ) = p 1 + 2(1 p) + 3(1 p)2 + 4 (1 p)3 + 5(1 p)4 + ( = p 1 + (1 p) + (1 p)2 + (1 p)3 + (1 p)4 + + (1 p) + (1 p)2 + (1 p)3 + (1 p)4 + + (1 p)2 + (1 p)3 + (1 p)4 + + (1 p)3 + (1 p)4 + ) + (1 p)4 + ) ( 1 1 p (1 p)2 (1 p)3 (1 p)4 + + + + + = p p p p p p 1 = 1 + (1 p) + (1 p)2 + (1 p)3 + (1 p)4 + = . p
,A
E?E
"#
p = P (E )
IE@AH=
I FHKA>=I @A *AH AH AH
K E E @AFA @EA JAI ? A = L=HE=> A
EI
= @EIJHE>K?E
@=@= F H
2=H= ?=@=
IA @A
X=
,A?E I GKA = L=HE=> A
@A FHKA>=I D=IJ= A
r
IE
NEJ
.
AJH I
X
@A
IECKA K = @EIJHE>K?E =I= LEA A @=@= F H
>E
E=
AC=JEL= @A F=H
X BN (r; p)
O IK BK ?E
( P (X = r + j ) =
= @EIJHE>K?E *AH K E ?
) r+j1 r p (1 p)j , j
AI K = CA NEJ I O IA @A JHE?= A NEJ
j = 0, 1, 2, . . . .
,A DA?D =I L=HE=> AI O A IE HA= E = I FHKA>=I @A
BN (r; p) F=H= r = 1 p = P (E ) D=IJ= ? IACKEH r

AH @A FHKA>=I A JHA A JHE?= @A F=H AJH
Xi =
?=@=
(i 1) p
- J
IE
i
IE
i = 1, 2 , . . . , r
Xi
AI K = CA
?AI
X = X1 + X2 + Xr
BN (r; p)
)I LA
I GKA IE
X BN (r; p)
A J
?AI
E [X ] =
r ; p
V [X ] =
r(1 p) . p2
""
5KF -I H= C=
,EIJHE>K?E
I GKA AIJ=
@A 2 EII
I E JAHAI=@ I A = @EIJHE>K?E AIJK@E=H A LA C= @=@= ? ? JH I >HA A AH @A NEJ I >JA E@ I A K A I AH CH= @A K E JA EA @ K = FH >=>E E@=@ FAGKA = @A FH @K?J NEJ ?=@= FHKA>=
@A FHKA>=I E @AFA @EA JAI @A *AH => A FA I=H GKA ,A DA?D
EJA @A K = @EIJHE>K?E
n p 0
IE IA JEA A ?EAHJ
np
@EC=
B (n; p) ? np <
$"
+)2 67
"
,-
5 ,- 24
*)*1 1,),
?K= @
nOp0
@A
F @A @A
I ?= ?K =H A =I=
EJA 5KHCA =I
= @EIJHE>K?E
@A 2 EII
@A F=H
AJH
>0
E@= F H = BK ?E
P (X = j ) =
5E ?
j e , j!
j = 0, 1, 2, . . . .
O
X2
7I=HA K
EII I AH
()
E B H
A JA IA @A 2 EII
>JEA A
E [X ] = l m n p =
AIJA I AIJK@E= @ FH >=>E E@=@ @A ?
= @EIJHE>K?E
?K= @
V [X ] = l m np(1 p) = K @A >E E= B (n ; p)
FAGKA = ) J JK O HEA J=JEL
CH= @A @A FHKA>=I ?=@= K = ?
NEJ @A
IKIJEJKEHA
I =
B (n ; p)

F H K = 2 EII
()
= np
?K= @
n 30
p 0.1
GKA
-I B ?E ?
FH >=H GKA = BK ?E
@=@= =HHE>= AI K = BK ?E
=I= FKAIJ
j e j P (X = j ) = =e = e e = 1 . j ! j ! j =0 j =0 j =0
- AH?E?E
K = IE
,A @
IJH=H GKA A @A
EJA ?K= @
n p0
np
? F=H
@A = BK ?E AJH
@A
=I= @A
B (n; p) AI np ?K=
= BK ?E
=I= @A K = @EIJHE>K?E
@A 2 EII
JH=I F= =>H=I
nOp0 ( ) n j j e l m p (1 p)nj = , j j!
?K= @
n p 0.
K?E
( ) n j n(n 1)(n 2) (n j + 1) j (1 p)n nj l m p (1 p) = l m p j j! (1 p)j ( )( ) ( ) 1 2 j1 (1 p)n 1 j l m n 1 1 1 pj = j! n n n (1 p)j ( )( ) ( ) 1 1 2 j1 (1 p)n = l m 1 1 1 ( n p) j j! n n n (1 p)j 1 e j e = 1 j = . j! 1 j!
"
"
@A I ? JE K I
,EIJHE>K?E K EB H A
X
IECKA K = @EIJHE>K?E @A @A IE@=@ AI
,A
K
E?E
E JAHL=
"
,A?E
I GKA K = L=HE=> A = A=J HE=
K EB H
A A
(a, b)
@A = HA?J= HA=
X U (a, b)
IE
IE IK BK ?E
f (x) =
5E
1 ba
x (a, b) ,
O
f ( x) = 0
JH
?=I
X U (a, b)
A J
?AI
= E [X ] =
a+b 2
2 = V [X ] =
1 (b a)2 12
"
,-
5 +
61
$#
"
,EIJHE>K?E
ANF
A ?E=
X
IA @E?A GKA IECKA K = @EIJHE>K?E @A @A IE@=@ AI
,A
F=H
E?E
AJH
> 0 X Exp()
"
7 = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= IE IK BK ?E IE
ANF
A ?E=
@A
f (x) = ex
5E
x > 0, 1 ,
f (x) = 0
IE
x 0.
X Exp()
A J
?AI
= E [X ] =
2 = V [X ] =
1 . 2
"
,EIJHE>K?E
=
X
@EHA I GKA IECKA K = @EIJHE>K?E @A @A IE@=@ AI
,A
A@E=
E?E
"
,A K = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= J FE?=
@A
O @AILE=?E
X N(; )
IE IK BK ?E
(x)2 1 f (x) = e 22 , 2
F=H= J @
x R.
5E
X N(; )
= BK ?E 5K CH
A J
?AI
E [X ] = ,
@A @A IE@=@ @A K = @EIJHE>K?E ?= AI IE JHE?= HAIFA?J = =
V [X ] = 2 . N (; )
JEA A FH FEA@=@AI KO E JAHAI= JAI
A@E=
@A 5E = AH= GKA
+
F=H= J @
P (X < a) = P (X > + a)
a>0
?= >E
X X N(; ) O Z = A J ?AI Z N(0; 1) - AIJ= IEJK=?E I HABAHEHA I= X @A L=HE=> A Z = ? JEFEBE?=?E @A = L=HE=> A X N(; ) O = = ? HHAIF Z N(0; 1) ? = @EIJHE>K?E H = JEFEBE?=@=
= JEFE ?=?E IK?AI )I ? HHAIF F F H A A @A ?K= GKEAH IE H =
@EA JA
X N(; )
?AI
I FAH
EJEH
?= ?K =H = FH >=>E E@=@ @A K H = JEFE ?=@=
@EA JA = A = = F=HJEH @A = J=> = @A = @EIJHE>K?E
N(0; 1)
X N(; )
A J
P (a < X < b) = P
@ @A
(b ) (a ) (a b ) <Z< = FZ FZ ,
AI IK BK ?E @A @EIJHE>K?E ?KO I L= HAI LEA A
Z N(0; 1)
FZ (z ) = P (Z z )
@=@ I F H K = J=> =
$$
+)2 67
"
,-
5 ,- 24
*)*1 1,),
= @EIJHE>K?E AIJ= I ? ?
B (n; p)
AJH I
JEA @A = K = @EIJHE>K?E >E E= ?
?K= @
n
I =FH NE
AI
)I H
IE =
K = @EIJHE>K?E F=H
CH= @A
= F @HA
=H F H K =
N (; )
= n p,
) J JK " 5E J HEA J=JEL AI =?
n p (1 p) .
?K= @ I
IA => A HA= E =H AIJ= IKIJEJK?E
n 30
0.1 < p < 0.9
X1 N(1 ; 1 ) X2 N(2 ; 2 ), . . . , Xn N(n ; n )

?AI
L=HE=> AI E @AFA @EA JAI A
X = X1 + X2 + + Xn Y = X1 X2
2 2 2) + 2 + + n N( = 1 + 2 + + n ; = 1 2 2 N( = 1 2 ; = 1 + 2 ).
2H > A =I

K = ?=@A = @A FH @K??E H@A =@ H @A FHE @ I H > JI BK ?E @A F = ? A?J=@ I HAIFA?JEL= K EA J JEA F @=@ A JA = ?E ? O IAEI EA J A IA H@A =@ HAI E @AFA @EA JAI A JHA I B= = K =I FH >=>E E@=@AI @A GKA A = K > = ? ?E ? @ H@A =@ H @A FHE A I K K JEA = AH= GKA A
@A BK ?E
AH H > J HAIF IACK @ ?
FH >=>E E@=@ HAIF B= A
+= ?
@A BK ?E
AH H > J AH H > J H > J H > J
H@A =@ H @A FHE
H@A =@ HAI @A IACK @ I @A ?E ? A JA @ I
H@A =@ HAI @A IACK @ H@A =@ HAI @A FHE I @A FHE AH
A AN=?J= B JHAI 7
AH H > J O JHAI @A IACK @ H > J I=I 2=H= HA= E =H K ? JH @A ?= E@=@
H@A =@ HAI
GKA @A IACK @
JA @A FEA =I ? = AIA
JEA A K = FH F H?E E =
p @A @ABA?JK
A AH
IA IA A??E = += ? > 5E ? 5E
FEA =I O IA @A
@A FEA =I @ABA?JK I=I A ?
JH=@=I
P (X = 0)
?K @A>A IAH A L= HAI @A AH @A FEA =I AI
p = 0.1 n = 40
AN=
E =@=I F=H= JA AH
P (X = 0) < 0.05
F=H= GK E =
P (X = 0) < 0.01
@ I @ABA?JK I=I A A " ?K AI = FH F H?E I JA J J= K A % B LE AH
@ 5E IA AN= LAH I
n = 80
FEA =I O IA A ?KA JH= A A@E
E @A FEA =I @ABA?JK I=I A IA I=>A GKA A LE K = = K = ? HAA F = = FH
K = F > =?E JA B
@A ?=@=
D=>EJ= JAI JEA A JA A ?KAIJ=@
+K
AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA = HA= E =H K = A ?KAIJ= A ?K=HJ
IA= A FHE
"
5A ANJH=A >E E@=@ @A
EA J
?=HJ=I @A K = >=H= = AIF= >JA AH A JAH?AH
= += ? H
AIA = FH >=
>JA AH # ?=HJ=I GKA
IA=
H I = JAI @A
"
,-
5 +
61
$%
- @KA
@A K = BAHHAJAH = ANJH=A = = =H # J H E I @A ! @ABA?JK I I IA GKA@= A JA GKA ? JA JH= JEA A K JA A @A J H E
I @A ?=@= ?=I ? I @ABA?JK I I
JA GKA HA?E>A 5E A JH=HE ?K HA?D= = 7
KAIJH=
A ?KA JH= A A L = K =?AFJA A
HAFHAIA J= JA
AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA
FAH
?EAHJ
@A K = ?=HHAJAH= = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA K
? ?DA IKFAHA = LA
?E@=@
NE
EJE@= AI E CK IK
0.0001
5E HA? HHA
AIA JH= NE
20000
= FAH NE
? ?DAI ?= ?
AIA = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA
= > =
IKFAHA = LA # IKFAHA A AH =
?E@=@ = LA
EJE@= EJE@= K B E F H K A?= CH=B A K JEA F
?E@=@ I ? A
= FAH
5A D= =@
>IAHL=@ -IJ I B=
@A B= J=@ AH
AJE@ I A
I IA D=
= IECKEA JA J=> = I " ! $ ! " " #
@A B=
BHA?KA ?E=
IJAIA K = @EIJHE>K?E
@A 2 EII
O ?= ? A?=
AIA = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA A CH=B IK =F=HA ?=
B I
IA A??E
=@
= = =H @A A JHA
I AI?HEJ I F H AIJA = @= @A K
I @A JHAI B=
&
5A I=>A GKA = @A '# O @AILE=?E = > ? @
FH @K?J AIA
@A ?
= @A
A@E=
J FE?= % += ?
= FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA = @A = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA = @A = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA = @A = E = ?= JE@=@ @EIF A H GKA '#
= @= IA= = @= IA= = @= AIJ
H GKA '%
=O H GKA '' A JHA ' O '$ = @= ? K = FH >=
E> A
A?AI=HE= F=H= F @AH =JA @AH = @A
>E E@=@
'
?EAHJ
F= I A
@A = F > =?E
IA
KAIJH= FHA ?KF=@= F H A E ?HA =I
A J
@A =I A
EIE
AI
@A @E NE@ = A +K EIE
@A ?=H>
5A D=?A K = A ?KAIJ= = # FAHI E CK = @A A =I AIJ
AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA AI @A @E NE@ @A ?=H>
FHA ?KF=@= F H A E ?HA
A J
@A =I
> 0= = = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA
D=O= A
I @A JHAI FAHI I JHAI FAHI J FE?= @A
=I FHA ?KF=@=I FHA ?KF=@=I
? += ?K = = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA = @ +K # ? AI = AIFAH= 5E A ?= I K KC=H @A = >E= = O = @AILE=?E I =
=I A JHA =I # AIJ AH @A FAHI
=I FHA ?KF=@=I A JHA =I =
@A
I D=>EJ= JAI @A F= I AI FHA ?KF= A FH > A J FE?= JEH=H " LA?AI K = AH @A ?=H=I >JA E@ A@= AIJ ?
= AIFAH= A J
= O = @AILE=?E = A=J HE ?

IE@AH=
ANFAHE
IEIJA JA A
= 0= = = FH >=>E E@=@ =FH NE A JHA $ O ' > 0= = A AH E JAHL= @A ?=H=I
=@= @A GKA A
FHA @E@
(a, b)
?A JH=@ AIJ A
A @E?D

J=
GKA
= FH >=>E E@=@ =FH NE IA=
=@= @A GKA A
>JA E@
E JAHL=
0.95
$&
+)2 67
"
,-
5 ,- 24
*)*1 1,),

7 A K
AIJK@E= ?EAHJ= AIFA?EA @A H=J A GKA = FH F H?E
AI @A ?=
2=H= A F
?=FJKH= A A
F =HAI @A H=J
AI
> IGKA A
@A H=J
AI @A ?=
@A = AIFA?EA GKA A E JAHAI= AI F =HAI ?=FJKH=@ I D=O= = A
p
I
= 5E
p = 0.3 p = 0.05 p = 0.4

AI A
?= ?K = = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA A JHA $ A A
@A = AIFA?EA GKA A E JAHAI= > 5E ?= ?K = = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA A JHA A A F =HAI ?=FJKH=@ I D=O= AN=?J=
A JA ! @A = AIFA?EA GKA A E JAHAI= ? 5E ?= ?K = = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA A JHA A A F =HAI ?=FJKH=@ I D=O= A JHA %#
O @A = AIFA?EA GKA A E JAHAI= @ +K AH A@E @A A A F =HAI GKA JA @H GKA ?=FJKH=H D=IJ= A ? JH=H K @A
= AIFA?EA GKA A E JAHAI= IE
p = 0.2
3
@A =CK= A K AIJ= GKA AI K = L=HE=> A = A=J HE=
5A IKF
A GKA A @EIJHE>K?E
AH
@A >=?JAHE=I F H ? @A F=H AJH K ?
@A 2 EII
= 0.5
3
@A =CK= @A AIJ= GKA D=O= E CK = >=?JAHE=
=
+K
AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA A IA J JEA A JK> =
> -
" JK> I @A A I=O 3K @EIJHE>K?E ? K I " GKA I GKA A
KAIJH=I @A =CK= @A AIJ= GKA ?
@A =CK= A
?=@=
JK> A JHA ? 5E I=>A JHAI
IECKA = L=HE=> A >=?JAHE=I
GKA HAFHAIA J= A
AH
@A JK> I @A A I=O
+= ?K = ?K
P (Y 20)
A I @A
D=O >=?JAHE=I
AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA D=O=
!
A IKH @A += EB H E= IA FH @K?A A = AI?= = @A 4E?DJAH @A 2 EII
FH
A@E
K AH
JAHHA @A JAHHA
= =
@A A
=C EJK@ $ AIJ=
=O H
5A IKF
A GKA A
J I = =
= IECKA K
FH ?AI = > ?
+K +K +K
AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA IA FH @K ?= AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA D=O= K FAHE @
I @A @ I JAHHA @A # AIAI IE
J I A
?E ?
I J I
GKA D=O= JAHHA I O A@E
AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA D=O= GKA AIFAH=H @ I JAHHA J I B=
I @A JHAI =
F=H= GKA IA
FH @K ?=
"
= FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA K = FEA = JA C= K 0= = = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA A JHA > I @A
@KH= JA A FHE
AH = K B=
@A BK ?E = AN=?J=
EA J
AI
FEA =I FHAIA JA
A JA JHAI
I @A ! # ! ## " # #$ $ $ ' % % ' & =O H
=C EJK@
-I?= = 4EJ?DAH -BA?J I @A JAHHA J
/A AH= A JA IA IEA JA FAH AI HACEIJH=@ ) A K@ IA IEA JA FAH I ?=KI= @= I A HAI ?=IE = @= I ECAH I = A@E ?E I 2KA@A ?=IE =H @= I IALAH I A HA=I KO F > =@=I 6AHHA J =O H +=KI= CH=LAI @= I /H= JAHHA J ,AIJHK??E J J= = ? K E@=@AI ?AH?= =I .KA JA DJJF
MMM = CA BEHA ?
HE ?DJAHO AH?=
"
,-
5 +
61
$'
#
= L=HE=> A
ANFHAI= A JEA
IACK @ I GKA J=H@= K = @AFKH=@ H= A A ?E= ?
JH=H
@A
=CK= O IECKA K = @EIJHE>K?E A JHA JHAI O @ ?A IACK @ I A
ANF
A@E= += ?K = = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA J=H@A
@AFKH=H E?= @A K =
3
E = @A ?=H> ? IE@AH= C= I = L=HE=> A = A=J HE= I GKA A ?EAHJ= E =
$
2=H= AIJK@E=H = LE=>E E@=@ A?
X X
CH=
I @A ?=H>
>JA E@ I F H J
A =@= @A
E AH= 5KF
IECKA K =
( = 150; = 25)
K = J A =@= @A E AH= A ? JA E@ @A ?=H> IA= C J A =@=I @A E AH= ANJH= @=I E @AFA @EA JA C += ?K = = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA C = HAIEIJA ?E= = = A JA
= += ?K = = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA A IKFAHE H = !
> += ?K = = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA A = @EBAHA ?E= A ? -NJH=A A A ? JA E@ @A ?=H>
IA= E BAHE H = ! A =@=I @A E AH=
I E @AFA @EA JA
A JA J JA E@
I @A & @A A =I A ? IA AIJ
@A ?=H> ?KAH@=I ?
IA= IKFAHE H = ! ?EAHJ=
%
K = B >HE?=
FH @K?EA @
>H= IE J JE?=
JA IE =
@A AIJ=I ?KAH@=I IECKA K = @EIJHE>K?E +K K
( = 30; = 2)
AIJ A JHA & O ! K =
AI A F H?A J= A @A ?KAH@=I ?KO= HAIEIJA ?E= = = JA IE FA@E@ @A ?KAH@=I A JHA ?K & O ! ?K AI AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA
> -
I @A " FHAIA JA
HAIEIJA ?E= = = JA IE ? K FA@E@ @A
# ?KAH@=I #
= FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA = CK = FHAIA JA K = HA
IEIJA ?E= E BAHE H =
&
7 @A
B=>HE?= JA FH @K?A L=HE =I O HA?EFEA JAI F=H= E IAHJ=H =I L=HE =I ) I @E AJH I @A =I L=HE =I IECKA K = @EIJHE>K?E +K HA?EFEA JA K = @EIJHE>K?E I HA?EFEA JAI IECKA
> I JEA A
IA??E
AI = =
?EH?K =HAI
( = 1; = 0.2) N ( = 1.05; = 0.15) 7 E CA EAH
I @E IA A??E
AJH I
= =H K = L=HE = O K A HA?EFEA JA
AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA = L=HE = FKA@= E IAHJ=HIA A
'
2=H= = = E =H IE =I =CK=I FH NE ACH= F H A DK @E A O IA I=>A GKA IECKA EA J @A K JHAI FHKA>=I E @AFA @EA JAI @EIJHE>K?E
=I = = ? IJ= AIJ FAJH AI AH H
J=
E =@=I ?K= @ KAIJH=I ?
IA FH @K?A K = K KAIJH=I =
=HA= JH=I
IA = = E =
L=HE=I
JAIJ GKA IA @ELE@A
I HAIK J=@ I L=H =
= A=J HE=
A JA @A K =I
= AI @=@=I F H AH= FHKA>= @A JAIJ
X Y Z
5A A ECA K = = 5E A
= = =
HAIK J=@ I @A = FHE
HAIK J=@ I @A = IACK @= FHKA>= @A JAIJ HAIK J=@ I @A = JAH?AH= FHKA>= @A JAIJ
X (7; 1) Y (5; = 2) Z (6; 1)

>JEA A A =I JHAI
KAIJH= = = =H + = @A
JAIJ= = =I IECKEA JAI FHACK J=I FH A@E @A I L= HAI GKA IA
HAIK J=@ ?K
JAIJ AI A
FHKA>=I > +K F=
AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA A HAIK J=@
@A JAIJ IA= IKFAHE H = #
AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA A HAIK J=@ = @A FAJH A E = O A JEA A K GKE = @A 3K @A ? JH=J A =@ L= H
@A =I JHAI FHKA>=I IA= IKFAHE H = # A L=IAI @A # CH= H @A = ? = F= IE = ? I = =
7 = ?
F=H= LA @AH CH=I= A F A A A@E @A>AH
?= JE@=@ @A CH=I= GKA = GKA A A ?=HC=@ @AIA= GKA A HA?D=?A
I A L=IAI IECKA K = A ACEH A A ?=HC=@ FAI F H @A>=
A@E=
= 25
I @A
I A L=IAI F H JA AH K
AIFA?E ?=@
%
+)2 67
"
,-
5 ,- 24
*)*1 1,),
7 =
GKE = @A A L=I=@
A = I=? I @A BAHJE E = JA @A =FH NE
=@=
A JA !
=
?= JE@=@
@A BAHJE E = JA F H I=? IECKA K = @EIJHE>K?E
N ( = 30; = 1)
AIJ EJAI A JHA ' O ! C += ?K = = FH >=
= 5A @AIA= GKA = ?= JE@=@ @A BAHJE E = JA F H I=? >E E@=@ @A GKA = ?= JE@=@ AIJ > 7 = A @A GKA = FAH ?E = FHAI= HA= E = K I @A # AIJ FA@E@ @A JH @A JH @A AI I
@A & @A AIJ I I=? I @A BAHJE E = JA += ?K =H = FH >=>E E@=@ @A EC I EJAI E @E?=@ I A K = B >HE?= GK EC A=>E E@=@ E JH IA?= E BAHE H E?= IECKA K = @EIJHE>K
A=>E E@=@ E JH
IA?= @A D H 5A HA?E>A
FH @K?E@ AI=I @A D H
N ( = 40; = 5)
+K = !
$ HA
AI = FH >=>E E@=@ @A GKA = CK = HA
AI= JA C= K = FAH
> - ! @A =I HA IECKA K = FAH GKA IECKA K =
AI=I @A D H
EC
A LE=@=I = K =I HA +K
=?
JEA A K = FAH
A=>E E@=@ GKA A=>E E@=@ K =
N ( = 40; = 5) N ( = 45; = 10)
% @A
AI=I HAIJ= JAI JEA A K = FAH
AI A F H?A J= A J J= @A HA
AI=I GKA JEA A
A=>E E@=@ E BAHE H = !#

Índice General: I Estadística 3

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Índice General: I Estadística 3

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

@E?

 -IJ=@ IJE?= ,AI?HEFJEL=

, I L=HE=> AI 4A?J= @A HACHAIE JH=I @AFA @A ?E=I BK ?E

! 8=HE=> AI = A=J HE=I

8=HE=I L=HE=> AI ,A IE@=@ ? + L=HE=

1 @AFA @A ?E= ,A IE@=@AI ?

8A?J HAI = A=J HE I ?

= @A L=HE=> AI E @AFA @EA JAI

2=HJA 1 -IJ=@ IJE?=

-IJ=@ IJE?= ,AI?HEFJEL=

F HJ= JA AJ=F= @A = @AI?HEF?E

  8=HE=> AI AIJ=@ IJE?=I

IAHEA AIJ=@ IJE?= @A =I >IAHL=?E

AI HA= E =@=I A FHA =@

H@A =@ I O ? =IE ?=@ I IECKEA @ 2 H H A?JKH= @A

GKA @AFA @AH CH

K = J=> = AIJ=@ IJE?= =K GKA ?= LAH

- JHA =I IAHEAI AIJ=@ IJE?=I F @A HABAHE@ I = K = F H= AI I K JA FAHE @ @A JEA =I ? JE =?E

F H= AI = @A K = L=HE=> A >E@E 2 H ? JH= IE =I F H= >IAHL=?E

IAH AIF=?E= AI O @A BHA?KA ?E=I ? I ? = HAFAJE?E

@EIJE J I AIF=?E I CA CH I @A@E?=HA I

=J= E@=@ A DA?D

=I @A BHA?KA ?E=I AIJK@E=

-56), 561+) ,-5+412618)

@A ?=H ?JAH @EI?HAJ

@A LA?AI GKA IA HAFEJA

O IEC E ?= GKA A L= >LE= A JA ? F H HAFHAIA J=@

J @=I =I BHA?KA ?E=I =>I KAIJH= O IA @A = O AI =

KJ=I @A>A ? E ?E@EH

I BHA?KA ?E= HA =JEL= = = H= @A ?=@= L= @A =

A JHA = BHA?KA ?E= =>I

I BHA?KA ?E=I =?K =I @A A H = A JA

L=HE=> A O IA FKA@A D=?AH @A H BHA?KA ?E=I =?K

=O H BHA?KA ?E=I =?K

K =@=I ?HA?EA JAI

K =@=I @A?HA?EA JAI @A

>IAHL=@ I ? HHAIF E JAHL= A FK J

D=O F ?= HAFAJE?E F @A AIJ I ?=I I IA @A

?AHH=@ I F H = @AHA?D= O =>EAHJ I F H = E GKEAH@= -

- ?KAIJ=@=I ?E ?KA J= F=HA =I HAIFA?J

$' $" $! $&

#& $& % $'

AIA A F H?A J= A @A FAHI J=I FAHI =I JEA A FAI

xi 52.5 57.5 62.5 67.5 72.5 77.5 82.5

-56), 561+) ,-5+412618)

= @A BHA?KA ?E=I =?K AI A H GKA $#

KJ=I IA @A@K?A GKA ANEIJA I @A F H?A J= AI ? HHAIF

2KA@A HAIK J=H => HE I= =

>JA AHIA @A = J=> = 2HAIA J= A@E= JA A A I KIK= AI

5A KJE E = F=H= @EIJHE>K?E I A AI D HE =@

F ?= L=HEA@=@ @A @=J I 5A ? K = >=HH= ?KO= = JKH= IA= ECK= J =H @EIJE J=I ?

I >HA K > AJEL

HAI @A = L=HE=> A O I >HA ?=@= K

= IK BHA?KA ?E= =>I

@=@=I F H = IECKEA JA J=> = 6A FAH=JKH= @A @ =I !  "  # $ ! % $ & & ' "  !  

 ! " # $ % & '  

" 0EIJ CH= =

I =CHKF=@ I GKA @A @A = ?KO=

O I >HA ?=@= = = JKH= @A KJ=

HA= IA= ECK= = = BHA?KA ?E= =>I F EJK@

BHA?KA ?E= =>I

BHA?KA ?E=I =>I

=I BHA?KA ?E=I FAH

-IJ=@ IJE?= ,AI?HEFJEL=

8=HE=> AI AIJ=@ IJE?=I

K = J=> = AIJ=@ IJE?= =K GKA ?= LAH

L=HE=> A O IA FKA@A D=?AH @A H BHA?KA ?E=I =?K

=O H BHA?KA ?E=I =?K

?AHH=@ I F H = @AHA?D= O =>EAHJ I F H = E GKEAH@= -

#& $& % $'

KJ=I IA @A@K?A GKA ANEIJA I @A F H?A J= AI ? HHAIF

@=@=I F H = IECKEA JA J=> = 6A FAH=JKH= @A @ =I ! " # $ ! % $ & & ' " !

! " # $ % & '

" 0EIJ CH= =

! " # $ % & '

$ ,E=CH= = @A IA?J HAI

KAIJH= @A FAHI

)* # " I =@=FJ=H K EI = @E=CH= =

$ "! I HA@ "

" $'& @ $ I A % !" "%

@A= " "

)F EGKA AJH I $ &"

ANFHAI=@=I A %# '! @A= @ I O D =I

" # $ % & '

%" &% $# # #!"# !! #

& ' ! " # $ &

&' ' " !$ # !!"&' !!&#$ !" #

!$ !% "' " "" " #

170 + 171 = 170.5 . 2 2 IANJ= ? K = ni xi

BHA?KA ?E=I =>I

" # $ % & '

I @=J I AIJ I @=J I AIJ A@E= = I @=J I AIJ ?KHH = ? LA@=@AI I =

O A %# = IK @AHA?D= O A # = IK @AHA?D= AI @A?EH