Professional Documents
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Dr. Nico L Lumbuun, SpFK Departemen Farmakologi & Terapeutik Fakultas Kedokteran Univ. Indonesia
Viruses
Obligate intracellular parasites Consist of a core genome in a protein shell and some are surrounded by a lipoprotein lack a cell wall and cell membrane do not carry out metabolic processes Replication depends on the host cell machinery
Antiviral compounds
Many well-known antiviral compounds are nucleoside and nucleotide analogs: Acyclovir is a nucleoside analog similar to guanosine, but contains an acyclic sugar group AZT is a nucleoside analog similar to thymidine, but contains an azide group
Klasifikasi Antivirus
Antivirus
Anti-nonretrovirus
Antiretrovirus
NRTI
NtRTI
NNRTI
PI
Zidovudin, Didanosin
Asiklovir Gansiklovir Foscarnet
Amantadin Oseltamivir
Lamivudin Interferon
Nevirapin Efavirenz
Enfuvirtid Bisiklam
Tenofovir
Saquinavir Ritonavir
Analog nukleotida
Acyclovir:
Close to a perfect antiviral drug (specific, nontoxic).
Activation of acyclovir: Acyclovir has no effect on host DNA replication because the first kinase activity is not found in an noninfected cell. Cellular enzymes complete the synthesis. Incorporated into viral DNA, lacks the 3 OH of the sugar ring.
Asiklovir - MK : menghambat DNA polimerase viral - Indikasi : Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1, HSV-2 (herpes genital), virus Varicella-zoster - ES : iritasi GIT, iritasi kulit (topikal) - Dosis : * Peroral (tablet 400mg, 800mg, kapsul 200mg, suspensi 200mg/5mL): Herpes genital 1000 mg/hari (5x200 mg/hari) Herpes zoster 4000 mg/hari (5x800 mg/hari) * Topikal: krim ophthalmic 3% utk keratitis herpetik krim 5% untuk herpes labialis * Intravena: 30 mg/kgBB/hari Untuk herpes ensefalitis, HSV berat lainnya dan infeksi VZV
Interferons
Interferon Alfa 1. Endogenous proteins 2. induce host cell enzymes that inhibit viral RNA translation and cause degradation of viral mRNA and tRNA 3. Bind to membrane receptors on cell surface 4. May also inhibit viral penetration, uncoating, mRNA synthesis, translation, virion assembly and release
Interferons
Pegylated interferon Alfa A linear or branced polyethylene gylcol (PEG) moiety is attached to covalently to interferon Increased half-life and steady drug concentrations Less frequent dosing Tx chronic hepatitis C in combination with ribavirin
Interferon - MK : menghambat penetrasi virus, sintesis mRNA virus, translasi protein virus, maturasi viral dan pelepasan virus - Indikasi : infeksi kronik HBV & HCV (kombinasi dengan ribavirin), sarkoma kaposi pada pasien AIDS - ES : influenza-like syndrome, mielosupresi, fatigue, leukopenia dan depresi, anoreksia, rambut rontok, gangguan mood, iritabilitas.
Interferon - Dosis : Infeksi HBV. dewasa : SK/IM, 5juta U/hari (1x/hr) atau 10juta U (3x/minggu); anak : 6juta U/m2, 3x/minggu selama 4 6 bulan. Infeksi HCV. * Interferon -2b monoth/ (3juta U SK/IM, 3x/minggu) * Pegylated-interferon alfa-2a 180 g SK 1x/minggu,selama 48 minggu * Kombinasi Peg-interferon + ribavirin lebih efektif. Pasien HIV: Interferon- 3juta U3x/minggu efektif terapi trombositopenia pada ps HIV yang resistensi thd zidovudin.
Valasiklovir
Gansiklovir
Pensiklovir
Dimetabolisme menjadi pensiklovir trifosfat yang menghambat DNA polimerase virus Sama dengan pensiklovir Menghambat DNA polimerase virus dan reverse transcriptase pada tempat ikatan pirofosfat
Herpes simpleks
Famsiklovir Foscarnet
Herpes simpleks, varicella zoster Sitomegalovirus, herpes simpleks dan varicella zoster yang resisten terhadap asiklovir
Ribavirin
Demam Lassa, hantavirus, Respiratory Synctytial Virus (RSV), hepatitis C (pada kasus kronik dalam kombinasi dengan interferon alfa)
Lamivudin
Amantadin
Influenza A
Rimantadin
Influenza A
Induksi enzim seluler yang mengganggu sintesis protein virus Menghentikan perpanjangan rantai DNA virus, dengan cara bergabung pada ujung 3 rantai DNA virus Menghambat HIV-1 reverse transriptase melalui interaksi dengan allosteric pocket site.
Hepatitis D
NNRTI
HIV-1