February 5, 2006

CHAPTER 15

L[ t u ( t )] = ∫
∞
P.P.15.1 0
t e -st dt

Using integration by parts,

∫ u dv = uv − ∫ v du
Let u=t ⎯
⎯→ du = dt .
- 1 -st
e -st dt = dv ⎯
⎯→ v = e
s

e -st 1
L[ t u ( t )] = e -st
-t ∞ 1 -st
∞
0 +∫ e dt = 0 + 2 ∞
0 =
s 0 s s s2

Also,

L[ e at u ( t )] = ∫
∞ - 1 -( s − a ) t 1
e at e -st dt = e ∞
=
0 s−a 0
s−a

L[ cos(ωt )] = ∫-∞
1 jωt
( e + e - jωt ) e -st dt
∞
P.P.15.2
2
L[ cos(ωt )] = ∫0 e -(s- jω) t dt + ∫0 e -(s+ jω) t dt
1 ∞ 1 ∞
2 2
1⎛ 1 1 ⎞
L[ cos(ωt )] = ⎜
s
+ ⎟= 2
2 ⎝ s − jω s + jω ⎠ s + ω 2

P.P.15.3 If f ( t ) = cos(2 t ) + e -3t ,

s 1 s 2 + 3s + s 2 + 4
F(s) = 2 + =
s + 4 s + 3 (s 2 + 4)(s + 3)
2s 2 + 3s + 4
F(s) =
(s + 3)(s 2 + 4)

P.P.15.4 Given f ( t ) = t 2 cos(3t )

L[ cos(3t )] = 2
s
From P.P.15.2,
s +9
d2 ⎛ s ⎞
F(s) = L[ t 2 cos(3t )] = ( - 1) ⎜ ⎟
2
Using Eq. 15.34,
ds 2 ⎝ s 2 + 9 ⎠
 d2
[ ] d2
[
F(s) = 2 s s + 9 = 2 (1) ( s 2 + 9) − (s)( 2s) ( s 2 + 9)
( 2 ) -1 -1 -2
]
ds ds
F(s) = ( - 2s) ( s + 9 ) − ( 4s) ( s 2 + 9 ) + ( 4s 2 ) ( 2s) ( s 2 + 9 )
2 -2 -2 -3

2s 3 − 54s
F(s) = ( - 6s) ( s 2 + 9 ) + ( 8s 3 )( s 2 + 9 ) = 2
-2 -3

( s + 9) 3
2s ( s 2 − 27 )
F(s) =
( s 2 + 9) 3

P.P.15.5 h ( t ) = 10 [ u ( t ) − u ( t − 2)] + 5 [ u ( t − 2) − u ( t − 4)]

⎛ 1 e -2s ⎞ ⎛ e -2s e -4s ⎞

H(s) = 10 ⎜ − ⎟ + 5⎜ − ⎟
⎝s s ⎠ ⎝ s s ⎠

H (s ) =
5
( 2 − e -2s − e -4s )
s

P.P.15.6 T=5
f1 ( t ) = u ( t ) − u ( t − 2)

F1 (s) = (1 − e -2s )
1
s

F1 (s) 1 − e -2s
F(s) = =
1 − e -Ts s (1 − e -5s )

s 3 + 2s + 6
P.P.15.7 g (0) = lim sF(s) = lim
s → ∞ (s + 2s + 1)(s + 3)
2
s →∞

2 6
1+ 2 + 3
s s
g(0) = lim =1
s →∞ ⎛ 2 1 ⎞⎛ 3 ⎞
⎜1 + + 2 ⎟⎜1 + ⎟
⎝ s s ⎠⎝ s ⎠

Since all poles s = 0, - 1, - 1, - 3 lie in the left-hand s-plane, we can apply the final-value
theorem.
s 3 + 2s + 6
g (∞) = lim sF(s) = lim
s → 0 (s + 1) (s + 3)
2
s→0

6
g(∞) = lim 2 =2
s → 0 (1) (3)

4 5s
P.P.15.8 F(s) = 1 + − 2
s + 3 s + 16
 ⎡ 4 ⎤ -1 ⎡ 5s ⎤
f ( t ) = L-1 [ 1 ] + L-1 ⎢ −L ⎢ 2
⎣ s + 3 ⎥⎦ ⎣ s + 16 ⎥⎦
f ( t ) = δ( t ) + (4e -3t − 5 cos(4t ))u ( t ), t ≥ 0

A B C
P.P.15.9 F(s) = + +
s +1 s + 3 s + 4

6 (s + 2) 6
A = F(s) (s + 1) s= -1 = s = -1 = =1
(s + 3)(s + 4) (2)(3)
6 (s + 2) (6)(-1)
B = F(s) (s + 3) s= -3 = s = -3 = =3
(s + 1)(s + 4) (-2)(1)
6 (s + 2) (6)(-2)
C = F(s) (s + 4) s= -4 = s = -4 = = -4
(s + 1)(s + 3) (-3)(-1)

1 3 4
F(s) = + −
s +1 s + 3 s + 4

f ( t ) = (e -t + 3e -3t − 4e -4t )u ( t ), t ≥ 0

s 3 + 2s + 6 A B C D
P.P.15.10 G (s) = = + + 2 +
s (s + 1) (s + 3) s s + 1 (s + 1)
2
s+3

Multiplying both sides by s (s + 1) 2 (s + 3) gives

s 3 + 2s + 6 = A (s + 3)(s 2 + 2s + 1) + Bs (s + 1)(s + 3) + Cs (s + 3) + Ds (s + 1) 2
= A (s3 + 5s 2 + 7s + 3) + B (s 3 + 4s 2 + 3s) + C (s 2 + 3s) + D (s3 + 2s 2 + s)

Equating coefficients :
s0 : 6 = 3A ⎯ ⎯→ A = 2 (1)
s1 : 2 = 7 A + 3B + 3C + D ⎯
⎯→ 3B + 3C + D = -12 (2)
s :2
0 = 5A + 4 B + C + 2 D ⎯
⎯→ 4B + C + 2D = -10 (3)
s :3
1= A+ B+ D ⎯
⎯→ B + D = -1 (4)

Solving (2), (3), and (4) gives

- 13 -3 9
A = 2, B= , C= , D=
4 2 4

2 13 4 32 94
G (s) = − − 2 +
s s + 1 (s + 1) s+3
 g ( t ) = ( 2 − 3.25 e-t − 1.5 t e-t + 2.25 e-3t )u(t ), t ≥ 0

10 A Bs + C
P.P.15.11 G (s) = = + 2
(s + 1)(s + 4s + 13) s + 1 s + 4s + 13
2

Multiplying both sides by (s + 1)(s 2 + 4s + 13) gives

10 = A (s 2 + 4s + 13) + B (s 2 + s) + C (s + 1)

Equating coefficients :
s2 : 0= A+B ⎯ ⎯→ A = -B (1)
1
s : 0 = 4A + B + C ⎯
⎯→ C = -3A (2)
0
s : 10 = 13A + C ⎯
⎯→ 10 = 10A (3)

Solving (1), (2), and (3) gives

A = 1, B = -1 , C = -3

1 s+3 1 s+2 1
G (s) = − = − −
s + 1 (s + 2) + 9 s + 1 (s + 2) + 9 (s + 2) 2 + 9
2 2

1
g ( t ) = (e - t − e - 2t cos(3t ) − e - 2t sin(3t )), t ≥ 0
3

P.P.15.12

2 x2(λ)

For 0 < t < 1 , consider Fig. (a). x1(t - λ) 1

∫ (1)(1) dλ = t
t
y( t ) = 0
t-1 0 t 1 2 λ
(a)
 2
For 1 < t < 2 , consider Fig. (b).
∫ (1)(1) dλ + ∫1 (1)(2) dλ = λ
1 t
y( t ) = t
+ 2λ t 1
t −1 t −1 1

y( t ) = 1 − t + 1 + 2 ( t − 1) = t
0 t-1 1 t 2 λ
(b)

For 2 < t < 3 , consider Fig. (c). 2

∫
2
y( t ) = t −1
(1)( 2) dλ = 2 λ 2
t −1
1
y( t ) = 2 ( 2 − t + 1) = 6 − 2 t

0 1 t-1 2 t λ
For t > 3 , there is no overlap so y( t ) = 0 .
(c)

y(t)
Thus,
⎧ t 2
0<t<2
⎪
y( t ) = ⎨ 6 − 2t 2 < t < 3
⎪ 0
⎩ otherwise
0 1 2 3 t
The result of the convolution is shown in Fig. (d). (d)
P.P.15.13

3e-λ
g(t-λ)

t-1 0 t 1 λ 0 t-1 1 t λ
(a) (b)

For 0 < t < 1 , consider Fig. (a).

∫ (1) 3 e
t
y( t ) = 0
-λ
dλ = -3 e -λ t
0 = 3 (1 − e - t )

For t > 1 , consider Fig. (b).

 ∫
t
y( t ) = t −1
(1) 3 e -λ dλ = -3 e -λ t
t −1 = 3 e - t (e − 1)

Thus,
⎧ 3 (1 − e-t ) 0≤t≤1
⎪⎪ -t
y( t ) = ⎨3 e (e − 1) t≥1
⎪
⎪⎩ 0 elsewhere

P.P.15.14 The circuit in the s-domain is shown below.

+
+
Vs 2/s Vo
−
−

2s
Vo = V
1+ 2 s s

Vo 2
H(s) = = ⎯
⎯→ h ( t ) = 2 e -2t
Vs s + 2

∫
t
v o (t) = h(t) ∗ v s (t) = 0
h ( λ) v s ( t − λ) d λ
t
= ∫ 2 e- 2λ 10 e- (t − λ ) dλ
0
t
= 20 e- t ∫ e- 2 λ eλ dλ = 20 e- t (-e- λ ) 0t
0

= 20 (e − e -2t )u(t ) V
-t

P.P.15.15 Taking the Laplace transform of each term gives

[ s 2 V(s) − sv(0) − v′(0) ] + 4 [ sV(s) − v(0) ] + 4 V(s) = 1
s +1
1 s + 6s + 6
2
(s 2 + 4s + 4) V(s) = s + 5 + =
s +1 s +1
s + 6s + 6
2
A B C
V (s) = 2 = + +
(s + 1)(s + 2) s + 1 s + 2 (s + 2) 2
s 2 + 6s + 6 = A (s 2 + 4s + 4) + B (s 2 + 3s + 2) + C (s + 1)

Equating coefficients :
 s2 : 1= A+ B ⎯
⎯→ B = 1 − A or A = 1− B
1
s : 6 = 4A + 3B + C ⎯
⎯→ 6 = A + 3 + C or C = 3 − A
0
s : 6 = 4A + 2B + C ⎯
⎯→ 6 = 6 − B or B=0
Thus,
A = 1, B = 0, C=2
and
1 2
V(s) = +
s + 1 (s + 2) 2

Therefore,
v( t ) = (e -t + 2 t e -2t ) u(t ) Note, there were no units give for v(t).

P.P.15.16 Taking the Laplace transform of each term gives

2 2
sY (s) − y(0) + 3Y (s) + Y (s) =
s s+3
[ s 2 + 3s + 2] Y(s) = 2s
s+3
2s A B C
Y(s) = = + +
(s + 1)(s + 2)(s + 3) s + 1 s + 2 s + 3

A = Y (s) (s + 1) s= -1 = -1
B = Y (s) (s + 2) s= -2 = 4
C = Y (s) (s + 3) s = -3 = -3

-1 4 3
Y (s) = + −
s +1 s + 2 s + 3

y( t ) = (-e -t + 4 e -2t − 3 e -3t ) u(t )