A.

CU TO MT H THNG KH NN
i vi mt h thng kh nn trung tm thng thng bao gm cc thit b c bn sau:

I.MY NN KH: y l thit b quan trng nht i vi h thng kh nn(n c coi nh tri tim ca h thng),bi v my nn kh trc tip sn sinh ra kh nn cung cp ti cc thit b v cc v tr c nhu cu s dng kh nn. ng dng ca my nn kh c s dng trong rt nhiu lnh vc khc nhau nh:ngnh khai thc khong sn,cc ngnh cng nghip nng,ngnh y t.Cho n ngy nay my nn kh c ph bin kh rng ri khng nhng trong sn xut m cn c s dng trong sinh hot hng ngy bi tin ch thit thc m n mang li trong hot ng hng ngy ca chng ta. Ty vo mc ch s dng v cng sut,tnh nng ca tng loi my nn kh,m n c chia ra thnh mt s tn gi vi thit k,cho tng mc ch s dng khc nhau.Tuy

nhin,my nn kh hin c mt trn th trng gm c mt s chng loi nh sau: 1.My nn kh trc vt ( Screw air compressor ): My nn kh s dng chuyn ng trn ca trc vt,s dng Puli c ni vo 02 trc vt p kh vo trong th tch nh hn.Chng c s dng trong cc ngnh sn xut cng nghip, c th l loi c nh hoc di ng.

Cng sut ca my nn kh loi ny dao ng t 5HP n 500HP,t p sut thp cho n p sut cao(8,5Mpa). My nn kh trc vt c s dng cp kh nn cho nhiu loi my cng c.Chng cng c th s dng cho nhng ng c c bm tng p sut kh np nh: t hoc my bay My nn kh trc vt c chia thnh hai loi: -My nn kh trc vt loi c du ( Oil flood ):my nn kh lm vic v nn n p sut nht nh c ci t sn, qua cc thit b s l kh nn nh tch du sau cung cp cho cc thit b v cc v tr s dng kh nn khng yu cu kh sch(trong kh nn vn cn hm lng du d l rt nh).V vy my nn kh trc vt loi c du thng c s dng cung cp kh nn cho my cng c hoc mt s ngnh sn xut khng yu cu kh sch.

-My nn kh trc vt loi khng du ( Oil free ):ngc li vi loi my nn kh trc vt c du,kh nn ca my nn kh trc vt khng du c cung cp bi my nn kh l loi kh sch(kh nn cung cp hon ton khng c du). Loi my nn kh ny thng c s dng trong mt s ngnh nh:y t,ch bin thc phm,dc phm,ch to linh kin in t v mt s ngnh khc. -Ngoi ra my nn kh trc vt cn c phn loi theo cu trc thit k:my nn kh trc vt n v my nn kh trc vt i(phn ny s c chng ti trnh by trong ni dung bi vit khc v my nn kh ).My nn kh cn c chia theo phng php gii nhit : my nn kh lm mt bng nc v my nn kh gii nhit bng khng kh.

2.My nn kh Pittong(Piston air compressor): My nn kh Piston(may nen khi piston) hay cn gi l my nn kh chuyn ng tnh tin s dng piston iu khin bng tay quay.C th t c nh hoc di chuyn c,c th s dng ring bit hoc t hp.Chng c th c iu khin bng ng c in hoc ng c Diesel. My nn kh s dng piston tnh tin loi nh cng sut t 5HP-30HP thng c s dng trong lp rp t ng v trong c nhng vic khng chuyn ng lin tc. Nhng my nn kh loi ln c th cng sut ln n 1000HP c s dng trong nhng ngnh lp

rp cng nghip ln,nhng chng thng khng c s dng nhiu v c th thay th bng cc my nn kh chuyn ng trn ca bnh rng v trc vt vi gi thnh r hn. p sut u ra c tm dao ng t thp n rt cao(>5000PSI hoc 35Mpa).Ging nh my nn kh trc vt,my nn kh Piston cng c chia lm hai loi:my nn kh piston c du(Oil flood piston air compressor) v my nn kh piston khng du(Oil free piston air compressor). Ngoi ra my nn kh piston cn c phn loi theo p sut lm vic:my nn kh piston thp p v my nn kh piston cao p

3.My nn kh i lu: My nn kh i lu s dng h thng cnh qut trong rotor nn dng lu kh,cnh qut ca stator c nh nm pha di ca mi rotor li y trc tip dng kh vo nhng h thng cnh qut ca rotor tip theo.Vng khng gian ng i khng kh ngy cng gim dn thng qua my nn kh tng sc nn.My nn kh theo phng php nn kh i lu thng c s dng khi cn dng chuyn ng cao,v d nh trong nhng ng c turbin ln.Hu nh chng c s dng nhiu trong mt dy truyn.Trng hp t l p sut di 4:1, tng hiu qu ca qu trnh hot ng ngi ta thng s dng nhng iu chnh v hnh hc. 4.My nn kh ly tm: My nn kh ly tm s dng a xoay hnh cnh qut hoc bnh y p kh vo phn ra ca bnh y lm tng tc ca kh.B phn khuch tn ca my s chuyn i nng lng ca tc thnh p sut.My nn kh ly tm thng c s dng trong cc ngnh cng nghip nng v trong mi trng lm vic lin tc.Chng thng c lp c nh.Cng sut ca chng c th t hng trm n hng nghn m lc,vi h thng lm vic gm nhiu my nn kh ly tm,chng c th tng p u ra hn

1000lbf/in2(69Mpa). Nhiu h thng lm tuyt nhn to s dng loi my nn kh ny.Chng c th s dng ng c t trong,b np hoc ng c turbin.My nn kh ly tm c s dng trong mt ng c tuabin bng gas nh hoc gn ging nh tng kh nn cui cng ca ng c turbin c trung bnh. 5.My nn kh dng hn hp: My nn kh dng hn hp cng tng t nh my nn kh ly tm,nhng vn tc i xng li ni t rotor.B khuch tn thng s dng bin i dng kh hn hp thnh dng kh i lu. My nn kh dng hn hp c 01 b khuch tn ng knh nh hn ca my nn kh ly tm tng ng.

6.My nn kh dng cun (Scroll air compressor): My nn kh dng cun hay cn gi l my nn kh dng xon c gm 02 phn xon c acsimet,mt a xon trng thi tnh,a cn li quay quanh a xon c nh.Hai a xon ny c t n khp vo nhau to thnh cc ti dng hnh li lim,trong qu trnh nn,phn xon c tnh c gi c nh v phn xon c di ng di chuyn trn trc chuyn ng lch tm.Kh c dn vo khong trng do hai li xon to ra,hai a khp dn tng nc v tin dn vo tm ca hnh xon c,th tch nh dn to ra p xut ln,khi n tm th kh t c p sut y v c nn qua cng y tm ca scroll c nh.Cc ti kh c nn ng thi v lin tip to ra s lin tc,n nh,hiu qu v yn tnh trong qu trnh hot ng. Cng nh my nn kh trc vt v my nn kh piston,my nn kh dng cun(scroll) cng c chia thnh hai

loi:my nn kh scroll c du v my nn kh scroll khng du. c im ni bt ca my nn kh scroll l:lm vic m i hn so vi my nn kh piston v trc vt,nhng do gi thnh cao hn so vi cc loi my nn kh piston v trc vt vo khong 45% nn t c ph bin hn. II.BNH CHA KH (BNH TCH P): Chc nng chnh ca bnh cha kh(bnh tch p) trong h thng kh nn trung tm l tch tr lng kh nn m my nn kh nn ln p sut t sn.V cung cp tr li cho h thng kh nn khi c nhu cu s dng t xut,nhm duy tr p xut lm vic trong h thng khng gim xung mt cch t ngt nh hng qu trnh lm vic ca thit b v my mc s dng kh nn. Ngoi ra,bnh cha kh(air tank) cn c chc nng nh thit b ngng mt phn nc,bi bn m my nn kh cung cp cho h thng v lm gim nhit (lm mt u vo cho cc thit b khc nh:my sy kh,lc kh v cc thit b kh nn khc) Bnh cha kh(air tank) c chia thnh nhiu loi:bnh cha kh p sut thp,bnh cha kh p sut cao.Bnh cha kh s dng vt liu thp thng thng,bnh cha kh s dng thp khng g(thng c dng trong ngnh ch bin dc phm,y t,dc phm) Hin nay Cng ty CP u t Thng mi v Dch v Vn Long chng ti hng nm cung cp ra th trng hng trm nghn sn phm bnh cha kh(bnh tch p) vi hng nghn mu m v thit k theo yu cu ca khch hng.Cc sn phm v bnh cha kh(air tank) c dung tch t 0,5m3 n 50m3 p sut lm vic t 10kgf/cm2 n 50kgf/cm2.Tt c cc sn phm(binh khi nen) do chng ti cung cp u t tiu chun Quc t v Vit Nam c chng nhn xut x r rng,c chng nhn ca c quan kim nh ti Vit Nam. III.THIT B S L KH NN: Kh nn c to ra t my nn kh cha ng rt nhiu cht bn theo tng mc khc nhau.Cht bn bao gm bi,hi nc trong khng kh,nhng phn t nh,cn b ca du bi trn v truyn ng c kh.Kh nn mang cht bn ti i trong nhng ng dn kh s gy nn s n mn,r st trong ng v trong cc phn t ca h thng iu khin.V vy,kh nn c s dng trong h thng kh nn phi c x l.Ty thuc vo phm vi

s dng m xc nh yu cu cht lng ca kh nn tng ng cho tng trng hp c th. H thng x l kh nn c chia thnh 3 giai on: -Lc kh th:dng b phn lc bi th kt hp vi bnh ngng tch hi nc(loc khi nen). -Phng php sy kh:dng thit b sy(may say khi) kh kh nn loi b hu ht lng nc ln bn trong.Giai on ny x l ty theo yu cu s dng ca h thng kh nn. +Sy kh kh nn bng my sy kh(tc nhn lnh): Nguyn l ca phng php sy kh bng tc nhn lnh l:kh nn i qua b phn trao i nhit kh-kh(my sy kh).Qu trnh lm lnh s c thc hin bng cch cho dng kh nn chuyn ng o chiu trong nhng ng dn.Nhit ng sng ti y nm trong khong 2oC n 8oC.Nh vy lng hi nc trong dng kh nn vo s c ngng t. Du nc,cht bn sau khi c tch ra khi dng kh nn s c tch ra ngoi qua van thot nc ngng t(b t ng x nc). +Sy kh kh nn bng phng php hp th: Cht sy kh hay cn c gi l cht ho nc s hp th lng hi nc trong khng kh m.Thit b gm hai bnh. Bnh th nht cha cht sy kh v thc hin qu trnh ht m.bnh th hai ti to li kh nng hp th ca cht sy kh.Cht sy kh thng c s dng:Silicagen SiO2,nhit im sng -50oC,ti to t 120oC n 180oC(may say khi hap thu). -Lc kh tinh:loi b tt c cc loi tp cht,k c kch thc rt nh n 0,003mm

IV.THIT B PH TR KHC. Ngoi nhng thit b c bn nh:my nn kh,bnh cha kh,my sy kh,lc kh h thng kh nn cn c thm cc thit b ph tr khc nh:

Cc b t ng x nc: b t ng x nc s c lp t ti cc v tr m h thng kh nn d c kh nng xy ra ngng t(thng c lp t cc v tr thp nht) trong h thng ng ng cung cp kh nn.Cng c th lp t ti v tr x y ca cc thit b nh:after cooler, bnh cha kh(binh tich khi) v mt vi v tr khc ty theo yu cu ca ngi s dng. ng h p sut : thit b ny thng c lp t ti phng my, ngi vn hnh d dng theo di v kim tra,ta cng c th lp t ti bt c v tr no,nu nh ngi s dng c nhu cu theo di p sut ca ton h thng kh nn. B lm mt s b kh nn(after cooler): vi thit b ny ty vo nhu cu ca ngi s dng,bi v n c tc dng lm mt s b kh nn ca my nn kh trc khi cung cp ti cc thit b x l kh nn nh:lc kh th,my sy kh,lc kh tinh.N c bit hiu qu khi khch hng hin ang s dng cc loi my sy kh c nhit u vo thp lm tng hiu qu tch m ca my sy kh. Ngoi ra cn rt nhiu cc thit b ph tr khc n ty thuc vo nhu cu s dng kh nn m khch hng c th yu cu nh cung cp t vn hoc cung cp cc thit b khc nhau.

B. MY NN KH V NGUYN L HOT NG

Nguyn l hot ng ca my nn kh:p sut c to ra t my nn, nng lng c hc ca ng c in hoc ca ng c t trong c chuyn i thnh nng lng kh nn v nhit nng.

S nguyn l lm vic ca my nn kh:

Phn loi my nn kh theo nguyn l hot ng: a.Nguyn l thay i th tch: Khng kh c dn vo bung cha, th tch ca bung cha s nh li.Nh vy theo nh lut Boy-Mariotte,p xut trong bung cha s tng

ln.Cc loi my nn kh hot ng theo nguyn l ny nh:my nn kh pttong,cnh gt,bnh rng b.Nguyn l ng nng: Khng kh c dn vo bung cha, p sut kh nn c to ra bng ng nng bnh dn.Nguyn tc hot ng ny to ra lu lng v cng sut rt ln,my nn kh hot ng theo nguyn l ny nh kiu my nn kh ly tm,my nn kh i lu v my nn kh dng hn hp My nn kh phn lai theo p sut lm vic c th nh sau: My nn kh p sut thp : p15bar My nn kh p sut cao : 15bar My nn kh p sut rt cao : p 300 bar

Thit k,cu trc c bn ca my nn kh trc vt:

My sy kh v nguyn l lm vic ca my sy kh

C. MY SY KH ( KIU LM LNH ),MY SY KH HP TH V NGUYN L LM VIC

Nh trnh by cc phn trc: Kh nn c to ra t my nn kh cha ng rt nhiu cht bn theo tng mc khc nhau.Cht bn bao gm bi,hi nc trong khng kh,nhng phn t nh,cn b ca du bi trn v truyn ng c kh.Kh nn mang cht bn ti i trong nhng ng dn kh s gy nn s n mn,r st trong ng v trong cc phn t ca h thng iu khin.V vy,kh nn c s dng trong h thng kh nn phi c x l. Nguyn l lm ca my sy kh (kiu lm lnh) l: kh nn i qua b phn trao i nhit kh-kh ( my sy kh ) .Qu trnh lm lnh s c thc hin bng cch cho dng kh nn chuyn ng o chiu trong nhng ng dn.Nhit ng sng ti y nm trong khong 2-6 C.Nh vy lng hi nc trong dng kh nn vo s c ngng t.

Du nc,cht bn sau khi c tch ra khi dng kh nn s c tch ra ngoi qua van thot nc ngng t ( b t ng x nc ). Dng kh nn c lm sch v cn lnh s c a n b phn trao i nhit nng nhit ln khong t 6-8 C,trc khi a vo s dng. Chu k hot ng ca cht lm lnh c thc hin bng my nn pht cht lm lnh.Sau khi cht lm lnh c nn qua my nn,nhit s tng nn,bnh ngng t s c tc dng gii nhit cht lm lnh bng qut gi.Van iu chnh lu lng v r le iu chnh nhit c nhim v iu chnh dng lu lng cht lm lnh hot ng trong khi c ti,khng ti v hi qu nhit. Vi loi my sy kh kiu lm lnh thng c s dng trong cc trng hp yu cu nhit im sng trn 0 C. Phng php sy kh bng my sy kh ( may say khi kieu lam lanh ) c dng kh ph bin bi chng c nhng u im nh:chi ph u t thp,d vn hnh,d sa cha v my sy kh lm vic kh n nh.

Nguyn l lm ca my sy kh ( kiu hp th ) l: cht sy kh hay cn c gi l cht ho nc s hp th lng hi nc trong khng kh m.Thit b gm hai bnh,bnh th nht cha cht sy kh v thc hin qu trnh ht m,bnh th hai ti to li kh nng hp th ca cht sy kh.Cht sy kh thng c s dng:Silicagen SiO2,nhit im sng -50 C,ti to t 120 C n 180 C ( may say khi hap thu ). Kh nn c cp bi my nn kh c cung cp vo bnh, i qua cht hp th.Lng hi nc trong kh nn kt hp vi cht hp th to thnh git nc lng xung y bnh,phn nc ngng t c dn ra ngoi bng van x y ( thng l cc b t ng x nc ).Phn kh nn kh s theo ca ra ca bnh cp cho h thng. My sy kh hp th c dng trong trng hp h thng yu cu s l kh nn cung cp cho h thng t tiu chun cao,kh nng tch nc ra khi kh nn t ti mc 99,99%, thng nhit di 0 C. Nhc im ca my sy kh hp th:chi ph u t cao,tn tht kh nn nhiu v ch c s dng trong mt s ngnh nh : ch bin dc phm,thc phm.