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Craft - Applied Petroleum Reservoir Engineering
Craft - Applied Petroleum Reservoir Engineering
1.0. The form of the Dranchuk and Abou-Kassem equation of state is as follows: Z=1 +e (Ty)e, + 2 (Tq)97 — 5 (Tor)BE + 64 (Pr. Tp) (1.10) where, = 0.27 pplz Tor) (1.10a) 61 (Tor) = Ai + Ant Ty, + AST}, + AT + ATS (1.10b) ¢2(Tpy) = Ag+ An! Ty, + Asi Te, (1.100) ¢3(T,) = As Al Tre + Agi Tp) (110d) C40, Ter) = Aro(1 + Asspi)(Pi/Tp) exp (—Anpi) (1.100)20 Introduction to Reservoir Engineering where the constants A, — Ay, are as follows: A, = 0.3265 Az = —1.0700 Ag= 0.01569 As= -0.05165 Ag= 0.5475 A, = —0.7361 Ag= 0.1844 Ag = 0.1056 Aj = 0.6134 Ay = 0.7210 Because the z-factor is on both sides of the equation, a trial-and-error solution is necessary to solve the Dranchuk and Abou-Kassem equation of state. Any one of the number of iteration techniques can be used to assist in the trial-and-error procedure. One. that is frequently used is the secant method® which has the following iteration formula: (1) To apply the secant method to the foregoing procedure, Eq. (1.10) is rearranged to the form: F(2)=z-(1 + e(Z,)p, + co Tp? — ca Fydps + cx(0,%p)) =O (1.12) ‘The left-hand side of Eq. (1.12) becomes the function, f, and the z-factor becomes x. The iteration procedure is initiated by choosing two values of the z-factor and calculating the corresponding values of the function, f. The secant method provides the new guess for z, and the calculation is repeated until the function, f, is zero or within a specified tolerance (j.e., * 10°*). This solution procedure is fairly easy to program on a computer. Another popular iteration technique is the Newton-Raphson method, which has the following iteration formula: Ans =n -£ (1.13) As can be seen in Eq. (1.13), the derivative, f"(z), is required for the Newton- Raphson technique. The derivative of Eq. (1-12) with respect to z is as follows: (AF (2/82) Tp, = 1+ cy(Tpe)p./z + 2er(Tpr)pelz — Sex( Ty) plz 2A wor TpZ + (1+ Anup? - Anpéy) exp (-Anp?) (1.14) 5. Review of Gas Properties Fa) A more accurate estimation of the deviation factor can be made when the analysis of the gas is available. This calculation assumes that each com- ponent contributes to the pseudocritical pressure and temperature in propor- tion to its volume percentage in the analysis and to the critical pressure and temperature, respectively, of that component. Table 1.1 gives the critical pressures and temperatures of the hydrocarbon compounds and others com- monly found in natural gases.* It also gives some additional physical proper- ties of these compounds. Example 1.3 shows the method of calculating the gas deviation factor from the composition of the gas. TABLE 1.1. Physical properties of the paraffin hydrocarbons and other compounds (After Eiferts®*) Esi. Port. Est, Volume Part. a Volune Liquid Density 60°F, at Boiling Critical Constants 60°F, 14.7 psia 14.7 60°F, Point at G sia, 144 Molec 14.7 (Grams) Lb “Gal psia, ular psia_ Pressure, Temperature per per perM Gal per Compound Weight °F Pes psia TR ce Gal SCF Lb-mole Methane 16.04 = —258.7 673.1 343.2 0.348 2.90 14.6 5.53 Ethane 30.07) 127.5 708.3 349.9 0.485 4.04 19.6, 7.44 Propane 44.09 43.7 617.4 666.0 °0.5077 4.233 27.46 «10.417 Isobutane 58,12 10.9 529.1 734.6 "0.5631 4.695 32.64 12.380 m-Butane 58.12 3.1 550.1 765.7 «0.5844 4.872 31.44 11.929, Isopentane 72.15 B21 483.5 829.6 0.6248 5.209 36.50 13.851 nPentane 72.15 96.9 489.8 846.2. 0.6312 5.262 36.14 13.710 n-Hexane 86.17 155.7 440.1 914.2 6641 5.536 41.03 15.565 n-Heptane 100.2 209.2 398.9 972.4. 0.6882 5.738 46.03 17.463 n-Octane 114.2 258.2 362.2 1028.9 0.7068 5.892 $1.09 19.385 n-Nonane 1283 303.4334 1073 0.7217 6.017 56.19 21.314 n-Decane 142.3 345.4312, 0.7341 6.121 61.27 23.245 Ait 28.97 317.7547 239 Carbon dioside 44.01 109.3. 1070.2 547.5, Helium 4.03 452.1 33.2 95 Hydrogen 2.106 -473.0 189.0 59.8 Hydrogen sulfide 34.08 76.6 1306.5 672.4 Nitrogen 28.02, ~3204 «492.2 227.0 Oxygen 3200-2974 ©7369 278.6 Water 18.02 212.0 3209.5 1165.2 0.9990 8.337 “Basis partial volume in solution. "At bubble-point pressure and 60°F.22 Introduction to Reservoir Engineering Example 1.3, Calculating the gas deviation factor of the Bell Field gas from its composition. Given: The composition Col. (2), and the physical data Cols. (3) to (5) taken from Table 1.1. @) Comp., (3) ay Mole Mol. (4) (5). (6) 7 Oo) Component Fract. Wi. Pe E (2) x3) (2) x (4) (2) x (5) Methane 0.8612 16.04 673. 343 13.81 579.59 295.39 Ethane 0.0591 30.07 708 550 1.78 41.84 Propane 0.0358 44,09 617 666 1.58 22.09 Butane 0.0172 58.12 550. 766 1.00 9.46 Pentanes 0.0050 72.15 490 846 0.36 2.45 con 0.0010 44.01 1070 548 0.04 1.07 Nz 0.0207 28.02 492 27 0.58 10.18 1.0000, 19.15 666.68 SOLUTION: The specific gravity may be obtained from the sum of Col. (©), which is the average molecular weight of the gas, ‘The sums of Cols. (7) and (8) are the pseudocritical pressure and temperature, respectively. Then at 3250 psia and 213°F, the pseudoreduced pressure and temperature are 3250 - 673 Po 666.68 487 Te 37g g= 180 ‘The gas deviation factor using Fig. 1.5 is z = 0.91. Wichert and Aziz have developed a correlation to account for inaccu- racies in the Standing and Katz chart when the gas contains significant frac- tions of carbon dioxide (CO.) and hydrogen sulfide (H,S).”” The Wichert and Aziz correlation modifies the values of the pseudocritical constants of the natural gas. Once the modified constants are obtained, they are used to calcu- late pseudoreduced properties as described in Ex. 1.2 and the z-factor is deter- mined from Fig. 1.5 or Eq. (1.10). The Wichert and Aziz correlation equation is as follows: 20(4°* — A!) + 15(B°S — B4) (1.15) where, A =sum of the mole fractions of CO, and H,S in the gas mixture B = mole fraction of H,S in the gas mixture 5. Review of Gas Properties 23 The modified pseudoctitical properties are given by: Tye = Tye — © (15a) oe PoeTpe Pe TS BO Bye) (1.15b) Wichert and Aziz found their correlation to have an average absolute error of 0.97% over the following ranges of data: 154