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M Kim Section001 Leontief IO Model
M Kim Section001 Leontief IO Model
pn = mn1p1 + mn2p2 + + mnnpn +dn We can have matrix A and vectors P, and d, ( ( ( ) ) ) ( ( ( ) ) ) ( ( ( ) )
A=[
],
P= [
],
and
d=[
We can write above linear equations as P = AP + d Matrix A is called input-output matrix or consumption matrix. A consumption matrix shows the quantity of inputs needed to produce one unit of a good. The rows of the matrix represent the
producing sector of the economy. The columns of the matrix represent the consuming sector of the economy. The entry mij in consumption matrix represent what percent of the total production value of sector j is spent on products from sector i. d is the demand vector. Demand vector d represents demand from the non-producing sector of the economy. Vector P represents the total amount of the product produced.
P = AP + d [
]=[
]+[
To solve this linear system, P = AP + d (I A)P = d P = (I-A)-1d If consumption matrix A and demand vector d have nonnegative entries, and if consumption matrix A is economically feasible, then the inverse of the matrix (I-C) exists and the production vector P has nonnegative entries and has the unique solution for the model. We call matrix A is productive in this case.
Matrix A is showing relationships of inputs consumed per unit of sector output. External demand for the economy is d = [ P = (I A)-1d IA=[ ] ]
In 3x3 matrix, B = [
].
P = (I A)-1d = [
] [
]=[
Therefore, the total output of the Agriculture must be $82.40. The total output for the Manufacturing must be $138.85. The total output for the Services sector is $201.57.
Or we can get a production vector using the Gauss elimination method. Invertibility An n x n matrix C is invertible if (and only if) rref (C) = In or, equivalently, if Rank(C) = n
[ [
]= ] [ ]
3 x 3 matrix (I-A) is invertible since rref (I-A)= I3 and Rank(I-A)= 3. So, invertible matrix of matrix I-A exists. Therefore, we can get (I A)-1 = [ ]
] [
]=[
sum of first column= 0.4102+0.0624+0.1236=0.5962 < 1, the sum of second column= 0.0301+0.3783+0.1588=0.5672 < 1, the sum of third column= 0.0257+0.1050+0.1919=0.3226 <1) Since sums of each column represent the partial input cost incurred in producing a dollars worth of some commodity. If the sum is greater than or equal to $1, production will not be economically justifiable. Coefficients of the consumption matrix must be positive. In order to meet demand, there are certain restrictions in Open Leontief Model. First, the equation that is being solve is P = (I A)-1d. If an inverse does not exist, then it is impossible to solve for the production vector. Also, a positive production vector is necessary. Because the demand vector is always positive, multiplying the demand by the inverse of I-A needs to result in a positive production vector. For this, (I-A)-1 needs to be a positive definite matrix. With basic economic knowledge, an increase
d > 0 in final demand in equation P = (I A)-1d should result in an increase P > 0 in total output. Therefore, if the matrix (I A)-1 is not positive, the logic is violated. Being a positive definite matrix ((I A)-1) assures that the economy can meet any given demand. When this happens, consumption matrix A and the economy are called productive.
The first principal leading minor: the determinant of a11, or a11. The second principal leading minor: | |. The third principal leading minor: | |. It will
continue until the last principal leading minor that is the determinant of the matrix. If all these principal leading minors are positive, a matrix is invertible and positive definite. Also, it means that a production vector P satisfies any demand and the economy is productive. Examples of Productive Economies ]. We
can check that the sums of the columns are less than 1. It means that the industries require few inputs to make output and most output will be sent to satisfy an outside demand.
I A= [
]. The first principal leading minor is 0.9 and it is positive. The second
leading minor is 0.9*0.9-0.8*0.9=0.09 and it is positive. The third leading minor is 0.9*0.9*0.9+0.8*0.6*0.7+0.7*0.9*0.8-0.7*0.9*0.7-0.9*0.6*0.8-0.8*0.9*0.9=0.048 and it is positive number. We check that all of principal leading minors are positive. So, we can know that I A is invertible and positive by Hawkins-Simons conditions. Therefore, it means that it can meet any demand and the economy is productive.
References 1) The Leontief Input-Output Model. Web. Retrieved from http://www.personal.psu.edu/kes32/MichiganClasses/math217/Worksheets2/leontief.pdf 2) Kallem, Nicholas. Input-Output Analysis with Leontief Models. Web. Retrieved from http://home2.fvcc.edu/~dhicketh/LinearAlgebra/studentprojects/spring2006/nicholaskalle m/Leontief%20project.htm 3) Chiang, Alpha. Leontief Input-Output Models. Web. Retrieved from http://www.docstoc.com/docs/129503308/From-Chapter-5-Alpha-Chiang-FundamentalMethods-of-Mathematical 4) Duchin, Faye. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Department of Economics. Web. Retrieved from http://www.economics.rpi.edu/workingpapers/rpi0610.pdf