Chapter 13: Complex Numbers: Sections 13.1 & 13.2

Denitions Algebra of complex numbers Polar coordinates form of complex numbers
Chapter 13: Complex Numbers

Sections 13.1 & 13.2
Complex numbers and complex plane Complex conjugate Modulus of a complex number
1. Complex numbers
Complex numbers are of the form z = x + iy , x , y R, i 2 = 1.
In the above denition, x is the real part of z and y is the imaginary part of z . y The complex number z = x + iy may be represented in the complex plane as the point with cartesian coordinates (x , y ).
z=3+2i
1
Complex conjugate
The complex conjugate of z = x + iy is dened as z = x iy . As a consequence of the above denition, we have z +z e (z ) = , 2 z z m(z ) = , 2i zz = x 2 + y 2 . (1)
If z1 and z2 are two complex numbers, then z1 + z2 = z1 + z2 , z1 z2 = z1 z2 . (2)
Modulus of a complex number
The absolute value or modulus of z = x + iy is = x 2 + y 2. |z | = z z It is a positive number. Examples: Evaluate the following
|i | |2 3i |
2. Algebra of complex numbers

You should use the same rules of algebra as for real numbers, but remember that i 2 = 1. Examples:
# 13.1.1: Find powers of i and 1/i . Assume z1 = 2 + 3i and z2 = 1 7i . Calculate z1 z2 and (z1 + z2 )2 .
Get used to writing a complex number in the form z = (real part) + i (imaginary part), no matter how complicated this expression might be.
Algebra of complex numbers (continued)
Remember that multiplying a complex number by its complex conjugate gives a real number. Examples: Assume z1 = 2 + 3i and z2 = 1 7i .
z1 Find . z2 z1 Find . z2 Find
1 z1 3
# 13.2.27: Solve z 2 (8 5i )z + 40 20i = 0.
Denitions Eulers formula Integer powers of a complex number Product and ratio of two complex numbers Roots of a complex number Triangle inequality
3. Polar coordinates form of complex numbers

In polar coordinates, x = r cos(), where r= x2 + y2 = |z |. y = r sin(),
y y 0 x z=x+iy x
The angle is called the argument of z = 0, and is given by y if x arctan x arctan y + if x arg(z ) = = x arctan y x if x
z . It is dened for all 0 < 0 and y 0 2n. < 0 and y < 0
Principal value Arg(z )

Because arg(z ) is multi-valued, it is convenient to agree on a particular choice of arg(z ), in order to have a single-valued function. The principal value of arg(z ), Arg(z ), is such that y tan (Arg(z )) = , x Note that Arg(z ) jumps by 2 when one crosses the negative real axis from above. with < Arg(z ) .
y Arg(z)= 1 0 1 Arg(z)> - x
Principal value Arg(z ) (continued)

Examples:
Find the principal value of the argument of z = 1 i . Find the principal value of the argument of z = 10.
y 1 0 1 x
Polar and cartesian forms of a complex number

You need to be able to go back and forth between the polar and cartesian representations of a complex number. z = x + iy = |z | cos() + i |z | sin(). In particular, you need to know the values of the sine and cosine of multiples of /6 and /4.
Convert cos + i sin to cartesian coordinates. 6 6 What is the cartesian form of the complex number such that |z | = 3 and Arg(z ) = /4?
Eulers formula
Eulers formula reads exp(i ) = cos() + i sin(), R.
As a consequence, every complex number z = 0 can be written as z = |z | (cos() + i sin()) = |z | exp(i ). This formula is extremely useful for calculating powers and roots of complex numbers, or for multiplying and dividing complex numbers in polar form.
Integer powers of a complex number

To nd the n-th power of a complex number z = 0, proceed as follows
1
Write z in exponential form, z = |z | exp (i ) .
Then take the n-th power of each side of the above equation z n = |z |n exp (in) = |z |n (cos(n) + i sin(n)) .
In particular, if z is on the unit circle (|z | = 1), we have (cos() + i sin())n = cos(n) + i sin(n). This is De Moivres formula.
Integer powers of a complex number (continued)

Examples of application:
Trigonometric formulas cos(2) = cos2 () sin2 (), (3) sin(2) = 2 sin() cos().
Find cos(3) and sin(3) in terms of cos() and sin().
Product of two complex numbers

The product of z1 = r1 exp (i 1 ) and z2 = r2 exp (i 2 ) is z1 z2 = (r1 exp (i 1 )) (r2 exp (i 2 )) = r1 r2 exp (i (1 + 2 )) . As a consequence, arg(z1 z2 ) = arg(z1 ) + arg(z2 ), We can use Equation (4) to show that cos (1 + 2 ) = cos (1 ) cos (2 ) sin (1 ) sin (2 ) , (5) sin (1 + 2 ) = sin (1 ) cos (2 ) + cos (1 ) sin (2 ) .
(4)
|z1 z2 | = |z1 | |z2 |.
Ratio of two complex numbers

z1 Similarly, the ratio is given by z2 z1 r1 exp (i 1 ) r1 = exp (i (1 2 )) . = z2 r2 exp (i 2 ) r2 As a consequence, arg z1 z2 = arg(z1 ) arg(z2 ), z1 |z1 | . = z2 |z2 |
z1 Example: Assume z1 = 2 + 3i and z2 = 1 7i . Find . z2

Roots of a complex number

To nd the n-th roots of a complex number z = 0, proceed as follows 1 Write z in exponential form, z = r exp (i ( + 2p )) ,
2
with r = |z | and p Z. Then take the n-th root (or the 1/n-th power) n z =z
1/n
=r
1/ n
+ 2p exp i n
+ 2p r exp i n
There are thus n roots of z , given by zk = n r cos + 2k n + i sin + 2k n , k = 0, , n1.
Roots of a complex number (continued)

The principal value of z is the n-th root of z obtained by taking = Arg(z ) and k = 0. The n-th roots of unity are given by n 1 = cos 2k n + i sin 2k n = k , k = 0, , n 1 n
where = cos(2/n) + i sin(2/n). In particular, if w1 is any n-th root of z = 0, then the n-th roots of z are given by w1 , w1 , w1 2 , , w1 n1 .
Roots of a complex number (continued)
Examples:
Find the three cubic roots of 1. 4
Find the four values of
i.
Give a representation in the complex plane of the principal value of the eighth root of z = 3 + 4i .
Triangle inequality
If z1 and z2 are two complex numbers, then |z1 + z2 | |z1 | + |z2 |. This is called the triangle inequality. Geometrically, it says that the length of any side of a triangle cannot be larger than the sum of the lengths of the other two sides. More generally, if z1 , z2 , . . . , zn are n complex numbers, then |z1 + z2 + + zn | |z1 | + |z2 | + + |zn | .

Chapter 13: Complex Numbers: Sections 13.1 & 13.2

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Chapter 13: Complex Numbers: Sections 13.1 & 13.2

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Denitions Algebra of complex numbers Polar coordinates form of complex numbers