Student Name : Janine sophia Cabrera Date: 05/30/2023 4:25 PM

Login Name : JCABRERA4063 Class Name : SHS-MAT121 AY2022-2023 -

2SSY2223_SHS-MAT121-ABM1101-ACC-
A/ABM1101-BUS-A/SCV1101-A/SEC1101-A/SEL1101-
A/SHA1101-A/SHA1101-B/SHA1101-C/SHA1101-
D/SME1101-A

Chi-square Tests, Inferences for Regression, and ANOVA

ANOVA: Hypothesis tests and the ANOVA table

SAMPLE QUESTION

Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep, often linked with dreaming, is marked by very high brain activity. In fact,
REM periods may be the sleep periods in which the brain is most active. REM sleep takes up a mean of about
25% of the total sleep time, but this varies from person to person.
Suppose that in an experimental study, sleep researchers examine several groups of adults who are drawn
from different populations (one group from each population). These populations differ in amount of typical
daily activity (ranging from "very active" to "inactive"). The researchers record, for each participant, the
percentage of total sleep time over the course of several nights that is spent in REM sleep. The researchers
then perform a one-way, independent-samples ANOVA test of the equality of the mean REM sleep
percentages of the different populations.

(a) Here is a summary of their ANOVA test. Fill in the missing entry of the table (rounded to two decimal
places).
Source of Degrees of Sum of
Mean square F statistic
variation freedom squares
Treatments
(between 4 44.00 11.00
groups)
Error
(within 35 291.90 8.34
groups)

Total 39 335.90

(b) How many groups of adults were studied in the experiment? ________

(c) For the ANOVA test, it is assumed that the variances of REM sleep time percentages are the same for
each population of adults. What is an unbiased estimate of this common population variance based on
the sample variances? ________

(d) Using the 0.05 level of significance, what is the critical value of the F statistic for the ANOVA test? Round
your answer to at least two decimal places. ________

(e) Can the researchers conclude, using the 0.05 level of significance, that at least one of the populations of
adults differs from the others in mean percentage of sleep time spent in REM?

Yes No

EXPLANATION
(a) Determining the F statistic

In an ANOVA, different types of variation in the sample data are compared.

Specifically, the variation in sample values between groups is compared to the
variation in sample values within groups. The variation between groups is
measured by the M S T R, and the variation within groups is measured by the M S E
. If each of the groups has the same population mean, then, under certain
MSTR
assumptions, the ratio follows an F distribution. We denote the ratio
MSE
MSTR
by F, and we call it the F statistic.
MSE

Variation   between   groups MSTR

F= =
Variation   within   groups MSE

11
In our problem, we have F=   ≈ 1.32, so the value of the F statistic is approximately 1.32.
8.34
So here is the filled in ANOVA table.

Source of Degrees of Sum of

Mean square F statistic
variation freedom squares
Treatments
(between 4 44.00 11.00 1.32
groups)
Error
(within 35 291.90 8.34
groups)

Total 39 335.90

(b) Determining the number of groups of adults studied in the experiment

The groups of adults studied in the experiment are the "groups" in the ANOVA test. ("Groups" in an
ANOVA test are also called "treatments.") Finding the number of groups from the ANOVA table is
straightforward.

The between groups degrees of freedom is equal to the number of groups, k, minus 1.

Between groups degrees of freedom =  k   −  1

4  =  k   −  1

So, there are 5 groups, which means that 5 groups of adults were studied in the experiment.

(c) Estimating the common population variance based on the sample variances

The (M S E), also called the within groups mean square, is a weighted mean of the sample variances (so it
is a measure of how much variation there is within the groups in the sample). The M S E is also an
unbiased estimate of the variance assumed to be common to each of the populations being examined in
 the ANOVA. So, an unbiased estimate of the common population variance based on the sample variances
is 8.34.

(d) Determining the critical value

If the value of the F statistic is "large," then there is quite a bit of variation in the sample data values
between groups, and we would tend to conclude that the populations from which these samples were
drawn have different means. Otherwise, we would be hesitant to conclude that the populations have
different means. We can determine whether or not the value of the F statistic is "large" in either of two
equivalent ways.

1. By looking at the p-value

2. By looking at the critical value

We're asked to find the critical value, so we'll use this to determine if the value of the F statistic is "large."

In our problem, under the null hypothesis that all the populations have the same mean, the F statistic
has 4 numerator degrees of freedom and 35 denominator degrees of freedom. The value that cuts off an
area of 0.05 (which is the level of significance) in the right tail of an F distribution having 4 numerator
degrees of freedom and 35 denominator degrees of freedom is approximately 2.64. Thus, the critical
value is approximately 2.64.

(e) Drawing a conclusion

Our F statistic value of 1.32 is less than 2.64, so our F statistic value is not considered large enough to
reject the hypothesis that all the population means are equal. Thus, the researchers cannot conclude (at
the 0.05 level) that at least one of the populations of adults differs from the others in mean percentage
of sleep time spent in REM.

ANSWER

(a) Here is a summary of their ANOVA test. Fill in the missing entry of the table (rounded to two
decimal places).
Source of Degrees of Sum of
Mean square F statistic
variation freedom squares
Treatments
(between 4 44.00 11.00 1.32
groups)
Error
(within 35 291.90 8.34
groups)

Total 39 335.90

(b) How many groups of adults were studied in the experiment?

5

(c) For the ANOVA test, it is assumed that the variances of REM sleep time percentages are the same
for each population of adults. What is an unbiased estimate of this common population variance
based on the sample variances?
 8.34

(d) Using the 0.05 level of significance, what is the critical value of the F statistic for the ANOVA test?
Round your answer to at least two decimal places.
2.64

(e) Can the researchers conclude, using the 0.05 level of significance, that at least one of the
populations of adults differs from the others in mean percentage of sleep time spent in REM?

Yes No