Cu to v nguyn l hot ng photodiode

Xt hai tm bn dn, mt thuc loi N v mt thuc loi P, ghp tip xc nhau. Ti mt tip xc hnh thnh mt vng ngho ht dn v ti vng ny tn ti mt in trng v hnh thnh hng ro th Vb. Khi khng c in th ngoi t ln chuyn tip (V=0), dmg in chy qua chuyn tip i = 0, thc t dng I chnh l dng tng cng ca hai dng in bng nhau v ngc chiu: - Dng khuch tn cc ht c bn sinh ra khi ion ho cc tp cht (l trong trong bn dn loi P, in t trong bn dn loi N) do nng lng nhit ca cc ht dn c bn ln vt qua hng ro th. - Dng ht dn khng c bn sinh ra do kch thch nhit (in t trong bn dn P, l trng trong bn dn N) chuyn ng di tc dng ca in trng E trong vng ngho.

Hnh 8.1: S chuyn tip P - N v hiu ng quang in trong vng ngho

Khi c in p t ln it, hng ro th thay i ko theo s thay i dng ht c bn v b rng vng ngho. Dng in qua chuyn tip:

Khi in p ngc ln:

, chiu cao hng ro th ln n mc dng khuch tn ca cc ht c bn tr nn rt nh v c th b qua v ch cn li dng ngc ca it, khi i = I 0.

Khi chiu sng it bng bc x c bc sng nh hn bc sng ngng, s xut hin thm cc cp in t - l trng. cc ht dn ny tham gia dn in cn phi ngn cn s ti hp ca chng, tc l nhanh chng tch ri cp in t - l trng. S tch cp in t - l trng ch xy ra trong vng ngho nh tc dng ca in trng. S ht dn c gii phng ph thuc vo thng lng nh sng t ti vng ngho v kh nng hp th ca vng ny. Thng lng nh sng chiu ti vng ngho ph thuc ng k vo chiu dy lp vt liu m n i qua:

Trong h s 105cm-1. tng thng lng nh sng n vng ngho ngi ta ch to it vi phin bn dn chiu dy rt b. Kh nng hp th bc x ph thuc rt ln vo b rng vng ngho. tng kh nng m rng vng ngho ngi ta dng it PIN, lp bn dn ring I kp gia hai lp bn dn P v N, vi loi it ny ch cn in p ngc vi vn c th m rng vng ngho ra ton b lp bn dn I.

Hnh 8.2: Cu to it loi PIN

Ch hot ng
- Ch quang dn: S nguyn l (hnh 8.3a) gm mt ngun Es phn cc ngc it v mt in tr Rm o tn hiu.

Hnh 8.3: S nguyn l v ch lm vic

Dng ngc qua it:

(8.1) Trong IP l dng quang in:

(8.2) Khi in p ngc Vd ln, thnh phn

ta c:

Thng thng

Phng trnh mch in:

Trong VR=RmIr cho php v ng thng ti (hnh 8.3b). Dng in chy trong mch:

im lm vic ca it l im giao nhau gia ng thng ti v ng c tuyn I -V vi thng lng tng ng. Ch lm vic ny l tuyn tnh, VR t l vi thng lng. - Ch quang th: Trong ch ny khng c in p ngoi t vo it. it lm vic nh mt b chuyn i nng lng tng ng vi mt my pht v ngi ta o th h mch V0C hoc o dng ngn mch ISC. o th h mch: Khi chiu sng, dng IP tng lm cho hng ro th gim mt lng ?Vb. S gim chiu cao hng ro th lm cho dng ht dn c bn tng ln, khi t cn bng Ir = 0.

 gim chiu cao Vb ca hng ro th c th xc nh c thng qua o in p gia hai u it khi h mch.

Khi chiu sng yu IP <<I0:

Trong trng hp ny VOC (kT/q=26mV 300K) nh nhng ph thuc tuyn tnh vo thng lng. Khi chiu sng mnh, Ip >>I0 v ta c:

Trong trng hp ny VOC c gi tr tng i ln (c 0,1 - 0,6 V) nhng ph thuc vo thng lng theo hm logarit.

Hnh 8.4: S ph thuc ca th h mch vo thng lng

o dng ngn mch: Khi ni ngn mch hai u it bng mt in tr nh hn r no , dng on mch I chnh bng I v t l vi thng lng (hnh 8.5):

Hnh 8.5: S ph thuc ca dng ngn

mch vo thng lng nh sng c im quan trng ca ch ny l khng c dng ti, nh vy c th gim nhiu v cho php o c thng lng nh.

nhy
i vi bc x c ph xc nh, dng quang in IP t l tuyn tnh vi thng lng trong mt khong tng i rng, c 5 - 6 decad. nhy ph xc nh theo cng thc:

Vi = s. nhy ph ph thuc vo , hiu sut lng t , h s phn x R v h s hp th .

Hnh 8.6: Ph nhy ca photodiode

Ngi s dng cn phi bit nhy ph da trn ng cong ph hi p S()/S(P) v gi tr ca bc sng P ng vi nhy cc i. Thng thng S(P) nm trong khong 0,1 - 1,0 A/W.

Hnh 8.9: S ph thuc ca nhy vo nhit

Khi nhit tng, cc i P ca ng cong ph dch chuyn v pha bc sng di. H s nhit ca dng quang dn

c gi tr khong 0,1%/oC.

S ng dng photodiode
- S lm vic ch quang dn: c trng ca ch quang dn: + tuyn tnh cao. + Thi gian hi p ngn. + Di thng ln. Hnh 8.9 trnh by s o dng ngc trong ch quang dn. S c s (hnh 8.10a):

Hnh 8.10: S mch o dng ngc trong ch quang dn

Khi tng in tr Rm s lm gim nhiu. Tng tr vo ca mch khuch i phi ln trnh lm gim in tr ti hiu dng ca it. S tc ng nhanh (hnh 8.10b):

in tr ca iot nh v bng

trong K l h s khuch i tn s lm vic. T C 2 c tc dng b tr nh hng ca t k sinh Cpl vi iu kin nhit cng phi khng ng k. . B khuch i y phi c dng vo rt nh v s suy gim do

- S lm vic ch quang th: c trng ca ch quang th: + C th lm vic ch tuyn tnh hoc logarit tu thuc vo ti. + t nhiu. + Thi gian hi p ln. + Di thng nh. + Nhy cm vi nhit ch logarit. S tuyn tnh (hnh 8.11a): o dng ngn mch Isc. Trong ch ny:

S logarit (hnh 8.11b): o in p h mch Voc.

Hnh 8.11: S mch o ch quang p

Bi 2:

Hiu ng quang dn
Hiu ng quang dn (hay cn gi l hiu ng quang in ni) l hin tng gii phng nhng ht ti in (ht dn) trong vt liu di tc dng ca nh sng lm tng dn in ca vt liu. Trong cht bn dn, cc in t lin kt vi ht nhn, gii phng in t khi nguyn t cn cung cp cho n mt nng lng ti thiu bng nng lng lin kt W lk. Khi in t c gii phng khi nguyn t, s to thnh ht dn mi trong vt liu.

Hnh 7.3: . nh hng ca bn cht vt liu n ht dn c gii phng

Ht dn c gii phng do chiu sng ph thuc vo bn cht ca vt liu b chiu sng. i vi cc cht bn dn tinh khit cc ht dn l cp in t - l trng. i vi trng hp bn dn pha tp, ht dn c gii phng l in t nu l pha tp dono hoc l l trng nu l pha tp acxepto.

Gi s c mt tm bn dn phng th tch V pha tp loi N c nng cc donor Nd, c mc nng lng nm di vng dn mt khong bng Wd ln nhit phng v khi trong ti nng n0 ca cc donor b ion ho do nhit l nh.

Hnh 7.4: T bo quang dn v s chuyn mc nng lng ca in t

Khi trong ti, nng in t c gii phng trong mt n v thi gian t l vi nng cc tp cht cha b ion ho v bng a(Nd -no), vi h s a xc nh theo cng thc:

(7.6) Trong q l tr tuyt i ca in tch in t, T l nhit tuyt i ca khi vt liu, k l hng s. S in t ti hp vi cc nguyn t b ion ho trong mt n v thi gian t l vi cc nguyn t b ion ho n0 v nng in t cng chnh bng n0 v bng r. n02 , trong r l h s ti hp. Phng trnh ng hc biu din s thay i nng in t t do trong khi vt liu c dng:

trng thi cn bng ta c :

Suy ra:

(7.2) dn trong ti c biu din bi h thc: (7.8) Trong l linh ng ca in t. Khi nhit tng, linh ng ca in t gim, nhng s tng mt in t t do do s kch thch nhit ln hn nhiu nn nh hng ca n l nhn t quyt nh i vi dn. Khi chiu sng, cc photon s ion ho cc nguyn t donor, gii phng ra cc in t. Tuy nhin khng phi tt c cc photon p ti b mt vt liu u gii phng in t, mt s b phn x ngay b mt, mt s b hp th v chuyn nng lng cho in t di dng nhit nng, ch phn cn li mi tha m gia vo gii phng in t. Do vy, s in t (g) c gii phng do b chiu sng trong mt giy ng vi mt n v th tch vt liu, xc nh bi cng thc:

(7.9) Trong : G - s in t c gii phng trong th tch V trong thi gian mt giy. V=A.L, vi A, L l din tch mt cnh v chiu rng tm bn dn (hnh 7.4). - hiu sut lng t (s in t hoc l trng trung bnh c gii phng khi mt photon b hp th). R - l h s phn x ca b mt vt liu. - bc sng nh sng. - thng lng nh sng. h - hng s Planck. Phng trnh ng hc ca ti hp trong trng hp ny c dng:

Thng thng bc x chiu ti ln s in t c gii phng ln hn rt nhiu so vi in t c gii phng do nhit:

Trong iu kin trn, rt ra phng trnh ng hc cho mt in t iu kin cn bng di tc dng chiu sng:

(7.10) dn tng ng vi nng in t iu kin cn bng: (7.11)

T bo quang dn
Vt liu ch to
T bo quang dn c ch to cc bn dn a tinh th ng nht hoc n tinh th, bn dn ring hoc bn dn pha tp. - a tinh th: CdS, CdSe, CdTe. PbS, PbSe, PbTe. - n tinh th: Ge, Si tinh khit hoc pha tp Au, Cu, Sb, In. SbIn, AsIn, PIn, cdHgTe. Vng ph lm vic ca cc vt liu ny biu din trn hnh 7.5.

Hnh 7.5: Vng ph lm vic ca mt s vt liu quang dn

Cc c trng
- in tr : Gi tr in tr ti RC0 ca cc quang in tr ph thuc rt ln vo hnh dng hnh hc, kch thc, nhit v bn cht ho l ca vt liu ch to. Cc cht PbS, CdS, CdSe c in tr ti rt ln (t 104 - 109 25oC), trong khi SbIn, SbAs, CdHgTe c in tr ti tng i nh ( t 10 103 25oC). in tr Rc ca cm bin gim rt nhanh khi ri tng ln. Trn hnh 2.6 l mt v d v s thay i ca in tr cm bin theo ri sng.

Hnh 7.6: S ph thuc ca in tr vo ri sng

T bo quang dn c th coi nh mt mch tng ng gm hai in tr R c0 v Rcp mc song song:

(7.12) Trong : Rco - in tr trong ti. Rcp - in tr khi chiu sng: Rcp=a-y a - h s ph thuc vo bn cht vt liu, nhit , ph bc x. - h s c gi tr t 0,5 - 1. Thng thng Rcp <<Rc0, nn c th coi Rc=Rcp. Cng thc (7.12) cho thy s ph thuc ca in tr ca t bo quang dn vo thng lng nh sng l khng tuyn tnh, tuy nhin c th tuyn tnh ha bng cch s dng mt in tr mc song song vi t bo quang dn. Mt khc, nhy nhit ca t bo quang dn ph thuc vo nhit , khi ri cng ln nhy nhit cng nh. - nhy: Theo s tng ng ca t bo quang dn, dn in ca t bo quang dn l tng dn trong ti v dn khi chiu sng: (7.13)

Trong : - Gco l dn trong ti: Gco = 1/Rco. - Gcp l in tr khi chiu sng: Gco = 1/Rcp = /a. Khi t in p V vo t bo quang dn, dng in qua mch: (7.14) Trong iu kin s dng thng thng I0<<IP, do dng quang in ca t bo quang dn xc nh bi biu thc:

(7.15) i vi lung bc x c ph xc nh, t l chuyn i tnh:

(7.16) V nhy:

(7.17) T hai biu thc (7.16) v (7.17) c th thy: - T bo quang dn l mt cm bin khng tuyn tnh, nhy gim khi bc x tng (tr khi =1). - Khi in p t vo nh, nhy t l thun vi in p t vo t bo quang dn. Khi in p t vo ln, hiu ng Joule lm tng nhit , dn n nhy gim (hnh 7.7). Trng hp bc x nh sng l n sc, Ip ph thuc vo ?, nhy ph ca t bo quang dn xc nh nh ng cong biu din s ph thuc ca hi p vo bc sng (hnh 7.8a)

Hnh 7.7: nh hng ca nhit n nhy ca t bo quang dn

Hnh 7.8: nhy ca t bo quang dn

a) ng cong ph hi p b) S thay i ca nhy theo nhit

(7.18) nhy ph ca t bo quang dn l hm ph thuc nhit ngun sng, khi nhit tng nhy ph tng. Khi bc x khng phi l n sc, dng Ip v do nhy ton phn ph thuc ph bc x (hnh 7.8b).

c im v ng dng
c in chung ca cc t bo quang dn: - T l chuyn i tnh cao.

- nhy cao. - Hi p ph thuc khng tuyn tnh vo thng lng. - Thi gian hi p ln. - Cc c trng khng n nh do gi ho. - nhy ph thuc nhit . - Mt s loi i hi lm ngui. Trong thc t, t bo quang dn c dng trong hai trng hp: - iu khin r le: khi c bc x nh sng chiu ln t bo quang dn, in tr ca n gim ng k, cho dng in chy qua ln, c s dng trc tip hoc qua khuch i ng m rle (hnh 7.9). - Thu tn hiu quang: dng t bo quang dn thu v bin tn hiu quang thnh xung in. Cc xung nh sng ngt qung c th hin qua xung in, trn c s c th lp cc mch m vt hoc o tc quay ca a.

Hnh 7.9: Dng t bo quang dn iu khin rle

a) iu khin trc tip b) iu khin thng qua tranzito khuch i

Cu to v nguyn l hot ng phototransito

Phototranzito l cc tranzito m vng baz c th c chiu sng, khng c in p t ln baz, ch c in p trn C, ng thi chuyn tip B-C phn cc ngc.

Hnh 8.12: Phototranzito

a) S mch in b) S tng ng c) Tch cp in t l trng khi chiu sng baz in p t vo tp trung hu nh ton b trn chuyn tip B -C (phn cc ngc) trong khi chnh lch in p gia E v B thay i khng ng k (VBE 0,6-0,7V). Khi chuyn tip B-C c chiu sng, n hot ng ging nh photoiot ch quang th vi dng ngc:

Trong I0 l dng ngc trong ti, IP l dng quang in di tc dng ca thng lng F 0 chiu qua b dy X ca baz (bc sng < S):

Dng Ir ng vai tr dng baz, n gy nn dng colect Ic:

- h s khuch i dng ca tranzito khi u chung emit. C th coi phototranzito nh t hp ca mt photodiot v mt tranzito (hnh 8.12b). Phodiode cung cp dng quang in ti baz, cn tranzito cho hiu ng khch i . Cc in t v l trng pht sinh trong vng baz (di tc dng ca nh sng) s b phn chia di tc dng ca in trng trn chuyn tip B - C. Trong trng hp tranzito NPN, cc in t b ko v pha colect trong khi l trng b gi li trong vng baz (hnh 8.12c) to thnh dng in t t E qua B n C. Hin tng xy ra tng t nh vy nu nh l trng phun vo baz t mt ngun bn ngoi: in th baz tng ln lm gim hng ro th gia E v B, iu ny gy nn dng in t IE chy t E n B v khuch tn tip t B v pha C.

nhy

Khi nhn c thng lng F0, iot baz-colect sinh ra dng quang in Ip, dng ny gy nn trong phototranzito mt dng , trong gi tr ca Icp c rt ra t cng thc ca Ip:

i vi mt thng lng F0 cho trc, ng cong ph hi p xc nh bi bn cht ca iot B -C: vt liu ch to (thng l Si) v loi pha tp (hnh 8.13). i vi mt bc sng cho trc, dng colect I khng phi l hm tuyn tnh ca thng lng hoc chiu sng bi v h s khuch i ph thuc vo dng Ic (tc l cng ph thuc thng lng), ngha l

ph thuc vo 0.

Hnh 8.13: ng cong ph hi p ca photodiot

nhy ph S(p) bc sng tng ng vi im cc i c gi tr nm trong khong 1 - 100A/W.

S dng phototranzito
Phototranzito c th dng lm b chuyn mch, hoc lm phn t tuyn tnh. ch chuyn mch n c u im so vi photodiot l cho php s dng mt cch trc tip dng chy qua tng i ln. Ngc li, ch tuyn tnh, mc d cho khuch i nhng ngi ta thch dng photoiot v n c tuyn tnh tt hn. - Phototranzito chuyn mch: Trong trng hp ny s dng thng tin dng nh phn: c hay khng c bc x, hoc nh sng nh hn hay ln hn ngng. Tranzito chn hoc bo ho cho php iu khin trc tip (hoc sau khi khuch i) nh mt rle, iu khin mt cng logic hoc mt thyristo (hnh 8.14).

Hnh 8.14: Photodiotzito trong ch chuyn mch

a) Rle b) Rle sau khch i c) Cng logic d) Thyristo - Phototranzito trong ch tuyn tnh: C hai cch s dng trong ch tuyn tnh. - Trng hp th nht: o nh sng khng i (ging nh mt luxmet). - Trng hp th hai: thu nhn tn hiu thay i dng:

Trong F1(t) l thnh phn thay i vi bin nh sao cho khng dn ti phototranzito b chn hoc bo ho v c th coi nhy khng i. Trong iu kin , dng colect c dng:

Hnh 8.15: S nguyn l luxmet

Cm bin o dch chuyn bng sng n hi

Nguyn l o dch chuyn bng sng n hi
Tc truyn sng n hi v trong cht rn ~ 103m/s. Thi gian truyn sng gia hai im trong vt rn cch nhau mt khong l xc nh bi biu thc:

Bit tc truyn sng v v o thi gian truyn sng tP ta c th xc nh c khong cch l cn o:

S khi ca mt thit b o dch chuyn bng sng n hi biu din trn hnh 12.3. Thi gian truyn sng tP t khi tn hiu xut hin my pht n khi n c tip nhn my thu c o bng my m xung. My m hot ng khi bt u pht sng v ng li khi tn hiu n c my thu.

Hnh 12.3: S khi ca mt thit b o dch chuyn bng sng n hi Gi s xung m c l N v chu k ca xung m l t , ta c:

Khi :

(12.1)

Cm bin s dng phn t p in

Trong cc cm bin p in, sng n hi c pht v thu nh s dng hiu ng p in. Hiu ng p in l hin tng khi mt tm vt liu p in (th d thch anh) b bin dng di tc dng ca mt lc c hc c chiu nht nh, trn cc mt i din ca tm xut hin mt lng in tch bng nhau nhng tri du, ngc li di tc ng ca in trng c chiu thch hp, tm vt liu p in b bin dng. o dch chuyn ta c th s dng hai dng sng n hi: - Sng khi: dc v ngang. - Sng b mt. Sng khi dc truyn cho cc phn t ca vt rn dch chuyn dc theo phng truyn sng to nn s nn ri li gin n ca cc lp ca vt rn. Sng ny c kch thch bng phn t p in rung theo b dy (hnh 12.4a). Sng khi ngang gy nn dch chuyn vung gc vi phng truyn sng, to ra chuyn ng trt tng i gia cc lp ca vt rn. Sng ny c kch thch bng mt phn t p in rung theo mt ct (hnh 12.4b).

Hnh 12.4: Cc dng sng n hi a) Sng dc b) Sng ngang c) Sng b mt v dng in cc kch thch Sng b mt truyn trong lp b mt ca vt rn, bin ca chng hu nh bng khng su 2 di b mt. Sng b mt gm mt thnh phn sng dc v mt thnh phn sng ngang. Ngun kch thch sng b mt l mt h in cc kiu rng lc ci nhau ph ln b mt vt liu p in (hnh 12.4c). Khong cch gia hai rng k nhau ca cc in cc phi bng c th gy ra bin dng khi c in p V cng pha t vo v tng hiu ng ca chng. My thu sng b mt cng c cu to tng t nh my pht c gn c nh vo b mt vt rn, khi c

sng b mt i qua, cc rng ca in cc lm bin dng b mt vt rn v gy nn in p do hiu ng p in.

Cm bin m t
Sng n hi pht ra nh s dng hiu ng Wiedemam: hin tng xon mt ng tr st t khi n chu tc dng ng thi ca mt t trng dc v mt t trng ngang. Sng n hi c thu trn c s s dng hiu ng Vilari: sc cng c hc lm thay i kh nng t ho v t thm ca vt liu st t. S nguyn l v cu to ca cm bin m t trnh by trn hnh 12.5. Cu to ca cm bin gm ng st t (1), nam chm di ng (2) trt dc ng gn vi vt cn xc nh v tr. Dy dn (3) nm gia trc ng v c ni vi my pht xung (4). My thu (5) c li t ni c hc vi ng.

Hnh 12.5: S nguyn l cm bin m t 1) ng st t 2) Nam chm 3) Dy dn 4) My pht xung 5) u thu Nguyn l hot ng ca cm bin: My pht (4) cung cp mt xung in truyn qua dy dn (3), xung ny truyn vi vn tc nh sng (c), t trng do n sinh ra c ng sc l ng trn ng tm vi trc ng. Khi sng in t truyn n v tr nam chm (2), s kt hp ca hai t trng lm cho ng b xon cc b, xon cc b ny truyn i trong ng di dng sng n hi vi vn tc v. Khi sng n hi n my thu (5) n lm thay i t ho gy nn tn hiu hi p. Gi tP l thi gian t khi pht xung hi n khi nhn c xung hi p, do v << c ta c:

Trong l l khong cch t nam chm n u thu, tP c o bng phng php m xung.