PRESENTATION ON POLLUTIONS

Submitted To:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I Anoop Mehta student of B.Tech, C.T. Institute of Management, Shahpur, Jalandhar, feel immense pleasure in presenting the seminar on the topi !Po""ution#$. I have put in all my efforts to make this seminar complete in all respect. I have done my level best and have tried !ustice ith the topic, but there ith my sincere efforts to do full

ould be "uite in!ustice on my part if I fail to hose involvement has made possible

mention the most creditable person

to make this #ro!ect $eport, %ecturer &amal 'hillon they timely encouragement and guidance has really been the motivating factor for me. Therefore, I ould like to thank them for their concern and guidance hich

are invaluable according to me. Anoop Mehta $oll (o. )**+++,-.,

AIR POLLUTION
Ill go out for a breath of fresh air is an often-heard phrase. But how many of us realize that this has become irrelevant in todays world, because the quality of air in our cities is anything but fresh. The moment you step out of the house and are on the road you can actually see the air getting polluted/ a cloud of smoke from the e0haust of a bus, car, or a scooter/ smoke billo ing from a factory chimney, flyash generated by thermal po er plants, and speeding cars causing dust to rise from the roads. (atural phenomena such as the eruption of a volcano and even someone smoking a cigarette can also cause air pollution. 1ir pollution is aggravated because of four developments2 increasing traffic, gro ing cities, rapid economic development, and industriali3ation. The Industrial $evolution in 4urope in the +*th century sa of air pollution as problem. e kno it today, the beginning

hich has gradually become a global

WATER POLLUTION
5hen to0ic substances enter lakes, streams, rivers, oceans, and other ater bodies, they get dissolved or lie suspended in on the bed. This results in the pollution of ater ater or get deposited

hereby the "uality of the

ater deteriorates, affecting a"uatic ecosystems. #ollutants can also seep do n and affect the ground ater deposits. 5ater pollution has many sources. The most polluting of them are the city se age and industrial treat aste aste discharged into the rivers. The facilities to

ater are not ade"uate in any city in India. #resently, only aste ater generated is treated/ the rest is discharged

about +67 of the as it is into our rivers, and other

ater bodies. 'ue to this, pollutants enter ground ater, ater bodies. Such ater, hich ultimately ends up in our

households, is often highly contaminated and carries disease8causing microbes. 1gricultural run8off, or the rivers, is another ma!or pesticides. 'omestic se age refers to aste ater that is discarded from households. ater contains a ide variety of ater from the fields that drains into

ater pollutant as it contains fertili3ers and

1lso referred to as sanitary se age, such dissolved and suspended impurities.

The amount of organic material that can rot in the se age is measured by the biochemical o0ygen demand. B9' is the amount of o0ygen re"uired by micro8organisms to decompose the organic substances in se age. Therefore, the more organic material there is in the se age, the higher the B9'. It is among the most important parameters for the design and operation of se age treatment plants. B9' levels of industrial se age may be many times that of domestic se age. 'issolved o0ygen is an

important factor that determines the "uality of

ater in lakes and rivers. ater

The higher the concentration of dissolved o0ygen, the better the

"uality. 5hen se age enters a lake or stream, micro8organisms begin to decompose the organic materials. 90ygen is consumed as micro8 organisms use it in their metabolism. This can "uickly deplete the available o0ygen in the ater. 5hen the dissolved o0ygen levels drop too lo , many ater

a"uatic species perish. In fact, if the o0ygen level drops to 3ero, the ill become septic. 5hen organic compounds decompose it gives rise to the undesirable odours usually associated putrid conditions. It amounts to a very small fraction of the se age by

ithout o0ygen, ith septic or

eight. But it is large

by volume and contains impurities such as organic materials and plant nutrients that tend to rot. The main organic materials are food and vegetable aste, plant nutrient come from chemical soaps, ashing

po ders, etc. 'omestic se age is also very likely to contain disease8 causing microbes. Thus, disposal of domestic aste ater is a significant

technical problem. Se age generated from the urban areas in India has multiplied manifold since +*.). Today, many people dump their garbage into streams, lakes, rivers, and seas, thus making ater bodies the final resting place of cans, bottles, e

plastics, and other household products. The various substances that

use for keeping our houses clean add to

ater pollution as they contain

harmful chemicals. In the past, people mostly used soaps made from animal and vegetable fat for all types of cleaning products are synthetic ashing. But most of today:s and come from the

detergents

petrochemical industry. Most detergents and phosphates, hich are used to soften the

ashing po ders contain

ater among other things. These

and other chemicals contained in forms of life in the ater.

ashing po ders affect the health of all

The use of land for agriculture and the practices follo ed in cultivation greatly affect the "uality of ground ater. Intensive cultivation of crops causes chemicals from fertili3ers ;e.g. nitrate< and pesticides to seep into the ground ater, a process commonly kno n as leaching. $outine applications of fertili3ers and pesticides for agriculture and indiscriminate disposal of industrial and domestic astes are increasingly being

recogni3ed as significant sources of ater pollution. The high nitrate content in ground ater is mainly from irrigation run8off from agricultural fields indiscriminately. here chemical fertili3ers have been used

Indu#t%ia" e&&"uent# 5aste ater from manufacturing or chemical processes in industries ater pollution. Industrial aste ater usually contains

contributes to

specific and readily identifiable chemical compounds. 'uring the last fifty years, the number of industries in India has gro n rapidly. But pollution is concentrated to0ic ithin a fe ater

subsectors, mainly in the form of

astes and organic pollutants. 9ut of this a large portion can be

traced to the processing of industrial chemicals and to the food products industry. In fact, a number of large8 and medium8si3ed industries in the region covered by the =anga 1ction #lan do not have ade"uate effluent treatment facilities. Most of these defaulting industries are sugar mills, distilleries, leather processing industries, and thermal po er stations. Most ma!or industries have treatment facilities for industrial effluents. But this is not the case ith small8scale industries, hich cannot afford enormous

investments in pollution control e"uipment as their profit margin is very slender. E&&e t# o& 'ate% po""ution The effects of ater pollution are not only devastating to people but also to ater is unsuitable for drinking,

animals, fish, and birds. #olluted

recreation, agriculture, and industry. It diminishes the aesthetic "uality of

lakes and rivers. More seriously, contaminated

ater destroys a"uatic life

and reduces its reproductive ability. 4ventually, it is a ha3ard to human health. (obody can escape the effects of ater pollution. ater pollution. By aste

The individual and the community can help minimi3e

simple housekeeping and management practices the amount of generated can be minimi3ed.

NOISE POLLUTION
Noise pollution, human-created noise harmful to health or welfare. Transportation vehicles are the worst offenders, with aircraft, railroad stock, trucks, buses, automobiles, and motorcycles all producing excessive noise. Construction equipment, e.g., ackhammers and bulldo!ers, also produce substantial noise pollution. Noise intensity is measured in decibel units. The decibel scale is logarithmic" each #$-decibel increase represents a tenfold increase in noise intensity. %uman perception of loudness also conforms to a logarithmic scale" a #$-decibel increase is perceived as roughly a doubling of loudness. Thus, &$ decibels is #$ times more intense than '$ decibels and sounds twice as loud" ($ decibels is #$$ times more intense than '$ and sounds ( times as loud" )$ decibels is # million times more intense than '$ and sounds *( times as loud. +istance diminishes the effective decibel level reaching the ear. Thus, moderate auto traffic at a distance of #$$ ft ,&$ m- rates about .$ decibels. To a driver with a car window open or a pedestrian on the sidewalk, the same traffic rates about /$ decibels" that is, it sounds ( times louder. 0t a distance of ',$$$ ft ,*$$ m-, the noise of a et takeoff reaches about ##$ decibels1approximately the same as an automobile horn only & ft ,# maway. 2ub ected to (. decibels of noise, the average person cannot sleep. 0t #'$ decibels the ear registers pain, but hearing damage begins at a much lower level, about ).

decibels. The duration of the exposure is also important. There is evidence that among young 0mericans hearing sensitivity is decreasing year by year because of exposure to noise, including excessively amplified music. 0part from hearing loss, such noise can cause lack of sleep, irritability, heartburn, indigestion, ulcers, high blood pressure, and possibly heart disease. 3ne burst of noise, as from a passing truck, is known to alter endocrine, neurological, and cardiovascular functions in many individuals" prolonged or frequent exposure to such noise tends to make the physiological disturbances chronic. 4n addition, noise-induced stress creates severe tension in daily living and contributes to mental illness. Noise is recogni!ed as a controllable pollutant that can yield to abatement technology. 4n the 5nited 2tates the Noise Control 0ct of #6/' empowered the 7nvironmental 8rotection 0gency to determine the limits of noise required to protect public health and welfare" to set noise emission standards for ma or sources of noise in the environment, including transportation equipment and facilities, construction equipment, and electrical machinery" and to recommend regulations for controlling aircraft noise and sonic booms. 0lso in the #6/$s, the 3ccupational 2afety and %ealth 0dministration began to try to reduce workplace noise. 9unding for these efforts and similar local efforts was severely cut in the early #6)$s, and enforcement became negligible.

SOIL POLLUTION
:The mountain, and a deep and gloomy wood, their colours and their forms, were then to me an appetite; a feeling and a love, that had no need of a remoter charm,...: The author of this poem thinks and ponders on his thought of nature. %is inspiration is reflected upon what he regards most beautiful by sight, unfortunately enough we hardly have such inspirations in our minds now-a-days, leave a lone the fact of the advent of video games but also because there isn<t much to ponder upon in our surroundings today. =ook outside your window in most areas its buildings and cars and cars and buildings. =ands and forests have been cleared to the least natural sight for construction and infrastructures DEFINITION Soil pollution is defined as the build-up in soils of persistent toxic compounds, chemicals, salts, radioactive materials, or disease causing agents, which have adverse effects on plant growth and animal health. The wars that hit the earth are probably the immediate cause of soil pollution. Not talking in the sense of how many people died but in that it is through this period that many countries found the necessity to improve their living standards. 0fter the world war two, many countries suffered from food shortage and this facilitated the intoruction of fertili!ers and other agricultural chemicals. 0lthough >N8

? 8otassium, Nitrogen, 8hosphorus@ fertilisers has not led to soil pollution, the application of trace elements has. 8esticides such as ++T ?dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane@a colourless chemical pesticide, which is a potent nerve poison in insects was first widely used to combat diseases such as yellow fever and malaria. 4t was later used to control andA or eradicate disease carrying and crop eating insects. ++T was later on discovered to cause endagerement of species in the same food chain as the

controlled insects, particularly birds. ++T prevents the shelling of bird eggs and in humans causes health threats. 4n yet another famous war of Bietnam in #6/$<s was introduced another Chemical substance which had a more adverse effect than that of ++T, +ioxin a chemical impurity resulting from the production of the auxin ',(,.T. +ioxin is a toxic chemical and was used as a defoliant by the 0merican army. +ioxin was a ma or constituent of argent orange which was applied on trees which would then fall off reaviling enemy camps. 0fter the war it was found that the chemical cause congenital deformalities and mental effects to the children born to the 0merican soldiers and in the area over which it was applied. 4n minute amount dioxin has the ability to cause cancer,chloracne, miscarriage, and fetal abnormalities. Class industries have also been responsible of soil pollution. The glass industries uses 0rsenic to eliminate a green colour caused by impurities of iron compounds. because arsenic is a violent poison, yet it is widely used and therefore is a frequent contaminant. Dames Earsh, supplies a simple method for detecting traces of

arsenic so minute that they would escape discovery in ordinary analysis. 0rsenic is sometimes added to lead to harden it and is also used in the manufacture of such military poison gases as lewisite and adamsite. 5ntil the introduction of penicillin, arsenic was of great importance in the treatment of syphilis. 4n other medicinal uses, it has been displaced by sulpha drugs or antibiotics. =ead arsenate, calcium arsenate, and 8aris green are used extensively as insecticides. 8ollution of land by heavy metals is a result of the mining of ores to extract metals such as tin, silver, nickel, lead, iron, chromium and copper. Eost of these metals occur naturally as ions in the soils. Though some metals, such as copper, iron, and !inc , are necessary for plant growth. 4t is the high concentration if these ions that renders the land unsuitable for plant growth. 2oil pollution is widely linked to chemical substances C3NTF3= 2oil pollution has been slightly controlled by putting regulations on the use of ++T and introduction of alternatives to it. %owever the task of eliminating completely soil pollution is not easy, third some third world countries still utili!e pollutants such as ++T as pesticides. Eining cannot be stopped because we are in constant need for mineral ores for different applications. Natural land pollution Land pollution occurs massively during earth quakes, land slides, hurricanes and floods. All cause hard to clean mess, which is expensive to clean , and may but irrigation. is somehow linked to it as well.

sometimes take years to restore the affected area. hese kinds of natural disasters are not only a problem in that they cause pollution but also because they leave many victims homeless.