Chapter 8 PDF

CBE 202 Part Two: Energy Balances
Chapter 8: Balance on Nonreactive Processes
Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering

Tae-Hyun Bae
Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
Office: 4108@W1-3
thbae@kaist.ac.kr
CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering

Chapter 8 Key concepts
Close Open
ΔU + ΔEk + ΔEP = Q + W ∆𝑯̇ + ∆𝑬̇ 𝒌 + ∆𝑬̇ 𝒑 = 𝑸̇ + 𝑾̇ 𝒔
Open system: ∆𝐻̇ = % 𝑚̇ % 𝐻

'% − % 𝑚̇ % 𝐻
'% How to find?
1. From heat
!"#$"# &'$"# capacity
'% − % 𝑚% 𝑈
'% 2. Data
Closed system: ∆𝑈 = % 𝑚% 𝑈 table/chart
(&')* &'&#&)*
• Pressure change
Typical processes • Sensible heat
that cause the
enthalpy/internal • Latent heat/Phase change
energy change • Mixing/Solution
• Heat of reaction (Chapter 9)
CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 2
Chapter 8.1: Hypothetical
Process Path
• U and H Properties
• Hypothetical Path

8.1: Hypothetical Process Path – U and H
• U and H à State function (independent of path)
P b 2 Example: From State 1 to State 2
c
∆H1-2 = H2 - H1
Regardless of:
a Path A, Path B, Path C, Path D
1
T

Changes in enthalpy and internal energy
/
Calculating ∆𝑯𝒂𝒏𝒅 / associated with certain processes:
∆𝑼
specifically
1. Change in P @ constant T
2. Change in T @ constant P
3. Phase change @ constant T, P (melting and vaporising)
4. Mixing of liquids, or dissolving gas/solid in liquid
@ constant T, P
5. Chemical reaction @ constant T, P (Chapter 9)

True path vs. hypothetical path 300ºC, 3 atm
Solid 25°C, /
∆𝐻 Phenol
Phenol 1 atm Vapour
Real path
%=𝐻
∆𝐻 % 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟, 300ºC, 3𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝐻
% 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑, 25ºC, 1𝑎𝑡𝑚
However, we do not have a table for this calculation!
Alternatively, Ph=phenol(C6H5OH)
(True path)
Ph (s, 25˚C, 1atm) Ph (v, 300.0˚C, 3atm)
"
∆𝐻
"!
∆𝐻
"&
∆𝐻
Ph (s, 42.5˚C, 1atm)
"" Ph (v, 300.0˚C, 1atm)
Hypothetical path
∆𝐻
Ph (l, 42.5˚C, 1atm) "%
∆𝐻
"#
∆𝐻
Ph (l, 181.4˚C, 1atm) Ph (v, 181.4˚C, 1atm)

"$
∆𝐻
" = ∆𝐻
∆𝐻 "! + ∆𝐻
"" + ∆𝐻
"# + ∆𝐻
"$ + ∆𝐻
"% + ∆𝐻
"&
Chapter 8.2: Pressure Change
• Solid and Liquid
• Ideal Gas

8.2: Pressure Change at Constant T
/=𝑈
𝐻 / + 𝑃𝑉7
/ = Δ𝑈
Δ𝐻 / + Δ(𝑃𝑉)
7
For solid and liquid at constant temperature

/=0
Δ𝑈
/ = Δ𝑈
Δ𝐻 / + 𝑉Δ𝑃
7
• For ideal gas at constant temperature
/=𝑈
𝐻 / + 𝑃𝑉7 = 𝑈
/ + 𝑅𝑇
/=0
Δ𝑈 /=0
Δ𝐻

Chapter 8.3: Sensible Heat
• For Open System
• Heating a Closed System

8.3: Sensible Heat
• Heat to raise or lower the temperature of the system without

phase change:
What’s the correlation between heat and T?

(Assuming: No Ws, EK, EP)
For open system:
∆𝐻̇ + ∆𝐸̇ ; + ∆𝐸̇ < = 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇ =
𝑄̇ = ∆𝐻̇ = A 𝑛̇ ? 𝐻
/? − A 𝑛̇ ? 𝐻
/?
>?@AB ?@?C?AB

Heating a Closed System (Piston-cylinder)
There are two different ways of heating a closed system.
1. Constant Volume V= constant à W=0
T0 à T1
T0 T1
ΔU + ΔEK + ΔEP = Q + W
ΔU = Q
V V
2. Constant Pressure V = variable àW = -P(V2-V1)

T0 à T1 ΔU + ΔEK + ΔEP = Q + W
ΔU-W =Q
P P
U2-U1 +(P2V2 –P1V1) = Q
ΔH = Q
1. Cv= Heat Capacity @ Constant Volume
The specific internal energy varies with T.
𝑉& = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
/
∆𝑈 /
𝜕𝑈
𝐶E 𝑇 = lim =
∆D→G ∆𝑇 𝜕𝑇
"
𝑈(𝐽/𝑘𝑔) E
"
∆U
∆T / = 𝐶E 𝑇 𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑈
𝑇! 𝑇! + ∆T
T(°C)
The internal energy change D%

associated with the T change / = D 𝐶E 𝑇 𝑑𝑇 = 𝑄
∆𝑈
from T1 to T2 at constant volume D$

Example 1: Constant V
How much heat is required to raise 200kg N2O from 20
to 150oC, under constant V?
𝐶H 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔°𝐶 = 0.855 + 9.42×10IJ𝑇
Solution
#$"
" 𝑘𝐽 /𝑘𝑔 = )
∆𝑈 0.855 + 9.42×10%& 𝑇 𝑑𝑇
!"
#$"
'.&!×#"-.* /
= 0.855𝑇|#$"
!" + !
7 = 121 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
!"
Energy Balance for the closed system is:

^
Q = DU = m ´ D U = 24,200 kJ
Path of System Changes
A system changes from T1, 𝑉7K to T2, 𝑉7L
We design the path:
'M Hypothetical path 'N

∆+ ∆+
𝐴 𝑇* , 𝑉$* 𝐴 𝑇* , 𝑉$, 𝐴 𝑇, , 𝑉$,
Real path
9"
" = ∆𝑈
∆𝑈 "7 + ∆𝑈
"8 ≈ ' 𝐶: 𝑇 𝑑𝑇
9!
Ideal gas: exact
Solid/Liquid: good approximation
Non-ideal gas: valid only when V is constant
2. CP = Heat Capacity @ Constant Pressure
The specific enthalpy varies with T.
P=constant
"
∆𝐻 "
𝜕𝐻
𝐶; 𝑇 = lim =
∆9→= ∆𝑇 𝜕𝑇 H(J/kg)
;
∆H
∆𝑇
' = 𝐶- 𝑇 𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝐻 T(°C)
𝑇! 𝑇! + ∆𝑇
9"
" = ' 𝐶; 𝑇 𝑑𝑇
∆𝐻
9!

Path of System Changes
• A system changes from (T1,P1) to (T2,P2), we construct
hypothetical path:
"!
∆> ""
∆>
𝐴 𝑇7 , 𝑃7 𝐴 𝑇7 , 𝑃8 𝐴 𝑇8 , 𝑃8
" = ∆𝐻
∆𝐻 "7 + ∆𝐻
"8
9"
Ideal gas
" = ' 𝐶; 𝑇 𝑑𝑇
∆𝐻
9! Non-ideal gas @ constant P
9" Solid
" = 𝑉∆𝑃
∆𝐻 0 + ' 𝐶; 𝑇 𝑑𝑇
9! Liquid

Polynomial Expression of CP
𝑪𝑷 = 𝒂 + 𝒃𝑻 + 𝒄𝑻𝟐 + 𝒅𝑻𝟑
2) a X 1000 = 123 à a = 0.123
3) State
1) UNIT: ˚C or K

Relationship Between CP and CV
Heat capacity for mixtures
Liquid and Solid ∶ CX ≈ CY
𝐶R S?T 𝑇 = A 𝑦? 𝐶<? 𝑇
Ideal Gas ∶ 𝐶< = 𝐶H + 𝑅
𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡
yi : mass/molar fraction of “i” component
How to prove?
D%
/=D
∆𝐻 𝐶R S?T 𝑇 𝑑𝑇
D$
Neglect heat of mixing
Good approximation for a mixture of similar molecules (CH4+C2H6)

Poor for dissimilar liquids (HNO3 + H2O)
For very dilute solution, neglect the solute contribution.

Enthalpy Changes for Ideal Gas
" FG9
;E
"=𝑈
𝐻 " + 𝑃𝑉" /=𝑈
𝐻 / + 𝑅𝑇
(I/I9)# "
𝜕𝐻 "
𝜕𝑈 "
𝜕𝑈
𝜕𝑇
=
𝜕𝑇
+𝑅 ⇒ 𝐶H =
𝜕𝑇
+𝑅
; ; ;
/ depends only on T,
But since 𝑈
"
𝜕𝑈 "
𝑑𝑈 "
𝜕𝑈
= = ≡ 𝐶: ⇒ 𝐶H = 𝐶: + 𝑅
𝜕𝑇 ;
𝑑𝑇 𝜕𝑇 "
E

Estimation of Heat Capacity
Kopp’s rule: Empirical method for estimating heat

capacity of a solid or liquid at or near 20°C, using the Cp
for each atom
For example, Estimate CP of Ca(OH)2 :
𝐶;,L$ M> " = 𝐶HN,L$ + 2𝐶HN,M + 2𝐶HN,>
= 79 𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙°𝐶
True value is 89.5 J/molC
Note: It can be used as first

approximation in case no experimental
value is available.

Chapter 8.4: Latent Heat
• Estimation and Correlation of
Latent Heat
• Examples

8.4 Latent Heat
• Specific enthalpy change associated with the transition of a

substance from one phase to another at constant T, P
/S (𝑇, 𝑃)
∆𝐻
Solid Liquid
Heat of Melting: Specific enthalpy difference

between solid and liquid @ constant T and P
Heat of Vaporization: Specific enthalpy difference between liquid

and vapour @ constant T, P (H2O@100°C, 1 atm)
/E = 2257 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
∆𝐻 /ZAC[\ = 419
𝐻 /=C[AS = 2676 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝐻

Latent Heat for Different Chemicals
State 1 State 2 State 3 State 4 State 5
P = 1 atm
ed
Saturat
vapour
Saturated Sensible
Compressed liquid mixture
Sensible Latent
• Table B1 gives latent heat for various chemicals at normal

boiling and melting point.
• It depends strongly on T, but hardly changes with Pressure.

Table B.1

Latent Heat Example
Regulating body temperature with sweat
Latent heat: Hvap
"E = 2257 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

∆𝐻
vs. water from 0 to 100°C at 1 atm
" = 419 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
∆𝐻
Image from www.reference.com

Demonstration of Hypothetical Path
300ºC, 3 atm
Solid 25°C, /
∆𝐻 Phenol
Phenol 1 atm Vapour
Real path
"=𝐻
∆𝐻 " 𝑣𝑎𝑝, 300°𝐶, 3𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝐻
" 𝑠𝑜𝑙, 25°𝐶, 1𝑎𝑡𝑚
1
Known information:
" at 42.5ºC, 181.4ºC, 1 atm
• ∆H 6
S, 42.5°C, 1 atm
• Cp for liquid and gas, at 1 atm
2 v, 300°C, 1 atm
/
∆𝐻
l, 42.5°C, 1 atm /K + ∆𝐻
= ∆𝐻 /L + ∆𝐻
/]
/J + ∆𝐻
+ ∆𝐻 /^ + ∆𝐻
/_ 5
3
l, 181.4°C, 1 atm v, 181.4°C, 1 atm

4
Construction of Hypothetical Path
Involve the intermediate states in

which we know the latent heat
(normally at normal melting point,
Construction boiling point, Table B1)
of hypothetical
path should
Involve the processes which we know

the heat capacity (normally at 1 atm,
Table B2)

General Steps for Energy Balance
For multiple stream/species:
(1) Perform required material balance.
(2) Set up energy balance.
(3) Choose reference states.
" (or 𝑈
(4) Construct inlet-outlet 𝐻 " ) table.
" or 𝑈
(5) Calculate unknown 𝐻 " by constructing hypothecal path.
(6) Calculate ∆𝐻̇ or ∆𝑈.
(7) Solve for unknowns in the energy balance equation.

Example 1. Energy Balance on a Condenser
Acetone (denoted as Ac) is partially condensed out of a gas

stream containing 66.9 mole% acetone vapour balanced nitrogen.
Process specification and materials balance calculation led to the
flowchart below.
36.45 mol/s
Cooling rate
100 mol/s 0.092 mol Ac(v)/mol
Q=?
0.669mol Ac(v)/mol 0.908 mol N2/mol
20˚C, 5 atm
condenser
0.331mol N2/mol
63.55 mol Ac (l)/s
65˚C, 1atm
20˚C, 5 atm
The process operates at steady state. Calculate the required cooling

rate.
Solution: Energy Balance on a Condenser
Five Steps: total 7 steps total but first 5 are key steps.
1. Perform required material balance.
2. Set up energy balance.
𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇ + = ∆𝐻̇ + ∆𝐸̇ , + ∆𝐸̇ - → 𝑄̇ = ∆𝐻̇ = > 𝑛̇ 1 𝐻

"1 − > 𝑛̇ 1 𝐻
"1
./0 12
à Open system, steady state

(Reference state does
3. Choose reference states for Ac and N2. not change results.)
N2: Table B.8 use [25˚C, 1atm] for N2 (ref)

Acetone: Set: Liquid, 20˚C , 5 atm (ref)
4. Construct inlet-outlet enthalpy table.
Q̇ = ∆𝐻̇ = H 𝑛̇ a 𝐻
"a − H 𝑛̇ a 𝐻
"a
^_` ab
𝑛̇ ? (mol/s) /?@ (kJ/mol)

𝐻 𝑛̇ àC (mol/s) /àC (kJ/mol)
𝐻
Ac (v) 66.9 "!
𝐻 3.35 "#
𝐻
Ac (l) -- -- 63.55 0 (reference)
N2 33.1 ""
𝐻 33.1 𝐻"$

/K − −𝐻
5. Calculate unknown specific enthalpies 𝐻 /J.
Ac @ Inlet
Inlet State Reference state
—
/K
𝐻 Ac, v, 65˚C,1 atm Ac, l, 20˚C, 5 atm
"!$
∆>
𝐴𝑐 𝑙, 20°𝐶, 5 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝐴𝑐 𝑙, 20°𝐶, 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚
/Kb
∆𝐻
𝐴𝑐 𝑙, 56°𝐶, 1𝑎𝑡𝑚
%$&
∆c %$'
∆c
𝐴𝑐 𝑣, 56°𝐶, 1𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝐴𝑐 𝑣, 65℃, 1𝑎𝑡𝑚
Inlet State
/K = ∆𝐻
𝐻 /<ACd = ∆𝐻
/KA + ∆𝐻
/Kb + ∆𝐻
/Ke + ∆𝐻
/Kf
6<; <6;
= 𝑉.82,* 1𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 5𝑎𝑡𝑚 + ∫9:; 𝐶4 '
82,* 𝑑𝑇 + ∆𝐻7 82
+ ∫6<; 𝐶4 82,= 𝑑𝑇
(Table B.1), specific gravity=0.791
𝑉.)2,* = 1/0.791/1000×58.08 = 0.0734 𝐿/𝑚𝑜𝑙
Ac(l) 𝐶4 = 0.123 + 18.6×1056 𝑇 (Table B.2)
Ac(v) 𝐶* = 0.07196 + 20.1×10+%𝑇 − 12.78×10+,𝑇 " + 34.76×10+!"𝑇 #

'7 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙 i ℃
∆𝐻 82
= 30.2 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
/K = −0.0297 + 4.68 + 30.2 + 0.753 = 35.6 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

∆𝐻
CBE202:
Balance
Introduction
on Nonreactive
to Chemical
rocesses
and Biomolecular Engineering 33
""
N2 @ Inlet – 𝐻
""
State 𝐻 Reference state
""
∆𝐻 N2, 65°C, 1atm - N2, 25°C, 1 atm
_^h
/L = D
𝐻 𝐶R i% 𝑑𝑇 = 1.16 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
L^h
The complete table (similar for other enthalpy values):
𝑛̇ ? (mol/s) /?@ (kJ/mol)

𝐻 𝑛̇ àC (mol/s) /àC (kJ/mol)
𝐻
Ac (v) 66.9 35.6 3.35 32.0
Ac (l) -- -- 63.55 0 (reference)
N2 33.1 1.16 33.1 -0.14

6. Calculate ∆𝐻.̇
∆𝐻̇ = ∑àC 𝑛̇ ? 𝐻
/? − ∑?@ 𝑛̇ ? 𝐻
/? = −2319 𝑘𝐽/s
7. Solve energy balance for Q.
𝑘𝐽
𝑄̇ = ∆𝐻̇ = −2319 = −2319 𝑘𝑊
𝑠

Example 2: Using enthalpy data table
Fifteen kmol/min of air is cooled from 430 °C to 100 °C. Calculate the
required heat removal rate using (1) heat capacity formulas from Table B.2
and (2) specific enthalpies from Table B.8. Assume ideal gas behavior, so
that pressure changes do not affect the specific enthalpy changes.
Solutions
1. The hard way. Integrate the heat capacity formula in Table B.2.
𝑘𝐽 %##℃
?
∆𝐻 =G 𝐶& 𝑇 𝑑𝑇
𝑚𝑜𝑙 !"#℃
%##℃
=G 0.02894 + 0.4147×10'(𝑇 + 0.3191×10')𝑇 * − 1.965×10'%*𝑇 " 𝑑𝑇
!"#℃
0.4147×10'(
= [ 0.02894 100 − 430 + 100* − 430*
2
#."%,%×%#'( " − 430" ) − %.,.(×%#
')*
+ "
(100 !
100! − 430! ]
= −9.5502 − 0.3627 − 0.0835 + 0.0167 𝑘𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 = −9.98 𝑘𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

2. The easy way. Use tabulated enthalpies from Table B.8.

𝐻? for air at 100°C can be read directly from Table B.9. and 𝐻
? at 430°C can be estimated by
linear interpolation from the values at 400°C (11.24 kJ/mol) and 500°C (14.37kJ/mol)
? 100℃ = 2.19 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐻
? 430℃ = [11.24 + 0.30(14.37 − 11.24)] 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 12.17 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐻
? = 2.19 − 12.17 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙 = −9.98 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝐻
? is determined,
Either way ∆ 𝐻
̇ 15.0 kmol 10" mol −9.98 𝑘𝐽 1min 1 𝑘𝑾

̇ ̇ %
𝑄 = ∆𝐻 = 𝑛∆ 𝐻 = = −2500 𝑘𝑊
min 1 kmol 𝑚ol 60 𝑠 1 𝑘𝐽/𝑠

Specific enthalpies of selected gases
Table B.9 for American Engineering Units

Example 3: Vaporisation and Heating
100 g-mole per hour of liquid n-hexane at 25°C and 7 bar is vaporised
and heated to 300°C at constant pressure. Neglecting the effect of
pressure on enthalpy, estimate the rate at which heat must be
supplied.
n-hexane, liq n-hexane, vap

100 g-mol/hr 100 g-mol/hr
25°C, 7 bar 300°C, 7 bar
𝑸̇ = ?
• Estimate the Heating Rate, 𝑄̇

• Neglecting the effect of pressure on enthalpy

Solution: Vaporisation and Heating
1. Mass balance is trivial.
2. Energy balance: open system @ steady state.
𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇ + = ∆𝐻̇ + ∆𝐸̇ , + ∆𝐸̇ - → 𝑄̇ = ∆𝐻̇ = > 𝑛̇ 1 𝐻

"1 − > 𝑛̇ 1 𝐻
"1
./0 12
Table B.1 lists: Normal boiling point of n-hexane,

@ Tb = 69 ºC: ∆𝐻 /Y = 28.85 kJ/mol,
(real boiling point at 7 bar is 146 ºC)
A hypothetical path is set to calculate enthalpy changes.

Solution: Vaporisation and Heating – Paths
State 1 C State 4 F State 7

n𝐶_𝐻KJ, 𝑙, n𝐶_𝐻KJ, 𝑣, n𝐶_𝐻KJ, 𝑣,
25°𝐶, 7 𝑏𝑎𝑟 25°𝐶, 7 𝑏𝑎𝑟 300°𝐶, 7 𝑏𝑎𝑟
State 2 State 5
D 𝑛𝐶" 𝐻!# , 𝑣 G
𝑛𝐶& 𝐻!$ , 𝑙
69℃, 1 𝑏𝑎𝑟 69℃, 1 𝑏𝑎𝑟
Hypothetical Path
B
State 3 State 6
E H
𝑛𝐶& 𝐻!$ , 𝑙 𝑛𝐶" 𝐻!# , 𝑣
146℃, 7 𝑏𝑎𝑟 146℃, 7 𝑏𝑎𝑟
Real Path

Solution: The Hypothetical Path = A-D-G
State 1 State 2
%(
∆c
A 𝑛𝐶_𝐻KJ 𝑙, 25 ℃, 7 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑛𝐶_𝐻KJ 𝑙, 69 ℃, 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚
&.
"- = 𝑉∆𝑃
∆𝐻 & +n 𝐶* // 001,3 𝑑𝑇
ρ = 0.659 kg/L (Table B.1)
"% CP = 0.2163 kJ/molOC (Table B.2)
= −0.0782 + 9.517 = 9.44 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
State 2 State 5
D %)
∆c
𝑛𝐶_𝐻KJ 𝑙, 69 ℃, 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑛𝐶_𝐻KJ 𝑣, 69 ℃, 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚
/u = ∆𝐻
∆𝐻 /H = 28.85 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙 (Table B.1)
h* c$+ ,_v ℃,K ACS
G State 5 State 7
%,
∆c
𝑛𝐶_𝐻KJ 𝑣, 69 ℃, 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑛𝐶_𝐻KJ 𝑣, 300 ℃, 7𝑏𝑎𝑟
#22
"1 = n
∆𝐻 𝐶* // 001,4 𝑑𝑇 = 47.1𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙 Cp(T) in Table B.2
&.

Solution: The Overall Process
𝑄̇ = ∆𝐻̇ = 𝑛×∆
̇ 𝐻" = 𝑛× "p + ∆𝐻
̇ ∆𝐻 "q + ∆𝐻
"r
= 100 𝑚𝑜𝑙/3600𝑠× 9.44 + 18.85 + 47.1 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

= 2.38 𝑘𝑊
Note: Pressure change accounts for very little in

the overall enthalpy change. The effect of P on ∆H"
can be neglected if ΔP less than 50 atm.

Example 4: Partial Vaporisation of a Mixture
An equal molar liquid of benzene (B) and toluene (T) at 10 ºC

is fed continuously to a vessel in which the mixture is heated to
50 ºC. The liquid product is 40.0 mole% B , and the vapour
product is 68.4 mole% B. How much heat must be transferred
to the mixture per-gmole of feed?
Q 50 ºC, 34.8 mmHg
0.684 mol B/mol,
1 mole, 10 ºC 0.316 mol T/mol, nV
0.5mol B/mol
0.5mol T/mol 50 ºC, 34.8 mmHg
0.4 molB/mol
0.6 molT/mol, nL
Solution: Basis (1 mole feed), neglect the effect of pressure on H

Solution:
Step 1: Overall material balance: 1.0 = nV + nL

Benzene balance: 0.5 = 0.684 nv + 0.4nL
à nV = 0.352 mol, nL = 0.648 mol
Step 2: The E-balance for open system at S.S. :

Q = ΔH (basis is 1 mole! )

Solution:
Step 3-5: The inlet-outlet E-table (ref. l, 10 ºC, 1atm).
Substance nin 𝑯" 𝒊𝒏 nout " 𝒐𝒖𝒕
𝑯
Mol (kJ/mol) Mol (kJ/mol)
B(l) 0.5 0 0.259 "!
𝐻
T(l) 0.5 0 0.389 ""
𝐻
B(V) 0.241 "#
𝐻
T(V) 0.111 "$
𝐻
As we neglect the effect of P on H, then:

%$ %$
%! = w 𝐶&,(,) 𝑑𝑇 = 5.332 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝐻 %+ = w 𝐶&,,,) 𝑑𝑇 = 6.340 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐻
!$ !$
0$.! %$
%/ = w 𝐶&,(,) 𝑑𝑇 + ∆𝐻
𝐻 %-,( 80.1𝑜𝐶 + w 𝐶&,(,. 𝑑𝑇 = 37.52 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
!$ 0$.!
!!$."+ %$
%# = w
𝐻 %-,, 110.62𝑜𝐶 +
𝐶&,,,) 𝑑𝑇 + ∆𝐻 w 𝐶&,,,. 𝑑𝑇 = 42.93 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
!$ !!$."+
Solution:
Please get the Cp polynomials and latent heat from Table B.1
and B.2 and compute the result by yourself!
Step 6-7: The energy balance:
"1 − > 𝑛1 𝐻
𝑄 = ∆𝐻 = > 𝑛1 𝐻 "1 = 17.7 𝑘𝐽
./0 12
The heating rate is 17.7 kJ/mol of feed.

Chapter 8.5 : Psychrometric
(Humidity) Charts
• Key Definitions
• Applications

8.5 Psychrometric (Humidity) Charts
Properties of an air-water vapour system (gas mixture) at 1 atm:

• Temperature
• Specific volume (humid volume)
• Specific enthalpy
• Dew point
• Saturation (𝐻L 𝑂) capacity
Very useful for air-conditioning, drying, and humidification

Psychrometric Chart (SI Unit)
Humid Volume
Absolute Humidity
Relative Humidity
Constant Wet Bulb T line
Dry Bulb Temperature

Definitions
(a) Absolute Humidity, ha: kg of H2O vapour contained in 1 kg
of dry air
𝑘𝑔𝐻L𝑂
ℎA = H2O x kg
𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟
1 kg Dry air
Horizontal lines on the Chart, or y-axis
(b) Relative (percentage %) Humidity, hR :
𝑃c% } Vapour pressure of H2O in mixture

ℎ| = 100× ∗
𝑃 c% } Saturated H2O vapour pressure
hR = 100% relative humidity curve à Saturation curve

Definitions
(c) Dry Bulb Temperature, T: The temperature of air measured
by a normal thermometer (x-axis)
(d) Humid Volume, 𝑉7c : Volume occupied by 1 kg of dry air (𝑉K)

and the 𝐻L𝑂 vapour (𝑉L) contained in it (diagonal lines with big
negative slope) Total vol mf
'e =
V Vghgij = Vk + V9
1 kgDA
(e) Dew Point, Tdp: Temperature when humid air becomes saturated
if cooling at constant P
• In the chart, move horizontally (constant abs humidity) till
saturation curve
• For example, Humid air @ T = 29ºC, hr = 20% à Tdp = 4ºC

Definitions
(f) Wet Bulb Temperature, Twb, or Tw:
80
F
,°
re
tu
70
ra
pe
m
60
te
Twb reflects the cooling effect of evaporating water.
lb
bu
50
et
Twb = Tdry when air is saturated. 40
W
Definitions
Specific Enthalpy of Saturated Air
F
,°
80
re
(g) Specific Enthalpy of Saturated
tu
ra
pe
70
m
Air: The enthalpy of 1kg dry air plus the
Te
lb
Bu
60
water vapour it contains at saturation
et
W
50
40
Reference state: 0°C, 1 atm, W(l), A(g)
Deviation
(h) Enthalpy Deviation: To determine the

enthalpy of humid air (unsaturated)
Total Enthalpy of humid air =
enthalpy of saturated air + the deviation

Psychrometric Chart (SI Unit)
Humid volume
Saturation: 100% relative humidity
TW = Tdry
Enthalpy at Saturation
Absolute Humidity
Relative humidity
Constant Wet Bulb T line
- 0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0
Dry bulb Temperature

Example
Determine the humid volume and dew point of 150 kg of
humid air @ T = 30 ºC, hR = 30%.
Solution:
@ T=30 ºC, hR = 30%, à ha = 0.008 kg H2O/kg DA.
à 𝑉7c ≈ 0.87 𝑚]/𝑘𝑔𝐷𝐴
1.00 𝑘𝑔𝐷𝐴 0.87𝑚]

𝑉 = 150𝑘𝑔 ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑 𝑎𝑖𝑟× ×
1.008 𝑘𝑔 𝐻𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑 𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝑘𝑔𝐷𝐴
= 129 𝑚]
dew point: ~11ºC

Example
Humid air with Temperature of 41 ºC, 10% relative humidity.
Determine: (a) Absolute humidity, wet-bulb temperature, humid
volume, dew point, and specific enthalpy. (b) amount of water
contained in 150 m3 of the air.
Solution: (a) 54.2kJ/kg DA 10%, ℎ!
ha ≈ 0.0048kg H2O/kg DA 𝑇!"

= 19°𝐶 ℎ& (𝑘𝑔 𝐻' 𝑂/𝑘𝑔 DA)
Saturation
Twb = 19 ºC curve
0.005
Tdp = 3 °C
0.004
3°𝐶 19°𝐶 41°𝐶 Enthalpy deviation curves

𝑇"# 𝑇$% 𝑇"% (-0.8kJ/kg DA)
(-0.6kJ/kg DA)
Specific Enthalpy = Enthalpy of saturated air + the deviation

= 54.2 – 0.7 = 53.5 kJ/kgDA
Solution: (b)
As the humid volume = 0.897m3/kg DA

• The amount of dry air contained in 150 m3 humid air is:
150 150 𝑚3
𝑊A?\ = = = 167.22 𝑘𝑔𝐷𝐴
𝑉7c 0.897 𝑚 /𝑘𝑔𝐷𝐴
3
• The water contained in these DA is:
𝑊c% } = ℎA ×𝑊A?\
𝑘𝑔 𝐻L𝑂
= 0.0048 ×167.22 𝑘𝑔 𝐷𝐴
1.00 𝑘𝑔𝐷𝐴
= 0.803 𝑘𝑔𝐻L𝑂

Applications – Adiabatic Cooling
Spray cooling or spray humidification: A warm gas is brought into

contact with cold liquid, causing the liquid to evaporate and the gas
to cool.
Spray dehumidification: If the temperature of liquid is low enough to

drag the temperature of air below its dew point
Drying: Hot air is blown over wet solids.
Adiabatic cooling of air by liquid Twb Constant Wet Bulb

water moves along adiabatic Temperature
saturation line = constant wet
bulb T line Inlet, T
T
Example
A stream of air at 30 ºC and 10% relative humidity is humidified in an adiabatic spray
tower operation at 1 atm. The emerging air is to have a relative humidity of 40 %.
1. Determine the absolute humidity and the adiabatic saturation temperature of the
entering air.
2. Use the psychrometric chart to calculate (i) the rate at which water must be added
to humidify 1000 kg/h of entering air, and (ii) the temperature of exiting air.
T?
ṁH2O ?
1000 kg/h
Tas=Twb?
humidity?

Solutions
1. Air at 30 ºC, 10% relative humidity
Figure 8.4-1
ℎQ = 0.0026 𝑘𝑔 𝐻*𝑂/𝑘𝑔 𝐷𝐴
𝑇DE = 𝑇QR = 13.2℃
2. The state of the outlet air must lie on the 𝑇DE = 13.2℃ line. From the intersection of this
with the curve for hF = 40%, the absolute humidity of the exit gas is determined to be
0.0063 𝑘𝑔 𝐻*𝑂/𝑘𝑔 𝐷𝐴. The inlet (and outlet) flow rate of dry air, 𝑚̇ GH , is
𝑚̇ GH = (1000 𝑘𝑔 𝑎𝑖𝑟/ℎ) 1kg DA /1.0026 𝑘𝑔 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 997.4 𝑘𝑔 𝐷𝐴/ℎ
The amount of water that must be evaporated, 𝑚̇ I*J , may be calculated as the difference
between the outlet and inlet water flow rates in the air stream.
KL M*N
𝑚̇ I*J = (997.4 𝑘𝑔 𝐷𝐴/ℎ) 0.0063 − 0.0026 = 3.7 𝑘𝑔 𝐻*𝑂/ℎ
OP GH
From Figure 8.4-1, the temperature of the exiting air is 21.2 ℃

Humidity Chart
From the chart:

1. Dry basis: Absolute Humidity, Enthalpy, Specific volume
(all based on kg DA)
2. Need two parameters to define the system
3. The wet bulb temperature, Tw , (adiabatic cooling
temperature)

Chapter 8.6: Mixing and Solution
• Heat of Solution
!
• Enthalpy-concentration 𝐻~𝑥 Chart

8.6 Mixing and Solution
Heat of solution: If two liquids are mixed (or a solid or gas

dissolves in solvent) –
^
D H s (T , r )
new bonds are formed and the system may release/absorb
energy:
• For example,1 mol of pure H2SO4 mix with H2O
@ constant T = 25 °C, P = 1 atm

Heat of Solution
The difference between the enthalpy of the solution

and the total enthalpy of the pure solute and solvent at
the same (P, T):
𝑄 = ∆𝐻 = 𝐻>!tM" Nu − 𝐻>!tM" # + 𝐻>!M
25°C, 1 atm
25°C, 1 atm
25°C, 1 atm
Acid
H2SO4 + H2O
Solution

Heat of Solution or Mixing
• Ideal Mixture: Heat of mixing is negligible, so that
%1
𝐻3140/56 ≈ # 𝑛1 𝐻 ni = amount of mixture
component i
• Example: mixing of gases and liquids of similar compound
• Heat of solution or mixing:
1 mole of a solute is dissolved in r moles of a liquid solvent at
constant T. As r increases and H approaches a limiting value,
known as the heat of solution (or mixing) @ infinite dilution.

Table B.11 lists Heat of Solution for:
HCl (g) + H2O
H2SO4 (l) + H2O
NaOH (s) + H2O
Reference state: pure solute and solvent 25°C

The enthalpy of a solution containing r moles H2O and 1
mole solute is
/ = ∆𝐻
𝐻 /= 𝑟

What is the heat

released to mix 1 mol
HCl with 5 mol H2O at
25°C?
How about other T?

Example: M&E Balance on Solution and Mixing
Hydrochloric acid is produced by absorbing gases HCl in

water. Calculate the heat transfer in an absorption unit, if
HCl(g) at 100°C and H2O (l) at 25°C are fed to produce
1,000kg/h of 20% wt% HCl(aq) at 40°C.
Solution
? mol HCl/hr 1,000 kg/hr, 40°C

100°C 20 wt% HCl(aq)
? mol H2O (l)/hr

Q? Cp= 0.73kcal/kg-oC
25°C

Solution: Analysis – Five General Steps
Analysis: Follow the five general steps:

1. Materials balance
2. Setup energy balance
3. Choose reference states
4. Construct inlet-outlet enthalpy table
5. Calculate unknown specific enthalpies

Solution: 1) Materials Balance
1,000 kg/h 20 wt% HCl(aq)
𝑛𝐻
̇ 8 𝑂 = 1000×0.8×1000/18
= 44,400 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻8 𝑂/ℎ
𝑛̇ >Lv = 1000×0.2×1000/36.5
= 5,480 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙/ℎ

Solution: 2) Energy Balance
Using the first law for control volume @ SS
𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇ ! = ∆𝐻̇ + ∆𝐸̇ " + ∆𝐸̇ #
𝑄̇ = ∆𝐻̇ = H 𝑛̇ a 𝐻
"a − H 𝑛̇ a 𝐻
"a
^_` ab
"!
𝐻
5,480 mol HCl/hr 1,000 kg/hr, 40°C
100°C 20 wt% HCl(aq)
""
𝐻
44,400 mol H2O
Q?
(l)/hr 25°C
"#
𝐻
Solution: 3) Choosing Reference State and Path
Reference State: HCl(g), H2O(l) @ 25°C, 1 atm
/K
𝐻
5,480 mol HCl/hr 1,000 kg/hr, 40°C
100°C /L
20 wt% HCl(aq), 𝐻
H2O 1atm 25°C, /b

∆𝐻
/] = 0
𝐻 /=
∆𝐻 1,000 kg/hr, 25°C
reference
25°C,1atm 20 wt% HCl(aq)

Solution: 4) Construct Inlet-outlet Enthalpy Tables
Inlet-outlet Enthalpy Tables

𝑛̇ ab "ab
𝐻 𝑛̇ ^_` "^_`
𝐻
HCl (g) 5480 "!
𝐻 -- --
mol/hr kJ /mol HCl
H2O (l) 44,400 0 -- --
mol/hr
HCl (aq) -- -- 5480 mol/hr
HCl ""
𝐻
kJ /mol HCl

"7 and 𝐻
Solution: 5) Calculate 𝐻 "8
HCl (g, 25°C) à HCl (g, 100°C)

KGG°h
/K = ∆𝐻
𝐻 /=D 𝐶R 𝑑𝑇 = 2.178 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
L^°h
𝐶* = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑇 + 𝑐𝑇 " + 𝑑𝑇 #
UNIT: ˚c, k

Solution: Standard Heat of Solution
For the solution (Standard Heat of Solution):
Ratio of mixing:
r = 44,400/5480 = 8.10 (Table B.11)
8y
∆9
𝐻𝐶𝑙 𝑔, 25℃ + 8.10𝐻! 𝑂 25℃ 𝐻𝐶𝑙 𝑎𝑞, 25℃
%: = ∆𝐻
∆𝐻 %+ 25℃, 𝑟 = 8.1 = −67.4 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙
Interpolation

Solution: Sensible Heat
The Sensible heat to increase the temperature of the
solution to 40ºC:
^
DHb
HCl (aq,25º C) ¾¾
¾® HCl (aq,40º C)
^ 40 º C
Hb = ò C P dT = 8.36 kJ / mol HCl
25 º C
=.wx yzNv 7=== y{|^v_à^b ~.7•~ y• y•

𝐶H = = 0.557
y{℃ }~•= €^v>Lv yzNv €^v >Lv℃
(Based on solute amount instead of solution amount)

Solution: Sensible Heat
!$ = ∆𝐻
𝐻 !% + ∆𝐻
!&
= −59.0 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙
𝑄̇ = ∆𝐻̇ = H 𝑛̇ a 𝐻
"a − H 𝑛̇ a 𝐻
"a
^_` ab
= −3.35×10} 𝑘𝐽/ℎ
Heat must be transferred out of the absorber at the
rate of 335,000kJ/h to keep the product temperature
from rising above 40 ºC.

" ~ 𝑥 Chart
Enthalpy-concentration 𝐻
/ ~ 𝑥 Chart (Single Liquid Phase)
Enthalpy-concentration 𝐻
• A plot of specific enthalpy

versus molar fraction 𝐻/~𝑥
• System: H2SO4 + H2O
• Reference State:
- Pure H2SO4, l @ 77ºF (25ºC)
- Pure H2O, l, @ 32ºF (0ºC)
• Based on solution mass

Example: Application 1
Concentrating H2SO4 solution (using H~x chart)

5% wt% H2SO4 solution at 60 ºF is to be concentrated
to 40 wt% via evaporation. The concentrated solution
and water vapour emerge from the evaporator at 180
ºF and 1atm. Calculate the rate of heat transfer
required to process 1000lbm/h of the feed solution.
m1 (lbmH2O)/h, 180 ºF, 1atm

1000 lbm/h, 60 oF
/H
𝐻
5 wt% H2SO4(aq)
m2 (lbm/h) @ 180 ºF, 1atm
/€
𝐻 40 wt% H2SO4
/•
𝐻
Q

Solution: Five Steps
1. Mass balance
𝑚̇ k = 875 𝑙𝑏z /ℎ
• Total balance: 𝑚̇ K + 𝑚̇ L = 1000
𝑚̇ 9 = 125 𝑙𝑏z /ℎ
• Balance for H2SO4: 0.4𝑚̇ L = 0.05×1000
2. Energy balance:
𝑄̇ = ∆𝐻̇ = 𝑚̇ K𝐻
/E + 𝑚̇ L𝐻
/• − 1000×𝐻
/€
3. Reference state
• H2O(l, 32F), H2SO4 (l, 77F)

Solution: Five Steps
4. Construct Inlet-outlet enthalpy tables, using à H-x Chart

‚ƒ„
/
• 𝐻€ = 10 …†‡ (5% H2SO4, 60ºF)
/• = −17 ‚ƒ„ (40% H2SO4, 180ºF)

•𝐻 …†‡
‚ƒ„
/H = 1138
•𝐻 (Water Vapour,180ºF, 1atm; from steam table)
…†‡
5. Solve energy balance:
𝑄̇ = ∆𝐻̇ = 𝑚̇ 7 𝐻
"E + 𝑚̇ 8 𝐻
"‚ − 1000×𝐻
"ƒ
= 984,000 𝐵𝑡𝑢/ℎ

Application 2: Adiabatic Mixing and H~x Charts
Solution 1 (xa1, H1) is mixed adiabatically with Solution 2

(xa2, H2) to form Solution 3.
(Solution 1, 2, and 3 have the same species, A and B.)
"7
𝑚7 , 𝑥p7, 𝐻
"x
𝑚x , 𝑥px, 𝐻
Q=0
"8
𝑚8 , 𝑥p8, 𝐻

Application 2: Adiabatic Mixing and H~x Charts
Solutions 1, 2, and 3 will be on the same straight line in the

/
diagram 𝐻~𝑥.
"8
𝐻
"x
𝐻
"7
𝐻
xa1 xa3 xa2
1 3 2

Proof
Mass Balance 𝑚]𝑥ˆ] = 𝑚K𝑥ˆK + 𝑚L𝑥ˆL
𝑚] = 𝑚K + 𝑚L
𝑚K + 𝑚L 𝑥ˆ] = 𝑚K𝑥ˆK + 𝑚L𝑥ˆL
Energy Balance /] = 𝑚K𝐻

𝑚] 𝐻 /K + 𝑚L𝐻
/L
/] − 𝐻
𝑚K 𝐻 /K = 𝑚L 𝐻
/L − 𝐻
/] /] − 𝐻
𝐻 /K /] − 𝐻
𝐻 /L
=
𝑚K 𝑥ˆ] − 𝑥ˆK = 𝑚L 𝑥ˆL − 𝑥ˆ] 𝑥ˆ] − 𝑥ˆK 𝑥ˆ] − 𝑥ˆL
𝑚K𝑥ˆK + 𝑚L𝑥ˆL
𝑥ˆ] =
𝑚K + 𝑚L

Example: Adiabatic Mixing
Pure water at 60ºF is mixed with 100g of aqueous H2SO4 solution
(80 wt%) at 60ºF. The mixing vessel is insulated well.
"7
𝑚7 , 𝑥p7 = 0, 𝐻
"x
𝑚x , 𝑥px, 𝐻
Q=0
/L
𝑚L = 100, 𝑥ˆL = 0.8, 𝐻
Solve:
(a) If 250g H2O is used, what is the final T?
(b) What is the maximum attainable T and how much water is
needed?

Solution: Adiabatic Mixing
𝑚7 𝑥p7 + 𝑚8 𝑥p8
𝑥px =
𝑚7 + 𝑚8
100 ∗ 0.8 + 250 ∗ 0

=
100 + 250
= 0.23𝑔𝐻8 𝑆𝑂~ /𝑔
(a) From the H~x chart, draw the line between

two initial solutions: @ x = 0.23, T = 100ºF
𝑚! . 0 + 0.8 ∗ 100
(b) Tmax = 150ºF @ x = 0.58 0.58 =
𝑚! + 100
m1=37.9
Enthalpy-concentration (H~x) Chart
Vapour phase
Enthalpy-concentration
charts for L-V two phase
equilibrium:
Tie line
Liquid phase

Example: Binary LV T~xy
At 1atm, a NH3 (40%) -- H2O (60%) binary mixture is heated to
140ºF (A), it will break up into phases :
• (C) vapour phase, (C, x=0.8)
• (B) liquid phase (B, x=0.14)
• (B) and (C) are in equilibrium
via the tie line V
Question 1: If heated to
160ºF or to 100ºF, what is
the composition of (B) and
(C)? L

Question 2: How to determine the equilibrium mass

fraction of each phase?
Answer: proportional to the

length on tie line! V
Feed

Mass fraction for the two phase equilibriated system
C C
Mass
F,xf V xV Distribution:
A A
L xL Tie line
B
B
F: mass of the feed, xL xF xV
V: vapour phase,
𝐿 𝑥E − 𝑥€ 𝐴𝐶
L: liquid phase, = =
𝑉 𝑥€ − 𝑥• 𝐴𝐵
𝑥; 𝐹 = 𝑥< 𝐿 + 𝑥= 𝑉
𝐿 𝑥E − 𝑥€ 𝐴𝐶
= =
𝐹 =𝐿+𝑉 𝐹 𝑥E − 𝑥• 𝐵𝐶
𝐿 𝑥E − 𝑥€ 𝑉 𝑥€ − 𝑥• 𝐴𝐵
= = =
𝑉 𝑥€ − 𝑥• 𝐹 𝑥E − 𝑥• 𝐵𝐶
Example: Equilibrium Flash Vaporisation
30% wt% NH3 solution @ 100 psia is fed to a tank with

P = 1atm. Vapour composition is 89 wt% NH3. The enthalpy
values and the compositions are as indicated.
Determine: Tvap, xL, HV and Q
𝑚̇ 9 (𝑙𝑏8 /h)
0.89 𝑙𝑏1 𝑁𝐻/ /𝑙𝑏1
0.11 𝑙𝑏1 𝐻+ 𝑂/𝑙𝑏1
%- (𝐵𝑡𝑢/𝑙𝑏1 )
𝐻
FLASH
TANK
100 𝑙𝑏8 /ℎ ̇
𝑄(𝐵𝑡𝑢/ℎ)
0.3 𝑙𝑏1 𝑁𝐻/ /𝑙𝑏1
%2 = 100 𝐵𝑡𝑢/𝑙𝑏1
𝐻
𝑚̇ 3 (𝑙𝑏1 /h)
𝑥3 (𝑙𝑏1 𝑁𝐻/ /𝑙𝑏1 )
(1 − 𝑥3 )(𝑙𝑏1 𝐻+ 𝑂/𝑙𝑏1 )
%3 (𝐵𝑡𝑢/𝑙𝑏1 )
𝐻
Solution: H~x for Two Phase Equilibrium
• Using the H~x for two phase equilibrium:
XV = 0.89 lbm NH3/lbm
T = 120 F
XL = 0.185 lbm NH3/lbm
^
H V = 728Btu / lbm
/E = 728 𝐵𝑡𝑢/𝑙𝑏S
𝐻 /• = 45 𝐵𝑡𝑢/𝑙𝑏S
𝐻
𝑚̇ • 𝑥E − 𝑥€ 𝑚̇ • = 84 𝑙𝑏S /ℎ
=
100 𝑥E − 𝑥• 𝑚̇ E = 16 𝑙𝑏S /ℎ
XL Xv
𝑄̇ = ∆𝐻̇ = 𝑚̇ = 𝐻
%= + 𝑚̇ < 𝐻
%< − 100𝐻
%; = 5400 𝐵𝑡𝑢/ℎ

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CBE 202 Part Two: Energy Balances

Chapter 8: Balance on Nonreactive Processes

Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering

Open system: ∆𝐻̇ = % 𝑚̇ % 𝐻

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 3

• U and H à State function (independent of path)

P b 2 Example: From State 1 to State 2

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 4

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 5

However, we do not have a table for this calculation!

Ph (l, 181.4˚C, 1atm) Ph (v, 181.4˚C, 1atm)

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 7

For solid and liquid at constant temperature

• For ideal gas at constant temperature

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 8

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 9

• Heat to raise or lower the temperature of the system without

What’s the correlation between heat and T?

∆𝐻̇ + ∆𝐸̇ ; + ∆𝐸̇ < = 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇ =

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 10

2. Constant Pressure V = variable àW = -P(V2-V1)

The internal energy change D%

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 12

𝐶H 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔°𝐶 = 0.855 + 9.42×10IJ𝑇

Energy Balance for the closed system is:

A system changes from T1, 𝑉7K to T2, 𝑉7L

We design the path:

'M Hypothetical path 'N

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 15

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 16

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 17

Good approximation for a mixture of similar molecules (CH4+C2H6)

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 18

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 19

Kopp’s rule: Empirical method for estimating heat

𝐶;,L$ M> " = 𝐶HN,L$ + 2𝐶HN,M + 2𝐶HN,>

Note: It can be used as first

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 20

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 21

• Specific enthalpy change associated with the transition of a

Heat of Melting: Specific enthalpy difference

Heat of Vaporization: Specific enthalpy difference between liquid

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 22

State 1 State 2 State 3 State 4 State 5

• Table B1 gives latent heat for various chemicals at normal

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 23

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 24

Regulating body temperature with sweat

Latent heat: Hvap

"E = 2257 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 25

l, 181.4°C, 1 atm v, 181.4°C, 1 atm

Involve the intermediate states in

Involve the processes which we know

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 27

(2) Set up energy balance.

(3) Choose reference states.

(6) Calculate ∆𝐻̇ or ∆𝑈.

(7) Solve for unknowns in the energy balance equation.

Acetone (denoted as Ac) is partially condensed out of a gas

The process operates at steady state. Calculate the required cooling

1. Perform required material balance.