Consider The S-Domain Form of The Circuit Which Is Shown Below

Chapter 16, Solution 1.
Consider the s-domain form of the circuit which is shown below.

I(s)
+

1
1/s 1/s
s
2 2
2
) 2 3 ( ) 2 1 s (
1
1 s s
1
s 1 s 1
s 1
) s ( I
+ +
=
+ +
=
+ +
=

|
|
.
|
\
|
= t
2
3
sin e
3
2
) t ( i
2 t -

= ) t ( i A ) t 866 . 0 ( sin e 155 . 1
-0.5t


8/s
s

s
4
2
+

+
V
x

4

V ) t ( u ) e 2 e 2 4 ( v
3
8
j
3
4
s
125 . 0
3
8
j
3
4
s
125 . 0
s
25 . 0
16
) 8 s 8 s 3 ( s
2 s
16 V
s
32 s 16
) 8 s 8 s 3 ( V
0 V s V ) s 4 s 2 (
s
) 32 s 16 (
) 8 s 4 ( V
0
s
8
4
0 V
2
0 V
s
s
4
V
t ) 9428 . 0 j 3333 . 1 ( t ) 9428 . 0 j 3333 . 1 (
x
2
x
2
x
x
2
x
2
x
x x
x
+
+ + =
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
+ +
+ =
+ +
+
=
+
= + +
= + + +
+
+
=
+

v
x
= V t
3
2 2
sin e
2
6
t
3
2 2
cos e ) t ( u 4
3 / t 4 3 / t 4
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|


s

5/s
1/2
+
V
o

1/8

Current division leads to:

) 625 . 0 s ( 16
5
s 16 10
5
s
8
1
2
1
2
1
s
5
8
1
V
o
+
=
+
=
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
=

v
o
(t) = ( ) V ) t ( u e 1 3125 .
t 625 . 0
0

The s-domain form of the circuit is shown below.
6 s
10/s 1/(s + 1)
+

+
V
o
(s)

Using voltage division,

|
.
|
\
|
+ + +
= |
.
|
\
|
+ + +
=
1 s
1
10 s 6 s
10
1 s
1
s 10 6 s
s 10
) s ( V
2 o

10 s 6 s
C Bs
1 s
A
) 10 s 6 s )( 1 s (
10
) s ( V
2 2 o
+ +
+
+
+
=
+ + +
=

) 1 s ( C ) s s ( B ) 10 s 6 s ( A 10
2 2
+ + + + + + =

Equating coefficients :
2
s : -A B B A 0 = + =
1
s : A 5 - C C A 5 C B A 6 0 = + = + + =
0
s : -10 C -2, B , 2 A A 5 C A 10 10 = = = = + =

2 2 2 2 2 o
1 ) 3 s (
4
1 ) 3 s (
) 3 s ( 2
1 s
2
10 s 6 s
10 s 2
1 s
2
) s ( V
+ +
+ +
+
+
=
+ +
+
+
=

= ) t ( v
o
V ) t sin( e 4 ) t cos( e 2 e 2
-3t -3t -t


s
2
2 s
1
+
2
I
o

s

( )
( ) A ) t ( u t 3229 . 1 sin 7559 . 0 e
or
A ) t ( u e e e 3779 . 0 e e e 3779 . 0 e ) t ( i
3229 . 1 j 5 . 0 s
) 646 . 2 j )( 3229 . 1 j 5 . 1 (
) 3229 . 1 j 5 . 0 (
3229 . 1 j 5 . 0 s
) 646 . 2 j )( 3229 . 1 j 5 . 1 (
) 3229 . 1 j 5 . 0 (
2 s
1
) 3229 . 1 j 5 . 0 s )( 3229 . 1 j 5 . 0 s )( 2 s (
s
2
Vs
I
) 3229 . 1 j 5 . 0 s )( 3229 . 1 j 5 . 0 s )( 2 s (
s 2
2 s s
s 2
2 s
1
2
s
2
1
s
1
1
2 s
1
V
t 2
t 3229 . 1 j 2 / t 90 t 3229 . 1 j 2 / t 90 t 2
o
2 2
2
o
2
=
+ + =
+
+ +
+
+
+ +

+
+
=
+ + + +
= =
+ + + +
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
+
=
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
+
=


2

2 s
5
+
I
o

10/s

s

Use current division.

t 3 sin e
3
5
t 3 cos e 5 ) t ( i
3 ) 1 s (
5
3 ) 1 s (
) 1 s ( 5
10 s 2 s
s 5
2 s
5
s
10
2 s
2 s
I
t t
o
2 2 2 2 2
o

=
+ +
+ +
+
=
+ +
=
+
+ +
+
=


The s-domain version of the circuit is shown below.

1/s
1

I
x

+ 2s

1
2
+ s

Z

2
2
2
s 2 1
1 s 2 s 2
s 2 1
s 2
1
s 2
s
1
) s 2 (
s
1
1 s 2 //
s
1
1 Z
+
+ +
=
+
+ =
+
+ = + =

) 5 . 0 s s (
C Bs
) 1 s (
A
) 5 . 0 s s )( 1 s (
1 s 2
1 s 2 s 2
s 2 1
x
1 s
2
Z
V
I
2 2
2
2
2
x
+ +
+
+
+
=
+ + +
+
=
+ +
+
+
= =

) 1 s ( C ) s s ( B ) 5 . 0 s s ( A 1 s 2
2 2 2
+ + + + + + = +

B A 2 : s
2
+ =
2 C C 2 C B A 0 : s = + = + + =
-4 B , 6 A 3 0.5A or C A 5 . 0 1 : constant = = = + =

2 2 2
x
866 . 0 ) 5 . 0 s (
) 5 . 0 s ( 4
1 s
6
75 . 0 ) 5 . 0 s (
2 s 4
1 s
6
I
+ +
+
+
=
+ +
+
+
=

| | A ) t ( u t 866 . 0 cos e 4 6 ) t ( i
t 5 . 0
x

=


(a)
) 1 s ( s
1 s 5 . 1 s
s 2 2
) s 2 1 (
s
1
) s 2 1 //( 1
s
1
Z
2
+
+ +
=
+
+
+ = + + =

(b)
) 1 s ( s 2
2 s 3 s 3
s
1
1
1
s
1
2
1
Z
1
2
+
+ +
=
+
+ + =

2 s 3 s 3
) 1 s ( s 2
Z
2
+ +
+
=


(a) The s-domain form of the circuit is shown in Fig. (a).

=
+ +
+
= + =
s 1 s 2
) s 1 s ( 2
) s 1 s ( || 2 Z
in
1 s 2 s
) 1 s ( 2
2
2
+ +
+

1
1
2
s 2/s
1/s
s
2
(a) (b)
(b) The s-domain equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. (b).

2 s 3
) 2 s ( 2
s 2 3
) s 2 1 ( 2
) s 2 1 ( || 2
+
+
=
+
+
= +

2 s 3
6 s 5
) s 2 1 ( || 2 1
+
+
= + +

=
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
= |
.
|
\
|
+
+
=
2 s 3
6 s 5
s
2 s 3
6 s 5
s
2 s 3
6 s 5
|| s Z
in
6 s 7 s 3
) 6 s 5 ( s
2
+ +
+


To find Z
Th
, consider the circuit below.
1/s V
x

+
1V
2 V
o
2V
o
-

Applying KCL gives

s / 1 2
V
V 2 1
x
o
+
= +

But
x o
V
s / 1 2
2
V
+
= . Hence

s 3
) 1 s 2 (
V
s / 1 2
V
s / 1 2
V 4
1
x
x x
+
=
+
=
+
+

s 3
) 1 s 2 (
1
V
Z
x
Th
+
= =

To find V
Th
, consider the circuit below.
1/s V
y

+

1
2
+ s
2 V
o
2V
o
-

Applying KCL gives

) 1 s ( 3
4
V
2
V
V 2
1 s
2
o
o
o
+
= = +
+

But 0 V
s
1
V 2 V
o o y
= + +

) 1 s ( s 3
) 2 s ( 4
s
2 s
) 1 s ( 3
4
)
s
2
1 ( V V V
o y Th
+
+
= |
.
|
\
| +
+
= + = =


The s-domain form of the circuit is shown below.
4/s s
I
2
I
1
+

+

2
4/(s + 2) 1/s

Write the mesh equations.

2 1
I 2 I
s
4
2
s
1
|
.
|
\
|
+ = (1)

2 1
I ) 2 s ( I -2
2 s
4 -
+ + =
+
(2)

Put equations (1) and (2) into matrix form.
(
+
+
=
(
+
2
1
I
I
2 s 2 -
2 - s 4 2
2) (s 4 -
s 1

) 4 s 2 s (
s
2
2
+ + = ,
) 2 s ( s
4 s 4 s
2
1
+
+
= ,
s
6 -
2
=

4 s 2 s
C Bs
2 s
A
) 4 s 2 s )( 2 s (
) 4 s 4 s ( 2 1
I
2 2
2
1
1
+ +
+
+
+
=
+ + +
+
=
=

) 2 s ( C ) s 2 s ( B ) 4 s 2 s ( A ) 4 s 4 s ( 2 1
2 2 2
+ + + + + + = +

2
s : B A 2 1 + =
1
s : C B 2 A 2 2 - + + =
0
s : C 2 A 4 2 + =

Solving these equations leads to A 2 = , 2 3 - B = , -3 C =

2 2
1
) 3 ( ) 1 s (
3 s 2 3 -
2 s
2
I
+ +

+
+
=
2 2 2 2
1
) 3 ( ) 1 s (
3
3 2
3 -
) 3 ( ) 1 s (
) 1 s (
2
3 -
2 s
2
I
+ +
+
+ +
+
+
+
=

= ) t ( i
1
| | A ) t ( u ) t 732 . 1 sin( 866 . 0 ) t 732 . 1 cos( e 5 . 1 e 2
-t -2t

2 2 2
2
2
) 3 ( ) 1 s (
3 -
) 4 s 2 s ( 2
s
s
6 -
I
+ +
=
+ +
=
=

= = ) t 3 sin( e
3
3 -
) t ( i
t -
2
A ) t ( u ) t 732 . 1 sin( e 1.732 -
-t


We apply nodal analysis to the s-domain form of the circuit below.
V
o
10/(s + 1)
+

1/(2s) 4
s
3/s

o
o
o
sV 2
4
V
s
3
s
V
1 s
10
+ = +
+

1 s
15 s 15 10
15
1 s
10
V ) s s 25 . 0 1 (
o
2
+
+ +
= +
+
= + +

1 s 25 . 0 s
C Bs
1 s
A
) 1 s 25 . 0 s )( 1 s (
25 s 15
V
2 2 o
+ +
+
+
+
=
+ + +
+
=

7
40
V ) 1 s ( A
1 - s o
= + =
=

) 1 s ( C ) s s ( B ) 1 s 25 . 0 s ( A 25 s 15
2 2
+ + + + + + = +

2
s : -A B B A 0 = + =
1
s : C -0.75A C B A 25 . 0 15 + = + + =
0
s : C A 25 + =

7 40 A = , 7 40 - B = , 7 135 C =

4
3
2
1
s
2
3
3
2
7
155
4
3
2
1
s
2
1
s
7
40
1 s
1
7
40
4
3
2
1
s
7
135
s
7
40 -
1 s
7
40
V
2 2 2 o
+ |
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ |
.
|
\
|
+
+
+
=
+ |
.
|
\
|
+
+
+
+
=

|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
= t
2
3
sin e
) 3 )( 7 (
) 2 )( 155 (
t
2
3
cos e
7
40
e
7
40
) t ( v
2 t - 2 t - t -
o

= ) t ( v
o
V ) t 866 . 0 sin( e 57 . 25 ) t 866 . 0 cos( e 714 . 5 e 714 . 5
2 -t 2 -t -t
+


Consider the following circuit.
V
o
1/(s + 2)
1/s 2s
I
o
2 1

Applying KCL at node o,

o
o o
V
1 s 2
1 s
s 1 2
V
1 s 2
V
2 s
1
+
+
=
+
+
+
=
+

) 2 s )( 1 s (
1 s 2
V
o
+ +
+
=

2 s
B
1 s
A
) 2 s )( 1 s (
1
1 s 2
V
I
o
o
+
+
+
=
+ +
=
+
=

1 A = , -1 B =

2 s
1
1 s
1
I
o
+
+
=

= ) t ( i
o
( ) A ) t ( u e e
-2t -t


We first find the initial conditions from the circuit in Fig. (a).
1 4
i
o
+
v
c
(0)
+

5 V
(a)
A 5 ) 0 ( i
o
=
, V 0 ) 0 ( v
c
=

We now incorporate these conditions in the s-domain circuit as shown in Fig.(b).
2s 5/s
I
o
V
o
+

1 4
15/s 4/s
(b)
At node o,
0
s 4 4
0 V
s
5
s 2
V
1
s 15 V
o o o
=
+
+ + +

o
V
) 1 s ( 4
s
s 2
1
1
s
5
s
15
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ + =

o
2
o
2 2
V
) 1 s ( s 4
2 s 6 s 5
V
) 1 s ( s 4
s 2 s 2 s 4 s 4
s
10
+
+ +
=
+
+ + + +
=

2 s 6 s 5
) 1 s ( 40
V
2 o
+ +
+
=

s
5
) 4 . 0 s 2 . 1 s ( s
) 1 s ( 4
s
5
s 2
V
I
2
o
o
+
+ +
+
= + =
4 . 0 s 2 . 1 s
C Bs
s
A
s
5
I
2 o
+ +
+
+ + =

s C s B ) 4 . 0 s 2 . 1 s ( A ) 1 s ( 4
s 2
+ + + + = +

0
s : 10 A A 4 . 0 4 = =
1
s : -8 4 -1.2A C C A 2 . 1 4 = + = + =
2
s : -10 -A B B A 0 = = + =

4 . 0 s 2 . 1 s
8 s 10
s
10
s
5
I
2 o
+ +
+
+ =

2 2 2 2 o
2 . 0 ) 6 . 0 s (
) 2 . 0 ( 10
2 . 0 ) 6 . 0 s (
) 6 . 0 s ( 10
s
15
I
+ +
+ +
+
=

= ) t ( i
o
( ) | | A ) t ( u ) t 2 . 0 sin( ) t 2 . 0 cos( e 10 15
0.6t -


First we need to transform the circuit into the s-domain.

2 s
5
+
V
o
+

+

5/s
s/4
+ V
x

10

3V
x

2 s
5
V V
2 s
5
V V , But
2 s
s 5
V 120 V ) 40 s s 2 ( 0
2 s
s 5
sV V s 2 V 120 V 40
0
10
2 s
5
V
s / 5
0 V
4 / s
V 3 V
x o o x
x o
2
o o
2
x o
o
o x o
+
+ =
+
=
+
+ + = =
+
+ +
=
+

We can now solve for V
x
.

) 40 s 5 . 0 s )( 2 s (
) 20 s (
5 V
2 s
) 20 s (
10 V ) 40 s 5 . 0 s ( 2
0
2 s
s 5
V 120
2 s
5
V ) 40 s s 2 (
2
2
x
2
x
2
x x
2
+ +
+
=
+
+
= +
=
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ + +


We first need to find the initial conditions. For 0 t < , the circuit is shown in Fig. (a).
To dc, the capacitor acts like an open circuit and the inductor acts like a short circuit.
1
+
V
o
1 F
V
o
/2
+

1 H
i
o
+

2
3 V
(a)

Hence,
A 1 -
3
3 -
i ) 0 ( i
o L
= = = , V 1 - v
o
=

V 5 . 2
2
1 -
) 1 - )( 2 ( - ) 0 ( v
c
= |
.
|
\
|
=

We now incorporate the initial conditions for as shown in Fig. (b). 0 t >
I
2
I
1

+

s
2.5/s
+

1
+
V
o
1/s
V
o
/2
+

I
o

+
2
-1 V
5/(s + 2)
(b)
For mesh 1,
0
2
V
s
5 . 2
I
s
1
I
s
1
2
2 s
5 -
o
2 1
= + + |
.
|
\
|
+ +
+

But,
2 o o
I I V = =

s
5 . 2
2 s
5
I
s
1
2
1
I
s
1
2
2 1

+
= |
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
+ (1)

For mesh 2,
0
s
5 . 2
2
V
1 I
s
1
I
s
1
s 1
o
1 2
= + |
.
|
\
|
+ +

1
s
5 . 2
I
s
1
s
2
1
I
s
1
-
2 1
= |
.
|
\
|
+ + + (2)

Put (1) and (2) in matrix form.
(
(
(
(
+
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
+ +
+
1
s
5 . 2
s
5 . 2
2 s
5
I
I
s
1
s
2
1
s
1 -
s
1
2
1
s
1
2
2
1

s
3
2 s 2 + + = ,
) 2 s ( s
5
s
4
2 -
2
+
+ + =

3 s 2 s 2
C Bs
2 s
A
) 3 s 2 s 2 )( 2 s (
13 2s -
I I
2 2
2
2
2 o
+ +
+
+
+
=
+ + +
+
=
= =

) 2 s ( C ) s 2 s ( B ) 3 s 2 s 2 ( A 13 2s -
2 2 2
+ + + + + + = +

2
s : B A 2 2 - + =
1
s : C B 2 A 2 0 + + =
0
s : C 2 A 3 13 + =

Solving these equations leads to
7143 . 0 A = , , -3.429 B = 429 . 5 C =

5 . 1 s s
714 . 2 s 7145 . 1
2 s
7143 . 0
3 s 2 s 2
429 . 5 s 429 . 3
2 s
7143 . 0
I
2 2 o
+ +

+
=
+ +
+
=
25 . 1 ) 5 . 0 s (
) 25 . 1 )( 194 . 3 (
25 . 1 ) 5 . 0 s (
) 5 . 0 s ( 7145 . 1
2 s
7143 . 0
I
2 2 o
+ +
+
+ +
+
+
=

= ) t ( i
o
| | A ) t ( u ) t 25 . 1 sin( e 194 . 3 ) t 25 . 1 cos( e 7145 . 1 e 7143 . 0
-0.5t -0.5t -2t
+


We apply mesh analysis to the s-domain form of the circuit as shown below.
2/(s+1)
I
3
+
1/s
I
2
I
1
4
s
1
1
For mesh 3,
0 I s I
s
1
I
s
1
s
1 s
2
2 1 3
= |
.
|
\
|
+ +
+
(1)

For the supermesh,
0 I s
s
1
I ) s 1 ( I
s
1
1
3 2 1
= |
.
|
\
|
+ + + |
.
|
\
|
+ (2)

But (3) 4 I I
2 1
=

Substituting (3) into (1) and (2) leads to
|
.
|
\
|
+ = |
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
+ +
s
1
1 4 I
s
1
s I
s
1
s 2
3 2
(4)

1 s
2
s
4 -
I
s
1
s I
s
1
s -
3 2
+
= |
.
|
\
|
+ + |
.
|
\
|
+ (5)

Adding (4) and (5) gives
1 s
2
4 I 2
2
+
=

1 s
1
2 I
2
+
=

= = ) t ( i ) t ( i
2 o
A ) t ( u ) e 2 (
-t


v
s
(t) = 3u(t) 3u(t1) or V
s
= ) e 1 (
s
3
s
e
s
3
s
s
=

1
+
V
o

+

1/s

V
s

2

V )] 1 t ( u ) e 2 2 ( ) t ( u ) e 2 2 [( ) t ( v
) e 1 (
5 . 1 s
2
s
2
) e 1 (
) 5 . 1 s ( s
3
V
V V ) 5 . 1 s ( 0
2
V
sV
1
V V
) 1 t ( 5 . 1 t 5 . 1
o
s s
o
s o
o
o
s o
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
+
=
= = + +

+


We incorporate the initial conditions in the s-domain circuit as shown below.

I
1/s
+
2 I
V
1
V
o
1/s
s
+

2

2 4/(s + 2)

At the supernode,
o
1 1
sV
s
1
s
V
2
2
V ) 2 s ( 4
+ + = +
+

o 1
V s
s
1
V
s
1
2
1
2
2 s
2
+ + |
.
|
\
|
+ = +
+
(1)

But and I 2 V V
1 o
+ =
s
1 V
I
1
+
=

2 s
2 V s
s ) 2 s (
s 2 V
V
s
) 1 V ( 2
V V
o o
1
1
1 o
+
=
+
=
+
+ = (2)

Substituting (2) into (1)
o o
V s
2 s
2
V
2 s
s
s
1 s 2
s
1
2
2 s
2
+
(
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
| +
= +
+

o
V s
2 s
1 s 2
) 2 s ( s
) 1 s 2 ( 2
s
1
2
2 s
2
(
+ |
.
|
\
|
+
+
=
+
+
+ +
+

o
2 2
V
2 s
1 s 4 s
2 s
9 s 2
) 2 s ( s
s 9 s 2
+
+ +
=
+
+
=
+
+

732 . 3 s
B
2679 . 0 s
A
1 s 4 s
9 s 2
V
2 o
+
+
+
=
+ +
+
=

443 . 2 A = , 4434 . 0 - B =

732 . 3 s
4434 . 0
2679 . 0 s
443 . 2
V
o
+
+
=

Therefore,
= ) t ( v
o
V ) t ( u ) e 4434 . 0 e 443 . 2 (
-3.732t -0.2679t


We incorporate the initial conditions and transform the current source to a voltage source
as shown.
1 s
+
1/s
2/s
V
o
+

1
1/(s + 1) 1/s

At the main non-reference node, KCL gives
s
1
s
V
1
V
s 1 1
V s 2 ) 1 s ( 1
o o o
+ + =
+
+

s
1 s
V ) s 1 s )( 1 s ( V s 2
1 s
s
o o
+
+ + + =
+

o
V ) s 1 2 s 2 ( 2
s
1 s
1 s
s
+ + =
+
+

) 1 s 2 s 2 )( 1 s (
1 s 4 s 2 -
V
2
2
o
+ + +

=

5 . 0 s s
C Bs
1 s
A
) 5 . 0 s s )( 1 s (
5 . 0 s 2 s -
V
2 2 o
+ +
+
+
+
=
+ + +

=

1 V ) 1 s ( A
1 - s o
= + =
=

) 1 s ( C ) s s ( B ) 5 . 0 s s ( A 5 . 0 s 2 s -
2 2 2
+ + + + + + =

2
s : -2 B B A 1 - = + =
1
s : -1 C C B A 2 - = + + =
0
s : -0.5 1 5 . 0 C A 5 . 0 0.5 - = = + =

2 2 2 o
) 5 . 0 ( ) 5 . 0 s (
) 5 . 0 s ( 2
1 s
1
5 . 0 s s
1 s 2
1 s
1
V
+ +
+
+
=
+ +
+
+
=

= ) t ( v
o
| | V ) t ( u ) 2 t cos( e 2 e
2 -t -t



1 s
V
1
V
o

+ 2/s 2 1/s

-

At node 1,
10/s
o o
o
V
s
V s V
s
s
V V
V
s
) 1
2
( ) 1 ( 10
2 1
10
2
1
1
1
+ + = +
(1)

At node 2,
) 1
2
(
2
2
1
1
+ + = + =
s
s
V V sV
V
s
V V
o o
o o
(2)

Substituting (2) into (1) gives
o o o
V s s s V
s
V s s s ) 5 . 1 2 ( ) 1
2
( ) 1 2 / )( 1 ( 10
2
2
2
+ + = + + + + =

5 . 1 2 ) 5 . 1 2 (
10
2 2
+ +
+
+ =
+ +
=
s s
C Bs
s
A
s s s
V
o

Cs Bs s s A + + + + =
2 2
) 5 . 1 2 ( 10
B A s + = 0 :
2

C A s + = 2 0 :
-40/3 C -20/3, B , 3 / 20 5 . 1 10 : constant = = = = A A

(
+ +
+ +
+
=
(
+ +
+
=
2 2 2 2 2
7071 . 0 ) 1 (
7071 . 0
414 . 1
7071 . 0 ) 1 (
1 1
3
20
5 . 1 2
2 1
3
20
s s
s
s s s
s
s
V
o

Taking the inverse Laplace tranform finally yields

| | V ) t ( u t 7071 . 0 sin e 414 . 1 t 7071 . 0 cos e 1
3
20
) t ( v
t t
o

=


4s
V
1
V
2

1 s +
12

1 2 3/s

At node 1,
s 4
V
s 4
1
1 V
1 s
12
s 4
V V
1
V
1 s
12
2
1
2 1 1

|
.
|
\
|
+ =
+

+ =
+
(1)

At node 2,
|
.
|
\
|
+ + = + =
1 s 2 s
3
4
V V V
3
s
2
V
s 4
V V
2
2 1 2
2 2 1
(2)

Substituting (2) into (1),

2
2 2
2
V
2
3
s
3
7
s
3
4
s 4
1
s 4
1
1 1 s 2 s
3
4
V
1 s
12
|
.
|
\
|
+ + =
(

|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
+ + =
+

)
8
9
s
4
7
s (
C Bs
) 1 s (
A
)
8
9
s
4
7
s )( 1 s (
9
V
2 2
2
+ +
+
+
+
=
+ + +
=

) 1 s ( C ) s s ( B )
8
9
s
4
7
s ( A 9
2 2
+ + + + + + =

Equating coefficients:

B A 0 : s
2
+ =

A
4
3
C C A
4
3
C B A
4
7
0 : s = + = + + =

-18 C -24, B , 24 A A
8
3
C A
8
9
9 : constant = = = = + =

64
23
)
8
7
s (
3
64
23
)
8
7
s (
) 8 / 7 s ( 24
) 1 s (
24
)
8
9
s
4
7
s (
18 s 24
) 1 s (
24
V
2 2 2
2
+ +
+
+ +
+
+
=
+ +
+
+
=

Taking the inverse of this produces:
| | ) t ( u ) t 5995 . 0 sin( e 004 . 5 ) t 5995 . 0 cos( e 24 e 24 ) t ( v
t 875 . 0 t 875 . 0 t
2

+ =

Similarly,

)
8
9
s
4
7
s (
F Es
) 1 s (
D
)
8
9
s
4
7
s )( 1 s (
1 s 2 s
3
4
9
V
2 2
2
1
+ +
+
+
+
=
+ + +
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
=

) 1 s ( F ) s s ( E )
8
9
s
4
7
s ( D 1 s 2 s
3
4
9
2 2 2
+ + + + + + =
|
.
|
\
|
+ +

Equating coefficients:
E D 12 : s
2
+ =

D
4
3
6 F F D
4
3
6 or F E D
4
7
18 : s = + = + + =

0 F 4, E , 8 D D
8
3
3 or F D
8
9
9 : constant = = = = + =

64
23
)
8
7
s (
2 / 7
64
23
)
8
7
s (
) 8 / 7 s ( 4
) 1 s (
8
)
8
9
s
4
7
s (
s 4
) 1 s (
8
V
2 2 2
1
+ +
+ +
+
+
+
=
+ +
+
+
=
Thus,
| | ) t ( u ) t 5995 . 0 sin( e 838 . 5 ) t 5995 . 0 cos( e 4 e 8 ) t ( v
t 875 . 0 t 875 . 0 t
1

+ =


The s-domain form of the circuit with the initial conditions is shown below.

V

I
1/sC
sL R
-2/s

4/s 5C

At the non-reference node,

sCV
sL
V
R
V
C 5
s
2
s
4
+ + = + +

|
.
|
\
|
+ + =
+
LC
1
RC
s
s
s
CV
s
sC 5 6
2

LC 1 RC s s
C 6 s 5
V
2
+ +
+
=

But 8
80 10
1
RC
1
= = , 20
80 4
1
LC
1
= =

2 2 2 2 2
2 ) 4 s (
) 2 )( 230 (
2 ) 4 s (
) 4 s ( 5
20 s 8 s
480 s 5
V
+ +
+
+ +
+
=
+ +
+
=

= ) t ( v V ) t 2 sin( e 230 ) t 2 cos( e 5
-4t -4t
+

) 20 s 8 s ( s 4
480 s 5
sL
V
I
2
+ +
+
= =

20 s 8 s
C Bs
s
A
) 20 s 8 s ( s
120 s 25 . 1
I
2 2
+ +
+
+ =
+ +
+
=

6 A = , -6 B = , -46.75 C =

2 2 2 2 2
2 ) 4 s (
) 2 )( 375 . 11 (
2 ) 4 s (
) 4 s ( 6
s
6
20 s 8 s
75 . 46 s 6
s
6
I
+ +
+ +
+
=
+ +
+
=

= ) t ( i 0 t ), t 2 sin( e 375 . 11 ) t 2 cos( e 6 ) t ( u 6
-4t -4t
>


At t = 0
-
, the circuit is equivalent to that shown below.

+

9A 4 5 v
o

-

20 ) 9 (
5 4
4
x 5 ) 0 ( v
o
=
+
=

For t > 0, we have the Laplace transform of the circuit as shown below after
transforming the current source to a voltage source.

4 16
V
o

+

36V 10A 2/s 5

-

Applying KCL gives

8 . 12 B , 2 . 7 A ,
5 . 0 s
B
s
A
) 5 . 0 s ( s
s 20 6 . 3
V
5
V
2
sV
10
20
V 36
o
o o o
= =
+
+ =
+
+
= + = +

Thus,
| | ) t ( u e 8 . 12 2 . 7 ) t ( v
t 5 . 0
o

=


For , the circuit in the s-domain is shown below. 0 t >
s 6
I
Applying KVL,
+

V

+

(2s)/(s
2
+ 16)
+

9/s
2/s

0
s
2
I
s
9
s 6
16 s
s 2
2
= + |
.
|
\
|
+ + +
+

) 16 s )( 9 s 6 s (
32 s 4
I
2 2
2
+ + +
+
=

) 16 s ( ) 3 s ( s
288 s 36
s
2
s
2
I
s
9
V
2 2
2
+ +
+
+ = + =

16 s
E Ds
) 3 s (
C
3 s
B
s
A
s
2
2 2
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ + =

) s 48 s 16 s 3 s ( B ) 144 s 96 s 25 s 6 s ( A 288 s 36
2 3 4 2 3 4 2
+ + + + + + + + = +
) s 9 s 6 s ( E ) s 9 s 6 s ( D ) s 16 s ( C
2 3 2 3 4 3
+ + + + + + + +

0
s : A 144 288 = (1)
1
s : E 9 C 16 B 48 A 96 0 + + + = (2)
2
s : E 6 D 9 B 16 A 25 36 + + + = (3)
3
s : E D 6 C B 3 A 6 0 + + + + = (4)
4
s : (5) D B A 0 + + =

Solving equations (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5) gives
2 A = , B , C 7984 . 1 - = 16 . 8 - = , D 2016 . 0 - = , 765 . 2 E =

16 s
) 4 )( 6912 . 0 (
16 s
s 2016 . 0
) 3 s (
16 . 8
3 s
7984 . 1
s
4
) s ( V
2 2 2
+
+
+
+
=

= ) t ( v V ) t 4 sin( 6912 . 0 ) t 4 cos( 2016 . 0 e t 16 . 8 e 7984 . 1 ) t ( u 4
-3t -3t
+


Consider the op-amp circuit below.
R
2

+
V
o

0
+

R
1
1/sC
+
V
s

At node 0,

sC ) V 0 (
R
V 0
R
0 V
o
2
o
1
s
+

( )
o
2
1 s
V - sC
R
1
R V
|
.
|
\
|
+ =

2 1 1 s
o
R R C sR
1 -
V
V
+
=

But 2
10
20
R
R
2
1
= = , 1 ) 10 50 )( 10 20 ( C R
6 - 3
1
= =

So,
2 s
1 -
V
V
s
o
+
=

) 5 s ( 3 V e 3 V
s
-5t
s
+ = =

5) 2)(s (s
3 -
V
o
+ +
=

5 s
B
2 s
A
5) 2)(s (s
3
V -
o
+
+
+
=
+ +
=

1 A = , -1 B=

2 s
1
5 s
1
V
o
+
+
=

= ) t ( v
o
( ) ) t ( u e e
-2t -5t


For mesh 1,
I
2
2s
I
1
+

10/(s + 3) 1
2s
s
1
2 2 1
I s I I ) s 2 1 (
3 s
10
+ =
+

2 1
I ) s 1 ( I ) s 2 1 (
3 s
10
+ + =
+
(1)

For mesh 2,
1 1 2
I s I I ) s 2 2 ( 0 + =
2 1
I ) 1 s ( 2 I ) s 1 ( - 0 + + + = (2)

(1) and (2) in matrix form,

(
+ +
+ +
=
(
+
2
1
I
I
) 1 s ( 2 ) 1 s ( -
) 1 s ( - 1 s 2
0
) 3 s ( 10

1 s 4 s 3
2
+ + =

3 s
) 1 s ( 20
1
+
+
=

3 s
) 1 s ( 10
2
+
+
=
Thus
=
=
1
1
I
) 1 s 4 s 3 )( 3 s (
) 1 s ( 20
2
+ + +
+

=
=
2
2
I
) 1 s 4 s 3 )( 3 s (
) 1 s ( 10
2
+ + +
+
2
I
1
=


Consider the circuit shown below.

+
V
o

I
1

+

1
2s s
I
2
s

6/s 2

For mesh 1,
2 1
I s I ) s 2 1 (
s
6
+ + = (1)

For mesh 2,
2 1
I ) s 2 ( I s 0 + + =

2 1
I
s
2
1 - I |
.
|
\
|
+ = (2)

Substituting (2) into (1) gives
2
2
2 2
I
s
2) 5s (s -
I s I
s
2
1 2s) -(1
s
6 + +
= + |
.
|
\
|
+ + =

or
2 s 5 s
6 -
I
2 2
+ +
=

4.561) 0.438)(s (s
12 -
2 s 5 s
12 -
I 2 V
2 2 o
+ +
=
+ +
= =

Since the roots of s are -0.438 and -4.561, 0 2 s 5
2
= + +

561 . 4 s
B
438 . 0 s
A
V
o
+
+
+
=

-2.91
4.123
12 -
A = = , 91 . 2
4.123 -
12 -
B = =

561 . 4 s
91 . 2
0.438 s
2.91 -
) s ( V
o
+
+
+
=

= ) t ( v
o
| | V ) t ( u e e 91 . 2
t 438 . 0 -4.561t


1 : 2
I
o
+

10/(s + 1)
1
4/s
8

Let
1 s 2
8
s 4 8
) s 4 )( 8 (
s
4
|| 8 Z
L
+
=
+
= =

When this is reflected to the primary side,

2 n ,
n
Z
1 Z
2
L
in
= + =

1 s 2
3 s 2
1 s 2
2
1 Z
in
+
+
=
+
+ =

3 s 2
1 s 2
1 s
10
Z
1
1 s
10
I
in
o
+
+
+
=
+
=

5 . 1 s
B
1 s
A
) 5 . 1 s )( 1 s (
5 s 10
I
o
+
+
+
=
+ +
+
=

-10 A = , 20 B=

5 . 1 s
20
1 s
10 -
) s ( I
o
+
+
+
=

= ) t ( i
o
| | A ) t ( u e e 2 10
t -1.5t


) s ( X ) s ( H ) s ( Y = ,
1 s 3
12
3 1 s
4
) s ( X
+
=
+
=

2 2
2
) 1 s 3 (
3 4 s 8
3
4
) 1 s 3 (
s 12
) s ( Y
+
+
=
+
=

2 2
) 3 1 s (
1
27
4
) 3 1 s (
s
9
8
3
4
) s ( Y
+

+
=

Let
2
) 3 1 s (
s
9
8 -
) s (
+
= G

Using the time differentiation property,
|
.
|
\
|
+ = =
3 t - 3 t - 3 t -
e e t
3
1 -
9
8 -
) e t (
dt
d
9
8 -
) t ( g

3 t - 3 t -
e
9
8
e t
27
8
) t ( g =

Hence,
3 t - 3 t - 3 t -
e t
27
4
e
9
8
e t
27
8
) t ( u
3
4
) t ( y + =

= ) t ( y
3 t - 3 t -
e t
27
4
e
9
8
) t ( u
3
4
+


s
1
) s ( X ) t ( u ) t ( x = =

4 s
s 10
) s ( Y ) t 2 cos( 10 ) t ( y
2
+
= =

= =
) s ( X
) s ( Y
) s ( H
4 s
s 10
2
2
+


(a) ) s ( X ) s ( H ) s ( Y =

s
1
5 s 4 s
3 s
2

+ +
+
=

5 s 4 s
C Bs
s
A
) 5 s 4 s ( s
3 s
2 2
+ +
+
+ =
+ +
+
=

Cs Bs ) 5 s 4 s ( A 3 s
2 2
+ + + + = +

0
s : 5 3 A A 5 3 = =
1
s : 5 7 - A 4 1 C C A 4 1 = = + =
2
s : 5 3 - -A B B A 0 = = + =

5 s 4 s
7 s 3
5
1
s
5 3
) s ( Y
2
+ +
+
=

1 ) 2 s (
1 ) 2 s ( 3
5
1
s
6 . 0
) s ( Y
2
+ +
+ +
=

= ) t ( y | | ) t ( u ) t sin( e 2 . 0 ) t cos( e 6 . 0 6 . 0
-2t -2t

(b)
2
2t -
) 2 s (
6
) s ( X e t 6 ) t ( x
+
= =

2 2
) 2 s (
6
5 s 4 s
3 s
) s ( X ) s ( H ) s ( Y
+
+ +
+
= =

5 s 4 s
D Cs
) 2 s (
B
2 s
A
) 5 s 4 s ( ) 2 s (
) 3 s ( 6
) s ( Y
2 2 2 2
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
=
+ + +
+
=

3
s : (1) -A C C A 0 = + =
2
s : D B A 2 D C 4 B A 6 0 + + = + + + = (2)
1
s : D 4 B 4 A 9 D 4 C 4 B 4 A 13 6 + + = + + + = (3)
0
s : B A 2 D 4 B 5 A 10 18 + = + + = (4)

Solving (1), (2), (3), and (4) gives
6 A = , 6 B= , 6 - C = , -18 D =

1 ) 2 s (
18 s 6
) 2 s (
6
2 s
6
) s ( Y
2 2
+ +
+
+
+
+
=

1 ) 2 s (
6
1 ) 2 s (
) 2 s ( 6
) 2 s (
6
2 s
6
) s ( Y
2 2 2
+ +
+ +
+
+
+
+
=

= ) t ( y | | ) t ( u ) t sin( e 6 ) t cos( e 6 e t 6 e 6
-2t -2t -2t -2t
+


) s ( X
) s ( Y
) s ( H = ,
s
1
) s ( X =

16 ) 2 s (
) 4 )( 3 (
16 ) 2 s (
s 2
) 3 s ( 2
1
s
4
) s ( Y
2 2
+ +
+ +
+
+ =

= = ) s ( Y s ) s ( H
20 s 4 s
s 12
20 s 4 s
s 2
) 3 s ( 2
s
4
2 2
2
+ +
+ +
+
+


+
V
o
(s)
V
o
10/s
2
4
+

V
s

s

Using nodal analysis,

s 10
V
4
V
2 s
V V
o o o s
+ =
+

o
2
o s
V ) s 2 s (
10
1
) 2 s (
4
1
1 V
10
s
4
1
2 s
1
) 2 s ( V |
.
|
\
|
+ + + + = |
.
|
\
|
+ +
+
+ =

( )
o
2
s
V 30 s 9 s 2
20
1
V + + =

=
s
o
V
V
30 s 9 s 2
20
2
+ +


+
V
o

I
V
1
+

2/s
2I
s
V
s
3

At node 1,
3 s
V
I I 2
1
+
= + , where
s 2
V V
I
1 s

=

3 s
V
s 2
V V
3
1 1 s
+
=

1 s
1
V
2
s 3
V
2
s 3
3 s
V
=
+

s 1
V
2
s 3
V
2
s 3
3 s
1
= |
.
|
\
|
+
+

s 2 1
V
2 s 9 s 3
) 3 s ( s 3
V
+ +
+
=

s 2 1 o
V
2 s 9 s 3
s 9
V
3 s
3
V
+ +
=
+
=

= =
s
o
V
V
) s ( H
2 s 9 s 3
s 9
2
+ +


From the previous problem,

s 2
1
V
2 s 9 s 3
s 3
3 s
V
I 3
+ +
=
+
=

s 2
V
2 s 9 s 3
s
I
+ +
=

But
o
2
s
V
s 9
2 s 9 s 3
V
+ +
=

2
2
3 9 2
3 9 2 9 9
o
o
V s s s
I V
s s s
+ +
=
+ +
=

= =
I
V
) s ( H
o
9


(a) Consider the circuit shown below.
3 2s
+
V
x

2/s
+

I
1
I
2
+

V
s
4V
x

For loop 1,
2 1 s
I
s
2
I
s
2
3 V |
.
|
\
|
+ = (1)

For loop 2,
0 I
s
2
I
s
2
s 2 V 4
1 2 x
= |
.
|
\
|
+ +

But, |
.
|
\
|
=
s
2
) I I ( V
2 1 x

So, 0 I
s
2
I
s
2
s 2 ) I I (
s
8
1 2 2 1
= |
.
|
\
|
+ +

2 1
I s 2
s
6
I
s
6 -
0 |
.
|
\
|
+ = (2)

In matrix form, (1) and (2) become
(
+
=
(
2
1 s
I
I
s 2 s 6 s 6 -
s 2 - s 2 3
0
V

|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
s
2
s
6
s 2
s
6
s
2
3

4 s 6
s
18
=

s 1
V s 2
s
6
|
.
|
\
|
= ,
s 2
V
s
6
=

s
1
1
V
s 6 4 s 18
) s 2 s 6 (
I

=

=

=
3 2 s 9
s s 3
V
I
s
1
9 s 2 s 3
3 s
2
2
+

(b)
=
2
2
I

|
.
|
\
|

= =
2 1
2 1 x
s
2
) I I (
s
2
V

=
s s
x
V 4 - ) s 6 s 2 s 6 ( V s 2
V

= =
s
s
x
2
4V -
V s 6
V
I
2s
3 -


(a) Consider the following circuit.

1
+
V
o

s
I
s
1/s
V
o
V
1
1/s
+

V
s

1
I
o
At node 1,
s
V V
V s
1
V V
o 1
1
1 s

+ =

o 1 s
V
s
1
V
s
1
s 1 V |
.
|
\
|
+ + = (1)

At node o,
o o o
o 1
V ) 1 s ( V V s
s
V V
+ = + =

o
2
1
V ) 1 s s ( V + + = (2)

Substituting (2) into (1)
o o
2
s
V s 1 V ) 1 s s )( s 1 1 s ( V + + + + =
o
2 3
s
V ) 2 s 3 s 2 s ( V + + + =

= =
s
o
1
V
V
) s ( H
2 s 3 s 2 s
1
2 3
+ + +

(b)
o
2
o
2 3
1 s s
V ) 1 s s ( V ) 2 s 3 s 2 s ( V V I + + + + + = =
o
2 3
s
V ) 1 s 2 s s ( I + + + =

= =
s
o
2
I
V
) s ( H
1 s 2 s s
1
2 3
+ + +

(c)
1
V
I
o
o
=

= = = = ) s ( H
I
V
I
I
) s ( H
2
s
o
s
o
3
1 s 2 s s
1
2 3
+ + +

(d). = = = = ) s ( H
V
V
V
I
) s (
1
s
o
s
o
4
H
2 s 3 s 2 s
1
2 3
+ + +


Consider the circuit below.
+
V
o

I
o
+

1/sC
R
V
b

V
a
+
V
s

Since no current enters the op amp, flows through both R and C.
o
I
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
sC
1
R I - V
o o

sC
I -
V V V
o
s b a
= = =

=
+
= =
sC 1
sC 1 R
V
V
) s ( H
s
o
1 sRC+


(a)
L R s
L R
sL R
R
V
V
) s ( H
s
o
+
=
+
= =

= ) t ( h ) t ( u e
L
R
L Rt -

(b) s 1 ) s ( V ) t ( u ) t ( v
s s
= =

L R s
B
s
A
) L R s ( s
L R
V
L R s
L R
V
s o
+
+ =
+
=
+
=

1 A = , -1 B =

L R s
1
s
1
V
o
+
=

= = ) t ( u e ) t ( u ) t ( v
L -Rt
o
) t ( u ) e 1 (
L -Rt


) s ( X ) s ( H ) s ( Y =

1 s
2
) s ( H ) t ( u e 2 ) t ( h
t -
+
= =

s 5 ) s ( X ) s ( V ) t ( u 5 ) t ( v
i i
= = =

1 s
B
s
A
) 1 s ( s
10
) s ( Y
+
+ =
+
=

10 A = , -10 B =

1 s
10
s
10
) s ( Y
+
=

= ) t ( y ) t ( u ) e 1 ( 10
-t


) s ( X ) s ( Y ) s ( Y s 2 = +

) s ( X ) s ( Y ) 1 s 2 ( = +

) 2 1 s ( 2
1
1 s 2
1
) s ( X
) s ( Y
) s ( H
+
=
+
= =

= ) t ( h ) t ( u e 5 . 0
2 -t


i(t)
+

1
1F u(t)
1H
First select the inductor current i
L
and the capacitor voltage v
C
to be the state
variables.

Applying KVL we get:

'
C C
v i ; 0 ' i v i ) t ( u = = + + +
Thus,

) t ( u i v i
i v
C
'
'
C
+ =
=

Finally we get,
| | | | ) t ( u 0
i
v
1 0 ) t ( i ; ) t ( u
1
0
i
v
1 1
1 0
i
v C C
C
+
(
=
(
+
(

=
(
(


1/8 F
1H
) t ( u 4
2
+

+
v
x

4

L
and the capacitor voltage v
C
to be the state
variables.

Applying KCL we get:

L C x x L C
'
C
C
'
C
C x
x
'
L
x L
'
C
'
C x
L
i 3333 . 1 v 3333 . 0 v or ; v 2 i 4 v
2
v
v
8
v
4 v v
v ) t ( u 4 i
v 4 i 8 v or ; 0
8
v
2
v
i
+ = + = + = + =
=
= = + +

L C
'
L
L C L C L
'
C
i 3333 . 1 v 3333 . 0 ) t ( u 4 i
i 666 . 2 v 3333 . 1 i 333 . 5 v 3333 . 1 i 8 v
=
+ = =

Now we can write the state equations.

(
=
(
+
(
=
(
(
L
C
x
L
C
'
L
'
C
i
v
3333 . 1
3333 . 0
v ; ) t ( u
4
0
i
v
3333 . 1 3333 . 0
666 . 2 3333 . 1
i
v


L
(current flowing left to right) and the capacitor voltage
v
C
(voltage positive on the left and negative on the right) to be the state variables.

Applying KCL we get:

2 o
'
L
o L
'
C L
o
'
C
v v i
v 2 i 4 v or 0 i
2
v
4
v
=
+ = = + +

1 C o
v v v + =

2 1 C
'
L
1 C L
'
C
v v v i
v 2 v 2 i 4 v
+ =
+ =

| | | |
(
+
(
=
(

+
(
=
(
(
) t ( v
) t ( v
0 1
v
i
1 0 ) t ( v ;
) t ( v
) t ( v
0 2
1 1
v
i
2 4
1 0
v
i
2
1
C
L
o
2
1
C
L
C
L


L
(left to right) and the capacitor voltage v
C
to be
the state variables.

Letting v
o
= v
C
and applying KCL we get:

s C
'
L
s L C
'
C s
C '
C L
v v i
i i v 25 . 0 v or 0 i
4
v
v i
+ =
+ + = = + +

Thus,
(
+
(
=
(
+
(
(
=
(
(
s
s
L
C
o
s
s
'
L
'
C
'
L
'
C
i
v
0 0
0 0
i
v
0
1
) t ( v ;
i
v
0 1
1 0
i
v
0 1
1 25 . 0
i
v


L
(left to right) and the capacitor voltage v
C
(+ on the
left) to be the state variables.

Letting i
1
=
4
v
'
C
and i
2
= i
L
and applying KVL we get:
Loop 1:

1 C
L
'
C L
'
C
C 1
v 2 v 2 i 4 v or 0 i
4
v
2 v v + = =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
Loop 2:

2 1 C 2
1 C L
L
'
L
2
'
L
'
C
L
v v v v
2
v 2 v 2 i 4
i 2 i
or 0 v i
4
v
i 2
+ =
+
+ =
= + +
|
|
.
|
\
|

1 C L
1 C L
1
v 5 . 0 v 5 . 0 i
4
v 2 v 2 i 4
i + =
+
=

(
+
(

=
(

+
(
=
(
(
) t ( v
) t ( v
0 0
0 5 . 0
v
i
0 1
5 . 0 1
) t ( i
) t ( i
;
) t ( v
) t ( v
0 2
1 1
v
i
2 4
1 0
v
i
2
1
C
L
2
1
2
1
C
L
C
L


Let x
1
= y(t). Thus, ) t ( z x 4 x 3 y x and x y x
2 1
'
2 2
' '
1
+ = = = =

This gives our state equations.

| | | | ) t ( z 0
x
x
0 1 ) t ( y ; ) t ( z
1
0
x
x
4 3
1 0
x
x
2
1
2
1
'
2
'
1
+
(
=
(
+
(

=
(
(


z x y or z y z x x and ) t ( y x Let
2
' ' '
1 2 1
+ = = = =

Thus,
z 3 x 5 x 6 z z 2 z ) z x ( 5 x 6 z y x
2 1
' '
2 1
' '
2
= + + + = =

This now leads to our state equations,

| | | | ) t ( z 0
x
x
0 1 ) t ( y ; ) t ( z
3
1
x
x
5 6
1 0
x
x
2
1
2
1
'
2
'
1
+
(
=
(
+
(

=
(
(


Let x
1
= y(t), x
2
= . x x and , x
'
2 3
'
1
=
Thus,
) t ( z x 6 x 11 x 6 x
3 2 1
"
3
+ =

We can now write our state equations.

| | | | ) t ( z 0
x
x
x
0 0 1 ) t ( y ; ) t ( z
1
0
0
x
x
x
6 11 6
1 0 0
0 1 0
x
x
x
3
2
1
3
2
1
'
3
'
2
'
1
+
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
+
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(


We transform the state equations into the s-domain and solve using Laplace
transforms.

|
.
|
\
|
+ =
s
1
B ) s ( AX ) 0 ( x ) s ( sX

Assume the initial conditions are zero.

(
+
+ +
= |
.
|
\
|
(
+
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
) s / 2 (
0
4 s 2
4 s
8 s 4 s
1
s
1
2
0
s 2
4 4 s
) s ( X
s
1
B ) s ( X ) A sI (
2
1

2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
1
2 ) 2 s (
2
2 ) 2 s (
) 2 s (
s
1
2 ) 2 s (
4 s
s
1
8 s 4 s
4 s
s
1
) 8 s 4 s ( s
8
) s ( X ) s ( Y
+ +

+
+ +
+
+ =
+ +

+ =
+ +

+ =
+ +
= =

y(t) = ( ) ( ) ) t ( u t 2 sin t 2 cos e 1
t 2
+


Assume that the initial conditions are zero. Using Laplace transforms we get,

(
+
+
+ +
=
(
+
+
=

s / 4
s / 3
2 s 2
1 4 s
10 s 6 s
1
s / 2
s / 1
0 4
1 1
4 s 2
1 2 s
) s ( X
2
1

2 2 2 2
1
1 ) 3 s (
8 . 1 s 8 . 0
s
8 . 0
) 1 ) 3 s (( s
8 s 3
X
+ +

+ =
+ +
+
=

2 2 2 2
1 ) 3 s (
1
6 .
1 ) 3 s (
3 s
8 . 0
s
8 . 0
+ +
+
+ +
+
=

) t ( u ) t sin e 6 . 0 t cos e 8 . 0 8 . 0 ( ) t ( x
t 3 t 3
1

+ =

2 2 2 2
2
1 ) 3 s (
4 . 4 s 4 . 1
s
4 . 1
1 ) 3 s (( s
14 s 4
X
+ +

+ =
+ +
+
=

2 2 2 2
1 ) 3 s (
1
2 . 0
1 ) 3 s (
3 s
4 . 1
s
4 . 1
+ +
+ +
+
=

) t ( u ) t sin e 2 . 0 t cos e 4 . 1 4 . 1 ( ) t ( x
t 3 t 3
2

=

) t ( u ) t sin e 8 . 0 t cos e 4 . 4 4 . 2 (
) t ( u 2 ) t ( x 2 ) t ( x 2 ) t ( y
t 3 t 3
2 1 1

+ =
+ =

) t ( u ) t sin e 6 . 0 t cos e 8 . 0 2 . 1 ( ) t ( u 2 ) t ( x ) t ( y
t 3 t 3
1 2

+ = =


If is the voltage across R, applying KCL at the non-reference node gives
o
V

o
o
o
o
s
V
sL
1
sC
R
1
sL
V
V sC
R
V
I |
.
|
\
|
+ + = + + =

RLC s R sL
I sRL
sL
1
sC
R
1
I
V
2
s s
o
+ +
=
+ +
=

R sL RLC s
I sL
R
V
I
2
s o
o
+ +
= =

LC 1 RC s s
RC s
R sL RLC s
sL
I
I
) s ( H
2 2
s
o
+ +
=
+ +
= =
The roots

LC
1
) RC 2 (
1
RC 2
1 -
s
2 2 , 1
=

both lie in the left half plane since R, L, and C are positive quantities.

Thus, the circuit is stable.


(a)
1 s
3
) s ( H
1
+
= ,
4 s
1
) s ( H
2
+
=

) 4 s )( 1 s (
3
) s ( H ) s ( H ) s ( H
2 1
+ +
= =

| |
(
+
+
+
= =
4 s
B
1 s
A
) s ( H ) t ( h
1 - 1 -
L L

1 A = , 1 - B =
= ) t ( h ) t ( u ) e e (
-4t -t

(b) Since the poles of H(s) all lie in the left half s-plane, the system is stable.


Let be the voltage at the output of the first op amp.
1 o
V

sRC
1
R
sC 1
V
V
s
1 o

=
= ,
sRC
1
V
V
1 o
o

=

2 2 2
s
o
C R s
1
V
V
) s ( H = =

2 2
C R
t
) t ( h =

=

) t ( h lim
t
, i.e. the output is unbounded.

Hence, the circuit is unstable.


LC s 1
sL
sC
1
sL
sC
1
sL
sC
1
|| sL
2
+
=
+
=

R sL RLC s
sL
LC s 1
sL
R
LC s 1
sL
V
V
2
2
2
1
2
+ +
=
+
+
+
=

LC
1
RC
1
s s
RC
1
s
V
V
2
1
2
+ +
=

Comparing this with the given transfer function,
RC
1
2 = ,
LC
1
6 =

If , = k 1 R = =
R 2
1
C F 500

= =
C 6
1
L H 3 . 333


The circuit in the s-domain is shown below.
+
V
x

V
1
+

R
1

C R
2
L
V
i

Z
C sR LC s 1
sL R
sC 1 sL R
) sL R ( ) sC 1 (
) sL R ( ||
sC
1
Z
2
2
2
2
2
2
+ +
+
=
+ +
+
= + =

i
1
1
V
Z R
Z
V
+
=

i
1 2
2
1
2
2
o
V
Z R
Z
sL R
R
V
sL R
R
V
+
+
=
+
=

C sR LC s 1
sL R
R
C sR LC s 1
sL R
sL R
R
Z R
Z
sL R
R
V
V
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1 2
2
i
o
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
=
+
+
=

sL R R C R sR LC R s
R
V
V
2 1 2 1 1
2
2
i
o
+ + + +
=

LC R
R R
C R
1
L
R
s s
LC R
R
V
V
1
2 1
1
2
2
1
2
i
o
+
+
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
=

LC R
R
5
1
2
=
C R
1
L
R
6
1
2
+ =
LC R
R R
25
1
2 1
+
=

Since and , = 4 R
1
= 1 R
2
20
1
LC
LC 4
1
5 = = (1)

C 4
1
L
1
6 + = (2)

20
1
LC
LC 4
5
25 = =

0 1 C 24 C 80
C 4
1
C 20 6
2
= + + =

Thus,
20
1
,
4
1
C =

When
4
1
C = ,
5
1
C 20
1
L = = .

When
20
1
C = , 1
C 20
1
L = = .

Therefore, there are two possible solutions.
= C F 25 . 0 = L H 2 . 0 or = C F 05 . 0 = L H 1


We apply KCL at the noninverting terminal at the op amp.
) Y Y )( V 0 ( Y ) 0 V (
2 1 o 3 s
=
o 2 1 s 3
V ) Y Y ( - V Y + =

2 1
3
s
o
Y Y
Y -
V
V
+
=

Let ,
1 1
sC Y =
1 2
R 1 Y = ,
2 3
sC Y =

1 1
1 2
1 1
2
s
o
C R 1 s
C sC -
R 1 sC
sC -
V
V
+
=
+
=

1
C
C
1
2
= , 10
C R
1
1 1
=

If , = k 1 R
1

= = =
4 2 1
10
1
C C F 100


Consider the circuit shown below. We notice that
o 3
V V = and
o 3 2
V V V = = .
Y
4

Y
3
Y
1

V
1
V
2
Y
2

+

+
V
o

V
in

At node 1,
4 o 1 2 o 1 1 1 in
Y ) V V ( Y ) V V ( Y ) V V ( + =
) Y Y ( V ) Y Y Y ( V Y V
4 2 o 4 2 1 1 1 in
+ + + = (1)
At node 2,
3 o 2 o 1
Y ) 0 V ( Y ) V V ( =
o 3 2 2 1
V ) Y Y ( Y V + =

o
2
3 2
1
V
Y
Y Y
V
+
= (2)

) Y Y ( V V ) Y Y Y (
Y
Y Y
Y V
4 2 o o 4 2 1
2
3 2
1 in
+ + +
+
=

) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y ( V Y Y V
4 2
2
2 4 3 3 2 3 1 4 2
2
2 2 1 o 2 1 in
+ + + + + =

4 3 3 2 3 1 2 1
2 1
in
o
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Y Y
V
V
+ + +
=

1
Y and must be resistive, while and must be capacitive.
2
Y
3
Y
4
Y

Let
1
1
R
1
Y = ,
2
2
R
1
Y = ,
1 3
sC Y = ,
2 4
sC Y =

2 1
2
2
1
1
1
2 1
2 1
in
o
C C s
R
sC
R
sC
R R
1
R R
1
V
V
+ + +
=

2 1 2 1 2 2 1
2 1
2
2 1 2 1
in
o
C C R R
1
C R R
R R
s s
C C R R
1
V
V
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
=

Choose R , then = k 1
1

6
2 1 2 1
10
C C R R
1
= and 100
C R
R R
2 2 1
2 1
=
R
+

We have three equations and four unknowns. Thus, there is a family of solutions. One
such solution is
=
2
R k 1 , C =
1
nF 50 , =
2
C F 20


With the following MATLAB codes, the Bode plots are generated as shown below.

num=[1 1];
den= [1 5 6];
bode(num,den);


We use the following codes to obtain the Bode plots below.

num=[1 4];
den= [1 6 11 6];
bode(num,den);


The following codes are used to obtain the Bode plots below.

num=[1 1];
den= [1 0.5 1];
bode(num,den);


We use the following commands to obtain the unit step as shown below.

num=[1 2];
den= [1 4 3];
step(num,den);


With the following commands, we obtain the response as shown below.

t=0:0.01:5;
x=10*exp(-t);
num=4;
den= [1 5 6];
y=lsim(num,den,x,t);
plot(t,y)


We obtain the response below using the following commands.

t=0:0.01:5;
x=1 + 3*exp(-2*t);
num=[1 0];
den= [1 6 11 6];
plot(t,y)


We obtain the response below using the following MATLAB commands.

t=0:0.01:5;
x=5*exp(-3*t);
num=1;
den= [1 1 4];
plot(t,y)


Using the result of Practice Problem 16.14,
) Y Y Y ( Y Y Y
Y Y -
V
V
3 2 1 4 3 2
2 1
i
o
+ + +
=

When ,
1 1
sC Y = F 5 . 0 C
1
=

1
2
R
1
Y = , = k 10 R
1

2 3
Y Y = ,
2 4
sC Y = , F 1 C
2
=

) R sC 2 ( R sC 1
R sC -
) R 2 sC ( sC R 1
R sC -
V
V
1 1 1 2
1 1
1 1 2
2
1
1 1
i
o
+ +
=
+ +
=

1 R C 2 s R C C s
R sC -
V
V
1 2
2
1 2 1
2
1 1
i
o
+ +
=

1 ) 10 )(10 10 (1 ) 2 ( s ) 10 )(10 10 )(1 10 (0.5 s
) 10 )(10 10 (0.5 s -
V
V
3 6 - 2 3 6 - 6 - 2
3 -6
i
o
+ +

=

4 2
i
o
10 2 s 400 s
s 100 -
V
V
+ +
=

Therefore,
= a 100 - , = b 400 , = c
4
10 2


(a) Let
3 s
) 1 s ( K
) s ( Y
+
+
=

K
s 3 1
) s 1 1 ( K
lim
3 s
) 1 s ( K
lim ) ( Y
s s
=
+
+
=
+
+
=

i.e. . K 25 . 0 =

Hence, Y = ) s (
) 3 s ( 4
1 s
+
+

(b) Consider the circuit shown below.
I
V
s
= 8 V
+

t = 0
Y
S

s 8 V ) t ( u 8 V
s s
= =

) 3 s ( s
) 1 s ( 2
3 s
1 s
s 4
8
) s ( V ) s ( Y
Z
V
I
s
s
+
+
=
+
+
= = =

3 s
B
s
A
I
+
+ =

3 2 A = , 3 4 - B =

= ) t ( i [ ] A ) t ( u e 4 2
3
1
3t -


The gyrator is equivalent to two cascaded inverting amplifiers. Let be the
voltage at the output of the first op amp.
1
V

i i 1
-V V
R
R -
V = =

i 1 o
V
sCR
1
V
R
sC 1 -
V = =

C sR
V
R
V
I
2
o o
o
= =

C sR
I
V
2
o
o
=

C R L when , sL
I
V
2
o
o
= =

Consider The S-Domain Form of The Circuit Which Is Shown Below

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Consider The S-Domain Form of The Circuit Which Is Shown Below

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Chapter 16, Solution 1.

Consider the s-domain form of the circuit which is shown below.

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