PRACTICAL GUIDE

1. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS

You are provided with the following solutions:

A = 1.83 g of HCl in 500 cm³

B = Ca(OH)₂ of unknown concentration

Indicator: Methyl orange

If 25.00 cm3 portion of solution B gave an average titre of 12.40 cm3 of solution
A.

a. Write a balanced equation for the reaction.

b. State their reacting mole ratio.

From the above information, determine:

c. the number of moles present in 12.40 cm³ of solution A

d. the mole of Ca(OH)₂ in 25 cm³ of solution B
e. the molarity of solution B in mol dm⁻³
f. the approximate solubility of solution B in g per 100 g of water
g. the solubility product, Ksp of solution B in mol dm⁻³

[H = 1, Cl = 35.5, Ca = 40, O = 16]

SOLUTION

a. Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2HCl(aq) ➝ CaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)

b. From the equation in (a), the mole ratio of Ca(OH)2 : HCl is 1 : 2

c. To determine the number of moles of HCl in 25 cm³

A = 1.83 g in 500 cm³

 ie 500 cm³ solution contains 1.83 g
1000 cm³ solution contains X g

X = 1.83 x 1000 / 500 = 3.66 g dm⁻³

Molar mass of HCl = 1 + 35.5 = 36.5 g mol⁻¹

Molarity of solution A = mass concentration / molar mass

= 3.66 / 36.5

= 0.1003 mol dm⁻³

Number of mole of solution A in 25 cm³ = molarity x volume / 1000

= 0.1003 x 12.40 / 1000
= 0.00124 mole

d. The mole of Ca(OH)2 in 25 cm³ in solution B = 0.00124 / 2 = 0.00062 mole

e. Method 1:

scaling up from mole of Ca(OH)2 in 25 cm3 to 1 dm3 which is 1000 cm3

Molarity of Ca(OH)₂ = 0.00062 x 1000 / 25
= 0.0248 mol dm⁻³

Method 2:

Concentration of Ca(OH)₂ in mol dm⁻³ = number of moles of Ca(OH)₂ /

volume of Ca(OH)₂ in dm³
= 0.00062 / 0.025

= 0.0248 mol dm⁻³

Method 3:

Using CAVAnB = CBVBnA

CB = CAVAnB / VBnA
 = 0.1003 x 12.40 x 1 / 25 x 2

= 1.24372 / 50

= 0.02487 mol dm⁻³

f. To determine the solubility of solution B in 100 g of water

Molar mass of Ca(OH)₂ = 74 g mol⁻1

Mass concentration = molarity x molar mass

= 0.0248 x 74

= 1.835 g dm⁻³

This implies that the solubility of Ca(OH)₂ is 1.835 g in 1000 cm³ of water

Since the density of water is ≈ 1.0 g cm⁻³, mass of water is equivalent to

the volume of water.

Hence, the solubility of Ca(OH)₂ in 100 g of water will be 1/10 th of the

above amount which is 0.1835 g per 100 g of water

g. To determine the solubility product of solution B

Ca(OH)₂ ⇌ Ca²⁺ + 2OH⁻

[Ca²⁺] = 0.0248 M

[OH-] = 0.0248 × 2 = 0.0496 M

Ksp = [Ca²⁺] [OH⁻]²

= (0.0248) (0.0496)²
 = 0.0248 × 0.00246

= 0.000061

∴ Ksp = 6.1 × 10⁻5

2. QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

P is a mixture of TWO inorganic salts. Carry out the following tests on sample
P, record your test, observation and inference.

a. Take a small portion sample of P with a glass rod dipped in HCl and heat
strongly in a bunsen burner.

b. Transfer about (1.0g) of P into a boiling tube and add 5 ml of distilled

water. Stir and allow stand.

c. Take a small portion of solution P in a test tube, add small amount of

ammonia solution.

d. To another portion of solution P, add sodium cobalt nitrite solution, then

acetic acid.

OR

To another portion of solution P, add silver nitrate and then sodium cobalt
nitrite solution

e. To another portion of solution P, add ammonia solution in drops and then

in excess.

f. To another portion of solution P, add HNO3 + NH4Cl then heat and allow
to cool in a water bath before adding NH4OH

g. To another portion of solution P, add HNO3, then silver nitrate solution.

h. To the resulting mixture in (g), add NH₄OH in excess

i. With equation(s) only, give a brief description of the chemical reaction

involved in test c, d, e and g.
 TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE
a Sample P + heat A violet/lilac flame is observed K/ K+ ion present
The mixture is soluble
b Sample P + H2O The mixture is soluble Mixture of soluble
salts
c Solution P + aq NH3 A deep blue-black solution Reducing metals
observed present
d Solution P + Yellow precipitate insoluble in K+ confirmed
Na3[Co(NO2)6] + excess acetic acid
acetic acid in drops
and then in excess

Solution P + AgNO3 + orange-yellow precipitate K+ confirmed

Na3[Co(NO2)6] formed
e Solution A + aq. NH3 White gelatinous precipitate Zn2+, Pb2+ Al3+,
in drops formed suspected

White gelatinous precipitate Pb2+, Al3+ suspected

then in excess insoluble in excess aq. NH3
f Solution P + HNO3 White precipitate insoluble in Al3+- confirmed
then heat + NH4Cl + excess aq. NH3
cool then aq. NH3
g Solution P + HNO3 + White precipitate formed Cl- present
AgNO3
h Mixture in (h) + aq. Precipitate soluble in excess Cl- confirmed
NH3 aq. NH3

i. EQUATIONS FOR THE REACTIONS

1. M(aq) + (x + y) NH₃(aq) ➝ [M(NH₃)x]+(aq) + [e(NH₃)y]-(aq)

Ammoniated cation Ammoniated electron

2. K⁺(aq) + Na3[Co(NO2)6](aq) ➝ 3Na⁺(aq) + K3[Co(NO2)6](s)

3. Al3+(aq) + 3OH–(aq) ➝ Al(OH)3(s)

4. Agaq) + Cl⁻(aq) ➝ AgCl(s)