Solubility Product Constant and Common-Ion Effect

Name;___________________________________________ Period:_______ Prelab 1. Write the Ksp expression for equilibria of these slightly soluble compounds in aqueous solution: a. g!"r#$ %s& ! g'1 %aq& ' "r#$(! %aq& Ksp ) Ksp ) Ksp ) Ksp ) 1., x 1-( 1$

b. "a"#* %s& "a'! %aq& ' "#*(! %aq& c. +g*%P#$&! %s& * +g'! %aq& ' ! P#$(* %aq& !. a. "alculate the molar solubility of Pb"r#$.

b. "alculate the molar solubility of Pb"r#$ in the presence of -.-!- + Na!"r#$.

*. .he p/ of a saturated +g%#/&! solution is 1-.$0. a. "alculate the 1#/(12 in the solution. b. "alculate the 1+g'!2 in the solution. c. "alculate the Ksp of +g%#/&!. $. 3xplain ho4 the #/(1 molar concentration is determined in this experiment.

5. 3xplain ho4 the "a'! molar concentration is determined in Part 6 of this experiment.

"a%#/&! Ksp 4ith common ion effect 4eb 7ersion

Solubility Product Constant and Common-Ion Effect

#b8ecti7es: a. .o determine the molar solubility and Ksp of "a%#/&!. b. .o determine the molar solubility of "a%#/&! in the presence of added "a'!. .heory: +any common ionic compounds9 4hich ha7e a 7ery limited solubility in 4ater9 are called slightly soluble salts. saturated solution of a slightly soluble ionic compound produces a dynamic equilibrium bet4een the compound and the dissociated ions. /o4e7er9 because the compound is only slightly soluble9 the solution has a lo4 concentration of ions. :or example9 in a saturated ;a<#$ solution9 the equilibrium bet4een ;a<#$ %s& and the ;a'!%aq& and <#$(! %aq& ions lies far to the left because of its lo4 solubility: ;a<#$ %s& ;a'!%aq& ' <#$(! %aq& .he equilibrium expression for this reaction is:

[ Ba + 2 ][ SO4 2 ] K= [ BaSO4 ]
<ince in a heterogeneous equilibrium the concentration of solid ;a<#$ is a constant for a gi7en temperature9 4e can re4rite the expression as:

K sp = K [ Ba S O4 ] = [ Ba + 2 ][ S O 4 2 ]
Ksp is called the solubility product constant or9 more simply9 the equilibrium constant of a slightly soluble ionic compound. .he small Ksp 7alue for ;a<#$9 1.5x1-(=9 means that in pure 4ater the molar concentration of ;a'! equals the molar concentration of <#$(! and each equals *.= x1-(5 mol>? as sho4n belo4: Ksp ) 1;a'!21<#$(!2 ) 1.5x1-(= 6nitial "hange 3quilibrium ;a<#$ %s& ;a'!%aq& ' <#$(! %aq& excess (x 'x 'x excess x x

Ksp ) 1;a'!21<#$(!2 ) 1.5x1-(= ) 1x21x2 x ) 1;a'!2 ) 1<#$(!2 x! ) 1.5x1-(= x ) *.= x1-(5 mol>l ) 1;a'!2 ) 1<#$(!2 .he molar solubility of ;a<#$ also equals *.=x1-(5mol>?9 because one mole of

"a%#/&! Ksp 4ith common ion effect 4eb 7ersion

;a<#$ must dissol7e to produce one mole of ;a'! and one mole of <#$(! in solution. What happens to the solubility of a slightly soluble compound 4hen an ion9 common to the compound9 is added to the saturated solution@ ccording to ?e "hatelierAs Principle9 the position of the equilibrium shifts to use up the added ions and it shifts to fa7or the formation of the solid compound. .his reduces the compoundBs molar solubility. 6f -.--1- mol <#$(!>? is added to a saturated ;a<#$ solution9 the added <#$(! shifts the equilibrium to the left9 reducing the 1;a'!29 and increasing the amount of solid ;a<#$. ;a<#$ %s& ;a'!%aq& ' <#$(! %aq& 6nitial excess -.--1-+ "hange (x 'x 'x 3quilibrium excess x -.--1-+ ' x Ksp ) 1;a'!21<#$(!2 ) 1.5x1-(= ) 1x21-.--1- ' x2 ssuming 1x2 -.--1-+

1 Ba +! 2 = x =

K sp 1 SO$ 2
!

1.5 x1- = = 1.5 x1- 0 mol > L -.--1-

.he molar solubility of ;a<#$ equals the molar concentration of ;a'!. .he molar solubility of ;a<#$ decreased from *.= x1-( 5 mol>? to l.5 x1-(0 mol>?. .his experiment determines the Ksp and molar solubility for "a%#/&!. "a%#/&! %s& "a'!%aq& ' ! #/(1 %aq& Ksp ) 1"a'!21#/(12! saturated "a%#/&! solution is filtered to remo7e solid "a%#/&! and the #/(1 ion is titrated 4ith a standard /"l solution to determine the number of moles and its concentration. ccording to the equation for each mole of "a%#/&! that dissol7es9 one mole "a'! and ! moles #/(1 are present in solution. .hus by finding the 1#/(129 the 1"a'!29 Ksp and molar solubility of "a%#/&! can be calculated. .he molar solubility of "a%#/&! ) 1"a'!2 ) 1>! 1#/(12. .he p/ of the saturated solution is measured 4hich allo4s an additional means to calculate the equilibrium 1#/(12 and then calculate the 1"a'!29 Ksp and molar solubility. We use the same procedure to determine the molar solubility of "a%#/&! 4ith "a'! added %an ion common to the slightly soluble salt equilibrium&. /o4e7er9 since "a'! is added from an external source 1"a'!2 1>! 1#/(12. .he 1"a'!2 is determined by the concentration added from the external source. .he 1#/(12 is determined by the dissol7ing of the "a%#/&! so the molar solubility of "a%#/&! ) 1>! 1#/(12. Procedure: 6t is important to Ceep the bottles containing the "a%#/&! tightly capped 4hen not in use to pre7ent the solution from absorbing "#!. .he reaction of carbonic acid 4ith the hydroxide ion 4ill reduce the hydroxide ion concentration and 4ill precipitate "a"#*.

"a%#/&! Ksp 4ith common ion effect 4eb 7ersion

Part 1. Ksp and Molar Solubility of Ca(O ! " 1. Prepare a 5-(m? buret for titration. Dinse the clean buret and tip 4ith t4o 5(m? portions of standardiEed /"l solution and discard. :ill the buret 4ith standardiEed /"l9 remo7e the air bubbles in the tip9 and record the initial 7olume % -.-1m?&. !. Decord the molarity of the /"l solution. *. Dinse a 5-(m? pipet 4ith 1 or ! m? of the saturated "a%#/& ! solution and discard. Pipet 5-.-- m? of the filtrate into a clean 1!5(m? 3rlenmeyer flasC and add $ drops of bromthymol blue indicator. Decord the solutionAs temperature. .itrate 4ith the standard /"l solution. Decord the fina? 7olume % -.-1m?& needed to 8ust turn the solution color from blue to yello4. Depeat the titration 4ith t4o ne4 samples of "a%#/&!. Part ": Molar Solubility of Ca(O !" in t#e presence of Ca$" 1. Depeat Part 69 steps ! ( *9 using the saturated "a%#/& ! solution to 4hich -.1--+ "a'! has been added.
.his lab is adapted from 3xperiment *$( +olar <olubility and K sp in the lab manual to accompany ;rady and /umiston9 Feneral "hemistry(Principles and <tructure9 *rd ed. 1=,0 by ;eran and ;rady from Gohn Wiley and <ons9 p $-H($15.

"a%#/&! Ksp 4ith common ion effect 4eb 7ersion

Solubility Product Constant and Common-Ion Effect

Name:_________________________________________ Period:_________ ?ab Partner:____________________________________ "ourse:_________ %ata &able Part 1: Ksp and Molar Solubility of Ca(OH)2
.rial 1 .emperature of solution %o "& ;uret reading9 final %m?& ;uret reading9 initial %m?& Iolume /"l used %m?& "oncentration of standard /"l solution %+& +ole /"l added +ole #/(1 in saturated "a%#/&! solution Iolume of saturated "a%#/&! solution %?& 1#/(12 at equilibrium %mol>?& 1"a '!1 at equilibrium %mol>?& Ksp of "a%#/&! from the titration 7erage Ksp of "a%#/&! from the titration +olar solubility of "a%#/&! from the titration .rial ! .rial *

Part !: <olubility of "a%#/&! in presence of "a'!

.rial 1 .emperature of solution %o "& ;uret reading9 final %m?& ;uret reading9 initial %m?& Iolume /"l used %m?& "oncentration of standard /"l solution %+& +ole /"l added +ole #/(1 in saturated "a%#/&! solution Iolume of saturated "a%#/&! solution %?& 1#/(12 at equilibrium %mol>?& +olar solubility of "a%#/&! .rial ! .rial *

Calculations: <ho4 your calculations for one trial from the titrations from Part 1 and Part ! on a separate sheet of paper and attach it to the report.

"a%#/&! Ksp 4ith common ion effect 4eb 7ersion

'uestions: 1. /o4 does the addition of "a"l! affect the molar solubility of "a%#/&!@

!. a. 6f some solid "a%#/&! is transferred into the titrating flasC in Part 19 4ill the Ksp 7alue for "a%#/&! be higher or lo4er than the accepted 7alue@ 3xplain.

b. Will the molar solubility be higher or lo4er than the accepted 7alue for "a%#/& !@ 3xplain.

*. 6f the endpoint of the titration is o7errun in Part 19 4ill the Ksp 7alue for "a%#/&! be higher or lo4er than the accepted 7alue@ 3xplain.

$. 6f the original "a%#/&! solution is not saturated in Part 19 4ill the Ksp 7alue for "a%#/&! be higher or lo4er than the accepted 7alue@ 3xplain.

5. The temperature was recorded in this experiment. Does the molar solubility of a compound generally increase or decrease 4ith increasing temperature dependent? Explain.

"a%#/&! Ksp 4ith common ion effect 4eb 7ersion