, Psy.D.

. Allport 45



.


,

.

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939).

( )
.
:
.
A. (Psychology of conflict).

/ .

* , (2003)
.

/
o.

(frustration) , ,

/ (conflict).

. . (Pleasure principle / Homeostatic model).

.


.
Freud

.

.

.
.

().
(mental element)

.

/ .

. .

,

. , ,


.
.

.
.

(life oriented libidinal impulses--EROS)

(destructive , death, aggressive
impulses-THANATOS) ,

, .

(drives).
. ,
,

/ , ,

.
.
:
1.
2.
3. -


,
,
,

.

. :

.

/
(pleasure
principles).
___________
6
. ,
, -.

(reality principle) .

-.
- /




(conscience)
. -

(ego-ideal).



, - ,

. , -


,
,

-.
- .

-
.

.
.
-

,



.

.


.



.



,
.



.
:
- (Repression)


.

.
- (Denial)
.

.
- (Regression)
,

,

.
- (Reaction formation)
,

-
.
- (Projection)
, ,

.
- (Displacement)
,

, .
- (Sublimation)


.
(Rationalization)


,
.



,

.

(intellectualization)

.
,
,
.
IV .

.



. /




.

(fixation) .
:
1. / Oral stage 1


.

.



.

.
2. /Anal stage 2


.

 .

.

.


.
3. / Phallic stage 3 5 6

.

.
,


. Freud

.

.




.
Freud,




.


, , .
- /
. ,



.



.


. Freud


.

-, .

Karen Horney.
4. / Latency stage 5 6
.

.
5. / Genital stage .

.

. Freud

.



.

, , ...

.

(loss of object).



(loss of love).

(fear of castration) .



.

.
V .


.

.



.

(free association).

.

.
:
1.

..
2. , , / ,

.
3.

 .

, .

, , .
-

.




.

.
,


.

- / - (
).
4 ,

45 .
V I .
4 :
1)
3 6

.
. ,

.
2) (transference)


/

 . .

,

.
.

.


, .
3) (Working through)
, ,

.

, , .

n
(insight)
.
4) (resolution of transference).

.

(/ )
.
:
)
)
) .


.

.



,
.
,

. (..

) .

:
1) -

(Karen Horney, Anna Freud, Erik Erikson, ...)

.





-.

,

.
,



.
2)

.



(Object Relations
Theory
--Melanie Klein, Heinz Kohut).

(attachment) , ,

,

.



.

Freud,

, . Jung

Adler .
Jung Freud
.
Jung

,
.
Jung
.

- .

. ,

(persona)

(anima/animus). Jung,


.
Adler Freud

, .

. Adler

,

,
.
Adler

(inferiority complex). Adler

. Adler
.
Karen Horney



, , Freud, , ,

. Horney
(basic
anxiety) (basic hostility).

, ,

.
,
Horney,

.

,
,
.


,
,
3
:

1)
2) ()
3)
,



.

.

,
,
.
.

.



,
:
1)

.
2) .
3) ,

.
4)
.
5)

.
6)

,

.
7)

8)

( ).

. ,


,
,

.

. , ,

,



, .
,
(concepts)
,
.

.

, , ,

,

,

.

,
, .

,
, .
,


. ,


,
.


.

Freud.

,

. ,
Sullivan,
Klein, Jung , .
,

,
.

:
)

. ,

, .

.
)
,


.

.

(resistance)

,
,
(suggestion), (manipulation),

(confrontation)

.
)

,
, .

.

,
.

, ,
,
.

.



.

.
, ,

,

, .

John
Watson


,

.

.



.



.

(reflexes)

(Classical conditioning) Pavlov

Watson
(Operant conditioning),

Skinner Thorndike.

 ,

,
.

(Classical
Conditioning)
(Operant
Conditioning). ,

. ,



.

. , ,

. ,

.

(

)
.

.
,

 . ,

,

.

.
, .



.
, .


,
.
.
1.

.
2.
(Behavior
Therapy) Joseph Wolpe

(Behavior
Modification)
Skinner. Skinner

,
.
()

,

.


.

.
Skinner

, .
3. ,

, .

. , ,

.
4.

.

,

( )

.
5.

,
.


.
.

II.
1. / Classical Conditioning
,

,
,
,
.
,

.


.
Bandura



.
2. ( Observationa l Learning )

.

.
,

.
3. ( Operant Conditioning )
,

(Reinforcement).
(Positive Reinforcement)

.
(Negative Reinforcement)
,

.
(Punishment)

 .



.
(Shaping).

.
(Extinction).

, ,

.
(Generalization).



.

.
.

, ,

.


.

.

(Functional or
Behavioral Analysis).
,

.
,



,

, .

.
.


.


,

.
.


:
) ,
) ,

.


.

.
(

), ,

.


,
,

. ,

,
,

 , .

/

, ,

.

.

.
(contract)
.

.
.

in vivo

.


, 50

.
in vivo

. ,

, 2-3
.
IV .
1. (Systematic
Desensitization)
Wolpe

.
,


.



.

, -

.


,
in vivo .
2. (Flooding)
,




.
3. (Assertiveness
Training)

u957



.

.


,
, .
4. (Aversive Therapy)
, , ...

.

,

.
5. (Token Economy)
.

,

, .

(, )
.

.
6. (Cognitive Behavior
Therapy)
/


,


.

-.

, . ,

,

.


, (:

, .)



, ,


.

/ .



.

, .

.


.

,


- -.

.

,

.


:
) ,
)
) , - .

,

, ,

,
,

.

,



.

Carl Rogers

Irvin Yalom Victor Frankl.

Carl Rogers

1940.
I .

.

, .

, , ,
,
,

.
, .
,
.

- (self-actualization). Rogers



.
- .
-

. (conditions
of worth),
Rogers,


.


/ -(self-concept). ,

Rogers,



.


.

-

, .
/
Rogers
/
.




.
Rogers


.
.

, ,

.

.

,

-.
,
,



.

,



,

. ,

.
,




.


. ,
, ,

,
.
,

. ,

,



.
(
)

.

,

.

.
.

:

-

; Rogers,

.
- ,
,
,


-
-
.

:
1. (Genuineness or Congruence)

, ,

.


. ,



.
2. (Empathic understanding)


(-) .

.


.

.
3. (unconditional positive
regard).

. .



-

 .



.
Rogers,

.

,

.

, ,

.
,
,

.



.

.



, : .

.


.
,



,

.
IV .
.

,
,



, ,
,


.
:
1.
.
.

,

( ).
.
2. ,

, .

.

,
.
3.

, ,
.

.

, .

.
4.

, .

.

(awareness), ,

.
5.

, .

.

.


.

(.. , ).
6. ,

.

,

(becomes process of experiencing).

.
7. .

, ,

.

-.

,

,
.

,

, .

 , .
, ,


.

.

.


Jean Paul Sartre Albert Camus.

.

Miguel De Unamuno,
Soren
Kierkegaard Martin Heidegger.

.



.



;

;

,
. Sartre

Ludwig Binswanger Medard Boss. Binswanger

Boss

 Martin
Heidegger
.

Viktor Frankl (=).

Frankl


Mans Search for
Meaning.


.

, Rollo May
Irvin Yalom

.



.

.

.



.

(conditions of thrownness)

(ground of existence). ,

,

.

- (self-actualization),

(Ultimate Concerns) Yalom

.

,

.
.


.

,


.

.

;
, -
(deep personal
reflection). :

.




.

.



,


.


,

, .


,

.


, , ,

,

.

---- ----

(
)
,

.

. ; ;

.; ;

: ; ;

,
.
.

( )

.

. ,



.

, .
Heidegger 1926

.

. Heidegger
:
(forgetfulness of being)

(mindfulness of being)

. ,




.

. .

,

,

. .

 ,
.


.

.



(
) .

.


, ,

.
Viktor Frankl (1963)

,

, .

,

, , ,
,

.

.

The Fear of Freedom o Erich Fromm (1977).

,

Freud .

.

(denial of responsibility),

(displacement of responsibility),

,
,
.

.

.


.
:

.

.

.
Lao Tse,
(A Journey of a
thousand miles
begins with a single step).
,
,
.
.

.

.

. .

 ( )

.


( will and
will power)


.
.



.

:

.

,



.

,

,
.






.
.
Irvin
Yalom (1980)
(isolation) :

,

,
.
:
,

.
.
.

.


.

. - ,




.
,

,

Fromm (1963) .

, ,

. ,

,
.

.

.


.

(process of separation/individuation)

,

.

.

.



.


.
,
Viktor Frankl (1967)

.
(.21).

. ,

,

, .

(existential vacuum)

.

 (stress) ,
,
.

. (. 21).



.

.

Yalom (1980) .

Tolstoy (1929)

;

; ; ;
;

; (.20).
.

. , Albert Camus (1972)

, Viktor Frankl

.
Yalom (1980)

.
.
, ,,
.
.

 .

.
.

-

.

. Yalom (1980), ,

.
, ,
.

.


.

.

(. 483).
Viktor Frankl (1967)

.

(-)

. .



.

.

. .
(.11,12)




,


. Jung (1966) , :


.


. .

(senseless and aimless) (. 83).

,

.

.

(
)
. Viktor Frankl (1965)

(
)

,


.
.
Irvin Yalom
(1980):
:
)


)

(.401).
,

 (encounter)

.

. /

.
:
1. ,
2. ,
3.

,
4.
,
5.


( ) .

,



(May, 1983).

: (role-playing), /
(visualization), (active imagination) ,

(paradoxical intention) ,

Viktor Frankl (1946).

.

.



.

.

(genuine) .

.

--
(Yalom, 1980 ,
.405-406).
Buber (1970):

, (. 179).



. Buber Maslow
Fromm (1990)

.


,

.




(actualizing forces).

(unfolding)

,

, .

, ,
. ,

.

 ,

,


.


,

, .__