TRNG I HC S PHAM HU

LP L 2A
NGUYN DUY MNH

BI LM: HAI C CH NH THNG DIODE NH

THNG THC V NH THNG XUYN HM
2.4 C ch nh thng trong chuyn tip PN

- Dng phn cc ngc rt nh, nhng khi in p ngc t trn chuyn tip PN tng vt qua mt gi tr nht nh dng ngc s tng t ngt
l hin tng nh thng, hin tng ny c th lm hng dng c nhng c mt s loi dng c hot ng da trn c ch ny.
- Hai c ch nh thng chuyn tip PN l:
+ C ch thc l: Khi in p ngc tng, in trng trong min in tch khng gian tng, ht dn thiu s b cun qua in trng c ng

nng ngy cng ln, khi chuyn ng chng va p vi cc nguyn t lm bn ra in t lp ngoi ca chng, s in t t do mi pht sinh do
va chm ny cng c in trng mnh gia tc, chng tip tc p vo cc NT mi lm bn ra in t t do. Hin tng ny xy ra lin tc
v nhanh, khin s ht dn trong bn dn tng t ngt, in tr sut chuyn tip gim i, dng qua chuyn tip PN tng t ngt.
+ C ch xuyn hm: Khi in trng ngc tng ln, cn cung cp nng lng cho cc in t lp ngoi cng ca NT bn dn, nu cc in
t ny c nng lng ln chng tch ra khi NT to thnh in t t do, NT b ion ha. Nu in trng ngc ln hin tng ion ha xy
ra nhiu dn n s lng ht dn trong bn dn tng t ngt, lm cho dng ngc tng nhanh
nhanh.
FEEPTIT

Lecture

- Trong thc t 2 c ch nh thng xy ra rt phc tp, kh phn bit.

+ nh thng xuyn hm xy ra gn nh tc thi v do in trng trn min in tch khng gian quyt nh, khng ph
thuc vo din tch min in tch khng gian.
+ nh thng thc l i hi phi c qu trnh gia tc cho cc ht dn chng c ng nng ln, ph thuc nhiu vo
rng ca min in tch khng gian.
- Bng thc nghim ngi ta phn bit c, i vi bn dn Si, chuyn tip PN b nh thng in p < 4V ch yu l do c
ch xuyn hm, nu > 6V th ch yu l do c ch thc l, cn li l do c 2 c ch ny gy ra.
- in p nh thng ph thuc vo loi bn dn, gim tuyn tnh theo nng pha tp, in p nh thng ca chuyn tip
PN c nng pha tp tuyn tnh cao hn chuyn tip PN c phn b t bin, nu chuyn tip c s pha tp tuyn tnh
bin i cng chm th in p nh thng cng cao

+ it n p Zener: Da vo hiu ng nh thng thc l v nh thng Zener

+ it ngc, it tunen: Da vo hiu ng xuyn hm trn chuyn tip PN
pha tp nhiu

nh thng thc ( avalanche breakdown): tuyt l, dn dp,ma thc

Khi hiu th phn cc nghch cn nh, ch c dng in r I 0 chy qua. Khi hiu in th phn cc nghch ln
, nhng ht ti in sinh ra di tc ng ca nhit c in trng trong vng him tng vn tc v c
nng lng rt nhiu din tch khc t cc ni ha tr. C ch ny c chng cht, sau cng ta c mt dng in
nghch rt ln, tip gip P-N b ph hy theo nguyn l thc .
Trong hin tng nh thng thc , ht thiu s trong min ngho c tng tc bi in trng cao vi mt
ng nng rt ln. Chng s va chm vo cc nt mng ca mng . V ph v cc lin kt ha tr. Mi mt va
chm s ion ha , hnh thnh cp in t l trng tham gia lm ht c bn. Cc cp c gi l phn t ti

in th cp. Chng li nhn c ng nng rt ln v li lm ion ha cc nt mng khc. Kt qu l vic hnh

thnh mt lng cc ln cc ht ti v t nhin hnh thnh dng in nh thng rt ln.
nh thng xuyn hm (zener breakdown:
in trng trn lp chuyn ip PN khng ch gia tc cc ht thiu s m cn cung cp nng lng cho cc in
t vng ngoi ca nguyn t bn dn. Nu nhng nguyn t ny nhn c nng lng ln, chng cng c
th tch khi nguyn t to thnh in t t do. Hin tng ion ha ny gi l ion ha do in trng. Nu in
p ngoi t n mt gi tr nht nh ngha l ln, nng lng ion ha s xy ra trn nhiu nguyn t bn
dn v do s lng ht dn tng ln t ngt dn tng ln t ngt dn n tng ln t bin dng nghch.
nh thng gi l nh thng zener.
Ta c th so snh hai c ch nh thng trn:
nh thng thc l phi c mt qu trnh gia tc cho cc ht dn khin chng t ti tc nht nh.
nh thng xuyn hm hu nh xy ra tc thi v do in trng cc i trn min in tch khng gian quyt
nh.

 nh thng thc l ph thuc vo rng min in tch khng gian, vng ny cng rng th s ln va
chm cng nhiu.
nh thng xuyn hm khng ph thuc vo rng min in tch khng gian.
nh thng thc l c th tng ln khi b kch thch lm cho hin tng thc l c th xy ra sm v mnh
lit hn. V tng ht dn x ko theo lm tng s ion ha.
nh thng xuyn hm khng ph thuc vo s tng kch thch
H s nhit ca nh thng thc l dng, nh thng xuyn hm. V khi tng nhit th min nhit
in tch khng gian tr nn hp hn nn tng kh nng xuyn hm. Vic xuyn hm sm xy ra vi vy,
tng nhit dn n in p nh thng xuyn hm gim
nh thng thc l ph thuc ch yu vo sut ion ha (Suaats ion ho c nh ngha : s lng s lng in
t v l trng c sn sinh do mt ht dn di tc ng ca in trng di chuyn mt n v di), nh
vy nhit tng in p nh thng tng.
Ngoi ra Diode c ni tr thay i rt ln, khi phn cc thun R D = 0 (ni tt), khi phan cc nghch

nhthngthcl(nhnthcl):doionhavachmkhihtdnchuynngtrongin
trng.nhthngthclchsnhitdng.
onhthnghiungZener(haynghm):dohiungnghmvnhthngnych
snhitm.
NhnbitnhthngthclvZenerquainpnhthngVBR:
thngthVBR<4VlnhthngZener;VBR>6Vlnhthngthcl;4VVBR6Vcthit
ksdngchailoinhthngthclvZener

2.1.4 Phn cc cho diode

Phn cc cho diode (biasing a diode) l qu trnh t mt ngun th (hoc ngun

dng) vo gia hai tip xc kim loi ca bn dn N v P. Hiu th phn cc ny, ty theo
chiu, s lm cho diode b phn cc thun (forward direction) hay phn cc ngc
(reverse direction).
i vi phn cc thun, mt hiu in th nh s to ra mt dng in ln i qua
diode. Trong khi phn cc ngc, dng l rt nh, c th xem nh b qua. Ch tr khi hiu
th ngc rt cao, hin tng nh thng (breakdown) s xy ra. Hin tng biu hin l
dng in rt ln ti mt hiu th n nh.

I(mA)

Ge

Si GaAs

I(mA)

forward
-40

-20

reverse

br

ea

kd

2
0

Va(V)
Va(V)

0.2
0.4
0.6

0.8
1.0

2.1.4.1 Phn cc thun

r Va

- Hiu in th t vo lm cho P c in th dng hn N,

Ea

E a E bi lm cho in trng gim, hng ro th cng

gim, min ngho hp li in tr lp tip xc (tr ni ca

E bi

diode) gim.

Va > 0

Va < 0

Vbi -Va
Vbi -Va

Vbi

Vbi

x
forward case

x
reverse case

- Khi phn cc thun, khi hng ro th gim xung, in t trong N s khuch tn

sang P mt lng rt ln (diffusion current). Dng khuch tn ny ln hn nhiu so vi
dng dch electron (driff current) khi electron di chuyn theo lc in trng t P sang N.
Tng t, l trng s khuch tnt t P sang N, v dng khuch tn ny ln hn nhiu
so vi dng dch khi l trng di chuyn t N sang P.
- Kt qu l mt in t trong P ti min ngho tng ln, v hnh thnh electron

gradient trong min P. Tng t, l trng s c mt phn b hole gradient trong min N.

Hai gradient ny s hnh thnh bi dng khuch tn (diffusion current), nhng khng
phi ca cc ht c bn m l ca cc phn t ti khng c bn. iu c ngha l, hole
khi bn P l majority carrier, nhng khi sang bn N li l minority carrier. Ngc li,
electron khi bn N l majority carrier, nhng sang P s l minority carrier. V dng in
trong c trng V-I thu c trn th chnh l dng khuch tn ca cc ht ti khng c
bn ny. Dng ny bin i theo quy lut hm exponent.

Biu thc dng c dng:

qD p p
n

op

I A[

Va = 0

non

qD

on

qV

pop

][exp
L

1]

kT
pon
nop

Trong ,

depletion
region

tit din lp tip xc

Lp, L
chiu

Dp, Dn

hng s khuch tn

4.2 Phn cc ngc

pop

di
khu

(diffusion constant)

tn
(diffu

pon

mt hole khng
c bn trong N

nop

mt electron khng
c bn trong P

2.
1.

nop

pop

N
V

non

P
N
nop

pon

non
V

P
pon

Is

- Hiu in th lm cho N dng hn so vi P,

r
hiu in th tip xc min ngho tng ln, in trng E
-

cng tng ln. Nng lng cn thit cho cc ht ti vt qua

hng ro th cng ln, lm cho rt t cc ht ti c bn chy

r Va
Ea

qua c lp tip xc, m ch thun li cho cc ht ti khng

V
- V
+

vy,
dng

c bn chy qua.

in ca diode lc ny ch l dng rt nh ca cc ht ti khng

c bn.
Trong biu thc tnh dng trn, Va < 0.

E bi

r
E
I = -Is, Is l dng in ngc bo ha (reverse saturation current)

D pp
I

on

qA[

D nn

op

- Ch trong trng hp phn cc thun, min ngho thu hp li, in tr ni ca

diode l rt nh. Cn khi phn cc ngc, min ngho m rng ra, tr ni ca diode tng
ln rt ln. V vy, diode c xem l linh kin ch cho php dng in i theo mt chiu
nht nh.

2.1.4.3 Hin tng nh thng

Khi tip tc tng Vngc n mt gi tr ln nht nh, dng in ngc t ngt
tng rt nhanh vi mt s tng rt nh ca Vngc. Phn loi thnh hai hin thng nh
thng: Zener breakdown (nh thng hiu ng xuyn hm) v Avalanche breakdown (nh
thng hin ng thc l).
Avalanche breakdown

Trong hin tng nh thng thc l, electron trong min ngho c gia tc bi in
trng cao s c mt ng nng rt ln. Chng s va chm vo cc nt mng ca mng
tinh th v ph v cc lin kt ha tr. Mi mt va chm s ion ha mt nt mng, hnh
thnh mt cp in t - l trng tham gia lm ht ti c bn. Cc cp ny gi l phn t ti
in th cp. Chng li nhn c ng nng ln v li lm ion ha cc nt mng khc.
Kt qu l vic hnh thnh mt lng cc ln cc ht ti v t nhin l hnh thnh dng
in nh thng rt ln.
Zener breakdown

C ch vt l ca hin tng nh thng Zener hon ton khc c ch nh thng

thc l. im ging nhau duy nht l hnh dng phn c tuyn ngc ca diode.
- Hai im khc nhau chnh l:

+ Hiu in th ngc nh thng Zener trong Silicon diode l c khong 5V hoc

nh hn. Trong khi ca nh thng thc l l vi chc volt.
+ c tuyn nh thng Zener th t ngt tng hn nh thng thc l.

- nh thng Zener da chnh trn hiu ng

xuyn hm (tunnelling). Kh nng xuyn hm
cng ln khi rng min ngho cng hp.
iu ny c thc hin khi c hai loi bn dn
18

-Vbr

-Vz

-3

u c pha tp vi nng rt cao (10 cm )

Min ngho b thu hp s to ra mt in trng

Zener
avalance

rt cao. Lc , cc electron s nhanh chng thu c

ng nng ln v hin tng nh thng xy ra d dng hn. V v th, Vz < Vbr.

- c im ni bt ca diode Zener l hiu in th ngc Vz gn nh l khng i, mc
d dng in c th thay i rt ln. V th, diode Zener thng c dng to ra cc ngun
n p chun.