CHEM 2 Chemistry in Your World 2nd

Edition Hogg Solutions Manual

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 CHEM2 Instructor’s Manual

1. Definitions
a. Excess hydronium ion, [H3O1+] > [OH1−], pH < 7
b. Excess hydroxide ion, [H3O1+1 < [OH1−], pH > 7
c. Equal amounts of hydronium and hydroxide, pH = 7 and [H3O1+1 = [OH1−]
2. Neutralization is the chemical reaction that occurs between acids and bases. Acids provide
protons while Arrhenius bases provide OH1−(aq) and they combine to form H2O(l).
3. A salt is the substance formed between the anion of an acid and the cation of a base.
4. Definitions
a. A substance that gives up a proton, H+, such as HCl(aq) or HNO3(aq).
b. A substance that can accept a proton like OH−. H+(aq) + OH−(aq)  H2O
c. The hydronium ion has the formula H3O1+, It is a water molecule with an H O H
H
extra proton bonded to one of the unshared pairs on the oxygen.
d. The hydroxide ion has the formula OH−. It is typically released by bases such as
potassium hydroxide, KOH.
5. Definitions
a. measures the fraction of molecules that ionize
b. ionizes 100%
c. ionizes 100%
d. only partially ionized, majority of acid molecules are still intact
e. partially ionized, the majority of base molecules or ions are still intact
6. Acidic solutions at 25°C have a pH below 7. This is often expressed as a range from 0 to 7.
The reality is that the pH can be less than 0 (a negative number) if [H3O1+] is greater than 1
Molar. [H3O1+] molarities > 1M are common for strong acids and for more concentrated
solutions of acid. Usually pH is not even used for these; the molarity is just stated instead.
7. pH above 7
8. Acid-base qualities of familiar materials
a. Vinegar, acidic
b. Citrus fruits, acidic
c. Aspirin, acidic
d. Black coffee, acidic
9. a. acidic b. acidic c. basic d. basic e. acidic f. basic
10. Tests for acidity/basicity
a. sour taste, acid
b. bitter taste, base

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Chapter 9 CHEM2

c. slippery feeling, base

d. change color of red litmus to blue, base
e. change color of blue litmus to red, acid
11. Solution measures
a. Molarity is a concentration measure equal to the moles of solute dissolved in one liter of
solution.
b. Concentration is a measure of the relative amount of solute in a specific amount of
solution.
12. The pH is a measure of the concentration of hydronium ions in mols /liter. Mathematically
the definition is, pH = - log[H3O1+].
13. An acid buffer is an aqueous mixture of both a weak acid and its anion that will maintain a
stable pH when either acid or base is added. A basic buffer is a mixture of a weak base and
its cation that will maintain a stable pH.
14. An antacid is a base used to neutralize excess hydrochloric acid, HCl(aq), in the stomach.
15. Balanced equations for neutralization
a. CH3COOH(aq) + KOH(aq)  H2O(l) + CH3COOK(aq)
b. H2SO4(aq) + Ca(OH)2 (aq)  CaSO4 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)
c. H2SO4(aq) + 2 NaOH (aq)  Na2SO4(aq) + 2 H2O (l)
16. Balanced equations
a. The total balanced equation between hydrobromic acid and calcium hydroxide is
2 HBr(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq)  CaBr2(aq) + 2 H2O(l)
Strong acid Strong base Soluble salt Nonelectrolyte molecule
b. The balanced total molecular reaction between the strong acid nitric acid and the weak
base aluminum hydroxide is shown here.
3 HNO3(aq) + Al(OH)3(s)  3 H2O(l) + Al(NO3)3(aq)
17. 2 HCl( aq) + CaCO3(s)  CaCl2(s) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
18. A solution with a pH of 2 has an hydronium ion concentration of 10−pH = 10−2 = 0.01, while a
solution with pH = 10 has an H3O1+(aq) ion concentration of 10−pH = 10−10. The solution with
pH = 2 is more acidic than the solution with pH = 10 by a factor of 108.
19. black coffee with the pH = 5.0 The lower the pH the more acidic the solution.
20. Acidity/basicity of food and drink
a. Cherries, pH = 3.2 is acidic
b. Crackers, pH = 8.5 is basic
c. Bananas, pH = 4.6 is acidic
d. Drinking water, pH = 8.0 is basic
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 CHEM2 Instructor’s Manual

21. Relative acidity: lemon, pH = 2.3 is more acidic

22. Soap solution, pH = 10, is more acidic (i.e. less basic) than household ammonia, pH = 11.
Soap solution has a pH = 10 and an [H3O1+] = 10−pH = 10−10. Household ammonia has a pH =
11 and an [H3O1+] = 10−pH = 10−11. The relative or comparative acidity of soap to household
ammonia can be figured by dividing the soap solution H3O1+ concentration by the household
ammonia H3O1+ concentration.
23. Response of buffers
a. Ammonium ion reacts with base and ammonia reacts with acid.
b. Hydrogen fluoride reacts with base and sodium fluoride reacts with acid.
24. A mixture of NaHCO3 and H2CO3 will act a buffer because the acidic HCO31- can provide
H1+ to neutralize added base. The CO32− will react with added acid or H1+ to produce
HCO31−. This action will stabilize the H1+ concentration and pH when either acid or base is
added.
25. Solution B produces the greater concentration of H1+.
26. Baking soda is used to neutralize acid burns because the baking soda is a weak base. It will
neutralize the acid, but not create caustic burns from any excess. Baking soda has the formula
NaHCO3. The reaction is as follows. NaHCO3(aq) + HCl(aq)  H2O(l) + CO2(g) + NaCl(aq)
27. 240 g NaOH
28. The grams of HBr in a liter of 2.0 M HBr is figured using the relation:
mass solute = molarity × volume of solution × molar mass g HBr =
2.0 mole HBr 1.0 L 80.9 g
 
1 liter 1 1 mol HBr = 162. g HBr = 160 g HBr rounded to 2 significant digits.
29. Moles of HCl = 0.200 L  0.100 Molar HCl = 0.02 moles
30. The mols of KOH in 125 mL of 0.500 M KOH is figured using the relation
mols of solute = molarity × volume of solution mols of
125 mL 1L 0.500 mol KOH
 
KOH= 1 1000 mL 1L = 0.0625 mols KOH rounded to 3 significant
digits.
31. Molarity values
a. 0.137 M HCl
b. 1.00 M NaOH
32. The calculation can be done in one set up:
1.5 mol NaCl 1.0 L 58.44 g NaCl
g NaCl =   = 87.66 g NaCl = 88. g NaCl.
1L 1 1 mol
The 87.66 g NaCl is rounded off to 88. g because the 1.5 M NaCl and the 1.0 L have two
significant digits each.

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Chapter 9 CHEM2

33. 9.8 g H2SO4

34. To calculate the molarity of the solution, you will need to know the number of moles of salt
being dissolved. The formula weight of NaCl is 58.44 g/mol, so:
1 mol NaCl
155 g NaCl   2.65 moles NaCl
58.44 g NaCl
To calculate the molarity, use the formula
# moles dissolved
Molarity 
liters of solution
So,
2.65 moles
Molarity   0.702 M
3.78 L
35. Because solutions are homogeneous, the molarity of portion of a solution is the same as the
molarity of the entire solution. Use the provided information in the formula used to calculate
molarity, and solve for the number of moles dissolved.
# moles dissolved
1.8 M 
0.300 L
0.54 = number of moles dissolved (in 300 mL of the solution)
0.5 moles sodium sulfate
36. 3.8 M 
X liters of solution
Rearranging and solving for the volume gives
X = 0.13 L, or 130 mL
37. To determine the number of grams dissolved, it will first be necessary to calculate the
number of moles dissolved. Then, using the formula weight of HCl, the number of grams can
be determined.
# moles dissolved
2.00 M 
0.250 L
# moles dissolved = 0.500 mol
36.45 g HCl
0.500 moles HCl   18.2 g HCl
1 mol HCl
38. First, determine the number of moles needed. Then, using the formula weight of NaOH (40.0
g/mol), determine the number of grams equivalent to the required number of moles.
# moles dissolved
1.67 M 
0.300 L
0.501 moles are needed

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 CHEM2 Instructor’s Manual

40.0 g NaOH
0.501 moles NaOH   20.0 g NaOH
1 mol NaOH
39. a. The pH for a 1 × 10-2 M HCl solution can be figured two ways. pH = −log[H3O1+]; pH =
−log 1 × 10−2 ; pH = 2The graphical relationship shown above can be used to get the
same result.
b. The pH for a 1 × 10−3 M HNO3 solution can be figured two ways. The [H3O1+] = 0.001;
pH = −log [H3O1+]; pH = −log 1 × 10−3; pH = 3The graphical relationship shown above
can be used to get the same result.
40. pH calculations
a. pH = 11
b. pH = 3
41. Using the relationship pH = –log[H3O+], the pH of the solution is 3.
42. Using a calculator and the relationship pH = –log[H3O+],the pH is calculated to be 7.6. Using
the bracketing method, the hydronium concentration can be estimated to be greater than 1 ×
10–8 M and less than 1 × 10–7 M. These correspond to pH values of 8 and 7. The pH is
expected to be closer to 7 than to 8.
43. Concentration conversions The molarity of the hydronium ion = [H3O1+]= 10−pH
a. pH = 1 ; [H3O1+] = 10−pH; [H3O1+] = 10−1 = 1 × 10−1 or 0.1
b. pH = 0 ; [H3O1+] = 10−pH; [H3O1+] = 10−0 = 1 × 10−0 or 1
c. pH = 5 ; [H3O1+] = 10−pH; [H3O1+] = 10−5 = 1 × 10−5 or 0.00001
d. pH = 3 ; [H3O1+] = 10−pH; [H3O1+] = 10−3 = 1 × 10−3 or 0.001

44. a. With a pH value greater than 7, the water sample is basic.

b. The concentration of hydronium can be calculated as follows:
pH = −log[H3O+]
8.2 = −log[H3O+]
10−8.2 = [H3O+]
6.3 × 10−9 = [H3O+]
c. Remember that the amounts of hydronium and hydroxide are related:
1 × 10–14 = [H3O+][HO–]
Using this equation, the [HO–] is found to be 1.6 × 10–6 M. This would be expected for a
solution that is basic; the hydroxide concentration is greater than the hydronium
concentration.
d. Remember that some ions are bases, and the carbonate anion is one example. When
groundwater comes in contact with limestone, the pH increases because of the basic
properties of this ion.

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Chapter 9 CHEM2

45. 75 mL
46. HBr(aq) + LiOH(aq)  H2O + LiBr(aq)
The mol ratio is: 1 mol HBr = 1 mol LiOH For a neutral solution, the mols of LiOH and mols
of HBr must be equal. The set up to figure the volume in milliliters is
0.45 mol LiOH 1 mol HBr 1L 1000 mL
   = mL HBr solution = 90. mL
1 1 mol LiOH 0.50 mol HBr 1L
47. The pH scale is a logarithmic scale and is not linear. Doubling the concentration of base
therefore does not double the pH. (In fact, it increases the pH by log(2) = 0.3.)
48. Sodium bicarbonate is a weak base. Since it can be used to lessen the effect of a bee sting, it
must do so by reacting with an acid that is present in the bee venom, leading to
neutralization.
49. No. Mixture is basic; 0.0035 mols of KOH remain after all HCl has been neutralized.
50. When acidic and basic solutions are mixed, a neutralization reaction occurs. First write the
balanced equation for the neutralization. HI(aq) + NaOH(aq) → H2O + NaI(aq) Find the
number of mols of solute in each given amount of solution. The mols of NaOH in 100 mL of
1.5 M NaOH is figured using the relation;
mols of base = molarity base × volume of solution mol of NaOH =
1.5 mole NaOH 100 mL 1 liter
 
1 liter 1 1000 mL = 0.15 mol NaOH rounded to 2 significant digits.
mols of acid = molarity of acid × volume of solution
0.50 mole HI 31 mL 1 liter
 
mols of HI = 1 liter 1 1000 mL = 0.016 mol HI rounded to 2 significant
digits.
The #mol of the base, NaOH, exceeds the #mols of acid, HI. Since the mol ratio in the
balanced equation is 1:1, 0.016 mol HI will react with 0.016 mol NaOH. There will be 0.13
mol NaOH left over and the final solution will be basic.
51. To calculate the molarity of the caffeine, the number of moles of caffeine needs to be
determined:
1g 1 mol
50 mg    2.6 104 mols
1000 mg 194.19 g
Then, the molarity can be calculated:
2.6  104 mol
Molarity (M)   7.3  104 M
0.355 L
52. Because buffers protect against large changes in pH by absorbing acid or base, the initial pH
of one solution could be measured before and after the addition a small amount of acid or
base. If the addition were to result in a significant change in pH, then the tested solution is
not a buffer.

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 CHEM2 Instructor’s Manual

53. Aluminum hydroxide does not alter the pH of pure water, so it must not dissolve to produce
hydroxide ions, which would be necessary for a change in pH to occur. In fact, this is exactly
the case. Al(OH)3 is very insoluble in water.

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