DU NHN - M - PH GA

. i cng
. Chc nng
. Cc tnh cht l ha
V. Du gc: Sn xut, c trng
v Tnh cht
V. Phu gia
V. M nhn
Chng : i cng
Chng I: I CNG V CHT BI TRN
jnh ngha:
La Rousse: L sn phm dng d bi trn
Technique: L sn phm cho php hoc lm d
dng cho su chuyn dng gia 2 chi tit c kh
Phn loi:
Phn loi theo trng thi ca du bi trn:
Cht bi trn KH
Cht bi trn LNG (du bi trn, du nhn)
M (Cht bi trn bn rn)
Cht bi trn RN
Phn loi theo muc dch s dung : 3 loi chnh
Du cho dng c t
Du truyn dng (bote de vitesse ...)
Du cng nghip
Th trng Cht bi trn
Du gc:
Nng sut ti nh my Loc du (Gonfreville): RA= 44.000 kt/nm
tng dng hn 1% du th doc x l
Nng sut du nhn: 38.000 kt/nm
khong 50% doc s dung lm du dng c
Phn b trn th gii (kt)
Ty u 7300
Trung v ng u 2300
Phi Chu 1100
Trung ng 2100
Chu v chu i dng 10100
Bc M 12300
Nam M 3900
Tiu th trong nm 2001
Du ng c: 49%
ng c xng 18%
ng c Diesel 23%
ng c 2 th 1%
Truyn dng 7%
Du Tu thy 4%
Du Cng nghip 47%
Turbin
My nn
Thy luc...
Cc loi khc:
Du my bay 36000 t/nm
M
Du phanh, du gim sc, du lm mt...
Chu trnh bi trn dng c
Phn Ioai du dng c SAE
Tiu chun k thut ca M API
Tiu chun k thut Chu u ACEA
Chng :
Chc nng ca du
bi trn
1. Chc nng gim ma st
to mng du: phn tch 2 b mt vt liu
khi c su chuyn dng: chi c cc phn t
du trot ln nhau ma st ni ti (<<< lu
c
ma st kh sinh ra gia 2 b mt rn)
d nht
du c d nht ln luc ma st ni ti ln
v ngoc li
Chc nng gim ma st trong dng c t
Ti b phn phn phi
(came v poussoirs):
Ma st limite
Ph gia chng mi mn
Ti piston v cylindre:
Ma st mixte
nht v ph gia chng
mi mn
Ti thanh truyn:
Ma st hydrodynamique
nht
2. Chc nng Im sach
mn kim loi
bui, ct sn trong khng kh
cht nhim bn sinh ra do qu trnh chy
bo mn vt liu
du: trang thi Ing chy qua cc b
mt chuyn dng v ko theo cc cht
nhim bn da v carter
Chc nng lm sch trong dng c t
Ti bung t:
Ti soupape v !ougie"
c#n tro
autoallumage
Ti piston (T ! "##
$##
o
%):
c#n tr$n piston
%m d&nh tr$n segment
Ti carter:
c#n do nhi't ( th)p
*ludge
S bm bn trong bung dt
+,p-t sinh ra do nhi$n li'u .h-ng chy v do d/u !-i
tr0n 1ch2 y3u l cc c)u t4 ph gia5
&' hn ch( hm l)*ng tro:
6 7i8m hm l9:ng ph gia ho#c d;ng ph gia .h-ng tro
6 <-ng th=c phi trn ri$ng cho (ng c0 x>ng v diesel
S bm bn piston
+/u ch)t l9:ng tt +/u ch)t l9:ng x)u
3. Chc nng Im mt
Ma st nhit
Trong dng c:
Nhit do ma st
Nhit do qu trnh chy nhin liu
du: trang thi Ing chy qua cc b mt
ma st v mang theo nhit Im mt vt
Iiu
4. Chc nng Im kn
ng c t: ti vj tr piston - cylindre
My pht, bm thy luc ...: p sut lm vic
rt ln
yu cu d kn cao
du: nh vo kh nng bm dnh v tao
mng Ip kn cc khe h, bo dm qu
trnh Im vic bnh thng cho thit b
5. Chc nng bo v b mt
Su tip xc cc chi tit my vi cc tc
nhn
gy n mn nh:
Oxy, d m ca khng kh
Kh thi hay kh chy t nhin liu dt trong dn
g
c hay cc l dt
Mi trng lm vic
b mt vt liu bj oxy ha hay bj n mn
du: tao Ip mng bao ph b mt cc chi
tit ngn cch s tip xc vi cc yu
t mi trng
Cc yu cu khc di vi du dng c
Khong cch thay du di
Cht c ch oxy ha
lua chon du gc
Tit kim nhin Iiu (FueI economy)
nht
Phu gia bin tnh ma st
Gim n
Gim nhim
Phu gia "khng tro
Phu gia phn tn
Quan h Mi trng - Cht bi trn
Trc tip: Gim tiu thu nhin liu

KYOTO:

cam

kt

gim

8%

sn

xut

CO2

V

pha

ngnh

t:

gim

12%

pht

thi

CO2
Quyt djnh ca U: 140 g/km nm 2008
120 g/km nm 2012
Vai tr ca du: uel economy
Gin tip: Gim pht thi tp cht

H

thng

x

l

kh

thi

(post-traitement):

kh

NOx,

CO,
HC khng chy v particule
Yu cu di vi du: khng cn tr hot dng ca h
thng ny
(ng dc xc tc)
Chng :
Cc tnh cht l ha
ca du bi trn
1. Tnh cht vt l
nht
Chi s d nht
bay hi
Tnh cht nhit d thp
2. Tnh cht c hoc
3. Tnh cht ha hoc
Tnh n djnh oxy ha
Chi s kim v axit
im anilin
Chi s hydroxyle
Cn cacbon
Hm long tro
Cn khng tan
I.

Tnh

cht

vt

l
1. nht
L yu t quyt djnh ch d bi trn: chiu dy
mng du v mt mt do ma st
Nu du c d nht qu ln :
Tr luc tng
Mi mn khi khi dng
Kh nng lu thng km
Nu du c d nht nh
D bj dy ra khi b mt bi trn
kh nng bm dnh km
Mt mt du bi trn
1. nht (tt)
L di long kim tra su thay di du trong
qu trnh s dung
nht c th biu din di 3 dang:
1. nht dng luc (viscosit dynamique)
2. nht dng hoc (viscosit cinmatique)
3. nht qui c (viscosit empirique)

nht

ng

lc
L di long dc trng cho tr luc do ma st ni ti sinh ra
khi cc phn t chuyn dng tng di vi nhau
nh Iut Newton: Lc ma st ni ti F sinh ra gia 2 lp
cht lng c s chuyn ng tng i i nhau s! t" l# i
$i#n t%ch ti&p '(c ) c*a +, m-t chuyn ng . gra$i/nt tc
$u0$h +1i h# s 2 ch%nh l. nht ng lc h3c
" ,paisseur du
?ilm d@huile

nht

ng

lc
Cng

thc

Neton:
F = A S A
du
dh
6 %h+t l,ng ne-ton: ! .(ch+t l,ng/ t/ p)
6 &o : loi nht .3 quay
%roo.?ieldB <<* 1<old <ra.ing *imulator5B MCD 1Mini
Cotary Discometer5B Caven?ield 1ETE*5AAA
6 &0n v1:
F E' *G" PaAs
F E' <7*" Poise 1P5B th9Hng d;ng cP 1centi Poise5
6 EIJ" IKo<

L

McP
6 M PaAs L MK P hay 2m3a4s ! 2 c3
6 %h+t l,ng phi ne-ton: ! (ch+t l,ng/ t/ p/ tc tr)*t (du5dh)
Nht k Ravenfield

nht

ng

hoc
L d nht k thut ca du, doc xc djnh bng t
s gia d nht dng luc vi t trong ca du
6 &o: (o thHi gian ch8y 1!Nng giOy5 c2a mt thP t&ch d/u nh)t
(Qnh qua mt ng mao qu8n chuRnB (9:c gSi l nht .3 mao
qu8n v (9:c t&nh theo c-ng th=c"
L <At
6 <" hNng s nht .3
6 &0n v1:
F E' *G" m
I
TsB th9Hng d;ng mm
I
Ts
F E' <7*" *to.es 1*t5B th9Hng d;ng c*t
6 EIJ" IKo<

L

M

c*t
6 M cm
I
Ts L M *t hay 2 mm
"
5s ! 2 c6t
Nht k mao qun

nht

qui

uc
nht ngler (
o
), nht Redood (
o
R)
nht SSU (Second Saybolt Universal)
Phng php SSU dc dng cho HDB
sn xut bng dung mi, xc dnh
100
o
F (hay 37,8
o
C)
Visco SSU 5 In KV40 (cSt)
x: Du 100NS
+ Du 350NS

Lu : i vi cc Ioai du gc khc, th c
s di sau chi d nht dng hc (cSt)
100
o
C
Phn

loai

du

bi

tron

theo

nh
ISO
o
(cSt) 40 C
ISO
o
(cSt) 40 C
VG 2 2,2 VG 100 100
VG 3 3,2 VG 150 150
VG 5 4, VG 220 220
VG 7 ,8 VG 320 320
VG 10 10 VG 40 40
VG 15 15 VG 80 80
VG 22 22 VG 1000 1000
VG 32 32 VG 1500 1500
VG 4 4 VG 2200 2200
VG 8 8 VG 3200 3200
t
1. Du cng nghip (ISO 3448):
6 MUi G*J cho ph,p nNm trong !i$n ( 2#
7
D& d" Voi G*J D7WI" dao (ng tX IYBY (3n WZAI c*t [ \K
o
<
Phn

loai

du

bi

tron

theo

nh
SAE J306
o
Nhit d max ( C) d
dat = 150000 mPa.s
o
(cSt) 100 C
min max
70 -55 4,1
75 -40 4,1
80 -2 7,0
85 -12 11,0
80 7,0 <11,0
85 11,0 <13,5
90 13,5 <24,0
140 24,0 <41,0
250 41,0
t
2. Du truyn dng (SAE J306):
6 d/u 0n c+p ho#c a c+p
F ]x" +/u cho pont hypo^de " loi *_]`K
F ]x" +/u cho hp s 1- t-5 " loi aZbcYK B aZbcYK BAAA
SAE
J300
max (mPa.s)
nhit d thp
o
( C), ASTM
D5293, Ioai
CCS
max (mPa.s)
v nhit d bm
o
gii han ( C),
ASTM D4684,
Ioai MRV
o
(cSt) 100 C
ASTM D445
Nht k mao qun
min
max
Viscosit sous
cisaiIIement (mPa.s)
o
150 C, ASTM
D4683, Ioai
RavenfieId
0 200 -35 0000 -40 3,8
5 00 -30 0000 -35 3,8
10 7000 -25 0000 -30 4,1
15 7000 -20 0000 -25 5,
20 9500 -15 0000 -20 5,
25 13000 -10 0000 -15 9,3
20 5, < 9,3 2,
30 9,3 < 12,5 2,9
40 12,5 < 1,3 2,9 hoc 3,7
50 1,3 < 21,9 3,7
0 21,9 < 2,1 3,7
Phn

loai

du

bi

tron

theo

nh
t
d IB` mPaAs (i vi d/u Kbc\KB Zbc\K v MKbc\K
3. Du dng c t (SAE J300)
WBa mPaAs MZbc\KB IKbc\KB IZbc\K v \K
II.

Ch

s

nht
Su thay di d nht theo nhit d:
nht gim nhanh khi tng nhit d
x: loi du khong parafinique, d nht gim 7 ln khi
tng T t 0 ln 120
o
C
Su gim d nht khi nhit d tng phu thuc vo cu trc
ha hoc ca du
Ch

s

nht

(VI)
Quan h gia d nht dng Ic hc v nhit
d:
Phng trnh Andrade (hay Arrhenius)
= A
Ae
B
T
n

= ln A +
: d nht dng luc hoc (mPa.s)

A
,
B
:
h

n
g
s

T
:
n
h
i
t d (K)
B T
+
a
Ch

s

nht

(VI)
Quan h gia d nht dng hc v nhit d:
Phng trnh alther v Mac Coull:
" ( nht (ng hSc 1mm
I
Ts5
+ a = A
Ae
B
T

n
T" nhi't ( 1e5
a" hNng s B a L KBf n3u g MBZ mm
I
Ts
_" h' s ph thuc vo (0n vQ c2a 1_ L M n3u l mm
I
Ts5
%B n" h' s (#c tr9ng cho ch)t lhng
hay
lg
+ a
A
=
B i
T

n
hay lglg
A
= lg Bi nlgT
Thay A = 1 v lgB=b, ta doc:
lglg1ja5 L ! c nlgT
Ch s nht (VI)
Quan h gia d nht dng hc v nhit d:
Phng trnh ASTM
lglg k L _ c %lgT
k L j KBa j < c + j ] c l j 7 c E
" ( nht (ng hSc 1mm
I
Ts5
_B %" hNng s
<B +B ]B lB 7B E" h' s ph thuc vo
Theo tiu chun ASTM D341, di vi du bi trn
:
= 0,7
Phng trnh ASTM: lglg (8#/9) ! : ; <lgT
Ch

s

nht

(VI)
Xc dnh VI: so snh su thay di d nht ca du theo
nhit d vi su thay di d nht ca 2 loi du chun
Loi du L c V = 0 (ex: du naphtnique)
Loi du H c V = 100 (ex: du paraffinique)
Goi Y: d nht dng hoc ca du cn xc djnh 100
o
C
Goi U: d nht dng hoc ca du cn xc djnh 40
o
C
Goi H: d nht dng hoc ca du H (V = 100) 40
o
C
,
c d nht dng hoc 100
o
C bng Y
Goi L: d nht dng hoc ca du L (V = 0) 40
o
C, c

d nht dng hoc 100

o
C bng Y
v
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
,

1
m
m
I
T
s
5
Ch

s

nht

(VI)
1lglg1jKBa55
DG inconnu 1mK5
DG L K
Euile de r,?,rence
napht,no c aromatique
Khi Y = 270 cSt, co

2 trng hp:
Nu V < 100:
DG inconnu
1KmDGmMKK5
Euile de r,?,rence
para??inique
VI =
L
U
L
H
MKK
DG L MKK
Nu V < 100:
DG inconnu 1 MKK5
VI =
MK
N
M
KBKKaMZ
+ MKK
vi
N =
lg

H

lg

U
lg Y
\K MKK
T1
o
<5
1lgT5
Ch

s

nht

(VI)
Khi Y < 2 cSt, khng th xac nh VI
Khi Y 70 cSt, ta co 2 trng hp:
1. Nu V < 100:
L 4 526787 9
2
: ;<2=> 9 ? 2;=
@ 4 52;=6< 9
2
: ;;268 9 ? A>
2. Nu V 100:
@ 4 52;=6< 9
2
: ;;268 9 ? A>
VI ca vi loai du
nht cua hn h
p
nht ng lc cua hn hp:
Log
=
V
M
V
Log

M

+
V
I
V
Log

I
Trong o:
: nht ng lc hn hp
!"

2:

nht

ng

lc

c#$u

t

!

%a

2
V!"

V2:

th

t&ch

c#$u

t

!

%a

2
V

'

V!

(

V2
nht cua hn hp
)tt*
nht ng hoc cua hn hp:
LnLn

1

+

D5

=

X
M

LnLn

1

M

+

D5

+

X
I

LnLn

1

I

+

D5
Trong o:
: nht ng hoc hn hp
!"

2:

nht

ng

hoc

c#$u

t

!

%a

2
+!"

+2:

ph#,n

tr-.

th

t&ch

c#$u

t

!

%a

2
/: h-0ng 1$ h2u ch3nh phu thuc %ao nh2t

Nhit d D
100
o
C 1,8 mm
2
/s
40
o
C 4,1 mm
2
/s
< 0
o
C 1,9 P
III. bay hoi
gn Iin vi hm Ing cc hp cht nh
I dai Ing th hin s tiu th du trong
qu trnh s dng (mt mt do bay hi)
do:
bay hi Noack (ASTM D5800):
%m mt mt ca du khi cho ht
khng kh di qua 65g du di p
sut

20

mmH
2
O

trong

1h

250
o
C
bay hoi (tt)
Thng thng, cc du nng c d bay hi nh h
n
cc du nh
IV. Tnh cht nhit thp
im vn dc (Point de trouble, Cloud point): nhit d m

ti d xut hin cc tinh th paraffine du tin

im chy (Point dcoulement, Pour point): nhit d
thp nht m ti d du vn chy lng
Quan st kt qu: - Bng mt thng
- Bng php do chnh lch nhit lon
g
do: lm lnh chm du v quan st mi 1
o
C di vi
dim vn duc v mi 3
o
C di vi dim chy.
Gi tr dim chy: nhit d ti d du khng chy na
(sau 5 giy) doc cng thm 3
o
C
Thit bi o
ChIII.2:

Tnh

cht

co

hoc
ng sut trt (Contraintes mcaniques de
cisaillement)
=
F
S
FTrong qu trnnh lm vi'cB d/u chQu nhong =ng su)t tr9:t sau"
6eho8ng cch r)t !, gioa I chi ti3t c0 .h& chuyPn (ng
6Dpn tc chuyPn (ng ln
FVm gi8m ( nht c2a d/u 1chute de viscosit,5
6Thupn nghQch 1cisaillement r,versi!le5
6eh-ng thupn nghQch 1cisaillement irr,versi!le5
S

sut

nht
Du Neton: khng gim d nht khi chju tc dng
c
hoc
Du gc khong v du gc khong t nhin
HuiIe c cha ph gia poIyme AVI: khng tha mn lut
Neton
Pseudo plastique Cht lng phi niutn
Su sut d nht tm thi
Su sut d nht vnh vin
Phuong

php

o

cisaillement
Vi phun dieseI (Inecteur DieseI Orbahn):
F =guy>n t?c:
Mt thP t&ch d/u .h-ng (qi
(9:c phun tX WK (3n IZK l/n d9i
p su)t MaZ !ar qua mt vi phun
diesel cr (9Hng .&nh vi mA
Banc ORBAHN
ChIII.3:

Tnh

cht

ha

hoc
I. Tnh n dnh oxy ha du:
1.nh hng s oxy ha dn kh nng bi trn:
bin cht du, do:
su hnh thnh cc axit hu c
tng d nht ca du
su tch tu cn
lm den du
<arter v,hicule d@essence
MBIV" Euile MZbc\K
min,rale complstement
oxyd,e 1T%t mI5
S oxy ha du (tt)
S

oxy

ha

du

(tt)
2.C ch : phn ng c ch gc, 3 giai don
Khi mo: xy ra chm v di hi nng Ing

RH

O2

R

HO2

Lan truyn: xy ra nhanh, phn ng chui

O2

ROO

ROO

RH ROOH R

hoc

R

O2

RH

ROOH

HO2

RH

H2O2

R

Phn nhnh chui (ROOH initiateur)
ROOH RO

HO

2ROOH

RO

ROO

H2O
rad-O

RH rad-OH R

....
Co ch oxy ha du (tt)
Vy t ROOH sn phm c cc:
ctone, aldhyde, acide, alcool, ester
hop cht nh bay hi
hop cht nng ha tan v khng ha tan
Kt thc:
R

R

R-R (hydrocacbon nng hn)
ROO

R

ROOR (sn phm oxy ha khng hot dng)

ROO

ROO


RO

ROH

O
2
S

oxy

ha

du

(tt)
3. nh hng ca bn cht du gc:
Tnh khng oxy ha ca du gc
o
o
o o
nh

gi

tnh

khng

oxy

ha
Mc dch:
- du don su thay di ca du khi s dung
- da ra cng thc phi trn du nhn
do: c rt nhiu php do, ph thuc vo mc dch
s dng

du

dng

c

t,

du

hp

s,

du

bnh

rng

...
du cng nghip (du my nn, du turbin, ...)

du

gia

cng

kim

loi

(gia

cng,

to

hnh,

ct

...)
o tai phng th nghim, hoc trn chi tit my
hoc trn dng c
Php

th

phng

th

nghim
1. Phng php CECL48A00:
6tguy$n tuc"
F sc .h-ng .h& vi tc ( MK
lTh trong M`Ih vo lS th2y
tinh ch=a WKKml d/u [ nhi't
( .h-ng (qi 1tX MfK (3n
MaK
o
<5
Php

th

phng

th

nghim
2. Phng php ICOT:
tguy$n tuc"
F *c .h-ng .h& MZ lTh
vo ng th2y tinh
ch=a Iag d/u trong
WKh [ MaZ
o
<
L \Kh [ MaK
o
<
L \Yh [ MfZ
o
<
F \K ppm le
Php

th

phng

th

nghim
3. Phng php IP 280:
(du khong cng nghip, du
turbin)
=guy>n t?c:
6

sc

JI

M

lTh

trong
Mf\h vo ng th2y
tinh ch=a WKg d/u
[ MIK
o
<
6 hUn h:p
napht,nates <u v
le 1<u v le" mUi
loi IK ppm5
6 h)p th axit nhv
!ay h0i trong n9c
II.

Ch

s

axit

v

kim
1. Tnh axit:
Cc axit c mt trong du di dng:
Axit hu c
Axit v c
do phu gia trong du mi
2. Tnh kim:
Cc alcaline dc da vo trong du mi d
lm trung ha cc sn phm sinh ra do qu trn
h
oxy ha du khi s dung
Ch

s

axit

v

kim

(tt)
3. nh ngha:
Chi s axit (AN, TAN):
HA

KOH

KA

H2O
6 mg ABC cDn thi(t ' trung hEa aFit chGa trong 2gam dDu
6 %hH s Iim (<=/ T<=):
MJE

j

E<l

M<l

j

EIJ
6 mg ABC tH l)*ng t)0ng )0ng vJi l)*ng aFit C%l (hoKc
C%lB$)

cDn

thi(t

'

trung

hEa

cLc

base

chGa

trong

2gam

dDu
6 &0n v1 :=/ <=: mg ABC5g dDu
4.
Mc dch xc dnh:
bit doc tnh cht ca du mi
theo di bin cht du trong qu trnh s dung
C 4 phng php xc dnh chi s trung ha:
6 :=/ <= cMa mt vi loi dDu bNi tr0n:
Phuong

php

xc

inh

AN,

B
N
Phng php
AFNOR ASTM
Cht
phn
ng
Phng php
chun d
ng dng
AN T 0-112 D974
D4
KOH
KOH
Cht chi thj mu
o din th
Du sng mu
Tt c
BN T 0-112 D974
D4739
D289
HCl
HCl
HClO
4
Cht chi thj mu
o din th
o din th
Du sng mu
Du dng c d s dung
Tt c du c phu gia ki
m
Du SA 300 AN (ASTM D4) BN (ASTM D4739) BN (ASTM D289
)
15-40 3, 7,7 10,0
15-40 3,4 5,7 7,
15-40 3,0 9,7 11,1
-40 3, 13, 15,0
III.

im

anilin
Mc dch: dnh gi hm long aromatic trong
du thng qua kh nng ha tan vo aniline
ca du.
Nguyn tc: hn hop 2 th tch tng dng
ca du v Aniline doc dun nng (c khuy)
cho dn khi tan ln hon ton, sau d doc
lm lnh cho dn khi xut hin su vn duc
Nhit d tai dim xut hin vn dc: dim
AniIine (
o
C) (PA)
IV.Ch

s

Hydroxyle
Muc dch: dnh gi chc OH trong du
Phng php xc djnh
:
cho du phn ng vi long d axit acetic
R-OH

CH3COOH

R-O-CO-CH3

H2O
chun d long d axit acetic bng KOH
* mg eJE c/n thi3t (P trung ha axit acetic ti$u
hao cho ph8n =ng acetyl hra Mgam d/u
V.

Hm

luong

cn

Cacbon
nh ngha: l. B c-n thu Cc sau Dhi $Eu tr
Fi
Gua mt Gu trHnh +ay hi2 cracDinh . cc h
a
trIng nhng i,u Di#n 'c Jnh
Mc dch:
dnh gi cht long du gc
chon du thch hop cho tng ng dung
lua chon phu gia
Hm

luong

cn

Cacbon

(tt)
Phng php xc dnh
1. Cn cacbon Conradson (CCR): (ASTM D 189)
6 d;ng cho d/u n#ng
6 (wng mxu trong ch,n
nung !Nng s=
6 (t chy mxu F nhi't
phOn F cc hra trong
m-i tr9Hng .&n
6 (Qnh l9:ng ph/n c#n
1ym5
Du gc CCR
(%m)
Hm Ing aromatic (%m)
tng poIyaromatique
Huile 200NS
Huile 350NS
Huile 00NS
BSS (Bright Stock Solvant)
Bright Stock Aromatique
0,02
0,03
0,07
0,85
1,55
23,
22,8
2,2
40,7
51,2
2,2
2,0
2,8
5,8
9,9
Hm

luong

cn

Cacbon

(tt)
CCR ca vi Ioai du gc:
"4%Kn cacbon Oamsbottom: (:6TP Q R"$)
6 d;ng cho d/u nhv
6 (wng mxu trong lS th2y tinh" nhi't phOn mxu [ ZZK
o
< c IK p
hzt
6 (Qnh l9:ng ph/n c#n
Quan h gia cn Conradson - Ramsbottom
VI.

Hm

luong

tro
nh ngha: L. lCng c-n cKn li sau Dhi t
chy hI.n tI.n mLu $Eu
Du dng c t: hm Ing tro suIfate
Phng php xc djnh: ASTM D 874
Du dng c xng: tro sulfate 1,5 %m
Du dng c diesel: tro sulfate 2 %m
VII.Hm

luong

cn

khng

tan
Mc dch: dnh gi mc d nhim bn hoc mt
phm cht (nhit v ha) ca du
Cn khng tan = mui2 +Mi2 mFnh Dim lIi N$I m.i
mKnO2 sFn phPm c*a I'y ha . th*y phQn ...
Xc dnh: theo cc phng php sau
1. Cn khng tan tng: ) mg c-n thu Cc Dhi
/m l3c ;55 ml $Eu
$Rng chI $Eu cSng nghi#p
Mng loc 0,8 m : du thy luc
Mng loc 1,2 m : du thy luc d nht cao
Mng loc 5 m : du bnh rng
Hm

luong

cn

khng

tan

(tt
)
2. Cn khng tan trong pentane v cn khng tan
trong toIune:
ASTM D893
cho du dng c t, du truyn dng
cho kt ta bng dung mi
thu kt ta bng ly tm
Dung mi:
Pentane: kt ta ton b mui, mui ch, mnh kim
loi, bui v nhua (sn phm ca su oxy ha du)
Tolune: ha tan nhua v kt ta ton b cc hop
cht l
Chng V:
Du gc
Du

gc
1. Du

thc

vt

-

Du

ng

vt
2. Du

khong

(gc

du

m)
3. Du

khong

truyn

thng

(Nhm

I)
4. Du

khong

Hydrotraite

(Nhm

II)
5. Du

khong

Hydrocraque

/
Hydroisomris

(Nhm

III)
6.

Du

gc

"Gas

to

Liquid
7.

Du

tng

hop

(Nhm

IV

v

V)
8.

Phn

loai
1.

Du

ng

thc

vt
- l

ester

ca

ru

hoc

axit

bo
-

Ngun

gc:
- Du

lanh,

du

da,

du

ci,

du

hung
duong,

du

thu

du

...
- M

b

...
-

Trng

thi

vt

l:
- Lng,

c

(pteux),

Rn
-

S

dng:
- Du

cng

nghip,

Du

trong

cng

ngh

thc
phm,

M,

Bin

tnh

ma

st

..
Du

thc

vt
- Cu

trc:
+

Triester

ca

axit

bo:
EI<

F

J

F

<J
E < F J F <J
EI<

F

J

F

<J
*tearic acid
Jleic acid
Vinoleic acid
lunctionality" <ac!oxyl 7roupB +ou!le !ond
+

Ring

di

vi

du

thu

du:
Cicinoleic acid
EI<

F

J

F

<J
E < F J F <J
EI<

F

J

F

<J
JE
JE
JE
Tnh cht du thc vt
2.

Du

khong
-

Cc

cu

t

chnh

trong

du

khong:
-

n

-

paraffine
-

iso

-

paraffine
-

aromatique
-

naphtnique
Tnh cht cc cu t

trong du khong
- Paraffine

mch

thng:
- nht 100
o
C: 3 (C25)

30 mm
2
/s
- VI

rt

cao

200
- im

chy

>>>

Nhit

mi

trung
- Paraffine

phn

nhnh:
- VI

thp

hon

so

vi

n-paraffine
- im

chy

gim

khi

mc

phn

nhnh

tng
- Paraffine

c

t

nhnh

di

thi

thun

loi

hon
Paraffine

nhiu

nhnh

ngn
Tnh cht cc cu t

trong du khong
-

Naphtnique

v

aromatique

on

vng:
Vi

cng

s

nguyn

t

cacbone:
-

VI

thp

hon

n-paraffine
-

im

chy

thp

hon

n-paraffine
-

Naphtnique

v

aromatique

a

vng:
-

Hop

cht

a

vng

ngung

tu
-

S

hin

din

ca

N

v

S
-

Tnh

bn

oxy

ha

km
Tnh cht cc cu t trong du khong
3. Du khong truyn thng (Nhm I)
VI

=

95

100
E+%
OSsidu
atm
]xtraction des
aromatiques
+,para??inage

Eydrog,nation
*trippage
+*D +,sasphaltage
3.1. Chung cht chn khng
3.2.

Tch

asphalte
"T/R7
92/R7
3.3. Trch ly aromatic
3.4. Tch sp
3.5.

Lm

sach

ln

cui

bng

H
2
Traitement

de

finition:
-

Muc

ch:

lm

sach

du,

loai

b

cc

hop
cht

N,

S,

O

(nh

hung

n

mu

sc

c
a
du)
-

t

st

hoat

tnh
-

Hydrofinissage

+

stripping
-

Hydrognation

douce
-

15

100

bars
-

230

430
o
C
-

VVH

=

0,5

3

h
-1
Mc tinh ch HDB nhm I
Du th RA (%) HDB (%)
deleh 34 17
araitine 2 13
Aramco 35 12
Kuait 4 10
rak 31 7.5
Hiu sut thu HDB nhm I
c

trung

HDB

nhm

I
d
d
d
d
d
S phn b cacbone
4. Du khong Hydrotraite (Nhm II)
Du khong Hydrotraite (Nhm II)
So ISODEWAXING
Mc tinh ch HDB nhm II
c tnh HDB nhm II
5. Du khong Hydrocraque (Nhm III
)
Du khong Hydrocraque (Nhm III)
5. Du khong Hydrocraque /
Hydroisomris (Nhm III)
Du khong Hydrocraque /
Hydroisomris (Nhm III)
- ExxonMobil/Total (Dunkerque), Total (Gonfreville)
%pds
Aromatique 5
Naphtnique 45
Paraffinique 50
%pds
Aromatique 1
Naphtnique 45
Paraffinique 55
%pds
Aromatique 0
Naphtnique 30
Paraffinique 70
c

tnh

ca

HDB

Nhm

III
-

VI

120

135
- hydrocraquage
- extraction des aromatique
- dparaffinage solvant
- fractionnement
- DEA (Allemagne), Petrocanada:
-hydrocraquage
-dparaffinage catalytique
- hydroisomrisation des paraffines
- hydrofinition
-fractionnement
-VI

>

135
-Shell Petit Couronne
-hydroisomrisation de gatschs /
paraffines
-dparaffinage solvant
c tnh ca HDB Nhm III
6.

Du

gc

GTL

"Gas

to

Liquid
-

Nguyn

tc:
-

Chuyn

ha

kh

thin

nhin

thnh

H-C

(tng

hop
Fisher-Tropsch)
tatural gasB or methaneB is
con
vert
ed into a mixture o
?
hydrogen and car!on
monoxideA This mixture is
called synthesis gasB or syngas
*yngas is converted
into a mixture o?
liquids and {ax
The {ax is converted into
roomctemperature liquids
that can travel in an oil
pipeline or oil tan.er
Du

gc

"Gas

to

Liquid
-

Chi

ph

sn

xut

GTL:
So

snh

hiu

nng

/

gi

ca

cc

HD
B
a

bay

hi,
VI,

hm

lng
aromatique,

kh
nng

lm

vic

nhit

!

th"#,
#h$n

h%y

&inh
h'c

(((
7.

Du

tng

hop

(Nhm

IV

v

V
)
1.Hydrocacbon:
1.

Polyisobutne

(PIB)
2.

Polyalphaolfine

(PAO)(PIO)
3.

Alkylaromatique:

alkylbenzne,
alkylnaphtalne
2.Cc

hp

cht

oxy:
1.

Ester

ca

diacide
2.

Ester

ca

polyol

(TMP,

PE)
3.

Oligomre

ca

alphaolfine

v

ester
3.Polyalkylne

glycol
4.Cc

hp

cht

P,

Si,

F
Du

tng

hop

Polyisobutne
-Nguyn

liu:
- Phn oan C4: Ex:
-

isobutne

40

50%
- butne 20
30%
- butane 20
30%
-

Polymrisation,

Hydrognation
-Cu

trc

ha

hoc:
Polybutne-1 Polybutne-2 Polyisobutne

PIB
;U%C"

V

%CWn;
;U%CWn;
%CX

%CX
%CX
%C" % CX %C"
%C"
;U%C

V

%CWn;
%C"

V

%
%CX

n
%CX
Du

tng

hop

Polyalphaolfine

PAO
-

Polyme

ha

cc

-olfine:
R-CH=CH2 O

V

%C

V

%C"

V

%C

V

C
%CX O F
-

Tng

hop:
+imer
cole?in
<atalyst
Polymerisation
+istillation
Eydrogenation liltration
linished
P_J !ase
lluid
EI
<atalyst
]
v
a
p
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
l
o
s
s
B
{
t
y
f
B
Z
h
|
I
K
\
o
<
P
o
u
r
p
o
i
n
t
B
o
<
So

snh

PAO

v

du

khong
Discosity Discosity
*uperior ?lo{ a!ility Mineral oil
]quivalent
G*J D7
P_J
Mineral oil
]quivalent
viscosity
G*J
D7
P_J viscosity
\K
TemperatureB

o
<
\K
Gncreased
protection
TemperatureB

o
<
K
cIK
Performance Low T
o

Performance High
T
o
Mineral oil
WK
IK Mineral oil
c\K
P_J
cfK MK
P_J
eD at `YA` <B c*t
cYK
I IZ
eD at MKK
o
<B c*t
ZK
K I Z MK
o
So

snh

PAO

v

du

khong
MDGc Medium Discosity Gndex 1taphthenic %asestoc.~ _romatic content MB`y5
EDGc Eigh Discosity Gndex 1Para??inic %asestoc.~ _romatic content IBf`y5
VDGc Vo{ Discosity Gndex 1taphthenic %asestoc.~ _romatic content MIBWy5
Ic*t \c*t fc*t Yc*t MKc*t \Kc*t IKKc*t
c tnh ca vi loai du PA
O
- Thnh phn ha hc:

Composition PO 4 PO PO 8
(%pds)
Dimres

(C30)
94 7 42
Trimres

(C45)
2 43
Ttramres

(C0)

et
- 7 15
Du

tng

hop

Poly

Internal

Olfine

PI
O
-

Sn

xut:
-

AGIP

Petroli

&

ENICHEM

Augusta
-

Oligome

ha

n-olfin

interne

C15

v

C16
-

Hydrognation

v

distillation
- Tnh cht:
Unit M 2104 M 210 M 2108
o
Visco 40 C
2
mm /s
19.8 30.2 57
o
Visco 100 C
2
mm /s
4.2 5. 8.2
V 121 128 125
Pt clair
o
C
228 234 20
Pt coulement
o
C
-51 -48 -45
Noack %pds 13.8 9.4 4.4
Du tng hop Poly internal olfine PIO
Du

tng

hop

Alkylaromatique
-

Alkylbenzne:
V

du:
<MIEIZ <MIEIZ
Ty

thuc

alkyl,

c

2

loai:

thng

v

nhnh
Du

tng

hop

Alkylaromatique
-

Alkylnaphtalne:
j

C

F

<E

L

<EI
<ata
C
<E
<EW
<E

<E
W
C
recycle
Puri?ication
Du

tng

hop

ester
-

Sn

xut

ester:
]xcess
reactant
EIJ agents
ester !ase
Jrganic
acid
Jrganic
alcohols
]steri?ication

Puri?ication

liltration

linishe
d
?luid
oil
Jle?ins
Degeta!le oil
tatural

?atty
Sn

xut

ester
_lcohols
<rude
_cids
_dditives
]ster
lormulated
lu!ri?icants
acids
toncester
tatural ?atty
ols
!ase?luids
Source UNIQEMA
Cc

loai

du

ester
-

Ester

t

ptrochimie:
-

Diester
-

Ester

aromatique

(phthalate

v

trimellitate)
-

Ester

polyol

(acid

bo

vi

nhnh

ngn)
-

Ester

t

olochimie:
-

Olate,

Starate,

Isostarate
-

Ester

polyol

(acid

bo

vi

nhnh

di)
-

Ester

phc
Diester
OY
B
B
%

(%C
"
)
n
%
B
B
OY
- n

=

4

-

adipates
- n

=

7

-

azelates
- n

=

8

-

sebacates
- n

=

10

-

dodecanedioates
- R

=

C8

-

C13

thng

hoc

nhnh
- Tnh cht:
Unit adipate
disodcyle
adipate
disotridcyle
dodcanedioate
dethyl-2 hexyle
o
Visco 40 C
2
mm /s
13.4 27.5 13.9
o
Visco 100 C
2
mm /s
3.51 5.4 3.72
V 14 123 17
Pt clair
o
C
220 249 234
Pt coulement
o
C
<-0 <-50 -55
Volatilit ASTM
o
h 200 C
%pds 10 2 4.5
Diester
%
%
Ester

Aromatique
-

Tnh

cht
:
B
BO
%
BO
B
Phthalate
BO
B
%
B
BO
%

BO
B
Trimallitate
O

!

%T

V

%2T

thZng

hoKc

nhLnh
Unit Huile
minrale
Phthalate Trimellitate
o
Visco 40 C
2
mm /s
.2 5. 7.1
o
Visco 100 C
2
mm /s
42.7 40 4
V 97 9 11
Pt clair
o
C
215 242 270
Pt coulement
o
C
-15 -42 -50
Volatilit ASTM
o
h 200 C
%pds 12.8 8.1 0.9
Stabilit
doxydation
Mdiocre Bien xcellent
So snh du khong v ester aromatique
Ester

de

polyols
OY
OYYY
%

%C
"

B
B
%
BO
O

!

%2$

V

%29

thZng
hoKc nhLnh
OYY
- PE: Pentaerythriol ; R = R = R= R-CH2OCO-
- TMP: Trimethylol propane ; R = R = R-CH2OCO-
R

=

Et
- NPG: Neopentyl glycol; R = R-CH2OCO- , R = R =
Me
Unit TMP C7 TMP C9 P C
o
Visco 40 C
2
mm /
s
12.8 20.7 18.7
o
Visco 100 C
2
mm /
s
3.3 4.55 4.35
V 130 138 147
Pt clair
o
C
258
Pt coulement
o
C
<-0 -51 -40
Volatilit ASTM
o
h 200 C
%pds 4.8
Ester de polyols
?atty acid
polyvalent
alcohol
?atty

acid
B
O
Phc

ester
-Sn

xut
O
B
%
BC
8 BC
B
BC
8
BC
B
8
BC
BC
BC

8 BC
B
%
O
alcohol
dicar!oxylic
acid
polyvalent
OB %
B
B
B
B
%
n
%ompleF 3olyester
1source UNIQEM)
Properties Min. oiI
HVI
min. oiI
VHVI
PAO Diester PoIyoI
ester
High temp.
Lo temp.
Visc./ temp.
Volatility
Biodegradation
(co) toxicity
Lubricity
Range
Price +++++ ++++ +++ ++ ++/+
So

snh

du

khong

v

du

este
r
So

snh

du

khong

v

du

este
r
-

a
<h s ( nht
T&nh ch)t [ nhi't ( th)p
1
source UNIQEM)
So

snh

du

khong

v

du

este
r
-

a
eh8 n>ng phOn h2y sinh hSc
!ay h0i
1
source UNIQEM)
Ester

polymre

hay

Polyester
-

L

sn

phm

ca

qu

trnh
co-oligome

ha

-olefin

v
ester
-

Sn

xut:
-

co-oligome

ha
-olefin

v

ester

khng
no

(malate

v

acrylate):
%CX
VU%C"

V

%CWm

V

U%C

V

%CW n

V

ho#c

V

U%C"

V

%W n

V
O %!B %!B
BVO[ BVO[ %!B BVO[
Ester polymre hay Polyester
Unit
KetenIube
115
KetenIube
135
KetenIube
1300
Viscobase
11570
Viscobase
11570
o
Visco 40 C
2
mm /s
137 357 4200 2500 9000
o
Visco 100 C
2
mm /s
17 35 20 150 450
V 135 141 195 10 200
Pt clair
o
C
259 255 245 210 210
Pt
coulement
o
C
-28 -32 -20 -21 -18
Volatilit
Noack
%pds 4 3 2 4.7 5.1
Polyalkylnesglycol

(PAG)
C F JE
J
j EF<F<FE
E

E
CFJF<F<FJFE
E C@ E C@
Alcohol
Alkylene

oxide
PAG
x
PoIythyIne gIycoI (PEG)
E F J F <EI

F <EI

F Jn

F E
6 3olypropyl\ne glycol (33])
E

F

J

F

<EI

F

<E

F

Jn

F

E
<EW
Polyalkylnesglycol (PAG)
Unit Phosphate
dthyI2 hexyIe
Phosphate
de noctyIe
Phosphate
de ndcyIe
Phosphate
de tricrsyIe
o
Visco 40 C
2
mm /s
7.5 8.2 12.4 31.0
o
Visco 100 C
2
mm /s
2.2 2.58 3.43 4.31
V 94 11 13 -30
Pt coulement
o
C
-54 -34 -7 -2
Ester

phosphate
-

Cng

thc:
B

!

3

V

UB

V

O

WX
O BC
O
B;3!B
X 8 3B%l
X
8 X C%l
W
_l.yl phenol Phosphorus Triaryl Eydrogen
-phu thuc cu trc h-c (aryl / alkyl
)
oxychloride phosphate ester
-

c

tnh:
chloride
Du

gc

Silic

tng

hop
-

Cu

trc

ha

hc:
- silane : R4
- Si ; li)n k*t +i , -
- silicone (&ilo.ane): R3
- Si - O - Si - R3
; li)n k*t +i- v +i
,/
- silicate : Si - [O - R]4
; li)n k*t +i , /
- disiloxane: [R - O]3
- Si - O -Si - [O - R]3
; li)n k*t +i /
-

Tnh

cht:
VI rt cao
im chy rt thp
Tnh bn nhit rt tt
Tnh khng oxy ha tt
kh nng chy yu
kh nng bi tron thp
-

ng

dng:
- my mc nh, ng h
ndice
minrale raffine solvant 1
minrale hydrotraite 1
hydrocraque / hydroisomrise V 120 130 2.5 3.5
hydroisomrise V 140 45
polybutne 2.5 3
poly -olfine PAO 3.5 8
polyalkylbenne 2 2.5
ester de diacide 5
ester de polyol 7 10
PAG 45
ster phosphorique 4.5
silicone 10 15
spciale 350 - 1000
So snh gi cc loai du g
c
q
Phn loai du gc theo API - ATIEL
teneur en
saturs
teneur en
soufre
V xemple
Gp
minrales
< 90% 0.03% 80 V 12
0
bases minrales
Gp
hydrocraques
V < 120
90% 0.03% 80 V 12
0
Shell
Sangyong, Sinopec
...
Gp
hydroisomrises
V = 120 140
90% 0.03% 120
NESTE, DEA, TOTAL,
BP, P. Canada,
ukong,
SHELL (XHVI)
Gp V PAO
Gp V autres bases non incluss dans Gp
V
ester,
aIkyIbennes ...
Chng V:
Phu gia
Phu

gia

cho

du

bi

tron
-

|nh

ngha:

0h1

gia

l

nh2ng

h#

ch"t

h2u
c,

c

kim

hay

v3

c,

th4m

ch5

l

c6c

nguy)n
t7,

!c

th)m

vo

c6c

ch"t

b3i

trn

nh8m

n$
ng
cao

hay

mang

l9i

cho

ch"t

b3i

trn

nh2ng

t5n
h
ch"t

nh

mong

mu7n
Cc

loai

phu

gia
1) phu

gia

chng

ng

(PPD)
2) phu

gia

tng

ch

s

nht

(AVI,

AM,

VII)
3) phu

gia

ty

ra

v

phu

gia

phn

tn
4) cht

c

ch

mi

mn

v

phu

gia

cc

p

(EP
)
5) cht

c

ch

oxy

ha
6) cht

c

ch

n

mn

v

cht

c

ch

g
7) phu

gia

kh

nh
8) phu

gia

chng

tao

bot
u cu chung cho phu gia
- :; h<a tan trong =>u v kh3ng #hn ?ng
v@i =>u
- Ah3ng hoBc 5t tan trong n@c
- Ah3ng nh hng !*n t6c =1ng nhC hDa c
%a
=>u
- Ah3ng bE #h$n h%y bi n@c v kim lo9i
- Ah3ng g$y n m<n kim lo9i
- Ah3ng bE b7c hi nhit ! lm vic
- Ah3ng lm tng t5nh hFt Gm c%a =>u
- Ho9t t5nh cD thI kiIm tra !c
- Ah3ng hoBc 5t !c, rJ tiKn, =; ki*m
Thnh phn du thuong phm
-

Du

ng

co

a

cp

(ex:

10W40)
-

HDB

I 54%
-

HDB

II,

III 20%
-

AVI 9,7%
-

Phu

gia

chng

ng 0,3%
-

Phu

gia

gi 16%
-

Du

tu

thy
-

BSS 90%
-

Phu

gia

ty

ra 10%
-

Du

cng

nghip
-

HDB 98,5%
-

Phu

gia

chng

ng 0,3%
-

Phu

gia

gi 1,2%
(ch

yu

phu

gia

chng

oxy

ha,

chng

n

mn,
chng

tao

bot)
Thnh

phn

ca

du

ng

co
Du

10W40
u cu i vi du ng co
Phu

gia

cho

du

bi

tron
5.1.

Ph

gia

chng

dng
Additif

anti

-

congelant
Abaisseur

de

point

dcoulement
Pour

point

depressant

PPD
Tai

sao

cn

Phu

gia

chng

ng

-

Thnh

phn

ca

du

khong:
-

-arbone

aromatiqueL

M
NOP
-

-arbone

na#htQniqueL

RO
SOP
-

-arbone

#araTTiniqueL

UO
VOP
-

c

trung

ca

paraffine:
Chc

nng

ca

PPD
PP+
b)

Ngn

cn

s

kt
t

ca

cc

tinh

th
a)

Gii

han

s

gia
tng

kch

thc

ca
cc

tinh

th
ng sut truot = f(nhit )
Mt vi PPD
nh

hung

ca

PPD

n

kh

nng
hoat

ng

nhit

thp

ca

du
1.

im

vn

uc:
PPD

khng

lm

thay

i
im

vn

uc

ca

du
2.

im

chy:
PPD

lm

gim
im

chy
PPD
(%pds)
Huile minral
150NS
Huile
hydrocraque
HC4
Huile
hydroisomrise
HVI 5.2
0
o
-12 C
o
-24 C
o
-18 C
0.1
o
-20 C
o
-27 C
0.2
o
-33 C
o
-30 C
0.3
o
-36 C
o
-30 C
o
-33 C
0.4
o
-39 C
o
-30 C
0.5
o
-39 C
o
-30 C
o
-27 C
im chy = f(% PPD)
Phu

gia

cho

du

bi

tron
5.2.

Ph

gia

ci

thin

ch

s

d

nht
Modificateur

dIndice

de

viscosit
Viscosity

Index

Improver
Amliorant

dIndice

de

viscosit
W

c6c

#olyme

XcD

tr'ng

lng

#h$n

tY

l@n
v

m9ch

=iZ

tan

!c

trong

=>u

cD

t6c

=1n
g
lm

gim

&[

thay

!\i

!
nh@t

c%a

=>u

theo

nhit

!

pelote

polyme
h nng ci thin ch s nht ca A
VI
Chc

nng

ca

AVI
-

T

thp:
-

T

cao:
Cc

loai

AVI
1.

Polymres

hydrocarbons

(apolaires)
Cc

loai

AVI

(tt)
2.

Polymres

dester

(polaires)
Cc

loai

AVI

(tt)
3.

Polymre

OCP

-

PMA:
-

Polyme

ha

mthacrylate

trong

dung

dich

ca

co
-
polyme

olefine

(ex:

ethylne

v

propylne)
-

Cho

php

ci

thin

hoat

tnh

ca

OCP

nhit

thp
-

Gim

gi

thnh

so

vi

PMA

tinh

khit
4.

Mthacrylate

dalkyle

-

styrne
-

PMA

-

styrne
5.

Mthacrylate

dalkyle

-
-olfine
-

oligome

ha

mt

PMA

v

mt
-olefine
-

kh

nng

lm

c

nh

hon

cc

AVI

khc
Phu

gia

cho

du

bi

tron
5.3.

Ph

gia

ty

ra
Ph

gia

phn

tn
Additif

dtergent
Additif

dispersant
L

cc

cu

t

uoc

s

dung

trnh

s

hn
h
thnh

cn

trong

ng

c

xng

v

ng

c
diezen
Phu

gia

ty

ra

v

phu

gia

phn

t
n
-

Ngun

gc

ca

cn

trong

ng

co

:
-Gazole

v

xng
-Lub
-

Hu

qu:
-

n

mn

v

mi

mn

cc

chi

tit

co

khi

gi
m

bn
-

lm

c

du

gim

kh

nng

bi

tron
-

ng

lp

bn

en

trong

carter
Phu

gia

ty

ra

v

phu

gia

phn

t
n
-

Vai

tr:
-

trnh

s

hnh

thnh

cn:

tc

dung

anti
o.y=ant
-

ty

sach

vernis

v

cn

cacbon

:

tc

dung

.
#h<ng
-

gi

cho

b

hng,

cn

luu

trong

du

:

tc
dung

#h$n t6n
-

trung

ha

cc

hop

cht

axit

sinh

ra:

t5nh
ba^

ca

phu

gia
Phu

gia

ty

ra
-

c

trung:
-

l

cc

hop

cht

co

kim

c

cc
-

tao

tro

dui

dang

oxyt

hay

mui

sulfat

kim
loai

khi

bi

chy
-

Cc

kim

loai

thng

dung:

Ca,

Mg,

,

B
a,
Na
-

Tn

tai

3

ho

phu

gia

ty

ra:
-

+ulTonate
-

0hQnate

&ulTuri&Qe
-

+alicylate
Sulfonate
-

Sulfonate

du

m:
-

thu

uoc

khi

sulfo

ha

phn

oan

du

chung

ct
giu

aromatique

hoc

sn

phm

phu

ca

qu

trnh
sn

xut

du

trng
huile _ HR+/`

huile blanche _ a(&ulTonique
-

sau

trung

ha

bng

mt

bazo
Sulfonate

trung

tnh
Sulfonate

(tt)
-

Sulfonate

tng

hp:
+

sulfo

ha

alkylbenzne
alkylben^ane

_

HR+/`

a(&ulTonique
+/S
+

sau

trung

ha

bng

mt

bazo
Sulfonate
-

Sulfonate

kim

cao:
-"qu

kim

ha

(suralcalinisaton)

sulfonate
trung

tnh:
&ulTonate

kim

lo9i

_

hy=ro.y=e

kim

lo9i

_

-/R
.Fc

t6cL

methanol

b

-"u

tY

mong

mu7nL

-a-
/S
-

ty

theo

mc

"qu

kim,

thu

uoc

cc
sulfonate

c

tnh

kim

khc

nhau
LOB

/

MOB

/

HOB

/

HHOB
-

nh

gi

bng

ch

s

bazo

BN
-W/c

L

cd

e

RO
-HH/c

L

cd

e

`OO
Cu

trc

mixen

ca

kim

cao
-

Sulfonate

kim

cao:
Phnate

Sulfurise
-

Tng

hp:
- Alkyl ha phnol bi 1 olfine c nhnh C12
(ttramre

ca

propylne)
- Sulfo ha (bng S lng hoc H2S) vi s c mt
ca
ethylne

glycol
-

Trung

ha

bng

1

bazo
M(OH)2
(M = Ca, Mg)
-

"u

kim

ha

bng
phn ng vi Ca(OH)2
v CO2
vi s c mt
ca

alcool

(mthanol,
thylhexanol,

dcanol)
Phnate

Sulfurise
-

Co

ch

hot

dng:
-

Wi)n

k*t

+,+

Xc>u

+Z

biIu

hin

t5nh

nng

kh6c

nha
u
khi

nhit

!

thay

!\iL
-

nhit

!

r"t

caoL

t6c

=1ng

ch7ng

o.y

hDa
R-S-S-R + ROOH

ROH + R-SO-SO-R

R-SO2-
SO2-R
-

nhit

!

th"#

hnL

t6c

=1ng

.

#h<ng
-

f9ch

#olycarbonate

r"t

kiKm,

trung

h<a

c6c

a.it

cD
mBt

trong

=>u
Salicylate
-

Tng

hp:
-

Alkyl ha phnol bi 1 olfine thng C9

C16
-

Trung

ha

bng

NaOH

hoc

OH
-

Carboxyl ha dui p sut CO2
-

Trao i cation: phn ng vi CaCl2
hoc MgCl2
- ua kim ha bng phn ng vi Ca(OH)2
hoc
Mg(OH)2
v CO2

CaCO3
v MgCO3
s phn tn trong dung dich
salicylate
Salicylate
-

Co

ch

hot

dng:
-

Wi)n

k*t

/,-a,/

bE

cgt

theo

c6c

c6ch

kh6c
nhau

thy

thuc

vo

nhit

!L
-

Ct

homolithique:

tc

dung

chng

oxy

ha
-

Ct

thng

thung:

tc

dung

x

phng
-

f9ch

#olycarbonate

r"t

kiKm,

trung

h<a

c6
c
a.it

cD

mBt

trong

=>u
Phu

gia

ty

ra

hn

hop
-

Hn

hop

ca:
-

0hQnate

&ulTuri&Qe

v

&alicylate
-

0hQnate

&ulTuri&Qe

v

&ulTonate
-

Mi

hn

hop

th

hin

tnh

cht

ca

cc
hop

cht

ring

l
Phu

gia

phn

tn
-

c

trung:
-

l

cc

polyme

hu

co
-

c

cha

O

hoc

N
-

khng

cha

kim

loai

ph

gia

khng

tro
-

Tn

tai

dui

3

dang:
-

alknyl

succinimide
-

ester

succinique
-

base

de

Mannich
Alknyl

succinimide
-

Tng

hop:

qua

2

buc
1. Sn xut anhydride polyisobutryl succinique (PIBSA): bng
phn ng gia polyisobutne PIB v anhydride malique MA.
C 2 cch sn xut:
- bng nhit:
- phn ng vi Clo:
PIB + Cl2

PIB-Cl + HCl
PIB-Cl + MA PIBSA + HCl
- L u :
+ Cc PIB c M = 500 2300
+ Vi cch 2, thnh phm succinimide cui cng c cha
500 3000 ppm Cl
Alknyl

succinimide
-Tng

hop

(tt):
2.

Trung

ha

PIBSA

bng

1

polyamine

tao

succinimid
e:
H2N - (CH2CH2NH)X - NH2
Cu

trc

chung
Alknyl

succinimide
-

Co

ch

hot

dng:
Ester

succinique
-

Tng

hop:

qua

2

buc
- tng

hop

PIBSA
- phn

ng

gia

PIBSA

vi

polyol

nhu

trimthylol
propane

(TMP)

hoc

penta

rythrithol

(PET)
<1<EIJE5\ J<EI<1<EIJE5W
j

EIJ
Ester

succinique
-

Co

ch

hoat

ng:

nhu

succinimide
-

u

nhuoc

im:
- km

bn

nhit

so

vi

succinimide
- khng

tn

cng

vt

liu

lastomre

fluor
- kh

nng

phn

tn

km

hon

succinimide

uoc

s

dung

hn

hop

vi

succinimide
Base

de

Mannich
-

Tng

hop:
- phn

ng

gia

alkylphnol

vi

polythylne
amine,

c

mt

ca

formaldhyde
Base

de

Mannich
-

Co

ch

hoat

ng:

nhu

succinimide
-

u

nhuoc

im:
-

l

hop

cht

c

cc,

kh

nng

phn

tn

c
ao
-

mc

tn

cng

vt

liu

lastomre

flu
or
ln

s

dung

trong

nhng

trung

hop

khng
dng

lastomre

fluor
Phu gia cho du bi tron
5.4. Ph gia chng mi mn
Ph gia cc p
Ph gia bin tnh ma st
Anti - usure
Extrme pression
Modificateur de friction
4.

Phu

gia

tribologie
-

Vai

tr

ca

cc

phu

gia

tribologie:
-gim

mi

m<n

c6c

chi

ti*t

c

kh5

=o

ti*#

.F
cL
kQo

=i

thii

gian

lm

vic

c%a

thi*t

bE
-gim

ma

&6tL

ti*t

kim

nng

lng,

nhi)n

li
u
-bi*n

t5nh

ma

&6tL

t7i

u

hDa

ho9t

!ng

c%a
thi*t

bE

Xkhi

thay

!\i

v4n

t7c

trong

h#,
#hanh

=>uZ
-

iu

kin

s

dung:
-Anti-usure:

p

sut

lm

vic

thp,

trung
bnh
-Extrme

pression:

ti

trong

ln,

p

lc

cao
-Midificateur

de

friction:

khng

c

mi

mn
1.

Ma

st
-

S

ma

st:
-

v

o

phu

thuc

vo:
-bn

ch"t

chi

ti*t

rgn
-!

nh6m

bK

mBt

v4t

liu

rgn
-ti

tr'ng

Xl[c

0Z
-kiIu

ti*#

.FcL

!c

b3i

trn

hay

kh3ng
-Trung

hop

tip

xc

c

bi

tron:
Ma

st
-

Ch

bi

tron:
ung

cong

Stribeck
- contact acier/acier
svre
Nu tip xc uoc bi tron: h s ma st gi
m
Matriaux Lubrification Commentaires
Acier / acier Sche 0.2 1.5
Acier / acier Limite 0.05 0.2
Acier / brone Limite 0.1 0.1
Mo / acier Limite 0.8 Usure de lacier
Papier / acier Limite 0.11 Usure du papier
Rgime Usure Apport du Lub
Hydrodynamiqu 0.01 0.05 Nulle faible Viscosit
e 0.05 0.15 aible Anti-usure
Limite 0.05 0.2 lgre P
rottement sec 0.2 1.5 Lgre Pas de lub
Ma

st
-

H

s

ma

st

phu

thuc

ch

bi

tron:
Co

ch

hoat

ng

ca

MF
-

Xen

vo

gia

cc

b

mt

tip

xc

1

lp

vt

liu

r
n:
- mng graphite
- mng bisulfure de molybdne MoS2
- polyme Polyttra fluorothylne (Tflon)

cht

bi

tron

rn
-

Cho

HPVL

hoc

HPHH

bng

cc

hop

cht

c

cc:
-Ruou mach di
-Amine, amide bo
-Ester bo
-Acide bo (a. olique hoc a. starique)
Ma st
2.

Mi

mn
- Cc

dang

mi

mn

b

mt:
1.

Mi

mn

kt

dnh

(usure

adhsive):

ma

&6t
AWbAW

gi2a

R

bK

mBt

gj

ghK

khi

mng

=>u

tr

n)
n
qu6

mkng

v

ti

tr'ng

l@n
2.

Mi

mn

ht

(usure
abrasive):

khi

gi2a

R
bK

mBt

kim

lo9i

cD
.u"t

hin

h9t

rgn

c?ng
Cc

dang

mi

mn

b

mt

(tt
)
3. Mi mn do n mn (usure corrosive): =o n m<n o.
y
hDa

khY

c%a

c6c

h#

ch"t

aci=e

XHR+/`,

Hd/S,

aci=e
carbo.ylique, &n #hGm qu6 trlnh ch6yZ
4. Mi mn mi (usure par fatigue): bK mBt kim lo9i bE
#h6 hkng khi chEu t6c !ng c h'c hay t6c =1ng nhit
!c lB# !i lB# l9i nhiKu l>n
5. Mi mn do hin tng kh xm thc (usure par
cavitation cn gi usure rosive ): =o &[ va !4# khi
c6c tFi kh5 trong =>u Xhi n@c, kh5 ch6y(((Z bE #h6 vm v
@i
t7c ! l@n
nng chy cuc b fissure s thng l
(perforation)
Mi

mn
- Phu

gia

s

dung:
- n&ure

abra&ive,

corro&ive,

#ar

TatigueL

anti

u&ur
e
- n&ure

a=hQ&ive,

#ar

cavitationL

o0

vl

chEu

l[c

t6c
!ng,

ti

tr'ng

l@n
- Co

ch

hoat

ng:
1.HPVL

trn

lp

oxy

st
2.Phn

hy

ha

hoc
3.HPHH

cc

sn

phm

phn

hy

tao

lp

bo

v

trn
b

mt
Anti-usure: Hop cht ca phospho
- Phosphate:
-HPVL

trn

b

mt

kim

loai
-Thy

phn
-HPHH

trn

b

mt

L
- Phosphate

amine:
-

HPHH

trc

tip

trn

b

mt

kim

loai
Mt

vi

hop

cht

ca

phosph
o
a
Extrme pression: Hop cht ca luu hunh
-

Olfine

soufre:

R

-

Sx

-

R
Lu

:

x

=

3

hoc

5
-

Ester

gras

soufre:
EP:

Hop

cht

Phospho-Soufre
- Vi

kim

loai:

MeDTP
feL

AW

nBng

Zn,

-u,

-o,

fo
:p0L

=ithio#ho&#hate

MeDTP

uoc

s

dung

hiu

qu

cho

anti-
usure
v

anti-oxydant
EP:

Hop

cht

Azote-Soufre
- Vi

kim

loai:

MeDTC
feL AW nBng Zn, 0b, fo+R
:p0L

dithiocarbamate
Php

o
-

Machine

4

billes
Php

o

4

bi
-

Machine

4

billes
Php

o

4

bi
-

Machine

4

billes
Phu gia cho du bi tron
5.5. Ph gia chng oxy ha
- Cht c ch gc t do
- Cht phn hy Hydroperoxy
t
Inhibiteur radicalaire
Dcomposeur dHP
Phu

gia

chng

oxy

ha
C ch phn ng oxy ha du: c ch gc qua 3 giai don
Khi mo: xy ra chm v di hi nng Ing
RH

O2

R

HO2

Lan truyn: xy ra nhanh, phn ng chui
R

O2

ROO

hoc R

O2

RH

ROOH

R

ROO

RH ROOH R

HO2

RH

H2O2

R

Phn nhnh chui (ROOH initiateur)
ROOH RO

HO

2ROOH

RO

ROO

H2O
rad-O

RH rad-OH R

....
Kt thc:
R

R

R-R (hydrocacbon nng hn)
ROO

R

ROOR (sn phm oxy ha khng hot dng)
ROO

ROO


RO

ROH

O2

ch

yu
Cht

c

ch

gc

t

do
-

Co

ch

hoat

ng
Lm

chm

giai

don

lan

truyn
-

thay

phn

ng:
ROO


+

RH
ROOH

+

R

-

bng

phn

ng
ROO


+

InH

ROOH

+

In

-2

dang

cht

c

ch

co

bn
-

hop

cht

phenol
-

hop

cht

amine

thom
Hop

cht

phenol
-

h

hoat

2

gc

peroxyt

ROO


t

do:
R1, R3: gc bc 3 tert-butyle (CH3)3C-
R2: CH3- hoc nhnh di
Mt

vi

hop

cht

phenol
q
Hop

cht

amine

thom
-

h

hoat

gc

t

do

R


v

2

gc

peroxyt

RO
Mt

vi

hop

cht

amine

thom
-

Ph

bin

dang

diphnyl
Cht

phn

hy

ROOH
1.

Hop

cht

sulfur

R-S-R

:
2.

Hop

cht

Phosphor:
(RO3)P + ROOH (RO3)P=O + ROH
3.

Dithiophosphat:
X:

DTPn
Mt

vi

hop

cht

phn

hy

H
P
- Ph

bin

loai

soufr

v

phospho-soufr:
Tnh

a

chc

nng

ca

phu

gi
a
-

Cc

cht

phn

hy

HP

loai

soufr,

phospho-soufr:
=

Anti-usure,

Extrme-pression,

MF
-

Nu

dng

phu

gia

phnolique

soufr:

th

hin

2

ch
c
nng:
- c

ch

gc

t

do

v

phn

hy

HP
-

Alkylphnate

sulfur,

alkylsalicylate:
-anti-oxydant

v

additif

dtergent
Php

o

Oxytest
-

Amine

aromatique:
Php

o

Oxytest
-

Phnol

soufr:
Php

o

Oxytest
-

DTPn:
Phu

gia

cho

du

bi

tron
5.6.

Ph

gia

chng

n

mn

v
Cht

c

ch

g
Additif

anti-corrosion
Additif

anti-rouille
Mt

vi

anti-rouille

v

anti-corrosion
-

Anti-corrosion:
- sulfonate

Ca,

Mg,

Ba,

n:

(nhnh

ngn

hon

phu
gia

ty

ra

thng

thung)
- phu

gia

"khng

tro:
- acide v ester bo
- acide alknylsuccinique
- amine, amide bo ...
-

Anti-rouille:
Php

o kh

nng chng

n mn, chng g
-

Anti-rouille:
-

ASTM

D

665

A

v

B
-

p

dung

cho

du

tu

thy

v

du

thy

lc:
-

nhng

chm

mu

thp

trong

hn

hop

du/nuc
(nuc

mm:

A

;

nuc

bin:

B)
-

khuy

u

trong

24h

60
o
C
-

nh

gi

bng

mt

thung
-

Anti-corrosion:
-

ASTM

D130:

n

mn

tm

ng
-

p

dung

cho

du

tu

thy,

du

thy

lc

v

du
truyn

ng:
-

nhng

chm

tm

Cu

sach

trong

du
-

iu

kin:

3h

100
o
C

(thay

i

theo

nh

sn
xut)
-

nh

gi

kt

qu

bng

mt

thung

v

so

snh
vi

bng

tham

kho
Thang

o

n

mn

tm

Cu
a
Phu

gia

cho

du

bi

tron
5.7.

Ph

gia

kh

nh
Additif

dsmulsifiant
Phu

gia

kh

nh
-

|nh

ngha:
W

c6c

h#

ch"t

ch7ng

l9i

nh2ng

t6c

=1
ng
kh3ng

mong

mu7n

c%a

n@c

cD

trong

=
>u
e

-i

thin

t5nh

bKn

v@i

n@c

c%a

=>u
Phu

gia

kh

nh
-

Co

ch

hot

dng:
-

W

nh2ng

h#

ch"t

lmng

6i

Xam#hi#hileZ
L
vqa

cD

6i

l[c

!7i

v@i

n@c

v

cD

6i

l[c

!
7i
v@i

=>u

Xcalance

Hy=ro#hile

Wi#o#hile

o
u
HWcZ
-

HLB

uoc

nh

gi

theo

thang

t

0

20
:
HLB

ca

phu

gia

cng

cao,

cng

hydrophi
le
-

La

chn

HLB

cho

ph

gia

kh

nh:
-

Trung

hop

nh

ca

nuc

trong

du:
- chon

phu

gia

ui

nuc

khi

du
-

Trung

hop

nh

ca

du

trong

nuc:
- chon

phu

gia

ui

du

khi

nuc
Produit HLB
Acide olique
Monostarate de glycrol
Polypropylne glycol
Dodcylphnol oxythyl
Akyl aryl sulfonate
Tristarate de sorbitan
Monoolate de sorbitan
Monoolate de sorbitan
+

6

(CH2-CH2-O)
Monoolate de sorbitan
+

24

(CH2-CH2-O)
1
4
7
10,5
11,5
2
4
10
15
20
Mt

s

phu

gia

kh

nh
-

Xc

inh

theo

HLB:
Php

o

kh

nng

kh

nh
-

ASTM

D1401:

test

de

dsmulsion

"

la

palette
-

prn

lrn

R

thI

t5ch
b8ng

nhau

X`OmlZ
c%a

=>u

v

n@c
-

Ahu"y

trn

m9nh
XNMOOtrbmnZ

trong

Ms
-

p5nh

thii

gian

c>n
thi*t

!I

#h$n

t6ch
hon

ton

=>u

n@c
-

d*u

&au

SOmn

hoBc
UO

mn,

nhC

kh3ng
#h$n

t6ch

hon

tonL
ghi

l9i

thI

t5ch

n@c,

=>u

v

nhC

c<n

l9i
Phu

gia

cho

du

bi

tron
5.8.

Ph

gia

chng

to

bt
Additif

anti-mousse
8.

Phu

gia

chng

tao

bot
-

Vai

tr:
-

-h7ng

l9i

tc

dng

ph

c%a

#h1

gia

tGy

rY
a
(x

phng

=

bot)
-

:uy

trl

!

nh@t

c%a

mng

=>uL

qu

nhiu

bot
kh

lm

gim

kh

nng

bi

tron
-

pr6nh

mi

m<n

=o

hin

tng

kh5

.$m

th[
cL
ci

thin

s

tch

khng

kh
-

pr6nh

&[

&1t

6#

&u"t

=>u

khi

bm
-

pr6nh

m"t

m6t

=>u

=o

&[

trn
Phu

gia

chng

tao

bot
- c trng ca ph gia:
- ha tan t trong du: hop cht c cc
- ha tan phn tn trong du: c nhnh di
- c sc cng b mt nh hon so vi du
- Cc hp cht ph bin:
- polymthysilixane
-liu luong: 10 5 ppm
-R1, R2
= CH3
hoc C3H7
- Polyacrylate:
-hiu qu tch kh tt hon
-uoc s dung nhiu cho du thy lc (100 300 ppm)
Php

o

kh

nng

chng

tao

bo
t
- Kh

bt:

ASTM

D892
- Tin

hnh

3

ch

nhit

:

24
o
C

-

93
o
C

-

2
4
o
C
- thi

khng

kh

trong

5

pht

o

th

tch

bot

(
1)
- Sau

10

pht,

xc

inh

th

tch

bot

cn

st

lai

(2)
Kt qu = (1)/(2)
- Tch

kh:

NFT

60-149
- dng

cn

thy

tnh
- Thi

khng

kh

cho

du

20
o
C,

50
o
C,

75
o
C

(ty

nht

ca

du)

trong

7

pht
- o

thi

gian

cn

thit

du

ly

lai

t

trong

ban

u

0,2%

khng

kh

cn

lai

trong

du
Chng V:
M nhn
Chuong

VI:

M

nhn
1.

Thi

trung
2.

inh

ngha
3.

Tnh

cht

l

ha
4.

Thnh

phn-Cc

ho

m

nhn
5.

Sn

xut
6.

ng

dung
1.

Thi

trung
-

Nm

2002:
sn

xut

trn

th

gii

756

000

tn
Thi

trung
-

Phn

chia

thi

trung:
Thi

trung
-

Cc

nh

sn

xut

chnh

(nm

1997):
2.

inh

ngha
-

W

&n

#hGm

c

tr9ng

th6i

b6n

lkng

hoBc
tr9ng

th6i

rgn,

hlnh

thnh

=o

&[

#h$n

t6n

c%
a
t6c

nh$n

lm

!Bc

Xagent

gQliTiantZ

trong

=>u
lkng
3.

Tnh

cht
1.

c

(consistance)
2.

bn
3.

Tnh

n

inh

th

keo

(ressuage)
4.

Tnh

chy
5.

Tnh

bom
6.

Tnh

bn

nhit
7.

Tnh

bn

oxy

ha
8.

Tnh

bn

n

mn
9.

Tnh

cht

nhit

thp
10.Tnh

bn

vi

nuc
11.h

nng

chiu

ti

trong
3.1.

c
-

dc

(consistance):
- nh

gi

bng

cng

/

mm

xuyn

kim

(pntrabilit)

xuyn

kim
-

inh

ngha:
W

!

&$u

m

mt

c6i

c3ne

chuGn

hDa

.uy)n
qua

mru

mm

trong

!iKu

kin

chuGn
-

Nguyn

tc:
-m

uoc

nho

trn

u

ui

ht

bot

khng

kh
-Gat

bng

v

t

mi

nhon
ca

cne

st

b

mt

mu

m
-th

t

do

cne

trong

vng

5
giy
-o

su

m

cne

xuyn
qua

lp

m
-

t

qu:
-xc

inh

bng

dmm
3.2.

Tnh

bn
- Tnh

bn:
nh

gi

mc

gim

cht

luong

do:
- tc

dung

co

(s

nho

trn,

s

truot

ct)
- tc

dung

nhit

(s

bay

hoi,

oxy

ha)
- tc

dung

ha

hoc

(s

nhim

bn,

s

khng

tu
ong
hop)
- Php

o

4

bi:
3.3.

Tnh

n

inh

th

keo
-

Tnh

n

d|nh

th

keo

(ressuage):
-

Cn

thit

bo

m

qu

trnh

bi

tron
-

Php

o:
-

Ressuage

statique
-

Ressuage

dynamique
Ressuage

statique
-

|nh

ngha:
W

hin

tng

#h$n

t6ch

ri)ng

#h>n

=>u

ra

khki

t
6c
nh$n

lm

!Bc

nh

gi

tnh

trang

tn

cha
-

Nguyn

tc:
-cylindre

cha

m,

chiu

p

sut

nh,

t

trn

tm
lui

kim

loai
-xc

inh

luong

du

tch

ra

sau

mt

thi

gian

nht
inh

mt

nhit

xc

inh
ASTM

D1742:
-lui 75m ; mm
= 150 g
-Pair
= 0.25psi; 25
o
C v
24h
-

Kt

qu:
-%

du

tch

ra
3.4.

Tnh

chy
4.

Tnh

chy:
- l

h

nhiu

pha,

bn

rn

cht

lng

phi

Newton
nht
ng sut truot
3.5.

Tnh

bom
-

Tnh

bom

(pompabilit)
- c

bit

quan

trong

i

vi

cc

h

thng

lin

tu
c
- thung

s

dung

cc

loai

c

c

000

/

00

/

0
-

Php

do:
- pompabilit

GROENEVELD
- ASTM

D1092:
- tdu
= 20
o
C
- ng tuyau:
- L=10 m ;
trong
= 4mm ;
- polypropylne
-

t

qu:

o

thi

gian

nng
p

sut

t

1

ln

50

bar

v
gin

n

t

50

xung

15

bar
3.6.

Tnh

bn

nhit
- Tnh

bn

nhit:
-

im

nh

git

(point

de

goutte):

l
nhit

tai

m

thay

i

trang

thi

t
bn

rn

sang

dang

lng
-

tmax lm vic

<<

dim

nh

git
-

Vi

m

c

cng

im

nh

giot:

tnh

bn
nhit

khc

nhau
Xc

inh

im

nh

giot
-

Nguyn

tc:
-

cc

ng

mu

m
uoc

un

nng
-

tc

nng

nhit:
4

7
o
C/mn

cho

n
17
o
C
Sau

:

1

1,5
o
C/mn
-

t

qu:
L

nhit

tai

giot
m

u

tin

chy

ra
khi

ming

cc
Tnh

bn

nhit
5.

q
3.7.

Tnh

bn

oxy

ha
-

Tnh

bn

oxy

ha:
-

khi

bi

oxy

ha,

m

bi

bin

cht:

tr

nn

en,

m
m
v

gy

n

mn
-

Php

do:

Oxy

ha

tnh

(Oxydation

statique)
-

Nguyn

tc:
-

4g

mu

trong

a

thy
tinh
-

t

vo

bom

kim

loai
dui p sut O2
tinh
khit

(110

psi

7,5

bar)
-

100
o
C

v

100h
-

Kt

qu:

xc

inh

sut
p

sut

sau

100h
3.8.

Tnh

bn

vi

s

n

mn
-

Tnh

bn

n

mn:
-

bn

cht

ha

hoc

ca

m:

c

bit

l

S
-

Php

o:
- n mn tm ng
- n mn thp
-

Nguyn

tc:
- tm Cu hoc thp uoc
nhng vo trong mu du
nhit xc inh trong
thi gian nht inh
- lau nh v so mu theo
thang chun
-

t

qu:
- so mu n mn
Mt

s

tnh

cht

khc
9.

Tnh

cht

nhit

thp:
-

m

tr

nn

cng:

gim

kh

nng

bi

tron

nh

gi

trong

trung

hop:
- khi ng my
- thit bi lm vic nhit thp
10.Tnh

bn

vi

nuc:
-

nht

l

cc

thit

bi

lm

vic

trong

mi

trung
nuc

hoc

m

cao

Xc

inh

bng

phuong

php

chung

ct
11.h

nng

chiu

ti

trong:
-

ln

hon

du

nhn
-

c

th

dng

phu

gia

bi

tron

rn

Cc

php

o

co

kh
4.

Thnh

phn

m

nhn
- Gm

3

cu

t

chnh:
4.1.

Du

gc
- Du

khong: Paraffinique
Naphtnique
- Du

tng

hop: Polyalphaolfine

(PAO)
Ester,

polyalkylneglycol

(PAG)
Dialkylbenzne,

Silicone
- Du

thc

vt: thu

du,

ci
- So snh c tnh ca du gc: 1= rt tt ; 5 = k
m
Minrale XHVI PAO PAG Vgt.
Viscosit/Temp (VI)
Prop. bassa T(Pt dcoul)
Stabilit loxydation
Stabilit thermique
Volatilit
Stabilit lhydrolyse
Rsistance la corrosion
Compatibilit lastomre
Compatibilit laques/peint
Miscibilit avec huile min.
Solubilit des additifs
4
5
4
4
4
1
1
3
1
1
1(2)
4
3
4
3
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
4
2
1
1
3
1
1
2(3)
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
2
3
5
4
3
5
1
4
4
1
3
Mt

s

du

gc

chnh
4.2.

Tc

nhn

lm

c
- 4

loai:
-

X

phng

on: Li,

Ca,

Na,

Al
-

X

phng

kp: Li,

Ca
-

Gel

v

co: Bentone,

Silice,

Graphite
-

Gel

hu

co: Polyure
4.3. Phu gia
4.4.

Cc

ho

m

nhn
-

Nguyn

tc

sn

xut

tc

nhn

lm

c

gc

x

phng:
:
C17H34OH-COO-CH2
C17H34OH-COO-CH + 3 LiOH
C17H34OH-COO-CH2
3 C17H34OH-COO-Li
+
CH2
- CH - CH2
OH OH OH
4.4.1.

M

Li

on
-

Chim

55%

sn

xut

th

gii
4.4.2.M

Li

phc
-

Chim

14%

sn

xut

th

gii
4.4.3.

M

Canxi
-

Chim

13%

sn

xut

th

gii
-

l

m

cng

nghip

u

tin
4.4.4.

M

Nhm

Al
-

Chim

5%

sn

xut

th

gii
-

L

m

thc

phm
- Al

on

:

nhit

lm

vic

60
o
C
- Al

phc

:

nhit

lm

vic

160
o
C
- kh

nng

bm

dnh

cao
- tnh

bn

nuc

tuyt

vi
4.4.5.

M

Natri
-

Chim

2%

sn

xut

th

gii
-

L

m

kinh

t
-

nhit

lm

vic

:

n

120
o
C
-

kh

nng

bm

dnh

rt

cao
-

tnh

bn

g

rt

tt
4.4.6.

M

hn

hop

Li/Ca
-

Chim

2%

sn

xut

th

gii
-

L

m

da

cng

dng,

kinh

t
t

hop

cc

uu

im

ca

m

Li

v

m

Ca
4.4.7.

M

Bentone
-

Chim

3%

sn

xut

th

gii
-

L

m

lm

vic

nhit

d

rt

cao
-

nhit

lm

vic

c

th

n

160

180
o
C
-

d

sn

xut
4.4.8.

M

Polyur
-

Chim

5%

sn

xut

th

gii
-

L

m

lm

vic

nhit

d

rt

cao,

thi
gian

sng

rt

di
- nhit lm vic c th n 160 180
o
C
- bn co nhit cao
- kh nng chng mi mn v chng oxy ha tt
- kh nng bom tt
- khng tao cn khi bi chy
5.

Sn

xut
-

So

Bacth:
- X phng ha
- lm lanh
- pha trn du gc
+ phu gia
- ng nht ha
(ui k/kh)
- loc
- bao gi
Sn

xut
-

Profil

nhit

qu

trnh

sn

xut:

M

Li
6.

ng

dung
Chim

5%

cht

bi

tron
-

Nhiu

uu

im:
-

bm

dnh
-

kn

-

bo

v
- t

bay

hoi
- chiu

ti

trong

cao
- t

gy

nhim

mi

trung
-

huyt

im:
-

tn

nhit

km
-

kh

loc
-

Gi

!!!
Tra

m

nhn
-

Cc

h

thng

tra

m

nhn

chnh:
Hu

hai

my

mc

do

m
-

qu

mm

hoc

qu

cng
-

nht

qu

b
-

thiu

phu

gia

EP,
chng

n

mn

...
-

khng

tuong

hop
vi

vt

liu
-

Mt

vi

v

d: