CHEM203

Experiment #8: Solubility

and Solubility Product
Dr. Gaelle Aziz
Gaelle.Aziz@fty.Balamand.edu.lb
 Theoretical Background
1- Solubility
 Saturated solution: maximum amount of solute has been dissolved
 Solubility: the amount of dissolved solute in a saturated solution at
constant temperature. It is expressed as grams of solute/100g of water
and is independent of the amount of excess solute present

 Three factors affect the solubility:

1- Nature of the solvent and solute
2- Temperature
3- Pressure
 Theoretical Background
 Solubility curve (solubility vs. temperature)

Continuous curve; If discontinuity

“break” chemical change

Dissolution

Requires E E is liberated
(endothermic) (exothermic)

Solubility  Solubility 
with T  with T 
 Theoretical Background
 2 methods to calculate solubility:

 Gravimetric method: drying a small amount of saturated solution

weigh the dry salt

 Volumetric method: determination of dissolved solute via titration

The rate of dissolution of the solute in the solvent has

nothing to do with its solubility!
 Theoretical Background
2- Solubility Product constant (Ksp)

Ksp degree of solubility Ksp  solubility 

Calculating Ksp from the solubility

Ksp= product of the concentration of each ion which is raised to the

power of its stoichiometric coefficient

Ion concentration= stoichiometric coefficient × solubility “s”

Ex1: suppose the solubility “s” of AgCl is 1.33×10 -5 mol.L-1

AgCl(s)  1Ag+(aq) + 1Cl-(aq) [Ag+]=1s [Cl-]=1s

Ksp=[Ag+]1×[Cl-]1 =(1s)1×(1s)1 =s2

=(1.33 × 10-5)2 =1.76×10-10 mol2.L-2

 Theoretical Background
Ex2: suppose the solubility “s” of Pb3(AsO4)2 is 3.34×10-8 mol.L-1

Pb3(AsO4)2(s)  3Pb2+(aq) + 2AsO43-(aq)

[Pb2+]= 3s [AsO43-]= 2s

Ksp= [Pb2+]3 × [AsO43-]2= (3s)3 × (2s)2 = 108s5

= 108 × (3.34×10-8)5= 4.45×10-36 mol5.L-5

N.B.: Always equilibrate the reaction so that you have conservation of

atoms and charge on its right and left sides

Unit of solubility “s” is always mol.L-1

Unit of Ksp depends on its formula!
 Experimental Part
 Determination of Ksp for Calcium Hydroxide Ca(OH)2

Saturated
Ca(OH)2 60mL
Saturated
Ca(OH)2

Saturated
Ca(OH)2

Filtered
Rinse a clear beaker Ca(OH)2
 Experimental Part

Use a DRY funnel DRY filter paper and filter into a DRY
Erlenmeyer flask.

Ca(OH)2 is partially soluble in water and we need a SATURATED

solution to determine Ksp
If glassware or filter paper are wet solution no longer
saturated
 Experimental Part
Distilled water
HCl 0.05M
HCl 0.05M

Rinse burette Fill burette with HCl 0.05M

 Experimental Part
HCl 0.05M
25 ml saturated
Ca(OH)2
Phenolphthalein
indicator

Saturated
Ca(OH)2
+ indicator

Titrate until the pink color

disappears
Equivalence
 Experimental Part
 Calculate the solubility and Ksp of Ca(OH)2
Titration: Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl  CaCl2 + 2H2O

At equivalence: n(Ca(OH)2)= n(HCl)/2

[Ca(OH)2]×V(Ca(OH)2) = [HCl]×V(HCl)eq
2

Where [Ca(OH)2]= [OH-]/2 Ca(OH)2  Ca2+ + 2OH-

[OH
2 ]×V(Ca(OH)2) = [HCl]×V(HCl)
-
2 eq
[HCl]= 0.05M
V(Ca(OH)2)= 25mL
V(Ca(OH)2)eq
[OH-]= [HCl]×V(HCl) V(HCl)eq ✔ [OH-] ✔
 Experimental Part

Dissolution: Ca(OH)2  1Ca2+ + 2OH-

“s” “2s”

[OH-]= 2s s= [OH-]/2 [OH-] ✔ s✔

s (mol.L-1)

Ksp= [Ca2+]1×[OH-]2= (1s)1×(2s)2= 4s3 (mol3.L-3)

 Useful links:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0N174A4Hhcs&list=WL&index=2&t=104s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PyFoPszHC74&list=WL&index=3&t=0s

Dr. Gaelle Aziz

Email: gaelle.aziz@hotmail.com
gaelle.aziz@fty.balamand.edu.lb
WhatsApp: 81 85 34 38

THANK YOU
AND
GOOD LUCK!