LITERATURE REVIEW (William DeWitt, 2011)A management construct cannot be used effectively by practitioners and researchers if a common agreement

on its definition is lacking !uch is the case "ith the term #supply chain management$%so many definitions are used that there is little consensus on "hat it means &hus, the purpose of this paper is to e'amine the e'isting research in an effort to understand the concept of #supply chain management $ (arious definitions of !)* and #supply chain$ are revie"ed, categori+ed, and synthesi+ed Definitions of supporting constructs of !)* and a frame"ork are then offered to establish a consistent means to conceptuali+e !)* Antecedents and conse,uences of !)* are identified, and the boundaries of !)* in terms of business functions and organi+ations are proposed A conceptual model and unified definition of !)* are then presented that indicate the nature, antecedents, and conse,uences of the phenomena (-ambert, 2000)!uccessful supply chain management re,uires cross.functional integration and marketing must play a critical role &he challenge is to determine ho" to successfully accomplish this integration We present a frame"ork for supply chain management as "ell as ,uestions for ho" it might be implemented and ,uestions for future research )ase studies conducted at several companies and involving multiple members of supply chains are used to illustrate the concepts described (!imon )room, 2000)&here can be little dispute that supply chain management is an area of importance in the field of management research, yet there have been fe" literature revie"s on this topic (/echtel and *ulumudi, 1001, 2roceedings of the 1001 3A2* Annual Academic )onference4 5arland, 1001, /ritish 6ournal of *anagement 7 (special issue), 189:04 )ooper et al , 1007) &his paper sets out not to revie" the supply chain literature per se, but rather to contribute to a critical theory debate through the presentation and use of a frame"ork for the categorisation of literature linked to supply chain management &he study is based on the analysis of a large number of publications on supply chain management (books, ;ournal articles, and conference papers) using a 2rocite < database from "hich the literature has been classified according to t"o criteria= a content. and a methodology.oriented criterion (-ichocik, 2018)>ne of the most important issues sub;ect to theoretical considerations and empirical studies is the measurement of efficiency of activities in logistics and supply chain management !imultaneously, efficiency is one of the terms interpreted in an ambiguous and multi.aspect manner, depending on the sub;ect of a study &he multitude of analytical dimensions of this term results in the fact that, apart from economic efficiency being the basic study area, other dimensions perceived as an added value by different groups of supply chain participants become more and more important *ethods= &he ob;ective of this paper is to attempt to e'plain the problem of supply chain management efficiency in the conte't of general theoretical considerations relating to supply chain management &he authors have also highlighted determinants and practical implications of supply chain management efficiency in

strategic and operational conte'ts &he study employs critical analyses of logistics literature and the free.form intervie" "ith top management representatives of a company operating in the &!sector ?esults= We must find a comprehensive approach to supply chain efficiency including all analytical dimensions connected "ith real goods and services flo" An effective supply chain must be cost.effective (ensuring economic efficiency of a chain), functional (reducing processes, lean, minimising the number of links in the chain to the necessary ones, adapting supply chain participants@ internal processes to a common ob;ective based on its efficiency) and ensuring high ,uality of services (customer.oriented logistics systems) )onclusions= Afficiency of supply chains is not only a task for "hich a logistics department is responsible as it is a strategic decision taken by the management as regards the method of future company@s operation )orrectly planned and fulfilled logistics tasks may result in improving performance of a company as "ell as the "hole supply chain Bundamental improvements in supply chain efficiency may be ensured by analysing theoretical models on the strategic level and implementing a selected concept (Diabat, 2012)We studied a model "hich analyses the various risks involved in a food supply chain "ith the help of interpretive structural modelling (C!*) &he various types of risks "ere identified based on a revie" of the literature and in consultation "ith e'perts in the food industry &he types of risks are clustered into five categories and risk mitigation is discussed &he model developed is validated "ith the help of a case study involving a food products manufacturing firm

!upply chain management is the plan and control of material and information flo" among suppliers, facilities, "arehouses and customers "ith the ob;ectives of minimi+ation of cost, ma'imi+ation of customer services and fle'ibility &he supply chain of a business process comprises mainly five activities vi+ , 2urchase of materials from suppliers, transportation of materials from suppliers to facilities, production of goods at facilities, transportation of goods from facilitates to "are houses and transportation of goods from "are houses to customers Cn this paper, a supply chain model is developed for a dairy industry, located in Andhra 2radesh, Cndia &he supply chain includes four echelons namely ra" milk suppliers, plant, "arehouse and customers Cn this model, emphasis is mainly on production and distribution activities, "ith a vie" to find out purchase plan of ra" milk, production plan of product mi' and transportation plan of the products (!ubbaiah, ?ao, D /abu, 2000) (&an, 2001)>ver the past decade, the traditional purchasing and logistics functions have evolved into a broader strategic approach to materials and distribution management kno"n as supply chain management &his research revie"s the literature base and development of supply chain management from t"o separate paths that eventually merged into the modern era of a holistic and strategic approach to operations, materials and logistics management Cn addition, this article attempts to clearly describe supply chain management since the literature is replete "ith

bu++"ords that address elements or stages of this ne" management philosophy &his article also discusses various supply chain management strategies and the conditions conducive to supply chain management (/eamon, 100:)Bor years, researchers and practitioners have primarily investigated the various processes "ithin manufacturing supply chains individually ?ecently, ho"ever, there has been increasing attention placed on the performance, design, and analysis of the supply chain as a "hole &his attention is largely a result of the rising costs of manufacturing, the shrinking resources of manufacturing bases, shortened product life cycles, the leveling of the playing field "ithin manufacturing, and the globali+ation of market economies &he ob;ectives of this paper are to= (1) provide a focused revie" of literature in multi.stage supply chain modeling and (2) define a research agenda for future research in this area (* & *eloa, 2000)Bacility location decisions play a critical role in the strategic design of supply chain net"orks Cn this paper, a literature revie" of facility location models in the conte't of supply chain management is given We identify basic features that such models must capture to support decision.making involved in strategic supply chain planning Cn particular, the integration of location decisions "ith other decisions relevant to the design of a supply chain net"ork is discussed Burthermore, aspects related to the structure of the supply chain net"ork, including those specific to reverse logistics, are also addressed !ignificant contributions to the current state.of.the.art are surveyed taking into account numerous factors !upply chain performance measures and optimi+ation techni,ues are also revie"ed Applications of facility location models to supply chain net"ork design ranging across various industries are presented Binally, a list of issues re,uiring further research are highlighted

(6ames Aitken, 2011)&here is a gro"ing recognition that supply chains should be designed from #the customer back"ards$ rather than from #the company out"ards $ Cf such a vie" is accepted then the implication is that since the organi+ation "ill likely be serving multiple markets or segments, there "ill be the need to design and manage multiple pipelines to serve those different customers &o assist decision makers in their choice of appropriate supply chain design, a frame"ork is proposed based upon multiple criteria A case study is presented "hich highlights the benefits of selecting, engineering, and operating multiple pipelines tailored to the needs of the marketplace (*ary 5endrickson, 2001)Discusses the restructuring of the food production, processing and retailing sectors in the E!A Describes different methods of vertical and hori+ontal integration that have occurred Foes on to discuss the consolidation of business in retailing in particular ?efers to the relationships that are being formed bet"een the supermarket chains, for e'ample Wal.*art and Groger, and dominant food.chain clusters )onsiders "hether or not smaller retail

chains and "holesalers should feel threatened by this consolidation &akes the dairy sector in the E!A as a case study in the restructuring of the retailing and processing sectors (!"aminathan, 2007)Cn the last decade, CndiaHs role in the global supply chains has been steadily increasing A massive population coupled "ith a large talented "orkforce have made Cndia attractive both as a market and a source Cn this paper, "e discuss the pitfalls and opportunities in effectively managing supply chains in Cndia We discuss topics that "ould interest multi.national firms and local Cndian firms (&homas ?eardon, 2000) &his article introduces this special issue on the rapid transformation of the agrifood industry in developing countries and its effects on small farmers We revie" the literature from the late 10:0s to the present and find evidence first of food processing then retail transformation, and mi'ed evidence of impacts on small farmers, both inclusion (particularly "ith #resource.providing contracts$) and e'clusion (sometimes from scale.constraint, sometimes from inade,uate non.land assets) &he special issue papers contribute to the debate by confirming the mi' of cases of inclusion and e'clusion &he cases are main in horticulture and dairy, key hopes for smallholder development ()arlos A da !ilva, 2007)&his paper introduces the concept of !)* and illustrates its applications in agro industries, "ith a focus on developing countries Ct presents an overvie" of the background and theory of !)*, dra"ing particularly from management thinking related to industrial supply chains that produce, trade and distribute merchandise Ct also discusses current practices of !)* &he paper starts "ith an overvie" of !)* in the "estern "orld and then focuses on the specific characteristics of the developing "orld and on "hat can be learned &he paper "ill discuss a number of cases in order to make the lessons learned understandable and applicable to the readerHs particular situation &he paper "ill also e'plore the concept of a Isupply chainH, discuss its potential performance constraints and suggest improved approaches (6ayashankar * !"aminathan, 2007)A global economy and increase in customer e'pectations in terms of cost and services have put a premium on effective supply chain reengineering Ct is essential to perform risk.benefit analysis of reengineering alternatives before making a final decision !imulation provides an effective pragmatic approach to detailed analysis and evaluation of supply chain design and management alternatives 5o"ever, the utility of this methodology is hampered by the time and effort re,uired to develop models "ith sufficient fidelity to the actual supply chain of interest Cn this paper, "e describe a supply chain modeling frame"ork designed to overcome this difficulty Esing our approach, supply chain models are composed from soft"are components that represent types of supply chain agents (e g , retailers, manufacturers, transporters), their constituent control elements (e g , inventory policy), and their interaction protocols (e g , message types) &he underlying library of supply chain modeling components has been derived from analysis of several different supply chains Ct provides a reusable base of domain.specific primitives that enables rapid development of customi+ed decision support tools

(/ ! !ahay, 2001)&he supply chain alignment model suggested in this paper provides a frame"ork for realising true supply chain efficiency and competitiveness Different organisations "ill align their ob;ectives, processes and management focus as per the focal areas of their organisation depending on their capabilities and market situation 5o"ever, in every case Cndian organisations need to act fast to capitalise on these opportunities to be competitive "ith the "orld market &his paper provides a detailed study to help supply chain managers improve supply chain efficiency through alignment of supply chain ob;ectives "ith business ob;ectives, supply chain processes "ith management tools and supply chain focus areas "ith management focus Cmproved supply chain efficiency "ill help Cndian organisations maintain competitiveness in a rapidly globalising economy

(?aghavan, 3 ? ! , (is"anadham, 3 , 2001) As "e kno" that supply chain management is a discipline that manages and controls the flo" of information throughout the various departments to meet the customer demands &he supply chain starts from the e'treme beginning of the manufacturing process i e ac,uiring the ra" materials from the suppliers or in other "ords choosing the suppliers and ends at the e'treme end of the production process i e the customers &he members or parties of the supply chain are briefed belo"4 !uppliers= suppliers are a significant party in the supply chain &he ra" materials are supplied J ac,uired through this resource Cn terms of ,uality of materials J products the suppliers are held responsible &he price of the product depends upon the price of the ra" material as "ell and the supply of ra" material "ill influence the companyHs ability to meet the customer demand at the right time 5ence "e can say that suppliers have a great impact on the price of the product and companyHs ability to meet the customers demand on time *anufacturers J 2roducers= &hese are the members "ho convert ra" materials J semi finished goods to finished goods &he production process is significant as the company ;udges the ,uality and attributes of the process in this phase4 hence manufacturers also influence the ,uality of the product Distributors= &hese are people "ho are responsible to make the product reach to the market &he distributors can be also termed as marketing intermediaries &here are various aspects associated "ith marketing of a product and choosing the right distributors &he reach of the distributor "ill al"ays be directly proportional to the availability of the product in the market ?etailers= &hese are people "ho are at the end of the supply chain Cn other "ords these are the people "ho sell the product to the customers (supermarkets, stores etc) &hey are one of the significant members in the supply chain as they are in direct contact "ith the customers &hey

represent the product on behalf of manufacturer to the customers &he demand and customer feedback can be analy+ed at this level

)ustomers= &hese are the end users of the products )ustomers "ere not considered as a part of supply chain, but the contemporary methods and study has added customers into the supply chain (?a;at /hag"ata, 2007)&his paper develops a balanced scorecard for supply chain management (!)*) that measures and evaluates day.to.day business operations from follo"ing four perspectives= finance, customer, internal business process, and learning and gro"th /alanced scorecard has been developed based on e'tensive revie" of literature on !)* performance measures, supported by three case studies, each illustrating "ays in "hich /!) "as developed and applied in small and medium si+ed enterprises (!*As) in Cndia &he paper further suggests that a balanced !)* scorecard can be the foundation for a strategic !)* system provided that certain development guidelines are properly follo"ed, appropriate metrics are evaluated, and key implementation obstacles are overcome &he balanced scorecard developed in this paper provides a useful guidance for the practical managers in evaluation and measuring of !)* in a balanced "ay and proposes a balanced performance measurement system to map and analy+e supply chains While suggesting balanced scorecard, different !)* performance metrics have been revie"ed and distributed into four perspectives &his helps managers to evaluate !)* performance in a much.balanced "ay from all angles of business (2anka; )handra, 2002)Birms that desire to do business in large emerging markets need to develop a ne" paradigm for looking at opportunities in these markets &he success of many such firms has depended on ho" "ell have they formed or managed to become a part of an e'isting net"ork of suppliers and consumers &hese economies are comple' and have uni,ue characteristics that range from under developed markets to small and fragmented supplier base )learly, traditional business models are not ade,uate for this environment !uccessful firms participate in the development of both these elements of the supply chain &he pri+e, needless to mention, is significant sales in a large market Cn this paper "e describe a successful business model using the e'ample of A*E- A*E- is a dairy cooperative in the "estern Cndia that has been primarily responsible, through its innovative practices, for Cndia to become the "orldHs largest milk producer &he distinctive features of this paradigm involves managing a large decentrali+ed net"ork of suppliers and producers, simultaneous development of markets and suppliers, lean and efficient supply chain, and breakthrough leadership &his paper dra"s various lessons from the e'periences of A*E- that "ould be useful to firms contemplating entry into emerging market

(2?A*>D GE*A? *C!5?A, 2011)3o business organi+ation is out of purvie" of risks and uncertainties and hence the dairy industry is no deviation Dairy industry "hich plays a crucial role in agro.based economy of a country provides enough scope to the rural and sub.urban people to earn e'tra money in their leisure time &he industry is e'tended from a milk producer in the rural area to a consumer in the urban area through some of the core processes like pasteuri+ation and transportation &he dairy food supply chain "hich entangles several stakeholders in the system gets disrupted many a times due to various vulnerabilities in the operation &he vulnerabilities in terms of risks and uncertainties get multiplied "ith the perishability nature of the ra" material that is milk "hich the industry deals in &he study "ill discuss about the various risks and uncertainties from a dairy industry perspective and their impact at various stages of the supply chain ()ho;ar, 2000))ommercial interest in supply chain management in agribusiness firms has increased due to greater urbani+ation and globali+ation While product differentiation, improved ,uality, more cost.effective transport, and timely delivery have contributed to the development of supply chains from farm gate to retail level, it is the consumer demand for variety, ,uality, and year round availability that has provided the stimulus for the formation of these chains &raditional agricultural and food businesses that focus only on price are unable to meet consumersH e'pectations Cndividually, chain members lack the means to respond to consumersH demands Enderstanding the concepts of supply chain management provides a means to manage the changes re,uired in the system to efficiently respond to consumer needs, integrating and coordinating the efforts of all supply chain members &hese changes include consolidating organi+ations at the farm, processor, and supermarket levels4 organi+ing production to achieve economies of scale4 and gaining market share and competitive strength to survive global competition &his paper highlights the importance of critical factors like mutual trust4 leadership by one or t"o chain members4 the use of information technology (C&) in input procurement, production planning, and market access4 realignment of strategies to develop improved production methods to meet consumer preferences and food safety standards4 and the intelligent use of market information to help small farmers to overcome production challenges and respond to the challenges of global markets (*ehra, 2002)&his paper is a study of innovations involved in the programme of *other Dairy in Cndia for successfully linking individual small farmers in rural areas engaged in gro"ing of fruits and vegetables to urban markets &he paper attempts to sho" that concepts of innovation usually understood in the conte't of industrial products and processes are also reflected in this relatively less studied case of a farm based products "ith a supply chain bet"een rural producers and urban customers

(Douglas 6 &homas, 1001)5istorically, the three fundamental stages of the supply chain, procurement, production and distribution, have been managed independently, buffered by large inventories Cncreasing competitive pressures, and market globali+ation are forcing firms to develop supply chains that can ,uickly respond to customer needs &o remain competitive, these firms must reduce operating costs "hile continuously improving customer service With recent advances in communications and information technology, as "ell as a rapidly gro"ing array of logistics options, firms have an opportunity to reduce operating costs by coordinating the planning of these stages Cn this paper, "e revie" the literature addressing coordinated planning bet"een t"o or more stages of the supply chain, placing particular emphasis on models that "ould lend themselves to a total supply chain models Binally, "e suggest directions for future research

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