Arabic Linux Administration

1
RedHat Linux System Administration
REDHAT
REDHATLINUXSYSTEMADMINISTRATION
AhmedGamilAbbass |Ver.1
RedHattLinuxSy
ystemAd
dministraation
SysttemInitia
alization
Boott Sequencee Overview
w
1.
2.
3.
4.
BIOS Inittialization
Boot Loa
ader
Kernel in
nitialization
init startts and ente
ers desired run
r level byy executing
g:
/e
etc/rc.d/
/rc.sysin
nit
/e
etc/rc.d/
/rc and /etc/rc.d
d/rc?.d/
/e
etc/rc.d/
/rc.local
l
X Display Ma
anager if ap
ppropriate

H.W
W. cheeck (POST)
bios

OS
OS
S

boot looader
check
kernel kernel
OS
.1
.2
.3
.4
1 BIOS In
1.
nitializatio
on

H.W. Devices deteect PO
OST (power on self test) Bios

IRQ device

boot portable
p
devvices ROM cheeck

boot looader IPL
L (initial product load)

By: Ahmed Gamil
Page 2
RedHattLinuxSy
ystemAd
dministraation
Masster Boot Record
R

HDD boot
H
MBR
)R (master Booot Record

.1 boot loadder
.2 partition tabble
/devv/hda

recoveryy
Magic
M
.3 Numbber
/sbin/grub-install /dev/hd
reinstall da
r
MBR /dev/hdaa
Boott Loader
OS
commands
LIL
GRU LO
UB

initrd imag
commannds kernel ge
/etc/grubb.conf shortcutt
GRUB
bootloadder
/booot/grub/grubb.conf :
) MBR (masster boot record
.i

/dev/h
hda
GRUB
Page 3
LILO
O
By: Ahmed Gamil
RedHatLinuxSystemAdministration
.ii partition table
commands
/boot/grub/grub.conf
GRUB :
kernel load
GRUB /etc/grub.conf
?How the GRUB call the kernel

)1) Load initrd (initial RAM drive
initrd grub RAM kernel

2) Load kernel
3) Mount / in read only
kernel ) ( / read only check
4) Remount / in read & write
grub ) ( / read & write
5) Call /sbin/init
Page 4
By: Ahmed Gamil
Advantages of Grub:
1. Command-line interface available at boot prompt
2. Boot from ext2/ext3, ReiserFS, JFS, FAT, minix, or FFS file systems
ext3,2 file sys boot
3. Supports MD5 password protection
password
4. support all OS
OS
The stages of GRUB
Stage1
Written within the 512 bytes of the MBR.

Call the next stage (stage1_5 or stage2). /boot/grub
[root@localhost grub]# file stage1

stage1: x86 boot sector, code offset 0x48
Stage1_5
Deals with specific types of file systems

GRUB may not need to load stage1_5 depending on the types of file systems
present.
Stage2
This is the main GRUB image,

Exist on /boot/grub/stage2.
It reads the /boot/grub/grub.conf file for configuration information that details
how it will load the kernel.
Allow you to troubleshoot, re-install, or modify how GRUB works.
Present the user with a graphical boot menu entry
Specifies the kernel to load and the initrd image file with all of the modules to
load for your system.
Here is a typical grub.conf file for Red Hat Linux:
Kernel
wireless
kernel kernel
modules modules devices kernel
drivers devices kernel
By: Ahmed Gamil
Page 5
Kernel boot time functions
1. Device detection
2. Device driver initialization
3. Mounts root file system read only
4. Loads initial process (init)
INIT
Init is the first process running on your system.

Reads its configuration from the /etc/inittab file,
Executes /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit,
Then boots into the runlevel as defined in /etc/inittab.
After change the inittab configuration we should type : initq or kill hup 1
run level OS init

services functions environment runlevel
run level
run level 3 network troubleshoot
run level 1 root password
N.W. startup application service
/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit <--------- startup DNS
:
/etc/rc.sysinit
/etc/rc?.d/
By: Ahmed Gamil
Page 6
/etc/rc.local
X Display Manager if appropriate
Has some tasks :
Sets the system clock

Loads keymaps
Enables swap partitions
Sets hostname
Root filesystem check and remount
Activate RAID and LVM devices
Enable disk quotas
Check and mount other filesystems
Cleans up stale locks and PID files
By: Ahmed Gamil
Page 7
The inittab file /etc/inittab :
Runlevels : Show the previous and current runlevel with /sbin/runlevel
Each run level has a corresponding directory: /etc/rc.d/rcX.d

The System V init scripts reside in: /etc/rc.d/init.d
Controlling Services
service
ntsysv -- level 3
service
chkconfig -- level 3 Bluetooth on
service
chkconfig -- list Bluetooth
By: Ahmed Gamil
Page 8
If a user forgets its password
The GUI screen for booting Linux press enter.
press Enter
By: Ahmed Gamil
Page 9
will show you the boot loader, kernel and initrd details, press e
It enters to grub edit give a space after / rhgb quiet and enter 1
By: Ahmed Gamil
Page 10
press enter
b to boot the Linux in single user mode.
By: Ahmed Gamil
Page 11
Enter sh-3.2# passwd
By: Ahmed Gamil
Page 12
updated the root user password and press exit
By: Ahmed Gamil
Page 13
Set GRUB boot loader password
Grub Password root password
Pass
/sbin/grub-md5-crypt
Password vi /boot/grub/grub.conf grub.conf
password md5 $5Hhd9D4HEO7$%df8fHdLO9PDjU70

By: Ahmed Gamil
Page 14
reboot
Booting the RedHat installation CD/DVD Grub Password

recovery mode
installation grub
By: Ahmed Gamil
Page 15
Grub Trouble-shooting Grub

.1 Rescue Mode
.2 Grub

5
boot Linux Rescue F5 Enter
loading initrd.img loading vmlinuz

Page 16
By: Ahmed Gamil
Page 17
By: Ahmed Gamil

Yes IP Adress Subnet Mask
NO

Rescue
Page 18
By: Ahmed Gamil

Read only
Continue

mount )( /mnt/sysimage
Enter console Shell
/mnt/sysimage /
) shell ( exit
OK
Page 19
By: Ahmed Gamil
curser shell sh-2.05b# shell

chroot /mnt/sysimage Enter

Grub grub-install /dev/hda
grub MBR
Exit chroot /mnt/sysimage
Exit /mnt/sysimage Shell rescue mode
reboot
Grub

Root CD mount file sys /mnt/sysimage
root )/mnt/sysimage/(grub,etc,.
mnt directory root
Chroot /mnt/sysimage
install grub
Grup-install /dev/had
:

Grub
)Grub >root (hda0,0
)Grub >setup (hda0
Page 20
By: Ahmed Gamil
Program installation
distribution package manager
package manager redhat fedora )RPM (RedHat package manager
Package name ver arch .rpm amsn-0.98.3-2.fc14.i686.rpm
packagePackagename-version-release.architecture.rpm ------------:
-Packagename
- version , ... ,
- release ) , ... ,
- architecture , :
o Noarch ,

o 1386 , 32 bit X68
o I586 , Pantium I
AMD
o I686 , , , , Intel
Pentium II, Intel Pentium III, Intel Pentium 4 ,
AMD Athlon,AMD Duron
o X86_64 , 46 bit AMD Athlon64, AMD
)Opteron, Phenom and Intel EM64T (Core 2 Duo, Core 2 Quad
o Ppc , 32 bit IBM POWER, IBM eServer
pSeries, and IBM eServer iSeries
processor
package
uname p processor
cat /etc-redhat-release
component -: RPM
1. Local database:
Page 21
By: Ahmed Gamil
install packages
/var/lib/rpm permission ownership
2. rpm and related executables

rpm package
3. RPM front ends such as yum
4. package files
rpm
RPM Commands
Install Package
install:
rpm -ivh name-version-release-arch.rpm
update install packege
rpm -Uvh name-version-release-arch.rpm
update install packege
By: Ahmed Gamil
Page 22
rpm -Fvh name-version-release-arch.rpm
rpm
rpm -ivh http://xxx.yyy.zzz/name-version-release-arch.rpm
Erase Package
:
rpm -e name
.
: kernel driver kernel update

kernel update rpm F rpm U
kernel initrd vmlinuz rpm i

Package Query
system rpm
rpm -qa
install package
rpm -q mplayer
rpm
rpm -qi mplayer
By: Ahmed Gamil
Page 23
file package
rpm -qf /bin/tracerote
package files
rpm -ql package_name
info package sys
rpm -qip name-version-release-arch.rpm
files package install
rpm -qlp name-version-release-arch.rpm
Package Verification
verification package package
permissions oners
verification rpm package data base rpm
package system private key redhat
package public key
.1 package
>rpm -V <package_name
rpm -Vp <package_file>.i386.rpm
rpm Va
Page 24
By: Ahmed Gamil
package .2
/etc/pki/rpm-gpg/ data base rpm public key import .a
rpm --import /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY
import package key .b
rpm -K <package_file>.i386.rpm
public key
By: Ahmed Gamil
Page 25
.3 md5 keys
md5 file

SRPM RPM
Rpmbuild package.src.rpm
/usr/scr/redhat
Page 26
By: Ahmed Gamil
YUM
yum repository package libraries
yum repos
rpm package install repo

configuration file /etc/yum.repo.d <------
configuration file yum

key check
yum configuration
yum yum configuration /etc/yum.conf <-------
repo configuration file
yum configuration
Page 27
By: Ahmed Gamil
Yum commands
package install
yum install package
sys packages update
yum update
package update
yum update package
package
yum erase package
yum info package
yum search package
yum list (all|available|extras|installed|recent|updates)
rpm -qf install package file
yum whatprovides file
By: Ahmed Gamil
Page 28
repo server package createrepo
directory rpms
createrepo -v /directory
directory repo xml rpms
package yum
configuration file
:
.1 install ftp server vsftpd
rpm -ivh vsftpd.rpm
.2 service vsftpd
Service vsftpd start

ps -e vsftpd
.3 install createrepo
rpm -ivh createrepo
.4 rpm packages server redhat server
cp /var/ftp/pub/server /new-repo-server/rpm
.5 directory rpm repo
createrepo v //tpserver/rpm
Page 29
By: Ahmed Gamil
System Logging
syslog.conf logs
/etc/syslog.conf
/var/log log logs

:
/var/log/messages .> System error messages
/var/log/secure . > Security, authentication, and xinetd messages
/var/log/dmesg ..> Kernel boot messages
/var/log/maillog > Mail system messages
By: Ahmed Gamil
Page 30
log files test

/var/log/messages log messages .1
By: Ahmed Gamil
Page 31
this message for test log test .2
message .3
Centralized Log Server
By: Ahmed Gamil
Page 32
: centralized log server
hacking server hacker logs
centralized server logs servers
centralized server
) : log files (/etc
syslogd .1 log files users /etc/sysconfig/syslog
klogd .2 log files kernel /etc/sysconfig/syslog

centralized server server
/etc/sysconfig/syslog users
user /etc/syslog.conf
log file logs
Page 33
By: Ahmed Gamil
Facility.priority distination
mail , authentication, etc log facility .1
logs priority .2
log file logs destination .3
/var/log
*.*@ server ip Facility.priority distination centralized server
By: Ahmed Gamil
Page 34
)INODES (index node
sys
inode
X 56689
inodes inode table 1M
file
directory inode table file directory file
files
:

Inode table for file
Inode table for directory

Inode no.
Inode no.
Permissions
Permissions
Access type
Access type
Creation time
Creation time
Modification time
Modification time
Link count
Link count :
File type
File type: b: data transferred block by block like H.D.
File 1 = 56689
c: data transferred char. by char. like CD ROM
File 2 = 56685
file: data transferred file by file
File 3 = 56682
dir: data transferred file by file like CD ROM
INODE
blocks block ) 1k ( 8 inodes
Inode 128 byte
inode block mke2fs -j -b 2048 -i 2048
.1 128
Page 35
By: Ahmed Gamil
.2 128 inode 128 byte
unused
cut partition partition data pointer
inodes
cut partition partition data inodes
pointer
hard link file partition
inode
soft link file partition
inode
inode ls li
inodes file system df i
inode block mke2fs -j -b 2048 -i 2048
Page 36
By: Ahmed Gamil
MOUNT
mount access device
devices /dev mount point
.....device
/dev/sdb1
mount directory directory
directory directory mount point
mount
point
Mount commands
mount
.1 device name
mount -t type dev mountpoint
.2 label
mount -t type LABEL= (label name) mountpoint
.3 UUID
mount U uuid mountpoint
: device name
mount sdc1 /media
Page 37
By: Ahmed Gamil
umount mount
fat , ntfs, ext2,ext3 device file sys

fdisk -l
vfat fat32
By: Ahmed Gamil
Page 38
file system fdisk
: label
Page 39
By: Ahmed Gamil
label device e2label
: UUID
UUID universal unique ID partition
UUID partitions blkid

mount restart /etc/fstab
system
Page 40
By: Ahmed Gamil
option
permissions partition
)Read only, read - write, exe, no exe, default (read-write + exe
file system check order
check file system 0:9 check
restart 100 partition
: 0 check
dump order
backup system
fstab system
restart system
mount -a
Page 41
By: Ahmed Gamil
) LBA (logical block addressing

partitions 4

3 primary + 1 extended extended partitions 63 partition
logical partitions
extended 4 primary
IDE hard 4 partitions had, hdb, hdc, hdd partition
hda1, hda2, hda3,hda4 hdb1,
grub
GRUB
Page 42
SCASI
IDE
By: Ahmed Gamil
Hda1
hda2
hda3
hda4
sda1
sda2
sda3
Sda4
hda0
hda1
hda2
hda3
Hdb1
hdb2
hdb3
hdb4
sdb1
sdb2
sdb3
Sdb4
hdb0
hdb1
hdb2
hdb3
Hdc1
hdc2
hdc3
hdc4
sdc1
sdc2
sdc3
Sdc4
hdc0
hdc1
hdc2
hdc3
Hdd1
hdb2
hdd3
hdd4
sdd1
sdb2
sdd3
Sdd4
hdd0
hdb1
hdd2
hdd3

fdisk .1
disk druid .2
CLI parted .3
GUI gparted .a
GUI qtparted .b
Referencing ext3 ext2 file system partition

Partitioning Commands
ext2 file sys
mkfs /dev/sda1
mkfs.ext2 /dev/sda1
mke2fs /dev/sda1
ext3 file sys
mkfs t ext3 /dev/sda1
mkfs.ext3 /dev/sda1
mke2fs j /dev/sda1 ------------ j for journal
mount device bad blocks check
mke2fs c /dev/sda1
By: Ahmed Gamil
Page 43
fsck /dev/sdd1
mount check
disk free space df h partitions
By: Ahmed Gamil
Page 44
fdisk l file systems - 1 : partition
By: Ahmed Gamil
Page 45
Journaling
ext3 = ext2 + journaling
journaling features ext2 :

lost + found journaling
journaling ext3 data memory
HD data
ext2 :
3 X = 700M, Y=500M,Z=12M
pause
:

Y=200
X=500
Z=12
Y=300
X=200
ext3 journaling

Z=12
Page 46
Y=500
X=700
By: Ahmed Gamil
)RAID (Redundant Array Of Independent Disk
HD HD

: Raid
RAID 5
RAID 1
RAID 0
data HD
data HD
data 2HD
HD
HD HD
2HD
performance
performance data storage

parity check
performance
sum of data HD
data storage
data storage
HD data
data parity
HD
HD
raid
.1 3 partitions
.2 raid device
.3 mount raid device data
.4 simulation failure partitions
.5 partitions array partition data
Page 47
By: Ahmed Gamil
By: Ahmed Gamil
Page 48
device raid array partitions .2
array
ext3 array device
By: Ahmed Gamil
Page 49
.3 mount device
array big file
.4 partitions failure
.5 array
partition
Page 50
By: Ahmed Gamil
raid
raid device unmount .1
partitions fail .2
partitions remove .3
By: Ahmed Gamil
Page 51
raid array .4
By: Ahmed Gamil
Page 52
SWAP
RAM virtual memory
RAM real time
virtual memory swap file partition
RAM SWAP = 2*RAM
Mem free m
swap : partition file

.1 partition
partition partition
partition swap
file system swap swap :
mount partition mkswap swap

reboot partition
/etc/fstab
Page 53
By: Ahmed Gamil
swap
swap swapoff /dev/sdb1
.2 file
file swapfile
file
file swap
file /etc/fstab
Page 54
By: Ahmed Gamil
file /etc/fstab partition

swap partition
Page 55
By: Ahmed Gamil
Quota
quota user group
directories file sys mount file sys
fstab
file sys Quota Quota implemented kernel
Quota :
.1 ) Quota (sts
.2 ) users (groups
:
.1 mount partition fstab mount
.2 Quota aquota.user aquota.group
.3 sys aqouta.user aquota.group quota
.4 Quota quotaon quotaoff
.5
:
.1 mount partition fstab mount
fstab
Page 56
By: Ahmed Gamil
.2 Quota aquota.user aquota.group
.3 sys quota /data aqouta.user aquota.group

quota
quotacheck
.
quotacheck
aquota.user aquota.group
.4 Quota quotaon quotaoff
Page 57
By: Ahmed Gamil
:
user ahmed quota
user
features quota :
: grace soft limit files
hard limit
grace edquota -u ahmed -t
Page 58
By: Ahmed Gamil
user quota quota ahmed quota
quota user quota user

edquota p ahmed u ali
report quota repquota /test
Page 59
By: Ahmed Gamil
quota
wornquota
Mail users /etc/warnquota.conf
Page 60
By: Ahmed Gamil
LVM (Logical volume management)
resizable LVM
device physical volumes (logical partitons)

logical volumes volume group
4M extent extent partition volume group
logical extents logical volumes volume group
partitions
LV partition
logical partitions .1
volume group physical volume Logical partition .2
volume group physical volume .3
logical volume volume group .4
By: Ahmed Gamil
Page 61
vgdisplay vg
By: Ahmed Gamil
Page 62
4M physical extent 200M vg size

physical volume logical partition VG
vgextend vgcreate
By: Ahmed Gamil
Page 63
lv vgdisplay
LV lvreduce
lv vgdisplay
Page 64
By: Ahmed Gamil
vg
/etc/lvm/lvm.conf lvm
By: Ahmed Gamil
Page 65
BACKUP
backup . backup
HD
Remote Server DVD CD
: BACKUP
zip, tar, blocklevel (dd), dump&restore, remote sync (rsync)
(file, directory) backup
FILE
DIRECTORY
gzip filename
tar cvf file.tar /dir
gunzip filename
tar xvf file.tar /dir
bzip2 filename
tar cvfz file.tar.gz
bunzip2 filename
tar xvfz file.tar.gz

tar cvfj file.tar.bz2
tar xvfj file.tar.bz2
ZIP COMPRESSION
.
gzip ahmed
ahmed ahmed.gz ahmed
gunzip ahmed.gz
gzip
bzip2 ahmed
ahmed.gz2 gzip compression ratio ahmed
bunzip2 ahmed
bzip2
By: Ahmed Gamil
Page 66
)tar (Tape Archive

tar :
) c (create .
) x (extract .
) r (append .
) t (list .
) d (different .
) u (update .
) v (verbose .
) k (keep old file .
) f (file .
tar cvf myhome.tar /home
Page 67
By: Ahmed Gamil
Home myhome.tar
tar xvf myhome.tar

)(/
tar czvf myhome.tar.gz /home

Home myhome.tar
gzip
tar xzvf myhome.tar.gz

gzip
tar cjvf myhome.tar.gz /home

Home myhome.tar
bzip2
tar xzvf myhome.tar.gz

bzip2
Page 68
By: Ahmed Gamil
By: Ahmed Gamil
Page 69
)Block Level (dd
backup dd
dd if= /dev/sda13 of= /data/file.img
backup backup data block
Dump and Restore
Page 70
By: Ahmed Gamil
dump
back up backup backup
dump -0uf /distinationfile /sourcefile
dump -1uf /distinationfile /sourcefile
0 level 0 full backup
1 differential backup backup
u update dump
/etc/dumpdates backup
f backup file
: destination partition dump
) (overwrite
: dump
.1 compression ratio
.2 files filesys ext2 ext3
.3 unmounted filesys read only
restore restore
cd /sourcefile
restore -rf /destinationfile.fullbak
backup parent
directory backup file
restore -xf /destinationfile.fullbak
backup
restore tf /destinationfile
backup
restore if /destinationfile
prompt restore
ls cd
Page 71
By: Ahmed Gamil
rebuild r
extract x
list t
interactive i
rsync (remote sync)

scp
rsync /sourcefile /destinationfile
rsync http: /destinationfile
By: Ahmed Gamil
Page 72
NETWORK CONFIGURATION
alias localhost.localdomain hostname machine
hostname loobback
127.0.0.1 loobback interface NETWORK

ifconfig ip
By: Ahmed Gamil
Page 73
system-config-network network configuration
NW
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
By: Ahmed Gamil
Page 74
edit dhcp ip address
By: Ahmed Gamil
Page 75
hardware device mac address
By: Ahmed Gamil
Page 76
DNS DNS
DNS /etc/resolv.conf
: network
Service network restart

Page 77
By: Ahmed Gamil
NW ifdown eth0 ifup eth0
NW file
/etc/sysconfig/network
Page 78
By: Ahmed Gamil
dns table IP
/etc/hosts

IP
cash memory
/etc/hosts
DNS server
IP /etc/hosts
Page 79
By: Ahmed Gamil
SPECIAL PERMISSIONS

USER ROOT )SUID (SET USER ID
USERS GROUP )SGID (SET GROUP ID
USER STIKY BIT
user useradd
user userdel user /home
user userdel r groups
user pass
Page 80
By: Ahmed Gamil
useradd
optins
-d
-s
-p
-g
-m
-u
-e
-o
] usermod [option ] [account
optins
-d
-s
-p
-l
-L
-U
-g
-m
-u
-e
Page 81
By: Ahmed Gamil
ACL (access control list)
user file sys permissions
ACL file sys
By: Ahmed Gamil
Page 82
PRINTER SETTING
cups (common unix printing sys) printing service
system-config-printer printer
/etc/cups/printer.conf < ----- printer
ppd WIN printer
By: Ahmed Gamil
Page 83
NFS (Network File Services)
linux linux share
shared folders server mount
mkdir /mnt/server1
mount -t nfs 192.168.0.254:/var/ftp/pub /mnt/server1
/etc/init.d/netfs nfs
By: Ahmed Gamil
Page 84
NIS (Network Information Service)
domain server Remote Connection
system-config-authentication ------- .1
NIS Setting
authconfig-tui .2
By: Ahmed Gamil
Page 85
SELINUX
system run secured domains
SELinux :
disabled -1 SELinux .
: Permissive -2 SELinux
context /var/log/messeges
.
: Enforcing -3 SELinux
context .
selinux getenforce
selinux system-config-securitylevel
Page 86
By: Ahmed Gamil
/etc/sysconfig/selinux
permissive , enforcing , disabled :

disabled ) (enforcing , permissive
kernel
permissive enforcing
services services
boot .
permissive enforcing
setenforce
Page 87
By: Ahmed Gamil
0 permissive 1 enforcing
Page 88
By: Ahmed Gamil
If there is a problm in booting from Runlevel 5 (X Window).
1. Check tmp is full or not
df h /tmp -- /tmp is full remove the unnecessary file
2. Quota is already reached

Quota username -- if quota is already reached remove unnecessary file from
home directory.
3. Video card or resolution or monitor is misconfigured.
Boot the System in runlevel 3 --you can pass the Kernel Argument from boot
loader.
4. xfs service is running or not.
Use command: system-config-display -- It will display a dialog to configure
the monitor, Video card, resolution etc.
By: Ahmed Gamil
Page 89
5. Set the Default Runlevel 5 in /etc/inittab
id:5:initdefault:
6. Reboot the System you will get the GUI login Screen.
By: Ahmed Gamil
Page 90

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Arabic Linux Administration

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1

RedHat Linux System Administration

By: Ahmed Gamil

By: Ahmed Gamil

?How the GRUB call the kernel

By: Ahmed Gamil

Written within the 512 bytes of the MBR.

[root@localhost grub]# file stage1

Deals with specific types of file systems

This is the main GRUB image,

By: Ahmed Gamil

Init is the first process running on your system.

run level OS init

By: Ahmed Gamil

Has some tasks :

Sets the system clock

By: Ahmed Gamil

Runlevels : Show the previous and current runlevel with /sbin/runlevel

Each run level has a corresponding directory: /etc/rc.d/rcX.d

By: Ahmed Gamil

By: Ahmed Gamil

By: Ahmed Gamil

By: Ahmed Gamil

Enter sh-3.2# passwd

By: Ahmed Gamil

updated the root user password and press exit

By: Ahmed Gamil

Password vi /boot/grub/grub.conf grub.conf

password md5 $5Hhd9D4HEO7$%df8fHdLO9PDjU70

By: Ahmed Gamil

Booting the RedHat installation CD/DVD Grub Password

By: Ahmed Gamil

Grub Trouble-shooting Grub

loading initrd.img loading vmlinuz

By: Ahmed Gamil

By: Ahmed Gamil

By: Ahmed Gamil

By: Ahmed Gamil

curser shell sh-2.05b# shell

By: Ahmed Gamil

By: Ahmed Gamil

2. rpm and related executables

By: Ahmed Gamil

: kernel driver kernel update

kernel initrd vmlinuz rpm i

By: Ahmed Gamil

By: Ahmed Gamil

By: Ahmed Gamil

By: Ahmed Gamil

rpm package install repo

configuration file yum

repo configuration file

By: Ahmed Gamil

By: Ahmed Gamil

By: Ahmed Gamil

/var/log log logs

By: Ahmed Gamil

log files test

By: Ahmed Gamil

Centralized Log Server

By: Ahmed Gamil

By: Ahmed Gamil

By: Ahmed Gamil

Inode table for directory