Chng 3

3.1 o in tr bng V-k &A-k 3.2 Mch o Ohm-k

3.1 - o in tr bng V-k &A-k o phn t in tr ang hot ng vi ngun cung cp ( o nng ) Mc r di ( hnh 3.1a) : c sai s do ni tr ampe k Mc r ngn ( hnh 3.1b) : c sai s do tng tr vo ca vn k. Th d: o in tr r ca t in in p hot ng bng vn k thng mc ni tip vi t in: in tr r RX = V Vc in p ca t , Ic dng I qua vn k
C C

3.2 Mch o Ohm k

Ohm k hot ng theo nguyn l dng in Mch o nguyn l ( hnh 3.4): dng qua b ch th khng tuyn tnh theo tr s in tr o. Mch o thc t ( hnh 3.5) : c bin tr R2 chnh 0 cho tr s Ohm k khi pin yu v in tr R1 c tr s thay i ph thuc tm o. Nguyn l phn tm o in tr : dng in qua b ch th c cng tr s, khi in tr Rx : 10 ( tm X1) ; 100 ( tm X10 ) ; 1000 (tm X100 )

Mch o in tr

3. 3 - Ohm k in t
Nguyn l o : chuyn in tr o Rx thnh in p o Vx a vo vn k in t ( bng cch cho ngun dng I qua Rx ) Nguyn l phn tm o: ngun dng I qua Rx gim khi tm o tng ( tm tng 10 ln th dng I gim 10 ln )

Ohm k in t c ngun dng

Ti mt tm o c ngun dng khng i: Hnh 3.41: th d I= 1mA tm o X1, I = 0,1mA tm o X10 Hnh 3.42 Hnh 3.43:

I= E/ R, Vo = - Rx I, R in tr tm o

3.4 Cu Wheatstone
1) Cu Wheatstone cn bng: ( hnh 3.8 )
u im: in tr o Rx khng ph thuc ngun cung cp chnh xc: ph thuc nhy ca b ch th cn bng v sai s ca in tr trong cu o.Dng in k in t c nhy cao th cng chnh xc. Thay i tm o: thay i t s in tr P/Q. iu chnh cu cn bng: thay i bin tr S

2) Cu Wheatstone khng cn bng : Hnh 3.9 a : in p Vr Vs ph thuc in tr o R Dng mch tng ng Thevenin phn tch cho cu Hnh 3.9 a,b Bi tp 3.15 &3.17 Gii hn ca cu: khng o c gi tr in tr nh di 1. L do : do nh hng ca in tr ca dy dn

3.5 - Cu i Kelvin
in tr 4 u: 2 u th ni vo cu o c dng in nh. 2 u dng c dng in ln vi ampe,cch u th vi cm trnh hin tng nhit in Loi b in tr dy dn khi cu cn bng
vi ieu kien can bang cua cau va luon luon co p = P va r = R th phan t o Q c xac nh Q = S( P/R)

Hnh 3.11 Hnh 3.12 Hnh 3.13

o in tr m v

3.6 Megohm k
Dng vn k v microampe k : ( hnh 3.14 ) Dng in qua vt liu cch in c th tng ln khi in p ngun t vo tng ,dn n in tr cch in suy gim ng k. Cho nn phi ghi in p test cho in tr cch in. Th d ; 50M test 2kV. Loi b in tr r b mt ( surface leakage resistance ) dng vng dy bo v ( guard wire - hnh 3.14b ) hoc vng bo v ( guard ring hnh 3.15) Cc guard c ni vi vng dy hoc vng bo v loi b dng in r b mt khng cho qua A k in tr cch in khng c in tr r b mt

Hnh 3.16: a) Cau Wheatstone o ien tr cach ien be mat b) Mach tng ng

Trong trng hp dung cau Wheatstone e o ien tr cach ien e loai bo ien tr r be mat, chung ta cung dung vong bao ve nh hnh 3.16a va c phan tch thanh mach tng ng (H.3.16b), ien tr b va c la hai ien tr r be mat va be mat di cua vat lieu can o ien tr cach ien. Nguon cung cap E co tr so theo yeu cau o ien tr cach ien.

3.6.2 Megohm-ke chuyen dung

Bo ch th thng dung cho megohm-ke (loai co ien) la t so ke t ien (H.3.17). C cau ch th nay gom co hai cuon day: Cuon day lech (deflecting coil )va Cuon day kiem soat (control coil). May phat tao ra ien ap cao kV ( 2kV),tr so ch th M khong phu thuoc ien ap cung cap Nh vay goc quay i phu thuoc vao tr so o

RX.

ac biet khi kim ch th gia thang o:

1 1 2
RX = R1 + r1 R2 r2 Neu: r2 = r1 RX = R1 R2. Nh vay thay oi tam o cho thang o bang cach thay oi tr so R2. Trong mach nay co au Guard e gan vao vong bao ve (guard ring) hoac day bao ve (guard wire) e loai bo ien tr r be mat (RS) khi o ien tr cach ien

Hnh 3.23: Vong Murray o ien tr cham mass

Phng phap thng dung e xac nh v tr cham mass la vong th nghiem (test loop). Nhng phng phap nay u xac nh cho hong. Mach thng dung la vong Murray va vong Varley. ay cung la mot ng dung cua cau Wheatstone (H.3.23). Khi cau Wheatstone can bang (ieu chnh R2 va thay oi R1 )

RX

R1 ( Ra Rb ) ; R1 R2

Neu oan day RX co chieu dai LX; Ra co chieu dai La; Rb co chieu dai Lb. Cac day co cung ien tr suat, La = Lb = L va cung thiet dien A:

La Lb LX R1 [ ] A R1 R2 A A

LX

R1 2L ' R1 R2

Hnh 3.24: Vong Varley

khoa S v tr a ieu chnh R3 e sao cho cau can bang.
Ra Rb R2 R1 R3 Ra Rb R3 R2 R2

Nh vay ien tr day dan c xac nh. Sau o chuyen khoa S sang v tr b, ien tr cham mass Rx c xac nh:

ieu chnh en tr

' R3

sao cho cau (vong VARLEY) can bang. Chung ta co

' R1 ( Ra Rb ) R2 R3 RX R1 R2
V du 3.14: Trong mach hnh 3.24 R1 = 1k, R2 = 2k, chieu dai cua oan day cap La = Lb = 10Km, ien tr cua day cap 0,02/m. Khi khoa S a ieu chnh R3 =100 th cau can bang, con khi S b, R3 = 99 th cau can bang. Xac nh LX cho day cham

mass.

3.7 O IEN TR AT

1) Coc o ien tr at : coc kim loai 2) ien tr at : ien tr vung at xung quanh coc at 3) Khoang cach gia 2 coc at : toi thieu 20 m 4) Nguon ien ap cung cap nguon ien xoay chieu 5) o ien ap gia coc at o va trung tnh ien lc: neu ln hn 10 von. Khong c o ien tro at khi ien ap ln hn 10 von. V dong trung tnh khac khong chay qua vung at o

3.7.2 Mach o ien tr at

Dung von-ke va ampe-ke : p/p trc tiep

Hnh 3.26: Mach o ien tr at bang von-ke va ampe-ke

Coc A: coc o ien tr at RX; Coc P: coc phu o ien ap; Coc C: coc phu o dong ien V dung ien li cho nen dung bien ap cach ly( s va th cap rieng biet Phng phap nay co sai so do ien tr coc phu P Rx = V/I

Hnh 3.27
Mach tng ng cua ba coc A, P, C

Hnh 3.28
Mach o ien tr at bang phng phap gian tiep

Vay ien tr c xac nh bi tr so oc cua vonke va ampe-ke. Do o neu chung ta quan tam en sai so do von-ke Rv va ien tr coc phu thuoc ien ap RP th RX co sai so tng oi: r = [ RP / (RP + RV ) ] x 100% Trong p/p gian tiep ch dung 2coc nhng phai lan lt o 3 lan e xac nh 3 ien tr RX , Rp va Rc khong co sai so do ien tr coc phu.

1- Coc phu ap; 2- Coc phu dong; 3- Coc at o Hnh 3.32: S o khoi may o chuyen dung Hnh 3.33: Cach ong coc Mach o ien tr at co s ket hp vi mach ien t dung c cau t ien: ieu chnh bien tr Rso cho en khi ien ke G ( c cau t ien ch 0 oc tr so RX da xoay con chay bien tr

Cach o ien ap ri tren 2 coc at (H.3.34) Co nhng may o ien tr at co phan o ien the ri tren coc at 1 vi coc at 2, khi o bo ch th tren may o cho biet ien ap ri tren hai coc. V du, o ien ap ri tren coc at c xem la coc an toan cua tai vi coc trung tnh cua li ien (H.3.34). 1- coc trung tnh ien lc 2- coc at o , tr so oc tren may cho biet ien ap gia 2 coc. Neu ien ap ln hn 10V th khong c o v dong ien trung tnh qua ln i qua vung at ang o.