Hng dan giai CDBT t cac TQG Toan hoc

157
Chuyen e 5: HNH HOC KHONG GIAN
kIEN IHUC CAN 8AN
1. OUAN HE $ONG $ONG
l. UONG THA NG SONG SONG
nh ngha: a // b
a b = C va a, b c (o)
nh l 1:
( )
( )
a// b
a
b

c
o

c |

(o) (|) = c cung song song vi a va b hoac trung vi a hoac b

ll. UONG THA NG SONG SONG VOl MAT FHA NG
nh ngha: a // (o) a (o) = C
nh l 2: (Tieu chuan song song)
a // (o)
( )
( )
c
o

.
o

a// b, b
a

nh l 3:

( )
( )
o
`
c |
)
a//
a
(o) (|) = b // a
lll. HAl MAT FHA NG SONG SONG
nh ngha: (o) // (|) (o) (|) = C
nh l 4: (tieu chuan song song)
(o) // (|)
( )
( )
c
o

' ' ' ' c |

a, b ca t nhau
a// a , b// b ,a .b




nh l 5:

( )
( )
( )
//
a
b
o |

=
o

= |

a // b



o
|
a
c
b
a
b
o
o
|
a
b
o
a
b
|
a'
b'
o
|

a
b



Hng dan giai CDBT t cac TQG Toan hoc
158
nh l 6: (nh l Talet trong khong gian)
Cac mat phang song song
nh tren hai cat tuyen nhng
oan thang tng ng t le.
(o) // (|) // = =
' ' ' ' ' '
AB BC AC
A B B C A C

AA', BB', CC' // (o)
= =
' ' ' ' ' '
AB BC AC
A B B C A C




2. OUAN HE VUONG GOC
l. UONG THA NG VONG GOC MAT FHA NG
nh ngha: a (o)
a b, b c (o)
nh l 1: (Tieu chuan vuong goc)
a (o)

a b
a c
b, c ca t nhau trong

nh l 2: (nh ly 3 ng vuong goc)
a co hnh chieu a' tren mat phang o cha b.
a b a' b

ll. HAl MAT FHA NG VONG GOC
nh ngha: (o) (|)
( ) ( ) |
o
( , ) = 1 vuong
a b, b c (o)
nh l 3: (Tieu chuan vuong goc)
o |
( )
( )
a
a
c
o

nh l 4:

( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
c

o

| =
o

c ()

o
|
C
B
C
B
A A
a b
o
a
b c
o
a
b
a'
H
S
A
o
|
a
o
|

c
Hng dan giai CDBT t cac TQG Toan hoc
159
3. kHOANG CACH GIUA HAI UONG IHANG CHEO NHAU
l. ]NH NGHlA
AB la oan vuong goc chung cua a va b

A a, B b
AB a, AB b
e e

ll. DUNG OA N VO NG GOC CHNG
1. a b
Qua b dng mat phang (o) a tai A
Trong (o) dng qua A, AB b tai B
AB la oan vuong goc chung.
2. a b
Cach 1:
Qua b dng mat phang (o) // a
Lay M tren a, dng MH o
Qua H dng a' // a ca t b tai B
T B dng BA // MH cat a tai A
AB la oan vuong goc chung.
Cach 2:
Lay O tren a
Qua O dng mat phang o a tai O
Dng hnh chieu b' cua b tren o.
Dng OH b'.
T H dng ng thang // a cat b tai B.
Qua B dng ng thang // OH cat a tai A.
AB la oan vuong goc chung.
lll. kHOA NG CACH GlU A HAl UONG THA NG CHFO NHA
d(a, b) = AB o dai ng vuong goc chung
(o) cha b va (o) // a th
d(a, b) = d(a, (o))

Van e 1: HNH CHOF

A. IOM IA I IY IHUYEI FHUONG FHAF GIAI

HNH CHOF
l. ]NH NGHlA
Hnh chop la hnh a dien co 1 mat la a giac, cac mat khac la tam giac co
chung nh.
a
b
A
B
H
A
M
B
b
a'
a
o
O
A B
H
O
b
b'
o



Hng dan giai CDBT t cac TQG Toan hoc
160
Chieu cao h la khoang cach t nh ti ay.
Hnh chop eu la hnh chop co ay la a
giac eu va cac canh ben bang nhau.
nh cua hnh chop eu co hnh chieu la
tam cua ay.
Hnh chop tam giac con goi la t dien hnh
t dien.
Hnh t dien la hnh chop tam giac co ay la mat nao cung c, nh la iem
nao cu ng c.
Hnh t dien eu la hnh t dien co cac canh bang nhau.
ll. DlFN TlCH
Dien tch xung quanh cua hnh chop eu:
S
xq
=
1
2
nad n: so canh ay;
a: o dai canh ay
d: o dai trung oan
Dien tch toan phan: S
tp
= S
xq
+ B B la dien tch ay
lll. THF TlCH
The tch hnh chop: V =
1
3
Bh
The tch t dien: V = o
1
dab.sin
6

a, b: o dai hai canh oi
d: o dai oan vuong goc chung
o: goc cua hai canh oi.
T so the tch cua hai hnh chop tam giac co chung nh va 3 ca nh ben.

' ' '
' ' '
=
SABC
SABC
V SA .SB.SC
V SA.SB.SC

HNH CHOF CUI
l. ]NH NGHlA
Hnh chop cut la phan hnh chop nam gia
ay va thiet dien song song vi ay.
Hnh chop cut t hnh chop eu goi la hnh
chop cut eu.
A'B'C'D' ABCD

' ' ' '
= =
SH SA A B
SH SA AB

-
A
S
H
B
C
A
A

B
C
C
S
B
A
D
A
D
C
C B
B
H
H
S
Hng dan giai CDBT t cac TQG Toan hoc
161
ll. DlFN TlCH
S
tp
= s
xq
+ B + B'
Dien tch xung quanh cua hnh chop cut eu: S
xq
=
1
2
(na + na').d
n: so canh ay; a, a': canh ay
d: o dai trong oan, chieu cao cua mat ben
III. THE TCH
V = V
1
V
2
V: the tch hnh chop cut
V
1
: the tch hnh chop V
2
: the tch hnh chop tren

| |
=
|
'
\ .
3
1
2
V SH
V SH
V =
1
3
h(B + B' + ' BB )
B, B' la dien tch ay h la chieu cao

8. E IHI
Bai 1: AI HOC KHOI A NAM 2011
Cho hnh chop S.ABC co ay ABC la tam giac vuong can tai B, AB = BC = 2a;
hai mat phang (SAB) va (SAC) cung vuong goc vi mat phang (ABC). Goi M la
trung iem cua AB; mat phang qua SM va song song vi BC, cat AC tai N. Biet
goc gia hai mat phang (SBC) va (ABC) bang 60
0
. Tnh the tch khoi chop
S.BCNM va khoang cach gia hai ng thang AB va SN theo a.
Giai
Tnh the tch khoi chop S.BCNM.
-
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
SAB ABC
SA ABC
SAC ABC

.
-
( )
( ) ( )
BC// SMN
MN// BC
SMN ABC MN

.
-
( )
( )
( )
0
AB BC gia thie t
(SBC),(ABC) SBA 60
SB BC BC (SAB)

= =

.
- Trong tam giac vuong SBA ta co SA = AB.tan SBA 2a 3 = .
- Dien tch hnh thang BCNM la S =
( ) ( )
2
1 1 3a
BC MN BM 2a a a
2 2 2
+ = + = .
- V
S.BCNM
=
2
3
BCNM
1 1 3a
S .SA 2a 3 a 3
3 3 2
= = = .
S
A
B
C
N
M
I
H



Hng dan giai CDBT t cac TQG Toan hoc
162
Tnh khoang cach gia hai ng thang AB va SN.
Dng mot mat phang cha SN va song song vi AB bang cach ve NI song song
vi AB sao cho AMNI la hnh vuong. Suy ra AB // (SNI).
Ta co AB // (SNI) d(AB,SN) = d(A, (SNI)).
Ve AH vuong goc vi SI tai H.
De dang thay AH (SNI) d(AB,SN) = d(A, (SNI)) = AH.
Trong tam giac vuong SAI ta co
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 13
AH SA AI 12a a 12a
= + = + = .
Suy ra: d(AB, SN) = AH
2a 39
13
= .
Cach 2:
Bai toan tren ta s dung ca ch 2 bang cach xay dng mat phang (SNI) cha SN va
song song vi AB, va khi o d(AB, SN) = d(A, (SNI)).
Cach 3:
Xet he truc Oxyz nh hnh ve.
- Ae Oy nen x
A
= z
A
= 0, con y
A
= BA = 2a
A(0; 2a; 0)
- B O B(0; 0; 0)
- Ce Ox nen y
C
= z
C
= 0, con x
C
= BC = 2a
C(2a; 0; 0)
- Se (Oyz) nen x
S
= 0, con y
S
= BA = 2a va
z
S
= SA = 2a 3 S(0; 2a; 2a 3 )
- Me Oy nen x
M
= z
M
= 0, con y
M
= BM = a M(0; a; 0)
- Ne (Oxy) nen z
N
= 0, con x
N
= BP = a va y
N
= BM = a N(a; a; 0)
Ta co: d(AB, SN) =
AB,SN BN
AB,SN
(

(


2a 39
13
= .
Bai 2: AI HOC KHOI D NAM 2011
Cho hnh chop S.ABC co ay ABC la tam giac vuong tai B, BA = 3a, BC = 4a;
mat phang (SBC) vuong goc vi mat phang (ABC). Biet SB =2a 3 va
0
SBC 30 = . Tnh the tch khoi chop S.ABC va khoang cach t iem B en mat
phang (SAC) theo a.
Giai
- Ve SH vuong goc vi BC tai H.
V (SBC) (ABC) nen SH (ABC).
S
A
B O
C
N
M
x
z
y
P
Hng dan giai CDBT t cac TQG Toan hoc
163
- SH = SB.sin30
0
= a 3 .
- S
AABC
=
1
2
AB.BC = 6a
2
.
- V
S.ABC
=
1
3
SH.S
AABC
=
3
2a 3 .
- Ve HM vuong goc vi AC tai M
BC (SHM).
Ve HK vuong goc vi SM tai K
HK (SAC) HK = d(H, (SAC)).
- BH = SB.cos30
0
= 3a HC = a BC = 4HC
d(B, (SAC)) = 4d(H, (SAC))
- AC =
2 2
AB BC 5a + =
- ABCA ong dang AMCH
HM AB
HC AC
=
AB.HC 3a
HM
AC 5
= = .
- ASAM vuong tai H co HK la ng cao nen:

2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 25 1 28
HK HM SH 9a 3a 9a
= + = + =
3a 7
HK
14
=
- Vay d(B,(SAC)) =
6a 7
4HK
7
=
Cach 2:
Ta co the tnh: d(B,(SAC)) =
SABC
SAC
3V
S
A
.
Ta co: +) AB (SBC) AB SB
2 2
SA SB AB a 21 = + = .
+)
2 2
SC SH HC 2a = + = .
Ma AC = 5a nen SA
2
+ SC
2
= AC
2
, suy ra tam giac SAC vuong tai S.
Do o: S
ASAC
=
1
2
SA.SC =
2
a 21
Vay d(B,(SAC)) =
SABC
SAC
3V
S
A
=
3
2
3.2a 3 6a 7
7
a 21
= .
Bai 3: CAO ANG KHOI A, B, D NAM 2011
Cho hnh chop S.ABC co ay ABC la tam giac vuong can tai B, AB=a, SA
vuong goc vi mat phang (ABC), goc gia hai mat phang (SBC) va (ABC) bang
30
0
. Goi M la trung iem cua canh SC. Tnh the tch cua khoi chop S.ABM theo a.
30
0

S
B
A
C
H
3a
4a
2a 3

M
K



Hng dan giai CDBT t cac TQG Toan hoc
164
Giai
BC vuong goc vi mat phang SAB
Goc SBA= 30
0
nen SA =
3
a

d(M,(SAB)) =
1
2
d(C,(SAB)) =
BC a
2 2
=
Vy V
S.ABM
= V
M.SAB
=
1 1
.
3 2 2
3
a a
a
| |
|
\ .
=
3
a 3
36

Cach 2:
V
S.ABC
=
ABC
1
S .SA
3
A
=
3
a 3
18


ABM
ABC
S SM 1
S SC 2
A
A
= = V
S.ABM
=
3
a 3
36

Bai 4: AI HOC KHOI A NAM 2010
Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay ABCD la hnh vuong canh a. Goi M va N lan
lt la trung iem cua cac canh AB va AD; H la giao iem cua CN va DM. Biet
SH vuong goc vi mat phang (ABCD) va SH = a 3 . Tnh the tch khoi chop
S.CDNM va khoang cach gia hai ng thang DM va SC theo a.
Giai
S
(NDCM)
=
| |
=
|
\ .
2
2
2
1 a 1 a 5a
a a
2 2 2 2 8
(vdt)
V
(S.NDCM)
= =
2 3
1 5a 5a 3
a 3
3 8 24
(vtt)
= + =
2
2
a a 5
NC a
4 2

Ta co 2 tam giac vuong AMD va NDC bang nhau
Nen goc NCD = ADM . Vay DM vuong NC
Vay ta co: = = =
2
2
a 2a
DC HC.NC HC
a 5 5
2

Ta co tam giac SHC vuong tai H, va khoang cach cua DM va SC chnh la chieu
cao h ve t H trong tam giac SHC
Nen = + = + = =
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 5 1 19 2a 3
h
19 h HC SH 4a 3a 12a
.
a
H
1
1
N
M
C
B
A
D
1
A
C
S
M
B
30
0

a
Hng dan giai CDBT t cac TQG Toan hoc
165
Bai 5: AI HOC KHOI D NAM 2010
Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay ABCD la hnh vuong canh a, canh ben SA = a;
hnh chieu vuong goc cua nh S tren mat phang (ABCD) la iem H thuoc oan
AC, =
AC
AH
4
. Goi CM la ng cao cua tam giac SAC. Chng minh M la trung
iem cua SA va tnh the tch khoi t dien SMBC theo a.
Giai
Ta co
| |
= =
|
|
\ .
2
2
a 2 a 14
SH a
4 4


| |
= + = =
|
|
\ .
2
2 2
14a 3a 2 32a
SC a 2
16 4 16
= AC
Vay ASCA can tai C nen ng cao ha t C
xuong ASAC chnh la trung iem cua SA.
T M ta ha K vuong goc vi AC, nen MK =
1
2
SH
Ta co
| |
= =
|
\ .
3
2
1 1 a 14 a 14
V(S.ABC) a .
3 2 4 24
(vdt)
Nen V(MABC) = V(MSBC) =
1
2
V(SABC) =
3
a 14
48
(vdt)
Bai 6: CAO ANG KHOI A, B, D NAM 2010
Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay ABCD la hnh vuong canh a, mat phang (SAB)
vuong goc vi mat phang ay, SA = SB, goc gia ng thang SC va mat phang
ay bang 45
0
. Tnh theo a the tch cua khoi chop S.ABCD.
Giai
Goi H la trung iem AB.
Ta co tam giac vuong SHC, co goc SCH =
0
45
nen la tam giac vuong ca n
Vay = = + =
2
2
a a 5
HC SH a
4 2

= =
3
2
1 a 5 a 5
V a
3 2 6
(vtt)


S
A
B
C
D
H
a
B
A
D
C
S
K H
M



Hng dan giai CDBT t cac TQG Toan hoc
166
Bai 7: AI HOC KHOI A NAM 2009
Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay ABCD la hnh thang vuong tai A va D; AB
= AD = 2a; CD = a; goc gia hai mat phang (SBC) va (ABCD) bang 60
0
. Goi I la
trung iem cua canh AD. Biet hai mat phang (SBI) va (SCI) cung vuong goc vi
mat phang (ABCD), tnh the tch khoi chop S.ABCD theo a.
Giai
(SIB) (ABCD) va (SIC) (ABCD)
Suy ra SI (ABCD)
Ke IK BC (K e BC) BC (SIK) =
o
SKI 60
Dien tch hnh thang ABCD: S
ABCD
= 3a
2

Tong dien tch cac tam giac ABI va CDI bang
2
3a
2

Suy ra S
AIBC
=
2
3a
2


( )
A
= + = = =
= =
2
2 IBC
2S 3 5a
BC AB CD AD a 5 IK
BC 5
3 15a
SI IK.tanSKI
5

The tch khoi chop: S.ABCD: V = =
3
ABCD
1 3 15a
S .SI
3 5
(vtt)
Bai 8: CAO ANG KHOI A, B, D NAM 2009
Cho hnh chop t giac eu S.ABCD co AB = a, SA = a 2 . Goi M, N va P lan
lt la trung iem cua cac canh SA, SB va CD. Chng minh rang ng thang
MN vuong goc vi ng thang SP. Tnh theo a the tch cua khoi t dien AMNP.
Giai
Goi I la trung iem AB
Ta co: MN // AB // CD va SP CD MN SP
ASIP can tai S, SI
2
= =
2 2
2
a 7a
2a
4 4
SI = SP =
a 7
2

Goi O la tam cua hnh vuong ABCD, ta co SO
2
= SI
2
OI
2
=
| |
=
|
\ .
2
2 2
7a a 6a
4 2 4

SO =
a 6
2
, H la hnh chieu vuong goc cua P xuong mat phang SAB
Ta co
( )
= = = = =
SIP
1 1 SO.IP a 6 2 a 6
S SO.IP PH.SI PH a
2 2 SI 2
a 7 7

S
D
I
A
B
K
C
Hng dan giai CDBT t cac TQG Toan hoc
167

( )
( )
| |
= = =
|
|
\ .
3
AMN
1 1 1 a 1 a 7 a 6 a 6
V S .PH . . vtt
3 3 2 2 2 2 48
7

Bai 9: AI HOC KHOI B NAM 2008
Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay ABCD la hnh vuong canh 2a, SA = a,
= SB a 3 va mat phang (SAB) vuong goc vi mat phang ay. Goi M, N lan lt
la trung iem cua cac canh AB, BC. Tnh theo a the tch cua khoi chop S.BMDN
va tnh cosin cua goc gia hai ng thang SM, DN.
Giai
- Goi H la hnh chieu cua S len SA
SH (ABCD) do o SH ng cao hnh chop.
- Ta co: SA
2
+ SB
2
= a
2
+ 3a
2
= AB
2
nen
ASAB vuong tai S, suy ra = =
AB
SM a
2

- ASAM eu cao bang a =
a 3
SH
2

- = =
2
BMDN ABCD
1
S S 2a
2

- The tch khoi chop S.BMDN la: ( ) = =
3
BMDN
1 a 3
V SH.S
vtt
3 3

- Tnh cosin: Ke ME // DN (E e AD), suy ra =
a
AE
2

at la goc gia hai ng SM va DN, ta co
( )
= SM, ME
- Theo nh ly 3 ng vuong goc, ta co SA AE.
Suy ra: = + =
2 2
a 5
SE SA AE ,
2
= + =
2 2
a 5
ME AM AE
2

Tam giac SME can tai E nen = SME va goi I la trung iem SM
MI = =
SM a
2 2
. Khi o: = =
a
5
2
cos
5
a 5
2

Bai 10: CAO ANG KHOI A, B, D NAM 2008
Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay ABCD la hnh thang, = =
0
BAD ABC 90 ,
AB = BC = a, AD = 2a, SA vuong goc vi ay va SA = 2a. Goi M, N lan lt la
trung iem cua SA, SD. Chng minh rang BCNM la hnh ch nhat va tnh the tch
cua khoi chop S.BCNM theo a.
S
A
D
C
N
B
M
H



Hng dan giai CDBT t cac TQG Toan hoc
168
Giai
Ta co:
MN// AD
MN// BC
BC// AD

= = =
1
MN AD a BC
2

Suy ra: BCNM la hnh bnh hanh
Mat khac:
BC SA BC (SAB)
BC MB
BC AB MB (SAB)




c


BCNM la hnh bnh hanh co 1 goc vuong nen BCNM la hnh ch nhat
Goi H la ng cao AAMB.
Suy ra
AH MB
AH (BCNM)
AH BC (BC (SAB))

Do M la trung iem SA nen:
( ) ( )
= = =
a 2
d A,(BCNM) d S,(BCNM) AH
2


( )
= = =
3
S.BCMN BCMN
1 1 a 2 a
V S .AH a.a 2 .
3 3 2 3
(vtt)
Bai 11: AI HOC KHOI A NAM 2007
Cho hnh chop S. ABCD co ay la hnh vuong canh a, mat ben SAD la tam
giac eu va nam trong mat phang vuong goc vi ay. Goi M, N, P lan lt la
trung iem cua cac canh SB, BC, CD. Chng minh AM vuong goc vi BP va tnh
the tch cua khoi t dien CMNP
Giai
Chng minh AM BP va tnh the tch khoi t dien CMNP
Goi H la trung iem cua AD. Do SAD eu nen SH AD.
Do (SAD) (ABCD) nen SH (ABCD)
SH BP (1)
Xet hnh vuong ABCD ta co CDH = BCP
CH BP (2). T (1) va (2)
suy ra BP (SHC). V MN // SC
va AN // CH nen (AMN) // (SHC).
Suy ra BP (AMN) BP AM.
Ke MK (ABCD), K e (ABCD).
Ta co: =
CMNP CNP
1
V MK.S
3

V = = = =
2
CNP
1 a 3 1 a
MK SH , S CN.CP
2 4 2 8
nen =
3
CMNP
3a
V
96
(vtt)
K
P
B
N
C
S
D
H
A
M
S
M
N
A D
C
B
H
Hng dan giai CDBT t cac TQG Toan hoc
169
Bai 12: AI HOC KHOI B NAM 2007
Cho hnh chop t giac S. ABCD co ay la hnh vuong canh a. Go i E la iem
oi xng cua D qua trung iem cua SA, M la trung iem cua AE, N la trung iem
cua BC. Chng minh MN vuong goc vi BD va tnh khoang cach gia hai ng
thang MN va AC theo a.
Giai
Goi P la trung iem cua SA. Ta co
MNCP la hnh bnh hanh nen MN song
song vi mat phang (SAC).
Mat khac, BD (SAC) nen BD MN
MN // (SAC)
nen d(MN; AC) = d(N; (SAC))
Vay d(MN; AC) = = =
1 1 a 2
d(B;(SAC)) BD
2 4 4

Bai 13: AI HOC KHOI D NAM 2007
Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay la hnh thang, = =
0
ABC BAD 90 , BA = BC = a,
AD = 2a. Canh ben SA vuong goc vi ay va SA = a 2 . Goi H la hnh chieu
vuong goc cua A tren SB. Chng minh tam giac SCD vuong va tnh khoang cach
t H en mat phang (SCD) theo a.
Giai
Goi I la trung iem cua AD. Ta co:
IA = ID = IC = a CD AC.
Mat khac, CD SA. Suy ra CD SC nen
tam giac SCD vuong tai C.
Trong tam giac vuong SAB ta co:
= = = =
+ +
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
SH SA SA 2a 2
SB 3
SB SA AB 2a a

Goi d
1
va d
2
lan lt la khoang cach t B
va H en mat phang (SCD) th
= = =
2
2 1
1
d SH 2 2
d d
d SB 3 3
.
Ta co:
B.SCD BCD
1
SCD SCD
3V SA.S
d
S S
= = . Ma = =
2
BCD
1 1
S AB.BC a
2 2

va = = + + + =
2 2 2 2 2 2
SCD
1 1
S SC.CD SA AB BC . IC ID a 2
2 2
.
C
M
N
S
B
P
A
D
E
B
H
S
D
A
C
I



Hng dan giai CDBT t cac TQG Toan hoc
170
Suy ra =
1
a
d
2

Vay khoang cach t H en mat phang (SCD) la: = =
2 1
2 a
d d
3 3

Bai 14: AI HOC KHOI B NAM 2006
Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay ABCD la hnh ch nhat vi AB = a, AD = a 2 ,
SA = a va SA vuong goc vi mat phang (ABCD). Goi M, N lan lt la hai trung
iem cua AD va SC. I la giao iem cua BM va AC. Chng minh rang mat phang
(SAC) vuong goc vi mat phang (SMB). Tnh the tch cua khoi t dien ANIB.
Giai
Xet AABM va ABCA vuong co = =
AM 1 BA
AB BC
2

A ABM ong dang A BCA = ABM BCA

+ = + =
=
o
o
AMB BAC BCA BAC 90
AIB 90 MB AC (1)

SA (ABCD) SA MB (2).
T (1) va (2) MB (SAC)
(SMB) (SAC).
Goi H la trung iem cua AC
NH la ng trung bnh cua A SAC
= =
SA a
NH
2 2
va NH // SA nen NH (ABI)
Do o
A
=
ANIB AIB
1
V NH.S
3
.

2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1 a 3
AI , BI AB AI
3
AI AB AM
= + = =

A
= =
2
ABI
a 6 a 2
BI S
3 6
= =
2 3
ANIB
1 a a 2 a 2
V . .
3 2 6 36
(vtt)
Bai 15: AI HOC KHOI D NAM 2006
Cho hnh chop tam giac S.ABC co ay ABC la tam giac eu canh a, SA = 2a
va SA vuong goc vi mat phang (ABC). Goi M, N lan lt la hnh chieu vuong
goc cua A tren cac ng thang SB va SC. Tnh the tch cua khoi chop A.BCNM.
Giai
The tch cua khoi chop A.BCMN.
Goi K la trung iem cua BC
A
B
C
D
H
S
a
a
I
M a 2
N
Hng dan giai CDBT t cac TQG Toan hoc
171
H la hnh chieu vuong goc cua A tren SK.
Do BC AK, BC SA nen BC AH.
Do AH SK, AH BC nen AH (SBC).
Xet tam giac vuong SAK:
= + =
2 2 2
1 1 1 2 3a
AH
19 AH SA AK

Xet tam giac vuong SAB:
= = =
2
2
2
SM SA 4
SA SM.SB
SB 5
SB

Xet tam giac vuong SAC: = = =
2
2
2
SN SA 4
SA SN.SC
SC 5
SC

Suy ra: = = =
2
SMN
BCMN SBC
SBC
S 16 9 9 19a
S S
S 25 25 100
.
Vay the tch cua khoi chop A.BCMN la = =
3
BCMN
1 3 3a
V .AH.S
3 50
(vtt)
Bai 16:
Cho hnh chop t giac eu S.ABCD co canh ay bang a, goc gia canh ben
va mat ay bang (0
0
< < 90
0
). Tnh tang cua goc gia hai mat phang (SAB)
va (ABCD) theo . Tnh the tch khoi chop S.ABCD theo a va .
Giai
Ta co goc cua canh ben va mat ay bang .
Suy ra SBO =
ASOB co
SO a 2
tan = SO = tan
BO 2

)
Ve OI AB
AB (SIO)
Ta co SO AB

Goc cua (SAB) va (ABCD) la SIO.
tan SIO =
a 2
tan
SO
2
2 tan
a
IO
2

= =

3
2
SABCD ABCD
1 1 a 2 a 2
V SO.S tan .a tan
3 3 2 6
= = = (vtt)

A
B
C
D
I
S
a

O
A
B
C
S
K
H
N
M



Hng dan giai CDBT t cac TQG Toan hoc
172
Bai 17:
Cho hai mat phang (P) va (Q) vuong goc vi nhau, co giao tuyen la ng thang
A. Tren A lay hai iem A, B vi AB = a. Trong mat phang (P) lay iem C, trong
mat phang (Q) lay iem D sao cho AC, BD cung vuong goc vi A va AC = BD = AB.
Tnh ban knh mat cau ngoai tiep t dien ABCD va tnh khoang cach t A en
mat phang (BCD) theo a.
Giai
Goi I la trung iem cua BC. (d) qua I,
(d) (ABC) la truc cua ng tron
ngoai tiep AABC vuong can tai A.
(d) (DC) = F la trung iem DC
(do BF la trung tuyen trong A vuong)
F la tam mat cau ngoai tiep t dien:
R = FD = =
DC a 3
2 2
(BC = a 2 ; BD = a)
Ta co :
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
P Q
P Q
BD Q
BD Q

= A

Ma AI c (P) BD AI, BC AI (do AABCD vuong can)
AI (BDC) d(A,(BDC)) = AI =
a 2
2

Cach 2: Chon he truc Axyz sao cho A(0; 0; 0)
B(0; a; 0) D(a; a; 0) C(0; 0; a) I(x; y; z)
ycbt IA = IB = IC = ID = R
x = y = z =
a a 3
R IA
2 2
= =
Mat phang (BCD) co VTPT
( )
( )
2 2 2
n 0; a ; a a 0; 1; 1 = =
Suy ra phng trnh mat phang (BCD):
y + z a = 0 d(A, (BCD)) =
a 2
2

Bai 18:
Cho hnh chop tam giac eu S.ABC nh S, co o dai ca nh ay bang a.
Goi M va N lan lt la trung iem cua cac canh SB va SC. Tnh theo a dien
tch tam giac AMN, biet rang mat phang (AMN) vuong goc vi mat phang SBC).
B
C
A
H
D
a
F
I
A
d
a
C
D
A
B
a
z
x
y
Hng dan giai CDBT t cac TQG Toan hoc
173
Giai
Goi SH la ng cao hnh chop SABC.
Ta co H la trong tam AABC, ke AK MN
(AMN) (SBC) AK (SBC)
Goi I la trung iem cua BC, ta co:
S, K, I thang hang va AH = 2HI
MN la ng trung bnh trong ASBC
K la trung iem cua SI
ASAI can tai A SA = AI =
a 3
2

Ta co SH
2
= SA
2
HA
2
= SI
2
HI
2

= +
2 2 2 2
4 1
SI SA SA SA
9 9
= = =
2
2
2 a a 2
SA SI
3 2 2

Xet AAKI ta co AK
2
= AI
2
KI
2
.
( )
2
AMN
a 10 1 a 10
AK va y S AK.MN
vdt
4 2 16
A
= = = .
Bai 19:
Cho t dien ABCD co canh AD vuong goc vi mp (ABC) AC = AD = 4cm,
AB = 3cm, BC = 5cm. Tnh khoang cach t iem A ti mat phang (BCD).
Giai
Cach 1: AD (ABC)

AD AB
AD AC

BC
2
= AB
2
+ AC
2
AABC vuong tai A

A A
= =
2 2
ABC BCD
S 6(cm ) S 2 34(cm )
Goi a(A, (BCD) = AK
= =
ABCD ABC BCD
1 1
V S .AD S .AK
3 3
= =
ABC
BCD
S .AD 6 34
AK (cm)
S 17

Cach 2: Ke DH BC AH BC (nh ly 3 ng vuong goc)
Ke AK DH (1)
Ta co BC (ADH) BC AK (2)
T (1), (2) AK (DBC) d (A, (BCD)) = AK
= + = + + =
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 17
72
AK AD AH AB AC AD
=
2
72 6 34
AK AK =
17 17
(cm)

A
B
C
S
I
H
M
N
K



Hng dan giai CDBT t cac TQG Toan hoc
174
Van e 2: HNH IANG IPU

A. IOM IAI IY IHUYEI FHUONG FHAF GIAI

l. ]NH NGHlA
Hnh lang tru la hnh a dien co 2 mat song song goi la ay, va cac canh khong
thuoc 2 ay song song vi nhau.
ll. TlNH CHA T
Trong hnh lang tru:
Cac canh ben song song va bang nhau.
Cac mat ben, mat cheo la hnh bnh hanh.
Hai ay co canh song song va bang nhau.
lll. tANG Tk UNG, F. tANG Tk XlFN
Lang tru ng la lang tru co canh ben vuong goc vi ay
Lang tru eu la lang tru ng co ay la a giac eu.
Lang tru eu co cac mat ben la hnh ch nha t bang nhau.
Lang tru xien co canh ben khong vuong goc vi ay.
lV. HlNH HOF
Hnh hop la hnh lang tru co ay la hnh bnh hanh.
Hnh hop co cac mat oi dien la hnh
bnh hanh song song va bang nhau.
Cac ng cheo hnh hop cat nhau tai
trung iem.
Hnh hop ng co canh ben vuong goc
vi ay.
Hnh hop xien co canh ben khong
vuong goc vi ay.
Hnh hop ch nhat la hnh hop ng co ay la hnh ch nhat.
Hnh hop ch nhat co cac mat la hnh ch nhat
o dai cac canh xuat phat t 1 nh goi la kch thc cua hnh hop ch nhat a,
b, c.
Cac ng cheo hnh hop ch nhat bang nhau va co o dai: d = + +
2 2 2
a b c
Hnh lap phng la hnh hop co 6 mat la hnh vuong.
Cac canh cua hnh lap phng bang nhau so o a.
Cac ng cheo hnh lap phng co o dai: d = a 3
A
B
D
C
E
E'
B'
C'
D'
A'
A
D
B
C
A
C
D
B
a
c
b
Hng dan giai CDBT t cac TQG Toan hoc
175
V. DlFN TlCH XNG QANH VA DlFN TlCH TOA N FHA N
S
xq
= pl p la chu vi thiet dien thang
l la o dai canh ben
Lang tru ng: S
xq
= ph p la chu vi ay
h la chieu cao
Hnh hop ch nhat: S
tp
= 2(ab + bc + ca)
a, b, c la kch thc cua hnh hop ch nhat.
Vl. THF TlCH
The tch cua hnh hop ch nhat: V = abc a, b, c la kch thc
The tch hnh lap phng: V = a
3
a la canh
The tch lang tru: V = B.h B la dien tch ay
h la chieu cao
V = Sl S la dien tch thiet dien thang
l la canh ben
The tch cua lang tru tam giac cut:
Lang tru tam giac cut la hnh a dien co
hai ay la tam giac co canh ben song song
khong bang nhau.
V =
+ + a b c
S
3

S la dien tch thiet dien thang.
a, b, c la o dai cac canh ben.

8. E IHI
Bai 1: AI HOC KHOI B NAM 2011
Cho lang tru ABCD.A
1
B
1
C
1
D
1
co ay ABCD la hnh ch nhat AB = a, AD
= a 3 . Hnh chieu vuong goc cua iem A
1
tren mat phang (ABCD) trung vi
giao iem cua AC va BD . Goc gia hai mat phang (ADD
1
A
1
) va (ABCD) bang
60
0
. Tnh the tch khoi lang tru a cho va khoang cach t iem B
1
en mat phang
(A
1
BD) theo a.
Giai
Goi O la giao iem cua AC va BD A
1
O (ABCD)
Goi I la trung iem AD.
Ta co: OI AD ( V ABCD la hnh ch nhat)
A
1
I AD [V AD (A
1
IO)]
Suy ra: Goc gia hai mat phang (ADD
1
A
1
)
b
a
c



Hng dan giai CDBT t cac TQG Toan hoc
176
va (ABCD) la
1
A IO =
0
1
A IO 60 .
Ta co: OI =
a
2
, A
1
O = OI.tan60
0
=
a 3
2

S
ABCD
= AB.AD =
2
a 3
Suy ra:
=
ABCD.A B C D
1 1 1 1
V S
ABCD
. A
1
O =
3
3a
2
.
Goi M la hnh chieu vuong goc cua iem
B
1
tren mat phang (ABCD).
Suy ra: B
1
M // A
1
O va M e IO .
Ve MH vuong goc BD tai H, suy ra: MH (A
1
BD) .
V B
1
M // (A
1
BD) nen d(B
1
, (A
1
BD)) = d(M, (A
1
BD)) = MH.
Goi J la giao iem cua OM va BC, suy ra: OJ BC va J la trung iem BC.
Ta co: S
AOBM
=
1
OM.BJ
2
=
1 1
1 BC
A B .
2 2
=
1 a 3
a.
2 2
=
2
a 3
4
.
Ta lai co: S
AOBM
=
1
OB.MH
2
d(B
1
, (A
1
BD)) =
2
OBM
a 3
2
2S a 3
4
MH
OB a 2
A
= = = .
Cach 2:
Ta co: B
1
C // A
1
D B
1
C // (A
1
BD)
d(B
1
, (A
1
BD)) = d(C, (A
1
BD))
Ve CH vuong goc vi BD tai H
CH (A
1
BD)
d(B
1
, (A
1
BD)) = d(C, (A
1
BD)) = CH .
Trong tam giac vuong DCB ta co he thc
CH.BD = CD.CB, t o tnh c CH
Cach 3:
Ta co: d(B
1
, (A
1
BD)) =
B A BD
1 1
A BD
1
3V
S
A
.
-
3
ABD.A B D ABCD.A B C D
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 3a
V V
2 4
= = .
-
3
ABD.A B D ABCD.A B C D
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 3a
V V
2 4
= = .
-
3
A .ABD ABD 1 D.A B D
1 1 1 1
1 a
V S .A O V
3 4
= = = .
60
0

A
B
C
D
O
M
A
1

B
1

C
1

D
1

H
I
J
A
B
C
D
O
A
1

B
1

C
1

D
1

H
A B
C
D
O
A
1

B
1

C
1

D
1

Hng dan giai CDBT t cac TQG Toan hoc
177
-
3
B A BD ABD.A B D A .ABD D.A B D
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
a
V V V V
4
= = .
-
2
A BD 1
1
1 a 3
S BD.A O
2 2
A
= = .
- d(B
1
, (A
1
BD)) =
B A BD
1 1
A BD
1
3V
a 3
S 2
A
= .
Bai 2: AI HOC KHOI B NAM 2009
Cho hnh lang tru tam giac ABC.A'B'C' co BB' = a, goc gia ng thang BB' va
mat phang (ABC) bang 60
0
; tam giac ABC vuong tai C va BAC = 60
0
. Hnh chieu
vuong goc cua iem B' len mat phang (ABC) trung vi trong tam cua tam giac
ABC. Tnh the tch khoi t dien AABC theo a.
Giai
Goi D la trung iem AC va G la trong tam tam giac ABC ta co
BG (ABC) ' =
o
BBG 60 BG = BB. ' =
a 3
sinB BG
2

va = =
a 3a
BG BD
2 4

Tam giac ABC co: = = =
AB 3 AB AB
BC , AC CD
2 2 4

BC
2
+ CD
2
= BD
2
+ =
2 2 2
3AB AB 9a
4 16 16

=
3a 13
AB
13
, =
3a 13
AC
26
;
A
=
2
ABC
9a 3
S
104
(vdt)
The tch khoi t dien AABC:
' ' A
' = = =
3
AABC BABC ABC
1 9a
V V BG.S
3 208
(vtt)
Bai 3: AI HOC KHOI D NAM 2009
Cho hnh lang tru ng ABC.A'B'C' co ay ABC la tam giac vuong tai B, AB = a,
AA' = 2a, A'C = 3a. Goi M la trung iem cua oan thang A'C', I la giao iem cua
AM va A'C. Tnh theo a the tch khoi t dien IABC va khoang cach t iem A
en mat phang (IBC).
Giai
Ha IH AC (H e AC) IH (ABC); IH la ng cao cua t dien IABC
IH // AA' = =
' '
IH CI 2
AA CA 3
IH = ' =
2 4a
AA
3 3

AC = ' ' =
2 2
AC AA a 5 , = =
2 2
BC AC AB 2a
B
C
A
A
D
G
C
B



Hng dan giai CDBT t cac TQG Toan hoc
178
Dien tch tam giac ABC:
A
= =
2
ABC
1
S .AB.BC a
2

The tch khoi t dien IABC:
A
= =
3
ABC
1 4a
V IH.S
3 9

Ha AK A'B (K ( A'B). V BC ( (ABB'A')
nen AK ( BC
( AK ( (IBC). Nen khoang cach t A en
mat phang (IBC) la AK.
S
ABC
=
2
1
52 5
2
a a a =
/
/ 2
2 2 2
5
3 3 3
IBC
A BC
IC A C S S a = = =


3
2
3 4 3 2 2 5
3
9 5
2 5 5
= = = =
IABC
IBC
V a a a
AK
S
a

Bai 4: AI HOC KHOI A NAM 2008
Cho lang tru ABC.A'B'C' co o dai canh ben bang 2a, ay ABC la tam giac
vuong tai A, AB = a, = AC a 3 va hnh chieu vuong goc cua nh A' tren mat
phang (ABC) la trung iem cua canh BC. Tnh theo a the tch khoi chop A'.ABC
va tnh cosin cua goc gia hai ng thang AA', B'C'.
Giai
Goi H la trung iem BC Suy ra A'H (ABC)
va = = + =
2 2
1 1
AH BC a 3a a
2 2

Do o: A'H
2
+ AH
2
= 3a
2
A'H = a 3
Vay: ( )
3
A .ABC ABC
1 a
V AH.S
vtt
3 3
' A
' = =
- Trong tam giac vuong A'B'H ta co :
' ' ' ' = + =
2 2
HB AB AH 2a nen AB'BH can tai B'
- at la goc gia hai ng thang AA' va B'C' th ' = BBH
Vay = = =
'
BI a 1
cos
BB 2.2a 4
(vi I la trung iem BH).
Bai 5: AI HOC KHOI D NAM 2008
Cho lang tru ng ABC.A'B'C co ay ABC la tam giac vuong, AB = BC = a, canh
ben ' = AA a 2 . Goi M la trung iem cua canh BC. Tnh theo a the tch cua khoi
lang tru ABC.A'B'C' va khoang cach gia hai ng thang AM, B'C.
Giai
A
C
B
H
A
B
C
A
M
C
B
I
2a
A
a
H
B
C
3a
K
Hng dan giai CDBT t cac TQG Toan hoc
179
The tch lang tru: = = =
3

a.a 2
V S .h .a 2 a
2 2
(vtt)
- Goi N trung iem BB'
- Do B'C // MN d(B'C, AM) = d(B', (AMN))
- Do N la trung iem BB'
d(B', (ABN)) = d(B, (AMN))
- Goi H la hnh chieu cua B len mp(AMN)
- Ta co:
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
BH BA BM BN
= + +

2 2 2 2
1 4 2 7
a a a a
= + + =

a
BH
7
= . Vay ( )
' =
a
d B C; AM
7
.
Bai 6:
Cho hnh lap phng ABCD, A'B'C'D'. Tnh so o goc nh dien [B, A'C, D].
Giai
Goi O = AC BD va canh hnh lap phng bang a.
A'B = A'D = a 2 = BD
Ta co AA'CB = AA'CD (canh canh canh)
Nen ve BH A'C
DH A'C va BH = DH
[B, A'C, D] = = BHD 2BHO
ABHD can tai H HO BD
Ta co sin = = =
a 2
BO 3
2
BHO
BH 2
a 6
3
BHO = 60
0
[B, A'C, D] = 120
0
.
Bai 7:
Cho hnh lang tru ng ABCD. A'B'C'D' co ay ABCD la hnh thoi canh a, goc
BAD = 60
0
. Goi M la trung iem canh AA' va N la trung iem canh CC'.
Chng minh rang bon iem B', M, D, N cung thuoc mot mat phang.
Hay tnh o dai canh AA' theo a e t giac B'MDN la hnh vuong.
Giai
Tam giac BDC eu canh a, AA' = b.
Chon he truc nh hnh ve.
A
B C
M
N
H
B
C
A
A
B
C
D
O
A

B

C

D

H



Hng dan giai CDBT t cac TQG Toan hoc
180
Ta co: B(
a
2
; 0; 0); D(
a
2
; 0; 0); C(0;
a 3
2
; 0); B'(
a
2
; 0; h); D'(
a
2
, 0; h);
C'(0;
a 3
2
; h); A'(0;
a 3
2
; h); M(0;
a 3
2
;
h
2
); N(0;
a 3
2
;
h
2
)
* B', M, D, N ong phang.

| |
=
|
|
\ .
a a 3 h
DM ; ;
2 2 2
;
| |
=
|
|
\ .
a a 3 h
DN ; ;
2 2 2

DB' = (a; 0; h)

| |

(
=
|

|
\ .
2
ha 3 a . 3
DB', DN ; 0;
2 2


| | | |

| | | |
(
= + =
| |
| |
| |
\ . \ .
\ . \ .
2
a ha 3 h a 3
DB, DN DM 0
2 2 2 2

pcm.
* Ta co
| |
' = = +
|
'
|
\ .
2 2
2
2
a a 3 h h
B M , , a
B M
2 2 2 4

Tng t ' = = = +
2
2 2 2 2
h
MD DN BN a
4
= = =
2 2 2 2
MD DN B' N B' M (1)
Mat khac = +
2 2 2
a 3a h
DM.DN
4 4 4

(1) B'MDN la hnh thoi nen B'MDN la hnh vuong khi:
= =
2 2
DM.DN 0 h 2a h = a 2
Bai 8:
Cho hnh lap phng ABCDA
1
B
1
C
1
D
1
co canh bang a.
a/ Tnh theo a khoang cach gia hai ng thang A
1
B va B
1
D.
b/ Goi M, N, P lan lt la cac trung iem cua cac canh BB
1
, CD, A
1
D
1
.
Tnh goc gia hai ng thang MP va C
1
N.
Giai
Chon he truc Axyz nh hnh ve.
Ta co A(0; 0; 0) ; B(a; 0; 0) ; C(a; a; 0) ; D(0; a; 0)
A
1
(0; 0; a) ; B
1
(a; 0; a) ; C
1
(a; a; a) ; D
1
(0; a; a)
M(a; 0;
a
2
) N(
a
2
; a; 0) P(0;
a
2
; a)
a/
( ) ( )
1 1
A B a; 0; a B D a; a; a = =
A
B
C
D
O
A

B
C

D

z
N
M
y
x
A
B
C
D
N
A
1
B
1
C
1
D
1
M
P
-
-
-
Hng dan giai CDBT t cac TQG Toan hoc
181
Goi (P) la mat phang qua B
1
D va (P) // A
1
B
(P) co VTPT n = (1, 2, 1)
Pt (P): x + 2y + z 2a = 0
d(A
1
B, B
1
D) = d(B, (P) =
a
6

b/
1
a a a
MP a; ; C N ; 0; a
2 2 2
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .

Ta co =
1 1
MP.C N 0 MP C N. Vay goc gia MP va C
1
N la 90
0
.

Van e 3: HNH IPU HNH NON HNH CAU

A. IOM IAI IY IHUYEI FHUONG FHAF GIAI

HNH IPU
l. ]NH NGHlA
Hnh tru la hnh sinh ra bi hnh ch nhat
O'OMM' quay xung quanh canh OO'
Canh OM sinh ra hnh tron ay.
Canh MM' sinh ra mat non tron xoay.
MM' goi la ng sinh OO la truc cua hnh tru.
h = OO' la chieu cao
R = OM ban knh ay
ll. DlFN TlCH HlNH Tk
Dien tch xung quanh: S
xq
= 2tRh R: ban knh ay h: chieu cao
S
tp
= 2Rth + 2tR
2

lll. THF TlCH HlNH Tk
V = tR
2
h R: ban knh ay h: chieu cao

HNH NON
l. ]NH NGHlA
Hnh non la hnh sinh ra bi tam giac vuong
OMS quay xung quanh ca nh goc vuong OS.
Canh OM sinh ra hnh tron ay.
Canh SM sinh ra mat non tron xoay.
SM goi la ng sinh SO la truc hoanh, ng cao.
R = OM ban knh ay; h = SO chieu cao
ll. DlFN TlCH
Dien tch xung quanh hnh non: S
xq
= tRl
M
M O
O
M
O
S



Hng dan giai CDBT t cac TQG Toan hoc
182
R: ban knh ay l: o dai ng sinh
Dien tch toan phan: S
tp
= tRl + tR
2
= tR(l + R)
lll. THF TlCH
The tch hnh non: V =
1
3
tR
2
h R: ban knh ay h: la chieu cao

HNH NON CUI
l. ]NH NGHlA
Hnh non cut la phan hnh non gia a y va mot thiet dien vuong goc vi truc.
Hnh non cut sinh bi mot hnh thang vuong OMM'O'quay quanh OO'.
h = OO' chieu cao MM' = l la ng sinh
ll. DlFN TlCH
Dien tch xung quanh: S
xq
= t(R + R')l
R, R' la ban knh ay l la ng sinh
Dien tch toan phan: S
tp
= t(R + R')l + tR
2
+ tR'
2

lll. THF TlCH
The tch hnh non cut: V =
1
3
t (R
2
+ R'
2
+ RR')h
R, R la ban knh ay h chieu cao
HNH CAU
l. ]NH NGHlA
Hnh cau tam O, ban knh R la tap hp nhng iem M trong khong gian thoa
man ieu kien OM s R
Mat cau tam O ban knh R la tap hp nhng iem M trong khong gian thoa
man ieu kien OM = R
Thiet dien qua tam la hnh tron ln tam O ban knh R.
Thiet dien cua hnh cau vi mot mat phang la hnh tron co tam H la hnh chieu
cua O tren mat phang va ban knh: r
1
=
2 2
R d
R la ban knh hnh cau; d la khoang cach t tam ti mat phang.
d = OH
Tiep dien cua mat ca u la mat phang co 1 iem chung vi mat ca u.
ieu kien e mat phang (o) tiep xuc vi mat cau la: d(0, o) = R
Tiep tuyen cua mat cau la ng thang co mot iem chung vi mat cau.
ieu kien e ng thang A la tiep tuyen la d(0; A) = R.
ll. DlFN TlCH MAT CA: S = 4tR
2

Hng dan giai CDBT t cac TQG Toan hoc
183
lll. THF TlCH MAT CA : = t
3
4
V R
3

8. E IHI
Bai 1: AI HOC KHOI B NAM 2010
Cho hnh lang tru tam giac eu ABC.A'B'C' co AB = a, goc gia hai mat phang
(A'BC) va (ABC) bang 60
0
. Goi G la trong tam tam giac A'BC. Tnh the tch khoi
lang tru a cho va tnh ban knh mat cau ngoai tiep t dien GABC theo a.
Giai
Goi H la trung iem cua BC, theo gia thuyet ta co:
Goc AHA ' = 60
0
.
Ta co: AH =
a 3
2
, AH = 2AH = a 3
va AA' =
a 3. 3
2
=
3a
2

Vay the tch khoi lang tru
V =
2
a 3 3a
4 2
=
3
3a 3
8

Ke ng trung trc cua GA tai trung
iem M cua GA trong mat phang A'AH
cat GI tai J th GJ la ban knh mat cau
ngoai tiep t dien GABC.
Ta co: GM.GA = GJ.GI
R = GJ =
GM.GA
GI
=
+
=
2 2 2
GA GI IA
2GI 2GI
=
7a
12
.
Bai 2: AI HOC KHOI A NAM 2006
Cho hnh tru co cac ay la hai hnh tron tam O va O', ban knh ay bang chieu
cao va bang a. Tren ng tron tam O lay iem A, Tren ng tron tam O' lay
iem B sao cho AB = 2a. Tnh the tch cua khoi t ien OO'AB.
Giai
Ke ng sinh AA'.
Goi D la iem oi xng vi A' qua O' va H la
hnh chieu cua B tren ng thang A'D.
Do BH A'D va BH AA' nen BH (AOO'A').
Suy ra: V
OOAB
=
1
3
.BH.S
AOO

Ta co: A'B = ' =
2 2
AB AA a 3 ' ' = =
2 2
BD AD AB a
A
B
O
D
A
O H
A
A
B
C
C
B
H
G
I



Hng dan giai CDBT t cac TQG Toan hoc
184
ABO'D eu BH =
a 3
2
(vtt)
V AOO' la tam giac vuong can canh ben bang a nen: =
2
AOO'
1
S a
2

Vay the tch khoi t dien OO'AB la: = =
2 3
1 a 3 a a 3
V . .
3 2 2 12